Japan's Progress in LENR Research

January 27, 2018 Lewis Larsen, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 1
Lattice Energy LLC
LENRs: revolutionary new source of safe, radiation-free nuclear energy
Japan now funding R&D in LENR technology
for use in power generation applications.
Quietly threw down gauntlet to oil industry
January 2018: terse project report summarizing progress in
Japanese government NEDO-funded R&D in LENRs for Oct.
2015 thru Oct. 2017 released by Technova Inc. on ResearchGate
Herein we will review and discuss NEDO project’s progress
Project scientists reported significant R&D progress toward
developing LENR devices that serve as powerful heat sources.
Reproducibility of device fabrication techniques and excess heat
output were improved. Certain nanocomposite, multi-metal LENR
test devices with mass <140 grams cumulatively produced up to
~85 megajoules (MJ) of excess heat per mole (MJ/mol) of absorbed
Hydrogen (H) or Deuterium (D); some: duration of heat > 1 month.
By contrast, complete combustion of Hydrogen releases ~0.286
MJ/mol of H. Chemical processes cannot explain these results.

Japan’s beloved Mt. Fuji at dawn

“The only certainty is that the chances of succeeding in the
unprecedented quest to create a new energy system
compatible with the survival of high-energy civilization
remain uncertain. Given our degree of understanding, the
challenge may not be relatively more forbidding than
overcoming a number of barriers we have surmounted in the
past. But understanding, no matter how impressive, will not
be enough. What is needed is a commitment to change,
so we could say with Senancour (1770 - 1846),”
“Man perisheth. That may be, but let us
struggle even though we perish; and if
the nothing is to be our portion, let it not
come to us as a just reward.” (1901)
Prof. Vaclav Smil
“Energy and Civilization: A History”
MIT Press page 441 of 564 pp. (2017)

Ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs)
Under the radar technology: little mentioned in media or science press
Could potentially replace internal combustion engine if it can be commercialized
▪ New type of very disruptive green nuclear power generation technology
▪ Radically different from fission and fusion nuclear energy technologies:
• No emission of deadly energetic neutron or gamma radiation
• No production of dangerous long-lived radioactive wastes
• No necessity for $$$ radiation shielding or containment systems
• Many-body reactions instead of simple 2-body nuclear reactions
• Key steps rely on electroweak force rather than strong force
• Reactions triggered at moderate temperatures and pressures
• Spent LENR devices could be disposed of in ordinary landfills
▪ Cost of producing energy could be vastly lower versus fission or fusion
▪ LENR devices could someday be mass-produced --- much like batteries
▪ Physics of processes fully explained by Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs

January 27, 2018 Lewis Larsen, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 5January 27, 2018 Lewis Larsen, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 5
Comparison of LENRs to fission and fusion
Fission, fusion, and LENRs all involve controlled release of nuclear binding energy
(heat) for power generation: no CO2 emissions; scale of energy release is MeVs
(nuclear regime) > 1,000,000x energy density of chemical energy power sources
Heavy-element fission: involves shattering heavy nuclei to release stored nuclear binding
energy; requires massive shielding and containment structures to handle radiation; major
radioactive waste clean-up issues and costs; limited sources of fuel: today, almost entirely
Uranium; Thorium-based fuel cycles now under development; heavy element U-235 (fissile
isotope fuel) + neutrons  complex array of lower-mass fission products (some are very
long-lived radioisotopes) + energetic gamma radiation + energetic neutron radiation + heat
Fusion of light nuclei: involves smashing light nuclei together to release stored nuclear
binding energy; present multi-billion $ development efforts (e.g., ITER, NIF, other Tokamaks)
focusing mainly on D+T fusion reaction; requires massive shielding/containment structures
to handle 14 MeV neutron radiation; minor radioactive waste clean-up $ costs vs. fission
Two key sources of fuel: Deuterium and Tritium (both are heavy isotopes of Hydrogen)
Most likely to be developed commercial fusion reaction involves the following:
D + T  He-4 (helium) + neutron + heat (total energy yield 17.6 MeV; ~14.1 MeV in neutron)
distinguishing feature is neutron production
via electroweak reaction; neutron capture on fuel + gamma conversion to IR + decays [β- , α]
releases nuclear binding energy; early-stage technology; no emission of energetic neutron
or gamma radiation and no long-lived radioactive waste products; LENR systems would not
require massive, expensive radiation shielding or containment structures  much lower $$$
cost; many possible fuels --- any element/isotope that can capture LENR neutrons; involves
neutron-catalyzed transmutation of fuels into heavier stable elements; process creates heat
Ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs):
Fusion of light nuclei:
Heavy element fission:

Many-body collective reactions with Q-M entangled particles
Protons, deuterons, or tritons react with sp electrons to make neutrons
Many-body en + pn reaction triggers at moderate temperatures and pressures
Neutrons + target atoms heavier elements + decay products
Ultralow energy neutrons are captured and catalyze safe hard-radiation-free
nuclear transmutations of elements along rows of Periodic Table
νe neutrinos: ghostly unreactive particles that fly-off into space; n0 neutrons capture on target atoms
sp indicates that electron in these three electroweak reactions is what is called a surface plasmon
Three isotopes of Hydrogen (p+, d+, t+) react to create ultralow energy neutrons
Neutron capture process releases heat transmutes targets to other elements
Input energy: provided from
coherent infrared IR and/or
visible light using lasers; or
infrared blackbody radiation
from reaction vessel walls,
or from DC electric currents
Many-body electroweak reactions

