For years, the company that makes Dr. Pepper soda and Snapple iced tea paid Florida income taxes like the single big business it was.
But then it realized it could pay less tax if it were two companies.
Part 1: In Florida, 99% of companies pay no corporate income tax — with lawmakers’ blessing
So in 2013, the soft-drink giant formerly known as Dr. Pepper Snapple Group split itself apart, according to litigation records obtained by the Orlando Sentinel. The move cut its annual state income tax bill by an estimated $400,000 or more.
Dr. Pepper’s split — made for tax purposes only — illustrates one way companies take advantage of what experts say is the single biggest corporate tax break in Florida: The option for big companies to file separate tax returns for different parts of their business, rather than a single return covering the entire enterprise.
Florida is in a shrinking minority of states that still allows companies to do this, which gives companies much more freedom to move money around and avoid taxes.
Read the Sentinel’s ongoing series
Big Profits, Tiny Taxes:
“That is one of the most significant, self-inflicted wounds that a state can impose on itself in terms of subjecting its state corporate income tax to tax-avoidance vulnerabilities,” said Kirk Stark, a professor of tax law and policy at UCLA Law in Los Angeles.
State economists have estimated that requiring big companies to file one comprehensive tax return could raise nearly a half-billion dollars annually in revenue. That’s enough money to double the size of Florida’s affordable housing fund — with enough left over to pave more than 500 miles of new bicycle and pedestrian trails.
The Florida Chamber of Commerce, which has lobbied against attempts to make big companies file a single tax return, says Florida’s current system works fine just the way it is.
“There’s an old adage that, ‘If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it,'” said Edie Ousley, a spokeswoman for the Florida Chamber. “With Florida’s business climate among the nation’s very best, now is not the time to fix what isn’t broken.”
How one company becomes two
A company only pays Florida income taxes on the percentage of its U.S. profit that it earns in Florida. And Florida determines how much of the company’s profit was earned here by analyzing how much of its sales, properties and employees are in Florida.
To the outside world, Dr. Pepper Snapple Group was one company. But it made most of its money from two big divisions: A syrup division, which sold the concentrated formulas used to make Dr. Pepper’s various sodas, juices and teas; and a bottling division, which turned those syrups into finished drinks and sold them to retailers.
The syrup division, which housed only a small fraction of Dr. Pepper’s total employees and property, employed some salespeople in Florida. But it otherwise had very little presence in the state.
But the bottling division, which included most of Dr. Pepper’s total employees and property, had a big presence in Florida – including two bottling plants, several warehouses and a lot of employees around the state.
Dr. Pepper could control the flow of profits between the divisions, because the syrup division sold much of its syrup to Dr. Pepper’s bottling division. A higher price for syrup would mean more profit in the syrup division and less in the bottling division.
In 2011, the syrup division earned about five times as much taxable profit as the bottling division, according to records Dr. Pepper submitted to the Florida Department of Revenue as part of a tax dispute over a different matter.
Dr. Pepper was still filing a single tax return in Florida that year. After considering the location of all the sales, employees and property of the combined company, Florida taxed about 5.3 percent of Dr. Pepper’s total U.S. profit.
If Dr. Pepper had filed separate tax returns that year, according to the same records, Florida would have taxed about 6.6 percent of the bottling division’s income — but only 2 percent of the far-more-profitable syrup division’s income.
Dr. Pepper started filing separate returns in Florida two years later, the records show.
Corporate tax returns are confidential and Dr. Pepper won’t say exactly how much the tax split has saved the company or what its total tax payment was.
But based on a Sentinel analysis of the financial details from the litigation records and the company’s regulatory filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, the split likely cut Dr. Pepper’s tax bill by at least $400,000 annually. (The company was acquired last year by the manufacturer of Keurig coffee makers and is now known as Keurig Dr. Pepper.)
Keurig Dr. Pepper, which turned a $589 million profit last year, is still filing separate tax returns in Florida, according to company spokeswoman Katie Gilroy. She said the company follows federal guidelines when pricing sales between its divisions — like when the syrup division sells syrup to the bottling division — and “does not randomly assign income” between the units.
