Household responses to climate-related hazards in four Latin American cities: A conceptual framework and exploratory analysis
Introduction
As hotspots for both the causes and consequences of climate change, urban areas have become increasingly visible in recent vulnerability and adaptation research. The study of vulnerability in general and urban vulnerability in particular, is characterized by diverse conceptual approaches and research paradigms (Adger, 2006, Eakin and Luers, 2006, Romero-Lankao and Qin, 2011). The capacity for climate change adaptation holds a pivotal role in integrative vulnerability frameworks (e.g., IPCC, 2007, IPCC, 2014, Turner et al., 2003), and is considered as one of the most influential factors of subsequent response actions. Climate change adaptation capacity and actual responses are dynamic, context–contingent processes varying across different spatial scales. Although there has been emerging research interest in environmental governance and institutional responses at the city, region, and state levels (e.g., Baker et al., 2012, Brooks et al., 2005, Næss et al., 2005, Romero-Lankao et al., 2013a), less is known about the determinants of community residents’ coping and adaptation behaviors, particularly in urban areas, in response to climate change impacts.
The frequency and magnitude of many natural hazards in cities (e.g., heat waves, floods, and droughts) are expected to be exacerbated by climate change (Revi et al., 2014, Satterthwaite et al., 2007). A focus on urban populations’ responses to such events can help further synthesize the climate change adaptation and disaster-risk analysis fields, and contribute to an integrated systems approach to vulnerability and risk (IPCC, 2012, Schipper, 2009). While actual human responses have received increased attention in recent analysis of vulnerability to climate change, residential prevention and mitigation strategies have formed a major line of inquiry in disaster research (cf. Bubeck et al., 2012). Furthermore, some key cognitive explanatory factors of individual or household actions identified in the disaster-risk literature, such as risk perception (or the social construction of risk), have begun to be systematically examined in existing empirical research on climate change adaptation (Grothmann and Patt, 2005).
The primary purpose of this study is to explore the relationships between factors within major vulnerability dimensions and urban populations’ responses to environmental hazards related to climate change. Linking together relevant insights from the climate social science and the disaster risk reduction communities should lead to increased understanding of urban vulnerability and adaptation processes. In this study, we developed a synthetic conceptual framework of urban households’ responses to climate-related hazards, and conducted a preliminary analysis of its applicability using household survey data from four large Latin American cities (Bogotá, Colombia; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Mexico City, Mexico; and Santiago, Chile). The organization of the rest of this paper is as follows. First, we provide an overview of the conceptualization of vulnerability to climate change and depict an analytic model linking vulnerability, risk perception, and human responses. The next section describes the four study cities, data collection, variables of interest, and statistical techniques. Main results from the multi-phase analysis of the survey data are then presented. Finally, we conclude with interpretations of major findings of the analysis and remark on their implications for future research.
Section snippets
Conceptualization of vulnerability
Vulnerability has been considered as a focal topic in various fields of study relating to human–environmental interactions, including climate change impacts, disaster and risk, and sustainable development. Although there is no shared, standard definition of this key concept, the variety of current conceptual approaches to vulnerability can be categorized into three main research lineages: risk-hazards, political economy or ecology, and ecological resilience (Adger, 2006, Cutter et al., 2003,
Study cities and communities
The four study cities (Bogotá, Buenos Aires, Mexico City, and Santiago; see Fig. 2) are the capitals and economic hubs of their individual countries and regions, with a population of 6.8, 12.8, 19.3, and 20.4 million people respectively. Notwithstanding their economic dynamism and large degrees of integration into the global economy, these urban centers have high levels of poverty, income inequality and informality, and are faced with deficits in many sectors such as health, education, and
Descriptive statistics
Simple descriptive statistics for key variables in the household survey data are summarized in this section (see Table 1 for more detailed results for numerical variables). Overall, slightly more than a quarter of surveyed households (27.0%) sought emergency support or medical treatment in response to climate hazards. The mean level of perceived impacts from these hazards was rather moderate (2.7 on a scale of 0–7), but nearly all respondent households (96.0%) reported being affected by at
Discussion
A major goal of this study is to build a synthetic conceptual framework of urban households’ responses to climate-related hazards linking common themes and concepts from the climate change and disaster risk reduction communities. Interdisciplinary conceptual frameworks help to identify gaps across disciplinary boundaries and develop new research questions (Heemskerk et al., 2003). These frameworks can serve as important tools to advance vulnerability and adaptation research that is built on
Concluding remarks
In summary, our analysis of household responses to climate-related hazards in major Latin American cities provides an example of the potential application of the urban vulnerability-response conceptual model depicted in this article. The primary concern here is not with making statistical inference to a broader population. The relationships found between major variables in this preliminary analysis need to be verified with larger probability samples and ideally with panel survey data (cf. Qin
Acknowledgements
This study draws on data from a larger research project funded by the Inter American Institute of Global Change Research (IAI) SGP-HD 013 and the National Science Foundation (NSF): Adaptation to the Health Impacts of Air Pollution and Climate Extremes in Latin American Cities (ADAPTE). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IAI and NSF. The authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of
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