Input energy is required to trigger LENRs: to create non-equilibrium conditions
that enable nuclear-strength local E-fields which produce populations of heavy-
mass e-* electrons that react with many-body surface patches of p+, d+, or t+ to
produce neutrons via e-* + p+ g 1 n or e-* + d+ g 2 n, e-* + t+ g 3 n (energy cost =
0.78 MeV/neutron for H; 0.39 for D; 0.26 for T); includes (can combine sources):
▪ Electrical currents: i.e., an electron ‘beam’ of one sort or another can serve as
a source of input energy for producing neutrons via e + p electroweak reaction
▪ Ion currents: passing across a surface or an interface where SP electrons
reside (i.e., an ion beam that can be comprised of protons, deuterons, tritons,
and/or other types of charged ions); one method used for inputting energy is an
ion flux caused by imposing a modest pressure gradient (Iwamura et al. 2002)
▪ Incoherent and coherent electromagnetic (E-M) photon fluxes: can be provided
via incoherent blackbody infrared radiation found in resonant electromagnetic
cavities; with proper momentum coupling, SP electrons can be energized with
coherent laser beams emitting photons at appropriate resonant wavelengths
▪ Organized magnetic fields with cylindrical geometries: many-body collective
magnetic LENR regime with direct acceleration of particles operates at very
high electron/proton currents; includes organized and so-called dusty plasmas;
scales-up to stellar flux tubes on stars with dimensions measured in kilometers
Appropriate input energy is required to produce neutrons
Reaction vessels serve as blackbody resonant electromagnetic cavities

Electromagnetic radiation provides energy to create neutrons
Nanostructures can act as tiny antennas that absorb E-M input energy
Surface plasmons can greatly intensify local electric fields on nanoparticles
E-M
‘beam’
photons
Sharp tips can exhibit
“lightning rod effect” with
huge increases in strength
of local electric fields Regions of
increased
electric
fields
http://people.ccmr.cornell.edu/~uli/res_optics.htm
Source of above image is Wiesner Group at Cornell University:
“Plasmonic dye-sensitized solar cells using core-shell metal-
insulator nanoparticles" M. Brown et al., Nano Letters 11 pp. 438 -
445 (2011)
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl1031106
Graphics show capture of E-M photons and energy transfer via surface plasmons

Neutrons charge-neutral so target atoms readily absorb them
Capture of neutrons by atoms will transmute them into other isotopes
n + target atom (Z, A) g (Z, A+1)
(Z, A+1) g (Z + 1, A+1) + eβ
- + νe
LENR transmutation processes
typically proceed from left to right
across rows of the
Periodic Table
of chemical elements

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Toyota involved since 1989
Japanese government (NEDO) resumed funding of R&D in LENRs in 2015
▪ Since 1989, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Toyota have quietly supported R&D
in LENRs out of their own budgets with little funding from Japanese government
▪ Keiretsu: is a Japanese term which describes a loose association of different
companies that share one or more common interests and work closely together
to achieve mutually agreed-upon key business and technological objectives. They
may or may not have some degree of mutual ownership and are tied to banks.
Mitsubishi and Toyota are members of their own respective keiretsu. Toyota is
presently considered the largest vertical corporate conglomeration in Japan
▪ Under Team Leader Dr. Yasuhiro Iwamura, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) has
conducted and reported important experimental results on basic science LENR
transmutation measurements for over 20 years. Heretofore, MHI did not focus on
trying to produce substantial amounts of excess heat to generate thermal power
▪ In 2013, Toyota published paper in peer-reviewed Japanese Journal of Applied
Physics (JJAP) which confirmed paradigm-shifting experimental results that
MHI’s Iwamura et al. first published in JJAP back in 2002. Mitsubishi’s proprietary
Hydrogen permeation method is capable of triggering safe, radiation-free LENR
nuclear transmutation reactions at low rates using modest temperatures and
pressures; at higher rates, such reactions produce substantial amounts of heat

Mitsubishi has published reports on LENR R&D since 1990
Dr. Yasuhiro Iwamura served as MHI Team Leader for much of that period
https://www.mhi.com/company/technology/review/Vol.52No.4/abstracte-52-4-106.html
https://www.mhi.com/company/technology/review/pdf/e524/e524106.pdf
“The new method of nuclear transmutation is a
simple method of nuclear transmutation that uses
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.'s (MHI) original
nanostructure multi-layer reactional film
(hereinafter, reactional film) to transmute
elements at low energy cost. So far, transmutation
from cesium (Cs) to praseodymium (Pr), from
barium (Ba) to samarium (Sm), from strontium (Sr)
to molybdenum (Mo), etc., has been observed. If
this technology is established, it is expected to
contribute to society in the field of detoxification
treatment of radioactive waste including the
transmutation of radioactive cesium into a
harmless nonradioactive element in the future.”

Mitsubishi’s experimental method can transmute elements
Proof-of-concept: Cesium (Cs), Barium (Ba) & Strontium (Sr) transmuted

MHI’s transmutation pathways follow rows of Periodic Table
This key feature specifically predicted by Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Intermediate products along rows to stable end-
product elements may not be detected because
intermediates can be extremely neutron-rich,
unstable, and thus rapidly transmute into next
element in same row via β- decays long before
they can be measured with most instruments
See MHI patent EP 1202290 B1
Green box indicates
detected element

Widom-Larsen theory: neutrons catalyze LENR transmutation
Patent EP 1202290 B1 for Mitsubishi Heavy Industries issued Dec. 4, 2013
“[0001] The present invention relates to a nuclide
transmutation device and a nuclide transmutation
method associated, for example, with disposal processes
in which long-lived radioactive waste is transmuted into
short-lived radioactive nuclides or stable nuclides, and
technologies that generate rare earth elements from
abundant elements found in the natural world.”
https://www.google.com/patents/EP1202290B1?cl=en