“In line with Florida law and per corporate best practice, we have elected to file our Florida state income tax returns on a separate legal entity basis as opposed to a consolidated entity basis, which we feel best reflects the distinct operations of each legal entity with nexus in the state of Florida,” Gilroy said.
/**
* Swiper 5.2.0
* Most modern mobile touch slider and framework with hardware accelerated transitions
* http://swiperjs.com
*
* Copyright 2014-2019 Vladimir Kharlampidi
*
* Released under the MIT License
*
* Released on: October 26, 2019
*/
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.swiper-cube-shadow{position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0px;width:100%;height:100%;background:#000;opacity:.6;-webkit-filter:blur(50px);filter:blur(50px);z-index:0}.swiper-container-flip{overflow:visible}.swiper-container-flip .swiper-slide{pointer-events:none;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden;z-index:1}.swiper-container-flip .swiper-slide .swiper-slide{pointer-events:none}.swiper-container-flip .swiper-slide-active,.swiper-container-flip .swiper-slide-active .swiper-slide-active{pointer-events:auto}.swiper-container-flip .swiper-slide-shadow-bottom,.swiper-container-flip .swiper-slide-shadow-left,.swiper-container-flip .swiper-slide-shadow-right,.swiper-container-flip .swiper-slide-shadow-top{z-index:0;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden}
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width: 100%;
height: auto;
}
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font-weight: 900;
color: #FFFFFF;
background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
}
.swiper-slide img{
background-position: right 0;
}
/* Orlando Sentinel styles start*/
.source-text p{
position:absolute;
right:10px;
bottom: 20px;
font-family: ‘Encode Sans’, Arial, sans-serif;
color: #FFFFFF;
font-weight:300;
}
label{
cursor: pointer;
}
#toggle-button{
display:none;
}
.explainer-text{
height:0px;
transition:height 0.5s ease-in;
overflow:hidden;
}
@media (max-width: 450px){
.explainer-text{
height:170px;
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto
}
.buttonbox p{
font-size:1.3em;
}
}
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margin-right: auto;
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@media (min-width: 501px){
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height:135px;
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
}
.buttonbox p{
font-size:1.8em;
}
}
.buttonbox {
cursor: default;
position: absolute;
}
.buttonbox p{
font-family: ‘Encode Sans’, arial, sans-serif;
background-color: rgba(0,188,208,0.5);
color: #FFFFFF;
display: inline;
line-height: 1.3em;
font-weight: 700;
text-align: left;
}
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.swiper-slide img{
height:550px;
object-position: right top;
object-fit: none;
}
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font-size:1.9em;
cursor: default;
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.buttonbox{
left: 0;
top: 55px;
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@media (min-width: 451px) and (max-width: 845px){
.swiper-slide img{
height:550px;
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.swiper-title h1{
font-size:3em;
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left: 0;
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}
@media (min-width: 846px){
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left: 0;
top: 70px;
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} /* Orlando Sentinel styles end*/
Dr. Pepper
Ramin Talaie / Bloomberg
Anheuser-Busch
Scott Olson / Getty Images
Circle K
Cristina Baussan / AP Photo
eBay
Sean Gallup / Getty Images
HCA Healthcare
Richard Drew / AP Photo
Mastercard
Fabian Sommer / AP Photo
Sanofi Pasteur
Jacques Brinon / AP Photo
Vodaphone
Ralph Orlowski / Getty Images
/**
* Swiper 5.2.0
* Most modern mobile touch slider and framework with hardware accelerated transitions
* http://swiperjs.com
*
* Copyright 2014-2019 Vladimir Kharlampidi
*
* Released under the MIT License
*
* Released on: October 26, 2019
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te=p[ee];e.roundLengths&&(te=Math.floor(te)),p[ee]1&&p.push(this.virtualSize-s)}if(0===p.length&&(p=[0]),0!==e.spaceBetween&&(this.isHorizontal()?a?d.filter(v).css({marginLeft:w+”px”}):d.filter(v).css({marginRight:w+”px”}):d.filter(v).css({marginBottom:w+”px”})),e.centeredSlides&&e.centeredSlidesBounds){var ie=0;u.forEach((function(t){ie+=t+(e.spaceBetween?e.spaceBetween:0)}));var se=(ie-=e.spaceBetween)-s;p=p.map((function(e){return ese?se+m:e}))}if(e.centerInsufficientSlides){var ae=0;if(u.forEach((function(t){ae+=t+(e.spaceBetween?e.spaceBetween:0)})),(ae-=e.spaceBetween)1)for(t=0;tthis.slides.length)break;i.push(this.slides.eq(a)[0])}else i.push(this.slides.eq(this.activeIndex)[0]);for(t=0;ts?r:s}s&&this.$wrapperEl.css(“height”,s+”px”)},updateSlidesOffset:function(){for(var e=this.slides,t=0;t<e.length;t+=1)e[t].swiperSlideOffset=this.isHorizontal()?e[t].offsetLeft:e[t].offsetTop},updateSlidesProgress:function(e){void 0===e&&(e=this&&this.translate||0);var t=this.params,i=this.slides,a=this.rtlTranslate;if(0!==i.length){void 0===i[0].swiperSlideOffset&&this.updateSlidesOffset();var r=-e;a&&(r=e),i.removeClass(t.slideVisibleClass),this.visibleSlidesIndexes=[],this.visibleSlides=[];for(var n=0;n=0&&d1&&h<=this.size||d=this.size)&&(this.visibleSlides.push(o),this.visibleSlidesIndexes.push(n),i.eq(n).addClass(t.slideVisibleClass))}o.progress=a?-l:l}this.visibleSlides=s(this.visibleSlides)}},updateProgress:function(e){if(void 0===e){var t=this.rtlTranslate?-1:1;e=this&&this.translate&&this.translate*t||0}var i=this.params,s=this.maxTranslate()-this.minTranslate(),a=this.progress,r=this.isBeginning,o=this.isEnd,l=r,d=o;0===s?(a=0,r=!0,o=!0):(r=(a=(e-this.minTranslate())/s)=1),n.extend(this,{progress:a,isBeginning:r,isEnd:o}),(i.watchSlidesProgress||i.watchSlidesVisibility)&&this.updateSlidesProgress(e),r&&!l&&this.emit(“reachBeginning toEdge”),o&&!d&&this.emit(“reachEnd 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l=e.prevAll(“.”+i.slideClass).eq(0).addClass(i.slidePrevClass);i.loop&&0===l.length&&(l=t.eq(-1)).addClass(i.slidePrevClass),i.loop&&(o.hasClass(i.slideDuplicateClass)?s.children(“.”+i.slideClass+”:not(.”+i.slideDuplicateClass+’)[data-swiper-slide-index=”‘+o.attr(“data-swiper-slide-index”)+'”]’).addClass(i.slideDuplicateNextClass):s.children(“.”+i.slideClass+”.”+i.slideDuplicateClass+'[data-swiper-slide-index=”‘+o.attr(“data-swiper-slide-index”)+'”]’).addClass(i.slideDuplicateNextClass),l.hasClass(i.slideDuplicateClass)?s.children(“.”+i.slideClass+”:not(.”+i.slideDuplicateClass+’)[data-swiper-slide-index=”‘+l.attr(“data-swiper-slide-index”)+'”]’).addClass(i.slideDuplicatePrevClass):s.children(“.”+i.slideClass+”.”+i.slideDuplicateClass+'[data-swiper-slide-index=”‘+l.attr(“data-swiper-slide-index”)+'”]’).addClass(i.slideDuplicatePrevClass))},updateActiveIndex:function(e){var t,i=this.rtlTranslate?this.translate:-this.translate,s=this.slidesGrid,a=this.snapGrid,r=this.params,o=this.activeIndex,l=this.realIndex,d=this.snapIndex,h=e;if(void 0===h){for(var p=0;p=s[p]&&i=s[p]&&i=s[p]&&(h=p);r.normalizeSlideIndex&&(h=0?a.indexOf(i):Math.floor(h/r.slidesPerGroup))>=a.length&&(t=a.length-1),h!==o){var c=parseInt(this.slides.eq(h).attr(“data-swiper-slide-index”)||h,10);n.extend(this,{snapIndex:t,realIndex:c,previousIndex:o,activeIndex:h}),this.emit(“activeIndexChange”),this.emit(“snapIndexChange”),l!==c&&this.emit(“realIndexChange”),(this.initialized||this.runCallbacksOnInit)&&this.emit(“slideChange”)}else t!==d&&(this.snapIndex=t,this.emit(“snapIndexChange”))},updateClickedSlide:function(e){var t=this.params,i=s(e.target).closest(“.”+t.slideClass)[0],a=!1;if(i)for(var r=0;rh?h:s&&e
“);return a.attr(“data-swiper-slide-index”)||a.attr(“data-swiper-slide-index”,t),i.cache&&(this.virtual.cache[t]=a),a},appendSlide:function(e){if(“object”==typeof e&&”length”in e)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t+=1)e[t]&&this.virtual.slides.push(e[t]);else this.virtual.slides.push(e);this.virtual.update(!0)},prependSlide:function(e){var t=this.activeIndex,i=t+1,s=1;if(Array.isArray(e)){for(var a=0;a=0;i-=1)this.virtual.slides.splice(e[i],1),this.params.virtual.cache&&delete this.virtual.cache[e[i]],e[i]<t&&(t-=1),t=Math.max(t,0);else this.virtual.slides.splice(e,1),this.params.virtual.cache&&delete this.virtual.cache[e],e0&&0===this.$el.parents(“.”+this.params.slideActiveClass).length)return;var o=t.innerWidth,l=t.innerHeight,d=this.$el.offset();s&&(d.left-=this.$el[0].scrollLeft);for(var h=[[d.left,d.top],[d.left+this.width,d.top],[d.left,d.top+this.height],[d.left+this.width,d.top+this.height]],p=0;p=0&&c[0]=0&&c[1]-1?”DOMMouseScroll”:function(){var t=”onwheel”in e;if(!t){var i=e.createElement(“div”);i.setAttribute(“onwheel”,”return;”),t=”function”==typeof i.onwheel}return!t&&e.implementation&&e.implementation.hasFeature&&!0!==e.implementation.hasFeature(“”,””)&&(t=e.implementation.hasFeature(“Events.wheel”,”3.0″)),t}()?”wheel”:”mousewheel”},normalize:function(e){var t=0,i=0,s=0,a=0;return”detail”in e&&(i=e.detail),”wheelDelta”in e&&(i=-e.wheelDelta/120),”wheelDeltaY”in e&&(i=-e.wheelDeltaY/120),”wheelDeltaX”in e&&(t=-e.wheelDeltaX/120),”axis”in e&&e.axis===e.HORIZONTAL_AXIS&&(t=i,i=0),s=10*t,a=10*i,”deltaY”in e&&(a=e.deltaY),”deltaX”in e&&(s=e.deltaX),e.shiftKey&&!s&&(s=a,a=0),(s||a)&&e.deltaMode&&(1===e.deltaMode?(s*=40,a*=40):(s*=800,a*=800)),s&&!t&&(t=s<1?-1:1),a&&!i&&(i=aMath.abs(l.pixelY)))return!0;r=l.pixelX*o}else{if(!(Math.abs(l.pixelY)>Math.abs(l.pixelX)))return!0;r=l.pixelY}else r=Math.abs(l.pixelX)>Math.abs(l.pixelY)?