No physics in MHI’s EINR theory; Widom-Larsen is rigorous
Mitsubishi invoked neutron-catalyzed transmutations in EP 1 202 290 B1
[0095] lines 32 - 39
on patent page 10
(4)
[0077] lines 30 - 34
on patent page 9
[0077] lines 35 - 39
on patent page 9
[0116] lines 1 - 8
on patent page 12
[0163] lines 50 - 55
on patent page 14
(2)
(3)
(6)
(7)
Produced ultralow energy neutrons via electroweak e + d reaction
Transmuted stable Cesium (Cs) into stable Praseodymium (Pr)
Transmuted stable Carbon (C) into stable Sulfur (S)
Transmuted stable Strontium (Sr) into stable Molybdenum (Mo)
Transmuted stable Sodium (Na) into stable Aluminum (Al)

August 2015: Japanese government resumed funding LENRs
NEDO organized and funded LENR R&D project with industry & academia
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-japanese-government-resumes-
funding-lenr-research-after-20-year-hiatus-august-25-2015

March 2017: Nissan openly joined NEDO LENR R&D project
NEDO revealed Japan pursuing LENR R&D to develop new energy source
https://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-japanese-nedo-confirms-nissan-involved-
in-government-funded-lenr-research-march-15-2017
“Lattice commentary: official confirmation by Japanese government’s New
Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) that
Nissan Group is now jointly involved with Toyota and 4 well-respected
Japanese universities in a multi-year Japanese government-sponsored
research program about developing ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs)
for “realization of commercial energy devices” is a very significant
development. Note that, for whatever reason, NEDO uses the wordy but
innocuous sobriquet “new exothermic reaction between metal and hydrogen”
to refer to LENRs.” … “As of 2017, NEDO has dropped the mask as to the true
intent of Japan’s government and corporate LENR R&D programs: it is not just
to help clean-up radioactive fission wastes. Its additional, even more important
goal is an attempt to develop LENRs as a new type of truly ‘green’, CO2-free
nuclear energy source.”

Japan’s government targeting commercialization of LENRs
NEDO organized and funded LENR project with industry and academia
http://www.nedo.go.jp/english/
NEDO’s mode of operation – graphic copied from home page of NEDO website

Toyota Motor Co. is principal shareholder of Technova, Inc.
Key area of focus is “… energy for power generation and transportation”
http://www.technova.co.jp/pdf/ListofResearchPapersonCondensedMatterNuclear.pdf
http://www.technova.co.jp/english/about/profile.html

Members of NEDO project now working on LENR technology
Technova helps manage and coordinate activities of project for NEDO

Project Leader Akito Takahashi affiliated with Technova Inc.
Posted public information about NEDO LENR project on ResearchGate
https://www.researchgate.net/project/Leading-the-Japanese-Gvt-NEDO-project-on-
anomalous-heat-effect-of-nano-metal-and-hydrogen-gas-interaction
Goal: ”To confirm non-chemical (namely nuclear origin-like) high energy-density
heat generation by nano-metal and hydrogen gas interaction at elevated
temperature and to extend R&D program for new hydrogen energy devices.”

January 4, 2018: Takahashi posted update on ResearchGate
English summary only 8 pages; Project Report in Japanese is 169 pages
See next slide for screenshots of first
report page, URL to pdf copy, and
Lattice’s discussion of its contents

Abstract: “Project Aim: to verify the existence of new exothermic reaction
between nano-metals and hydrogen which will be applicable for future new
clean energy source, and to study the controllability of generated thermal
energy. In the following, brief summary of implementation and results by
MHE-group Japan is described in designated R&D issues for two years
project period of 2015 October to 2017 October.”
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322160963_Brief_Summary_Report_of_MHE_Project_Ph
enomenology_and_Controllability_of_New_Exothermic_Reaction_between_Metal_and_Hydrogen
Jan. 2018: Technova posted NEDO project summary report
Trying to obscure clear connection to LENRs by calling it something else
Date should be January 2018

These scientists working at least part-time on LENR project
Yasuhiro Iwamura, formerly at MHI, now affiliated with Tohoku University
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322160963_Brief_Summary_Report_of_MHE_Project_Ph
enomenology_and_Controllability_of_New_Exothermic_Reaction_between_Metal_and_Hydrogen

NEDO project utilizes standardized experimental methods
LENR test devices: nanocomposite structures with varied compositions
Overview of NEDO project LENR device materials composition and fabrication
▪ Designed multi-metallic, nanocomposite LENR
test devices comprising alloys of metallic Ni, Pd,
Zr, and Cu, with metal-oxide support substrates;
fabricated via several well-established methods
▪ Solid-state LENR devices were amorphous. Had
nanometer-scale domains consisting of alloyed
metals with various molar ratios. Ni, Pd, Zr will
form good hydrides when exposed to Hydrogen
▪ LENR device types tested: PS (Pd-SiO2), CNS
(Cu-Ni-SiO2), PNZ (Pd-Ni-Zr), or CNZ (Cu-Ni-Zr)
used with either SiO2 or ZrO2 support substrates
▪ LENR test devices were carefully analyzed and
characterized before-and-after experimental
runs with some or all of following techniques:
XRD, SOR-XRD, SOR-XAFS, TEM, STEM/EDS,
ERDA, and ICP-MS, among others

NEDO project utilizes standardized experimental apparatus
Reaction chamber (RC): capacity 500 cc of D2 or H2 gas + LENR materials
Heat gas in RC to working temp; calorimetry measures excess heat output of LENR devices

Blackbody radiation inside reaction chamber mainly infrared
Power density of spectral peak for blackbody radiation changes with temp
Source: T. Mizuno – Hokkaido University
Source: M. McKubre - SRI International