-l.pixelX*o:-l.pixelY;if(0===r)return!0;if(a.invert&&(r=-r),s.params.freeMode){var d={time:n.now(),delta:Math.abs(r),direction:Math.sign(r)},h=s.mousewheel.lastEventBeforeSnap,p=h&&d.time<h.time+500&&d.delta=s.minTranslate()&&(c=s.minTranslate()),c=15&&f.shift();var m=f.length?f[f.length-1]:void 0,g=f[0];if(f.push(d),m&&(d.delta>m.delta||d.direction!==m.direction))f.splice(0);else if(f.length>=15&&d.time-g.time=1&&d.delta0?.8:.2;s.mousewheel.lastEventBeforeSnap=d,f.splice(0),s.mousewheel.timeout=n.nextTick((function(){s.slideToClosest(s.params.speed,!0,void 0,b)}),0)}s.mousewheel.timeout||(s.mousewheel.timeout=n.nextTick((function(){s.mousewheel.lastEventBeforeSnap=d,f.splice(0),s.slideToClosest(s.params.speed,!0,void 0,.5)}),500))}if(p||s.emit(“scroll”,i),s.params.autoplay&&s.params.autoplayDisableOnInteraction&&s.autoplay.stop(),c===s.minTranslate()||c===s.maxTranslate())return!0}}else{if(n.now()-s.mousewheel.lastScrollTime>60)if(r0&&(this.isBeginning?s.addClass(e.disabledClass):s.removeClass(e.disabledClass),s[this.params.watchOverflow&&this.isLocked?”addClass”:”removeClass”](e.lockClass)),i&&i.length>0&&(this.isEnd?i.addClass(e.disabledClass):i.removeClass(e.disabledClass),i[this.params.watchOverflow&&this.isLocked?”addClass”:”removeClass”](e.lockClass))}},onPrevClick:function(e){e.preventDefault(),this.isBeginning&&!this.params.loop||this.slidePrev()},onNextClick:function(e){e.preventDefault(),this.isEnd&&!this.params.loop||this.slideNext()},init:function(){var e,t,i=this.params.navigation;(i.nextEl||i.prevEl)&&(i.nextEl&&(e=s(i.nextEl),this.params.uniqueNavElements&&”string”==typeof i.nextEl&&e.length>1&&1===this.$el.find(i.nextEl).length&&(e=this.$el.find(i.nextEl))),i.prevEl&&(t=s(i.prevEl),this.params.uniqueNavElements&&”string”==typeof i.prevEl&&t.length>1&&1===this.$el.find(i.prevEl).length&&(t=this.$el.find(i.prevEl))),e&&e.length>0&&e.on(“click”,this.navigation.onNextClick),t&&t.length>0&&t.on(“click”,this.navigation.onPrevClick),n.extend(this.navigation,{$nextEl:e,nextEl:e&&e[0],$prevEl:t,prevEl:t&&t[0]}))},destroy:function(){var e=this.navigation,t=e.$nextEl,i=e.$prevEl;t&&t.length&&(t.off(“click”,this.navigation.onNextClick),t.removeClass(this.params.navigation.disabledClass)),i&&i.length&&(i.off(“click”,this.navigation.onPrevClick),i.removeClass(this.params.navigation.disabledClass))}},ae={update:function(){var e=this.rtl,t=this.params.pagination;if(t.el&&this.pagination.el&&this.pagination.$el&&0!==this.pagination.$el.length){var i,a=this.virtual&&this.params.virtual.enabled?this.virtual.slides.length:this.slides.length,r=this.pagination.$el,n=this.params.loop?Math.ceil((a-2*this.loopedSlides)/this.params.slidesPerGroup):this.snapGrid.length;if(this.params.loop?((i=Math.ceil((this.activeIndex-this.loopedSlides)/this.params.slidesPerGroup))>a-1-2*this.loopedSlides&&(i-=a-2*this.loopedSlides),i>n-1&&(i-=n),i0){var o,l,d,h=this.pagination.bullets;if(t.dynamicBullets&&(this.pagination.bulletSize=h.eq(0)[this.isHorizontal()?”outerWidth”:”outerHeight”](!0),r.css(this.isHorizontal()?”width”:”height”,this.pagination.bulletSize*(t.dynamicMainBullets+4)+”px”),t.dynamicMainBullets>1&&void 0!==this.previousIndex&&(this.pagination.dynamicBulletIndex+=i-this.previousIndex,this.pagination.dynamicBulletIndex>t.dynamicMainBullets-1?this.pagination.dynamicBulletIndex=t.dynamicMainBullets-1:this.pagination.dynamicBulletIndex1)h.each((function(e,a){var r=s(a),n=r.index();n===i&&r.addClass(t.bulletActiveClass),t.dynamicBullets&&(n>=o&&n<=l&&r.addClass(t.bulletActiveClass+"-main"),n===o&&r.prev().addClass(t.bulletActiveClass+"-prev").prev().addClass(t.bulletActiveClass+"-prev-prev"),n===l&&r.next().addClass(t.bulletActiveClass+"-next").next().addClass(t.bulletActiveClass+"-next-next"))}));else{var p=h.eq(i),c=p.index();if(p.addClass(t.bulletActiveClass),t.dynamicBullets){for(var u=h.eq(o),v=h.eq(l),f=o;f=h.length-t.dynamicMainBullets){for(var m=t.dynamicMainBullets;m>=0;m-=1)h.eq(h.length-m).addClass(t.bulletActiveClass+”-main”);h.eq(h.length-t.dynamicMainBullets-1).addClass(t.bulletActiveClass+”-prev”)}else u.prev().addClass(t.bulletActiveClass+”-prev”).prev().addClass(t.bulletActiveClass+”-prev-prev”),v.next().addClass(t.bulletActiveClass+”-next”).next().addClass(t.bulletActiveClass+”-next-next”);else u.prev().addClass(t.bulletActiveClass+”-prev”).prev().addClass(t.bulletActiveClass+”-prev-prev”),v.next().addClass(t.bulletActiveClass+”-next”).next().addClass(t.bulletActiveClass+”-next-next”)}}if(t.dynamicBullets){var g=Math.min(h.length,t.dynamicMainBullets+4),b=(this.pagination.bulletSize*g-this.pagination.bulletSize)/2-d*this.pagination.bulletSize,w=e?”right”:”left”;h.css(this.isHorizontal()?w:”top”,b+”px”)}}if(“fraction”===t.type&&(r.find(“.”+t.currentClass).text(t.formatFractionCurrent(i+1)),r.find(“.”+t.totalClass).text(t.formatFractionTotal(n))),”progressbar”===t.type){var y;y=t.progressbarOpposite?this.isHorizontal()?”vertical”:”horizontal”:this.isHorizontal()?”horizontal”:”vertical”;var x=(i+1)/n,T=1,E=1;”horizontal”===y?T=x:E=x,r.find(“.”