NEDO project utilizes standardized experimental methods
Apparatus designed to accurately measure excess heat production in RC
Generic overview of experimental run after LENR device materials fabrication
▪ Non-destructively characterize LENR device materials
▪ Place LENR device materials in reaction chamber (RC)
▪ Open valve: admit either 99+%-pure D2 or H2 gas into
reaction chamber at ~1 atm pressure and room temp;
then close valve (RC is sealed); measure excess heat
production via calorimetry (tiny values @ room temp)
▪ Use external heaters to heat reaction chamber up to
desired initial working temperature and pressure
▪ Conduct experimental run for planned period of time:
continuously measure excess heat production inside
RC via calorimetry (excess heat ≈ measured total
thermal output from RC minus total thermal input into
RC) for remaining duration of given experimental run
▪ Stop experiment; remove device materials from RC
▪ Post-experiment: analyze LENR test device materials

Duplicate experimental apparatus located at two universities
PS-, CNS-, PNZ-, and CNZ-type nanocomposite LENR devices were tested
“Two MHE facilities at Kobe University and Tohoku University and a DSC
(differential scanning calorimetry) apparatus at Kyushu University have been
used for excess-heat generation tests with various multi-metal nano-composite
samples. Members from 6 participating institutions have joined in planned 16 times
test experiments in two years (2016-2017). We have accumulated data for heat
generation and related physical quantities at room-temperature and elevated-
temperature conditions, in collaboration. Cross-checking-style data analyses were
made in each party and compared results for consistency. Used nano-metal
composite samples were PS (Pd-SiO2)-type ones and CNS(Cu-Ni-SiO2)-type
ones, fabricated by wet-methods, as well as PNZ (d-Ni-Zr)-type ones and CNZ
(Cu-Ni-Zr)-type ones, fabricated by melt-spinning and oxidation method.”
Quoting directly from page 3 in English version of Jan. 2018 project summary:
Quoting directly from page 5 in English version of Jan. 2018 project summary:
“At the managing office Technova Inc. of this project, 9 R&D discussion/managing
meetings were held in 2016-2017. In every meeting, the joint-team members from 6
institutions, MHE-project members and external science advisors have participated for
reporting, discussing on latest-obtained results, next experimental plans and tactics towards
national project. For starting national project class R&D activity, the joint team
concept with 5 sub-groups of increment of excess heat level, material development,
mechanism study, substantial industrial application study and managing/strategy.”

Measured excess heat production of as much as 85 MJ/mol-D
Heat NOT from chemical process: total combustion of D2 only .286 MJ/mol
“Results for elevated-temperature condition: Significant level excess-heat evolution data
were obtained for PNZ-type, CNZ-type CNS-type samples at 200-400℃ of RC (reaction
chamber) temperature, while no excess heat power data were obtained for single nano-metal
samples as PS-type and NZ-type. By using binary-nano-metal/ceramics-supported samples as
melt-span PNZ-type and CNZ-type and wet-fabricated CNS-type, we observed excess heat
data of maximum 26,000 MJ per mol-H(D)-transferred or 85 MJ per mol-D of total
absorption in sample, which cleared much over the aimed target value of 2 MJ per mol-
H(D) required by NEDO. Excess heat generation with PNZ-type samples has been also
confirmed by DSC experiments, at Kyushu University, using very small (0.04 to 0.1 g) samples
at 200 to 500℃ condition. Optimum conditions for running temperature (around 400 degree C)
and Pd/Ni ratio (around 1/7-1/10) were obtained by the DSC experiments at Kyushu University
to get highest heat flow (power). We also observed that the excess power generation was
sustainable with power level of 10-24 W for more than one month period, using PNZ6
(Pd1Ni10/ZrO2) sample of 120 g at around 300℃.”
Quoting directly from page 3 and 4 in English version of Jan. 2018 project summary:
“Reproducibility at different laboratories: Providing two divided sample powders of PNZ-
type from same-batch fabricated powder, independent parallel test runs were carried out at Kobe
University and Tohoku University. Results of excess heat generation data from both
laboratories were very reproducible for room-temperature and elevated-temperature
conditions. Thus, the existence and reproducibility of new exothermic phenomenon by
interaction of nano-metal composite samples and H(D)-gas have been confirmed.”

Lattice comments re NEDO January 2018 summary report
Excess heat measurements of MJ/mol of absorbed H / D probably correct
▪ After review of NEDO project’s experimental apparatus and methods, having
closely followed prior experimental work of number of its scientists for years,
and even knowing some of them personally, Lattice has little doubt about the
veracity of their reported results which claim that megajoules of excess heat
per mole of H or D were produced in certain experiments. Their published data
is therefore believable and was very likely measured with acceptable accuracy
▪ Two university laboratories, Kobe and Tohoku, produced very similar results
using duplicate LENR devices, duplicate experimental apparatus & very same
methods of quantitative heat measurement and experimental protocols. In our
opinion, this suggests they have achieved reasonable degree of reproducibility
▪ Complex nanocomposite alloys used in NEDO’s LENR test devices relatively
well-characterized from materials science perspective; provide exceptionally
high surface to volume ratio compared to bulk metals (this is advantageous to
maximize Hydrogen loading and hydride formation). They are an improvement
over Mitsubishi's metal-oxide fabricated thin-film heterostructures and major
advance beyond 99+% chemically pure, single-element, bulk-metallic Pd or Ni
LENR cm-scale devices used for decades in many types of LENR experiments
▪ Technova has uploaded assortment of public documents about NEDO project
results to ResearchGate; Lattice will now make note of several selected items

Excess heat production in nanocomposite PNZ-type devices
Palladium (Pd), Nickel (Ni), Zirconium (Zr) - PNZ (Pd-Ni-Zr) and ZrO2 filler
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321295906_Comparison_of_excess_heat_evolution_from_zirconia-
supported_Pd-Ni_nanocomposite_samples_with_different_PdNi_ratio_under_exposure_to_hydrogen_isotope_gases

Too much heat for chemistry: behaves as “radiation-free nuclear process”

Excess power > 10 Watts continued for 45 days in one PNZ LENR device

Radiation-free heat producing reactions in PNZ-type devices
No energetic neutron or gamma radiation emitted during heat production