+t.progressbarFillClass).transform(“translate3d(0,0,0) scaleX(“+T+”) scaleY(“+E+”)”).transition(this.params.speed)}”custom”===t.type&&t.renderCustom?(r.html(t.renderCustom(this,i+1,n)),this.emit(“paginationRender”,this,r[0])):this.emit(“paginationUpdate”,this,r[0]),r[this.params.watchOverflow&&this.isLocked?”addClass”:”removeClass”](t.lockClass)}},render:function(){var e=this.params.pagination;if(e.el&&this.pagination.el&&this.pagination.$el&&0!==this.pagination.$el.length){var t=this.virtual&&this.params.virtual.enabled?this.virtual.slides.length:this.slides.length,i=this.pagination.$el,s=””;if(“bullets”===e.type){for(var a=this.params.loop?Math.ceil((t-2*this.loopedSlides)/this.params.slidesPerGroup):this.snapGrid.length,r=0;r<a;r+=1)e.renderBullet?s+=e.renderBullet.call(this,r,e.bulletClass):s+="”;i.html(s),this.pagination.bullets=i.find(“.”+e.bulletClass)}”fraction”===e.type&&(s=e.renderFraction?e.renderFraction.call(this,e.currentClass,e.totalClass):’ / ‘,i.html(s)),”progressbar”===e.type&&(s=e.renderProgressbar?e.renderProgressbar.call(this,e.progressbarFillClass):’‘,i.html(s)),”custom”!==e.type&&this.emit(“paginationRender”,this.pagination.$el[0])}},init:function(){var e=this,t=e.params.pagination;if(t.el){var i=s(t.el);0!==i.length&&(e.params.uniqueNavElements&&”string”==typeof t.el&&i.length>1&&1===e.$el.find(t.el).length&&(i=e.$el.find(t.el)),”bullets”===t.type&&t.clickable&&i.addClass(t.clickableClass),i.addClass(t.modifierClass+t.type),”bullets”===t.type&&t.dynamicBullets&&(i.addClass(“”+t.modifierClass+t.type+”-dynamic”),e.pagination.dynamicBulletIndex=0,t.dynamicMainBullets0?(l=s-d,d=0):-d+s>a&&(l=a+d):da&&(l=a-d),this.isHorizontal()?(r.transform(“translate3d(“+d+”px, 0, 0)”),r[0].style.width=l+”px”):(r.transform(“translate3d(0px, “+d+”px, 0)”),r[0].style.height=l+”px”),o.hide&&(clearTimeout(this.scrollbar.timeout),n[0].style.opacity=1,this.scrollbar.timeout=setTimeout((function(){n[0].style.opacity=0,n.transition(400)}),1e3))}},setTransition:function(e){this.params.scrollbar.el&&this.scrollbar.el&&this.scrollbar.$dragEl.transition(e)},updateSize:function(){if(this.params.scrollbar.el&&this.scrollbar.el){var e=this.scrollbar,t=e.$dragEl,i=e.$el;t[0].style.width=””,t[0].style.height=””;var s,a=this.isHorizontal()?i[0].offsetWidth:i[0].offsetHeight,r=this.size/this.virtualSize,o=r*(a/this.size);s=”auto”===this.params.scrollbar.dragSize?a*r:parseInt(this.params.scrollbar.dragSize,10),this.isHorizontal()?t[0].style.width=s+”px”:t[0].style.height=s+”px”,i[0].style.display=r>=1?”none”:””,this.params.scrollbar.hide&&(i[0].style.opacity=0),n.extend(e,{trackSize:a,divider:r,moveDivider:o,dragSize:s}),e.$el[this.params.watchOverflow&&this.isLocked?”addClass”:”removeClass”](this.params.scrollbar.lockClass)}},getPointerPosition:function(e){return this.isHorizontal()?”touchstart”===e.type||”touchmove”===e.type?e.targetTouches[0].clientX:e.clientX:”touchstart”===e.type||”touchmove”===e.type?e.targetTouches[0].clientY:e.clientY},setDragPosition:function(e){var t,i=this.scrollbar,s=this.rtlTranslate,a=i.$el,r=i.dragSize,n=i.trackSize,o=i.dragStartPos;t=(i.getPointerPosition(e)-a.offset()[this.isHorizontal()?”left”:”top”]-(null!==o?o:r/2))/(n-r),t=Math.max(Math.min(t,1),0),s&&(t=1-t);var l=this.minTranslate()+(this.maxTranslate()-this.minTranslate())*t;this.updateProgress(l),this.setTranslate(l),this.updateActiveIndex(),this.updateSlidesClasses()},onDragStart:function(e){var t=this.params.scrollbar,i=this.scrollbar,s=this.$wrapperEl,a=i.$el,r=i.$dragEl;this.scrollbar.isTouched=!0,this.scrollbar.dragStartPos=e.target===r[0]||e.target===r?i.getPointerPosition(e)-e.target.getBoundingClientRect()[this.isHorizontal()?”left”:”top”]:null,e.preventDefault(),e.stopPropagation(),s.transition(100),r.transition(100),i.setDragPosition(e),clearTimeout(this.scrollbar.dragTimeout),a.transition(0),t.hide&&a.css(“opacity”,1),this.params.cssMode&&this.$wrapperEl.css(“scroll-snap-type”,”none”),this.emit(“scrollbarDragStart”,e)},onDragMove:function(e){var t=this.scrollbar,i=this.$wrapperEl,s=t.$el,a=t.$dragEl;this.scrollbar.isTouched&&(e.preventDefault?e.preventDefault():e.returnValue=!1,t.setDragPosition(e),i.transition(0),s.transition(0),a.transition(0),this.emit(“scrollbarDragMove”,e))},onDragEnd:function(e){var t=this.params.scrollbar,i=this.scrollbar,s=this.$wrapperEl,a=i.$el;this.scrollbar.isTouched&&(this.scrollbar.isTouched=!1,this.params.cssMode&&(this.$wrapperEl.css(“scroll-snap-type”,””),s.transition(“”)),t.hide&&(clearTimeout(this.scrollbar.dragTimeout),this.scrollbar.dragTimeout=n.nextTick((function(){a.css(“opacity”,0),a.transition(400)}),1e3)),this.emit(“scrollbarDragEnd”,e),t.snapOnRelease&&this.slideToClosest())},enableDraggable:function(){if(this.params.scrollbar.el){var t=this.scrollbar,i=this.touchEventsTouch,s=this.touchEventsDesktop,a=this.params,r=t.$el[0],n=!(!o.passiveListener||!a.passiveListeners)&&{passive:!1,capture:!1},l=!(!o.passiveListener||!a.passiveListeners)&&{passive:!0,capture:!1};o.touch?(r.addEventListener(i.start,this.scrollbar.onDragStart,n),r.addEventListener(i.move,this.scrollbar.onDragMove,n),r.addEventListener(i.end,this.scrollbar.onDragEnd,l)):(r.addEventListener(s.start,this.scrollbar.onDragStart,n),e.addEventListener(s.move,this.scrollbar.onDragMove,n),e.addEventListener(s.end,this.scrollbar.onDragEnd,l))}},disableDraggable:function(){if(this.params.scrollbar.el){var t=this.scrollbar,i=this.touchEventsTouch,s=this.touchEventsDesktop,a=this.params,r=t.$el[0],n=!(!o.passiveListener||!a.passiveListeners)&&{passive:!1,capture:!1},l=!(!o.passiveListener||!a.passiveListeners)&&{passive:!0,capture:!1};o.touch?(r.removeEventListener(i.start,this.scrollbar.onDragStart,n),r.removeEventListener(i.move,this.scrollbar.onDragMove,n),r.removeEventListener(i.end,this.scrollbar.onDragEnd,l)):(r.removeEventListener(s.start,this.scrollbar.onDragStart,n),e.removeEventListener(s.move,this.scrollbar.onDragMove,n),e.removeEventListener(s.end,this.scrollbar.onDragEnd,l))}},init:function(){if(this.params.scrollbar.el){var e=this.scrollbar,t=this.$el,i=this.params.scrollbar,a=s(i.el);this.params.uniqueNavElements&&”string”==typeof i.el&&a.length>1&&1===t.find(i.el).length&&(a=t.find(i.el));var r=a.find(“.”+this.params.scrollbar.dragClass);0===r.length&&(r=s(‘
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e,t;this.a11y.liveRegion&&this.a11y.liveRegion.length>0&&this.a11y.liveRegion.remove(),this.navigation&&this.navigation.$nextEl&&(e=this.navigation.$nextEl),this.navigation&&this.navigation.$prevEl&&(t=this.navigation.$prevEl),e&&e.off(“keydown”,this.a11y.onEnterKey),t&&t.off(“keydown”,this.a11y.onEnterKey),this.pagination&&this.params.pagination.clickable&&this.pagination.bullets&&this.pagination.bullets.length&&this.pagination.$el.off(“keydown”,”.”+this.params.pagination.bulletClass,this.a11y.onEnterKey)}},pe={init:function(){if(this.params.history){if(!t.history||!t.history.pushState)return this.params.history.enabled=!1,void(this.params.hashNavigation.enabled=!0);var e=this.history;e.initialized=!0,e.paths=pe.getPathValues(),(e.paths.key||e.paths.value)&&(e.scrollToSlide(0,e.paths.value,this.params.runCallbacksOnInit),this.params.history.replaceState||t.addEventListener(“popstate”,this.history.setHistoryPopState))}},destroy:function(){this.params.history.replaceState||t.removeEventListener(“popstate”,this.history.setHistoryPopState)},setHistoryPopState:function(){this.history.paths=pe.getPathValues(),this.history.scrollToSlide(this.params.speed,this.history.paths.value,!1)},getPathValues:function(){var e=t.location.pathname.slice(1).split(“/”).filter((function(e){return””!==e})),i=e.length;return{key:e[i-2],value:e[i-1]}},setHistory:function(e,i){if(this.history.initialized&&this.params.history.enabled){var s=this.slides.eq(i),a=pe.slugify(s.attr(“data-history”));t.location.pathname.includes(e)||(a=e+”/”+a);var r=t.history.state;r&&r.value===a||(this.params.history.replaceState?t.history.replaceState({value:a},null,a):t.history.pushState({value:a},null,a))}},slugify:function(e){return e.toString().replace(/\\s+/g,”-“).replace(/[^\\w-]+/g,””).replace(/–+/g,”-“).replace(/^-+/,””).replace(/-+$/,””)},scrollToSlide:function(e,t,i){if(t)for(var s=0,a=this.slides.length;s<a;s+=1){var r=this.slides.eq(s);if(pe.slugify(r.attr("data-history"))===t&&!r.hasClass(this.params.slideDuplicateClass)){var n=r.index();this.slideTo(n,e,i)}}else this.slideTo(0,e,i)}},ce={onHashCange:function(){var t=e.location.hash.replace("#","");if(t!==this.slides.eq(this.activeIndex).attr("data-hash")){var i=this.$wrapperEl.children("."+this.params.slideClass+'[data-hash="'+t+'"]').index();if(void 0===i)return;this.slideTo(i)}},setHash:function(){if(this.hashNavigation.initialized&&this.params.hashNavigation.enabled)if(this.params.hashNavigation.replaceState&&t.history&&t.history.replaceState)t.history.replaceState(null,null,"#"+this.slides.eq(this.activeIndex).attr("data-hash")||"");else{var i=this.slides.eq(this.activeIndex),s=i.attr("data-hash")||i.attr("data-history");e.location.hash=s||""}},init:function(){if(!(!this.params.hashNavigation.enabled||this.params.history&&this.params.history.enabled)){this.hashNavigation.initialized=!0;var i=e.location.hash.replace("#","");if(i)for(var a=0,r=this.slides.length;a<r;a+=1){var n=this.slides.eq(a);if((n.attr("data-hash")||n.attr("data-history"))===i&&!n.hasClass(this.params.slideDuplicateClass)){var o=n.index();this.slideTo(o,0,this.params.runCallbacksOnInit,!0)}}this.params.hashNavigation.watchState&&s(t).on("hashchange",this.hashNavigation.onHashCange)}},destroy:function(){this.params.hashNavigation.watchState&&s(t).off("hashchange",this.hashNavigation.onHashCange)}},ue={run:function(){var e=this,t=e.slides.eq(e.activeIndex),i=e.params.autoplay.delay;t.attr("data-swiper-autoplay")&&(i=t.attr("data-swiper-autoplay")||e.params.autoplay.delay),clearTimeout(e.autoplay.timeout),e.autoplay.timeout=n.nextTick((function(){e.params.autoplay.reverseDirection?e.params.loop?