Radiation-free heat producing reactions in PNZ-type devices
No dangerous energetic gamma radiation emitted during heat production

Japanese have no explanation for absence of deadly gammas
Widom-Larsen theory explains anomaly; see Lattice’s 2011 U.S. patent
▪ Dynamic process whereby unreacted heavy-mass SP electrons in many-body
LENR active sites can actively absorb and directly convert locally emitted or
incident gamma radiation into many more less-energetic infrared (IR)
photons at high efficiency while, of course, obeying law of conservation of
energy (also has tiny, highly variable emission ‘tail’ in soft X-rays)
▪ When ULE neutron captures on atom located inside entangled 3-D Q-M
domain of LENR active site, there are normally prompt gamma photon
emissions by any atom that has absorbed a neutron. Since such capture-
related gamma radiation occurs inside 3-D quantum mechanical structure of
an ~2-D LENR-active sites, there are always heavier-mass electrons available
nearby to absorb and convert such gamma emissions into IR. It does not
matter where gamma emission occurs inside sites, it will always be locally
converted; same for gammas from β-decays of local LENR transmutation
products. Large fluxes of MeV gammas will not be emitted externally from
LENR active sites, no matter what x-y-z direction emission is measured from
https://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/us-patent-7893414-b2
US #7,893,414 B2: “Apparatus and Method for Absorption of Incident
Gamma Radiation and its Conversion to Outgoing Radiation at Less
Penetrating, Lower Energies and Frequencies”
Inventors: Lewis Larsen, Allan Widom Issued: February 22, 2011

Lattice comments re aspects of NEDO LENR project reports
Transmutation product data wasn’t reported; no discussion of active sites
▪ 85 megajoules of excess heat per mole of absorbed H or D from ca. 130 gram
LENR devices is non-trivial thermal power production. By comparison, hydride
formation (is exothermic) produces ~.0346 MJ/mol; complete combustion of
Hydrogen produces .286 MJ/mol; an Iron-Aluminum thermite reaction releases
~.838 MJ/mol. IOW, crude LENR devices produce (85/0.286) = 297x more heat
vs. completely combusting the same molar quantity of Hydrogen with Oxygen.
Ergo, process producing excess heat in LENR devices cannot be chemical
▪ What is striking and peculiar about January 2018 summary report and other
project reports is absence of any data about detected transmutation products;
although, they say mass-spectroscopy (ICP-MS) is routine analytical technique.
It is possible such data was deemed technologically sensitive and confidential,
and therefore provided only to NEDO in 169-page Japanese language version?
▪ Another significant absence in NEDO project reports is any discussion about
LENR active sites in context of device fabrication and maximization of excess
heat output. It is possible they have not focused on active site concepts; or, are
actively researching the subject but keeping such information very confidential
Scientists working on NEDO project plausibly produced substantial amounts
of excess heat (e.g. 85 megajoules) from small nanocomposite LENR devices
for significant periods of time along with better experimental reproducibility

NEDO experimental gas-loading approach foreshadowed by 1990s work
In mid-1990s, report of Italian LENR experimenters using bulk Nickel and
Hydrogen gas in heated stainless steel reactor vessel was published in
what was then a peer-reviewed publication of the Italian Physical Society:
"Anomalous heat production in Ni-H systems”
S. Focardi et al., Il Nuovo Cimento 107A pp. 163-167 (1994)
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02813080
▪ While reproducibility was poor, during certain experiments large amounts of
excess heat (up to ~900 megajoules) were plausibly measured with somewhat
crude calorimetry over impressively long periods of time (months). NEDO
project’s calorimetric heat measurements are undoubtedly more accurate
▪ System-startup energy inputs were modest H2 pressures (mbar up to ~1 bar)
with initial heating provided by an electrical resistance heater (Pt heating wire
coiled around long axis of ferromagnetic Ni cylinder, or planar Ni bars,
attached to three equidistant ceramic support rods)
▪ Experiments exhibiting very large amounts of excess heat production did not
produce any large, readily detectible emissions of ‘hard’ (defined as photon
energies of ~1 MeV and higher) gamma radiation. Similarly, energetic MeV
neutron fluxes were not detected, nor were significant amounts of long-lived
radioactive isotopes --- anomalous absence of dangerous radiation emissions

1990s Italian bulk Nickel/H2 gas experiments NEDO Ni-Pd-Zr/H2/D2 gas experiments
Italians used bulk Nickel rods; NEDO used Ni-Pd-Zr-Cu nanocomposites

Lattice comments re Focardi et al. experiments in 1990s
Positive thermal feedback effect was observed in certain experiments
▪ Excess heat production also showed good evidence of positive thermal feedback
from 420 - 720o K during some experiments. If these observations were correct,
it strongly suggests that walls of stainless steel (SS) reaction vessels behaved as
resonant E-M radiation cavities. Thus, LENRs may have turned ‘on-and-off’ as
Nickel surface nanostructures moved in and out of resonance with spectral
peaks of temperature-dependent infrared (IR) cavity radiation
▪ Unlike significant transparency to extremely penetrating hard gamma radiation,
SS reaction vessel walls relatively opaque to lower-energy infrared (IR) radiation.
Moreover, with thermal conductivity of 12 - 45 W/(m·K) SS vessel walls will retain
heat much better than would Copper with a conductivity of 401 W/(m·K)
▪ When gamma conversion to IR occurs, released nuclear binding energy (in form
of IR) can be retained inside reaction vessel cavity and thus be available to heat
it further. Specifically, IR can be absorbed by surface plasmons (found on cavity
walls and on LENR devices located inside vessel) that can concentrate incident
IR energy and then transport it to many-body LENR active sites which can in turn
produce more ULE neutrons, and so on. Such a ‘virtuous circle’ can potentially
be realized in properly configured and well-functioning experimental apparatus.
Importantly, such a virtuous circle would manifest itself and be experimentally
observed as positive thermal feedback, as was reported by Focardi et al. (1994)

Gamma conversion to IR enables + energetic gain with cavity
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs explains results of Focardi et al. (1994)
▪ What enables virtuous circles of positive thermal feedback is internal
gamma to IR conversion --- without it, reactor cavities would be able to
readily ‘cool’ via emission of MeV gamma radiation through vessel walls
▪ If such a cavity were able to trigger exothermic LENR nuclear reactions that
traverse transmutation pathways which provide net cumulative energy gain
along the entire path, it would be said to possess positive energetic gain
▪ In theory, one could design an LENR reactor with accompanying ‘fuel’ to
take advantage of positive gain. External input energy could be used to heat
a reactor to its required operating temperature. Once it got going, heaters
could be turned-off; reactor could then potentially continue to produce
excess heat until usable, available hydrogenous reactants were exhausted
▪ Example of such a possibility is shown on next PowerPoint slide. Note that
prompt gamma ray emission can comprise a substantial percentage of
positive Q-values for ULE neutron capture process. Energy associated with
gamma emission can comprise vast majority of pathway‘s total net Q-value
of 57.04 MeV as well as for positive total gain across entire pathway of 8.83
▪ Focardi et al. (1994) results were extremely controversial and theoretically
inexplicable until development of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs. Results
can now be explained; see Slides #38 - 44 in April 20, 2011 PowerPoint:
https://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llcnickelseed-lenr-networksapril-20-2011

Gamma conversion to IR enables + energetic gain with cavity
https://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llcnickelseed-lenr-networksapril-20-2011
Isotope capturing ULE neutron
or beta decaying
Neutron
capture Q-value
in ~MeV (all +)
Some of its hard
Gamma lines*
(MeV)
Energy cost to
produce ULE
neutrons
Net Q-
value per
capture
Ni-58 9.0 8.1, 8.5, 8.9 0.78 MeV 8.22
Ni-59 11.4 Not in IAEA 0.78 MeV 10.62
Ni-60 7.8 7.5, 7.8 0.78 MeV 7.02
Ni-61 10.6 Not in IAEA 0.78 MeV 9.82
Ni-62 6.8 6.3, 6.8 0.78 MeV 6.02
Ni-63 9.7 Not in IAEA 0.78 MeV 8.92
Ni-64 6.1 6.0 0.78 MeV 5.32
Ni-65 (decay) 2.1 1.5 ~1 (*neutrino) ~1.1*
Totals (MeV) 63.5 NA 6.46 57.04
Gain = (net total Q-value for entire pathway) divided by (total cost) = 8.83
IAEA (Vienna, Austria) database of prompt (n,γ) capture gammas (2006)
http://www-nds.iaea.org/pgaa/tecdoc.pdf
Energetics of Nickel seed neutron-catalyzed LENR transmutation network

LENRs are not as exotic a technology as some might assume
Deep causal connections to ordinary chemical and enzymatic catalysis
See June 27, 2017 Lattice PowerPoint: “Very high local electric fields ≥ 1010 V/m
are key to vast increases in reaction rates for chemical catalysis, enzymatic
catalysis, and electroweak nuclear catalysis (e + p reaction) in condensed matter.”
https://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-japanese-confirm-lattice-hypotheses-re-
importance-of-adsorbed-protons-and-high-local-electric-fields-in-chemical-catalysis-june-27-2017

http://opfocus.org/content/v
7/s5/opfocus_v7_s5.pdf
SPASER (surface plasmon
amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation) device’s
local electric fields (2009)
Paradigm shifts are “ … a new way of seeing things”

Widom-Larsen theory enables commercialization of LENRs
Nanotechnology must be utilized to develop commercial power sources
Large length scales
Enormous array of new
technological possibilities
and opportunities open-up
at micron to nanometer
length-scales
Nuclear-strength electric fields in μ-sized LENR active sites enable e + p reaction
What was formerly thought impossible becomes possible
by utilizing Widom-Larsen and applying nanotechnology

Guided by physics of the Widom-Larsen theory,
an opportunity to commercialize LENRs as truly
green CO2-free nuclear energy source has been
enabled by a unique juxtaposition of very recent
parallel advances in certain very vibrant areas
of nanotechnology (esp. plasmonics), quantum
entanglement, new innovations in nanoparticle
fabrication techniques, as well as an array of
new discoveries in advanced materials science.
Applied nanotechnology and LENRs are mutually joined at the hip
Development risks are reasonable thanks to Widom-Larsen and nanotech
Simulation of high local electric fields associated with surface plasmon electrons on substrate

Many-body patches of p+ d+ form spontaneously on surfaces
Physical size of LENR active sites ranges from 2 nm to 100+ microns
In metal hydrides lattice loading H(D)/metal must be > 0.80 for sites to form
STM image of H on Pd(111) adapted from
Fig. 1 in Mitsui et al. (2003)
Pd
H
H
H
H
H
▪ Lattice comment: image shows small many-body
patches of protons on Pd surface. Visual inspection
of STM image in adapted version of Fig. 1 reveals
that under Mitsui et al.’s experimental conditions,
PdHx ratios at many surface sites would appear to
be comfortably above the minimal critical value of
H/Pd > 0.80 known to be necessary for LENR
triggering; PdHx H/Pd ratios seen at some sites can
apparently range as high as x = 5.0 (see Figure 1)
▪ Therefore: similarly high PdHx ratios would seem to
be plausible in the case of high % surface coverage
of hydrogen atoms (protons) on fully loaded Pd(111)
surfaces at room temperature of 273 K and beyond.
Thus, high PdHx ratios could reasonably be expected
to occur within nm to micron-sized, many-body,
entangled hydrogenous active sites conjectured in
the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
“Hydrogen absorption and diffusion
on Pd (111)” T. Mitsui et al.
Surface Science 540 pp. 5 - 11 (2003)
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/2
29342506_Hydrogen_adsorption_and_dif
fusion_on_Pd(111)
Example shows formation of hydrogenous patches on metallic hydride surface