(e.loopFix(),e.slidePrev(e.params.speed,!0,!0),e.emit("autoplay")):e.isBeginning?e.params.autoplay.stopOnLastSlide?e.autoplay.stop():(e.slideTo(e.slides.length-1,e.params.speed,!0,!0),e.emit("autoplay")):(e.slidePrev(e.params.speed,!0,!0),e.emit("autoplay")):e.params.loop?(e.loopFix(),e.slideNext(e.params.speed,!0,!0),e.emit("autoplay")):e.isEnd?e.params.autoplay.stopOnLastSlide?e.autoplay.stop():(e.slideTo(0,e.params.speed,!0,!0),e.emit("autoplay")):(e.slideNext(e.params.speed,!0,!0),e.emit("autoplay")),e.params.cssMode&&e.autoplay.running&&e.autoplay.run()}),i)},start:function(){return void 0===this.autoplay.timeout&&(!this.autoplay.running&&(this.autoplay.running=!0,this.emit("autoplayStart"),this.autoplay.run(),!0))},stop:function(){return!!this.autoplay.running&&(void 0!==this.autoplay.timeout&&(this.autoplay.timeout&&(clearTimeout(this.autoplay.timeout),this.autoplay.timeout=void 0),this.autoplay.running=!1,this.emit("autoplayStop"),!0))},pause:function(e){this.autoplay.running&&(this.autoplay.paused||(this.autoplay.timeout&&clearTimeout(this.autoplay.timeout),this.autoplay.paused=!0,0!==e&&this.params.autoplay.waitForTransition?(this.$wrapperEl[0].addEventListener("transitionend",this.autoplay.onTransitionEnd),this.$wrapperEl[0].addEventListener("webkitTransitionEnd",this.autoplay.onTransitionEnd)):(this.autoplay.paused=!1,this.autoplay.run())))}},ve={setTranslate:function(){for(var e=this.slides,t=0;t<e.length;t+=1){var i=this.slides.eq(t),s=-i[0].swiperSlideOffset;this.params.virtualTranslate||(s-=this.translate);var a=0;this.isHorizontal()||(a=s,s=0);var r=this.params.fadeEffect.crossFade?Math.max(1-Math.abs(i[0].progress),0):1+Math.min(Math.max(i[0].progress,-1),0);i.css({opacity:r}).transform("translate3d("+s+"px, "+a+"px, 0px)")}},setTransition:function(e){var t=this,i=t.slides,s=t.$wrapperEl;if(i.transition(e),t.params.virtualTranslate&&0!==e){var a=!1;i.transitionEnd((function(){if(!a&&t&&!t.destroyed){a=!0,t.animating=!1;for(var e=["webkitTransitionEnd","transitionend"],i=0;i<e.length;i+=1)s.trigger(e[i])}}))}}},fe={setTranslate:function(){var e,t=this.$el,i=this.$wrapperEl,a=this.slides,r=this.width,n=this.height,o=this.rtlTranslate,l=this.size,d=this.params.cubeEffect,h=this.isHorizontal(),p=this.virtual&&this.params.virtual.enabled,c=0;d.shadow&&(h?(0===(e=i.find(".swiper-cube-shadow")).length&&(e=s('
‘),i.append(e)),e.css({height:r+”px”})):0===(e=t.find(“.swiper-cube-shadow”)).length&&(e=s(‘
‘),t.append(e)));for(var u=0;u<a.length;u+=1){var v=a.eq(u),f=u;p&&(f=parseInt(v.attr("data-swiper-slide-index"),10));var m=90*f,g=Math.floor(m/360);o&&(m=-m,g=Math.floor(-m/360));var b=Math.max(Math.min(v[0].progress,1),-1),w=0,y=0,x=0;f%4==0?(w=4*-g*l,x=0):(f-1)%4==0?(w=0,x=4*-g*l):(f-2)%4==0?(w=l+4*g*l,x=l):(f-3)%4==0&&(w=-l,x=3*l+4*l*g),o&&(w=-w),h||(y=w,w=0);var T="rotateX("+(h?0:-m)+"deg) rotateY("+(h?m:0)+"deg) translate3d("+w+"px, "+y+"px, "+x+"px)";if(b-1&&(c=90*f+90*b,o&&(c=90*-f-90*b)),v.transform(T),d.slideShadows){var E=h?v.find(“.swiper-slide-shadow-left”):v.find(“.swiper-slide-shadow-top”),C=h?v.find(“.swiper-slide-shadow-right”):v.find(“.swiper-slide-shadow-bottom”);0===E.length&&(E=s(‘
‘),v.append(E)),0===C.length&&(C=s(‘
‘),v.append(C)),E.length&&(E[0].style.opacity=Math.max(-b,0)),C.length&&(C[0].style.opacity=Math.max(b,0))}}if(i.css({“-webkit-transform-origin”:”50% 50% -“+l/2+”px”,”-moz-transform-origin”:”50% 50% -“+l/2+”px”,”-ms-transform-origin”:”50% 50% -“+l/2+”px”,”transform-origin”:”50% 50% -“+l/2+”px”}),d.shadow)if(h)e.transform(“translate3d(0px, “+(r/2+d.shadowOffset)+”px, “+-r/2+”px) rotateX(90deg) rotateZ(0deg) scale(“+d.shadowScale+”)”);else{var S=Math.abs(c)-90*Math.floor(Math.abs(c)/90),M=1.5-(Math.sin(2*S*Math.PI/360)/2+Math.cos(2*S*Math.PI/360)/2),P=d.shadowScale,z=d.shadowScale/M,k=d.shadowOffset;e.transform(“scale3d(“+P+”, 1, “+z+”) translate3d(0px, “+(n/2+k)+”px, “+-n/2/z+”px) rotateX(-90deg)”)}var $=j.isSafari||j.isUiWebView?-l/2:0;i.transform(“translate3d(0px,0,”+$+”px) rotateX(“+(this.isHorizontal()?0:c)+”deg) rotateY(“+(this.isHorizontal()?-c:0)+”deg)”)},setTransition:function(e){var t=this.$el;this.slides.transition(e).find(“.swiper-slide-shadow-top, .swiper-slide-shadow-right, .swiper-slide-shadow-bottom, .swiper-slide-shadow-left”).transition(e),this.params.cubeEffect.shadow&&!this.isHorizontal()&&t.find(“.swiper-cube-shadow”).transition(e)}},me={setTranslate:function(){for(var e=this.slides,t=this.rtlTranslate,i=0;i<e.length;i+=1){var a=e.eq(i),r=a[0].progress;this.params.flipEffect.limitRotation&&(r=Math.max(Math.min(a[0].progress,1),-1));var n=-180*r,o=0,l=-a[0].swiperSlideOffset,d=0;if(this.isHorizontal()?t&&(n=-n):(d=l,l=0,o=-n,n=0),a[0].style.zIndex=-Math.abs(Math.round(r))+e.length,this.params.flipEffect.slideShadows){var h=this.isHorizontal()?a.find(".swiper-slide-shadow-left"):a.find(".swiper-slide-shadow-top"),p=this.isHorizontal()?a.find(".swiper-slide-shadow-right"):a.find(".swiper-slide-shadow-bottom");0===h.length&&(h=s('