Lattice concept: LENR active site on surfaces or at interfaces
Comprised of many-body patches of protons and electrons on surface
Mutually quantum-entangled SP electrons and protons oscillate collectively
Sizes of many-body active sites can range from several nm up to ~ 100+ microns
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ‘Layer‘ of positive charge + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Thin-film of surface plasmon electrons - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Substrate: in example, is hydride-forming metal, e.g. Palladium (Pd); however, could just as easily be an Oxide (in that case, SP
electrons would be only be present at nanoparticle-oxide interface, not across entire substrate surface as shown above)
SP electron
subsystem
Substrate subsystem
SP electron and
proton subsystems
form a many-body
W-L active site; it
can also reside on
nanoparticles
attached to surface
Note: diagram components are not to scale
Single nascent LENR active site
Proton
subsystem
Born-Oppenheimer approximation breaks down in this region
+ + + + + + + + + Many surface protons (Hydrogen) + + + + + + + + +
- - - - - - - - - - Many surface plasmon electrons - - - - -- - - - - -

Input energy creates huge electric fields in LENR active sites
Born-Oppenheimer breakdown enables nuclear-strength local E-fields
Huge electric field increases effective masses e* of some patch SP electrons
Note: diagram components are not to scaleSubstrate subsystem
Input energy boosts local E-fields to > 2.5 x 1011 V/m between adjacent nanoparticles
Substrate: in example, is hydride-forming metal, e.g. Palladium (Pd); however, could just as easily be an Oxide (in that case SP
electrons would be only be present at nanoparticle-oxide interface, not across entire substrate surface as shown above)
Nuclear-strength local electric fields created herein
Input energyE-field + en
-
sp g en
-*sp + pn
+ g n + νe [condensed matter surfaces]
Single nascent LENR active site
+ + + + + + + Many surface protons (Hydrogen) + + + + + + + + +
- - - - - - - - - - Many surface plasmon electrons - - - - -- - - - - -Nanoparticle
Nanoparticle

Heating in LENR active sites can create distinctive ‘craters’
Locally produced gammas converted to IR photons by heavy electrons
Ultralow energy neutrons produced & captured close to LENR active sites
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Layer of positive charge + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Substrate subsystem
- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - Thin-film of surface plasmon electrons - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Substrate: in this example, is hydride-forming metal, e.g. Palladium (Pd); could also be many other metals
Note: diagram components are not to scale
Input energy
amplifies
electric fields
in local regions
NPNP
n + (Z, A) g (Z, A+1) [neutrons capture on nearby target atoms]
(Z, A+1) g (Z + 1, A+1) + eβ
- + νe [beta- decay]
Often followed by β - decays of neutron-rich intermediate isotopic products
= Metallic nanoparticle (NP)
Intense heating in
LENR active sites
will form μ-scale
event craters on
substrate surfaces
After being produced neutrons capture on targets in and around active sites

LENRs active site craters can be observed post-experiment
Infrared video of tiny LENR hotspots
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OUVmOQXBS68
that form spontaneously on Pd cathode
surfaces in aqueous electrochemical cells
Credit: P. Boss, U.S. Navy SPAWAR
Size of LENR active sites ranges from 2 nanometers to ~100+ microns
U.S. Navy SEM images of Pd surface; infrared video of working Pd cathode
50 μ LENR active site crater in Pd cathode
LENR electrochemical cell
Credit: P. Boss, U.S. Navy SPAWAR
LENR active site crater
LENR electrochemical cell
50 μ dia.
Credit: P. Boss, U.S. Navy SPAWAR (1994)
Pd cathode surface

Microscopic reproducibility of active sites is the key to commercialization
▪ In present-day’s successfully fabricated primitive laboratory devices, LENRs
routinely reach temperatures of 4,000 - 6,000o K in relatively small numbers of
microscopic LENR active sites located on working surfaces. Evidence for
existence of such tiny, very hot localized sites is provided in post-experiment
SEM images of working surfaces wherein distinctive crater-like structures are
visible. Such features are produced by nuclear heating in μ- scale LENR active
sites that create local flash-boiling of metals such as Palladium and Tungsten
▪ Present stage of LENR technology is TRL-3: trying to now fabricate cm-scale and
larger devices that can reliably and controllably produce macroscopically large
fluxes of excess heat, “boiling a cup of tea,” is suboptimal development pathway
▪ Main goal should be to first get key LENR effects --- especially excess heat and
transmutations --- working reliably on nanoscopic length scales. One must be
able to reproducibly create rationally designed nanoparticulate structures with
dimensions ranging from nm to microns that are fabricated using selected, off-
the-shelf nanotechnology techniques and methods. Such nanostructures are
then emplaced, along with suitable fuel nuclei (e.g., Lithium, Carbon, transition
metals) close to what will become LENR active sites on device working surfaces
Stage of LENR technology is presently TRL-3; existing nanotech can be leveraged

(3) Select and integrate energy conversion subsystems suitable for specific applications
Lattice’s LENR engineering program has three key stages
(2) Scale-up heat output by increasing # of active sites per unit area/volume
▪ Once microscopic reproducibility of active sites is achieved, output
of LENR heat sources could be readily scaled-up, either by (1)
fabricating larger area-densities of affixed nanostructures that
facilitate formation of LENR active hot spot sites on device surfaces,
or by (2) injecting larger quantities of specially designed target fuel
host nanoparticles into volumetrically larger reaction chambers that
may contain only gas rich in Hydrogen --- or turbulent dusty plasmas,
with or without spatially organized magnetic fields being present
▪ Variety of existing off-the-shelf energy conversion subsystems could
potentially be integrated with commercial versions of LENR-based
heat sources. These include: thermophotovoltaic; thermoelectric;
steam engines; Rankine cycle steam turbines; Brayton cycle gas
turbines, simple boilers, etc. Other more speculative possibilities
involve some entirely new types of radical direct energy conversion
technologies that are still in early stages of commercial development
(1) Reproducible fabrication of well-performing LENR active sites

Key conclusions of theoretical paper published in Pramana
Journal is peer-reviewed publication of Indian Academy of Sciences
“A primer for electro-weak induced low energy nuclear reactions”
Y. Srivastava, A. Widom, and L. Larsen in Pramana (2010)
“The analysis presented in this paper leads us to conclude
that realistic possibilities exist for designing LENR devices
capable of producing ‘green energy’, that is, production of
excess heat at low cost without lethal nuclear waste,
dangerous γ-rays or unwanted neutrons. The necessary tools
and the essential theoretical know-how to manufacture such
devices appear to be well within the reach of the technology
available now. Vigorous efforts must now be made to develop
such devices whose functionality requires all three
interactions of the Standard Model acting in concert.”

Publications about the Widom-Larsen theory
“Ultra low momentum neutron catalyzed nuclear reactions on metallic
hydride surfaces”
A. Widom and L. Larsen (author’s copy)
European Physical Journal C - Particles and Fields 46 pp. 107 - 112 (2006)
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/widom-and-larsen-ulm-neutron-catalyzed-
lenrs-on-metallic-hydride-surfacesepjc-march-2006
Y. Srivastava, A. Widom, and L. Larsen (author’s copy)
Pramana - Journal of Physics 75 pp. 617 - 637 (March 2010)
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/srivastava-widom-and-larsenprimer-for-
electroweak-induced-low-energy-nuclear-reactionspramana-oct-2010
“Index to key concepts and documents”
v. #20 updated and revised through Jan. 8, 2015
L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, May 28, 2013
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-hyperlinked-index-to-
documents-re-widomlarsen-theory-and-lenrs-september-7-2015
“Theoretical Standard Model rates of proton to neutron conversions near
metallic hydride surfaces”
A. Widom and L. Larsen
Cornell physics preprint arXiv:nucl-th/0608059v2 12 pages (2007)
http://arxiv.org/pdf/nucl-th/0608059v2.pdf
Key publications about Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
“Ultra low momentum neutron catalyzed nuclear reactions on metallic
hydride surfaces”
A. Widom and L. Larsen (author’s copy)
European Physical Journal C - Particles and Fields 46 pp. 107 - 112 (2006)
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/widom-and-larsen-ulm-neutron-catalyzed-
lenrs-on-metallic-hydride-surfacesepjc-march-2006
Y. Srivastava, A. Widom, and L. Larsen (author’s copy)
Pramana - Journal of Physics 75 pp. 617 - 637 (March 2010)
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/srivastava-widom-and-larsenprimer-for-
electroweak-induced-low-energy-nuclear-reactionspramana-oct-2010
“Index to key concepts and documents”
v. #20 updated and revised through Jan. 8, 2015
L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, May 28, 2013
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-hyperlinked-index-to-
documents-re-widomlarsen-theory-and-lenrs-september-7-2015
“Theoretical Standard Model rates of proton to neutron conversions near
metallic hydride surfaces”
A. Widom and L. Larsen
Cornell physics preprint arXiv:nucl-th/0608059v2 12 pages (2007)
http://arxiv.org/pdf/nucl-th/0608059v2.pdf

Documents about LENRs and Widom-Larsen theory
“LENR technology’s compelling value proposition for oil & gas companies”
Aromatics in oil convert to CO2-free LENR fuels w. 5,000x > heat vs. gasoline
L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, April 12, 2017 [48 slides - download enabled]
https://www.amazon.com/dp/0996886451
“Hacking the Atom” (Volume 1 - 484 pages) popular science book
Steven B. Krivit, Pacific Oaks Press, San Rafael, CA, September 11, 2016
Paperback US$16.00; hardcover US$48.00; Kindle US$3.99
https://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-lenr-technologys-compelling-
value-proposition-for-oil-and-gas-companies-april-12-2017
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-scalability-of-lenr-power-
generation-systems-nov-29-2015
“Scalability of LENR power generation systems”
“Fossil fuels and nuclear vs. renewables for powering grids with climate change”
https://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-fossil-fuels-and-nuclear-
vs-renewables-for-powering-electricity-grids-during-process-of-ongoing-climate-
change-nov-16-2017
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-lenr-transmutation-of-carbon-
better-energy-strategy-than-obama-clean-power-plan-aug-3-2015
“LENR transmutation of Carbon is superior energy strategy - slashes CO2
emissions for vehicles as well as electric power generation”

Partnering on LENR commercialization and consulting on other subjects
Working with Lattice Energy LLC, Chicago, Illinois USA
▪ We believe Lattice is the world-leader in proprietary knowledge about
LENR device engineering required to develop high-performance, long
lived, scalable power sources. Our published peer-reviewed theoretical
papers rigorously explain the breakthrough device physics of LENR
processes, including the absence of dangerous energetic neutron or
gamma radiation and lack of long-lived radioactive waste production
▪ Lattice welcomes inquiries from large, established organizations that
have an interest in discussing the possibility of becoming Lattice’s
strategic capital and/or technology development partner
▪ Lewis Larsen also independently engages in consulting on variety of
subject areas that include: Lithium-ion battery safety issues; long-term
electricity grid reliability and resilience; and evaluating potential future
impact of LENRs from a long-term investment risk management
perspective for large CAPEX projects in the oil & gas, petrochemicals,
transportation, utility, and aerospace industries
1-312-861-0115 lewisglarsen@gmail.com
L. Larsen c.v.: http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lewis-g-larsen-cv-june-2013

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