‘),a.append(h)),0===p.length&&(p=s(‘
‘),a.append(p)),h.length&&(h[0].style.opacity=Math.max(-r,0)),p.length&&(p[0].style.opacity=Math.max(r,0))}a.transform(“translate3d(“+l+”px, “+d+”px, 0px) rotateX(“+o+”deg) rotateY(“+n+”deg)”)}},setTransition:function(e){var t=this,i=t.slides,s=t.activeIndex,a=t.$wrapperEl;if(i.transition(e).find(“.swiper-slide-shadow-top, .swiper-slide-shadow-right, .swiper-slide-shadow-bottom, .swiper-slide-shadow-left”).transition(e),t.params.virtualTranslate&&0!==e){var r=!1;i.eq(s).transitionEnd((function(){if(!r&&t&&!t.destroyed){r=!0,t.animating=!1;for(var e=[“webkitTransitionEnd”,”transitionend”],i=0;i<e.length;i+=1)a.trigger(e[i])}}))}}},ge={setTranslate:function(){for(var e=this.width,t=this.height,i=this.slides,a=this.$wrapperEl,r=this.slidesSizesGrid,n=this.params.coverflowEffect,l=this.isHorizontal(),d=this.translate,h=l?e/2-d:t/2-d,p=l?n.rotate:-n.rotate,c=n.depth,u=0,v=i.length;u<v;u+=1){var f=i.eq(u),m=r[u],g=(h-f[0].swiperSlideOffset-m/2)/m*n.modifier,b=l?p*g:0,w=l?0:p*g,y=-c*Math.abs(g),x=l?0:n.stretch*g,T=l?n.stretch*g:0;Math.abs(T)<.001&&(T=0),Math.abs(x)<.001&&(x=0),Math.abs(y)<.001&&(y=0),Math.abs(b)<.001&&(b=0),Math.abs(w)<.001&&(w=0);var E="translate3d("+T+"px,"+x+"px,"+y+"px) rotateX("+w+"deg) rotateY("+b+"deg)";if(f.transform(E),f[0].style.zIndex=1-Math.abs(Math.round(g)),n.slideShadows){var C=l?f.find(".swiper-slide-shadow-left"):f.find(".swiper-slide-shadow-top"),S=l?f.find(".swiper-slide-shadow-right"):f.find(".swiper-slide-shadow-bottom");0===C.length&&(C=s('
‘),f.append(C)),0===S.length&&(S=s(‘
‘),f.append(S)),C.length&&(C[0].style.opacity=g>0?g:0),S.length&&(S[0].style.opacity=-g>0?-g:0)}}(o.pointerEvents||o.prefixedPointerEvents)&&(a[0].style.perspectiveOrigin=h+”px 50%”)},setTransition:function(e){this.slides.transition(e).find(“.swiper-slide-shadow-top, .swiper-slide-shadow-right, .swiper-slide-shadow-bottom, .swiper-slide-shadow-left”).transition(e)}},be={init:function(){var e=this.params.thumbs,t=this.constructor;e.swiper instanceof t?(this.thumbs.swiper=e.swiper,n.extend(this.thumbs.swiper.originalParams,{watchSlidesProgress:!0,slideToClickedSlide:!1}),n.extend(this.thumbs.swiper.params,{watchSlidesProgress:!0,slideToClickedSlide:!1})):n.isObject(e.swiper)&&(this.thumbs.swiper=new t(n.extend({},e.swiper,{watchSlidesVisibility:!0,watchSlidesProgress:!0,slideToClickedSlide:!1})),this.thumbs.swiperCreated=!0),this.thumbs.swiper.$el.addClass(this.params.thumbs.thumbsContainerClass),this.thumbs.swiper.on(“tap”,this.thumbs.onThumbClick)},onThumbClick:function(){var e=this.thumbs.swiper;if(e){var t=e.clickedIndex,i=e.clickedSlide;if(!(i&&s(i).hasClass(this.params.thumbs.slideThumbActiveClass)||null==t)){var a;if(a=e.params.loop?parseInt(s(e.clickedSlide).attr(“data-swiper-slide-index”),10):t,this.params.loop){var r=this.activeIndex;this.slides.eq(r).hasClass(this.params.slideDuplicateClass)&&(this.loopFix(),this._clientLeft=this.$wrapperEl[0].clientLeft,r=this.activeIndex);var n=this.slides.eq(r).prevAll(‘[data-swiper-slide-index=”‘+a+'”]’).eq(0).index(),o=this.slides.eq(r).nextAll(‘[data-swiper-slide-index=”‘+a+'”]’).eq(0).index();a=void 0===n?o:void 0===o?n:o-r<r-n?o:n}this.slideTo(a)}}},update:function(e){var t=this.thumbs.swiper;if(t){var i="auto"===t.params.slidesPerView?t.slidesPerViewDynamic():t.params.slidesPerView;if(this.realIndex!==t.realIndex){var s,a=t.activeIndex;if(t.params.loop){t.slides.eq(a).hasClass(t.params.slideDuplicateClass)&&(t.loopFix(),t._clientLeft=t.$wrapperEl[0].clientLeft,a=t.activeIndex);var r=t.slides.eq(a).prevAll('[data-swiper-slide-index="'+this.realIndex+'"]').eq(0).index(),n=t.slides.eq(a).nextAll('[data-swiper-slide-index="'+this.realIndex+'"]').eq(0).index();s=void 0===r?n:void 0===n?r:n-a==a-r?a:n-a<a-r?n:r}else s=this.realIndex;t.visibleSlidesIndexes&&t.visibleSlidesIndexes.indexOf(s)a?s-Math.floor(i/2)+1:s+Math.floor(i/2)-1:s>a&&(s=s-i+1),t.slideTo(s,e?0:void 0))}var o=1,l=this.params.thumbs.slideThumbActiveClass;if(this.params.slidesPerView>1&&!this.params.centeredSlides&&(o=this.params.slidesPerView),t.slides.removeClass(l),t.params.loop||t.params.virtual&&t.params.virtual.enabled)for(var d=0;d<o;d+=1)t.$wrapperEl.children('[data-swiper-slide-index="'+(this.realIndex+d)+'"]').addClass(l);else for(var h=0;h0&&!s(e.target).hasClass(this.params.pagination.bulletClass)&&(!0===this.pagination.$el.hasClass(this.params.pagination.hiddenClass)?this.emit(“paginationShow”,this):this.emit(“paginationHide”,this),this.pagination.$el.toggleClass(this.params.pagination.hiddenClass))}}},{name:”scrollbar”,params:{scrollbar:{el:null,dragSize:”auto”,hide:!1,draggable:!1,snapOnRelease:!0,lockClass:”swiper-scrollbar-lock”,dragClass:”swiper-scrollbar-drag”}},create:function(){n.extend(this,{scrollbar:{init:re.init.bind(this),destroy:re.destroy.bind(this),updateSize:re.updateSize.bind(this),setTranslate:re.setTranslate.bind(this),setTransition:re.setTransition.bind(this),enableDraggable:re.enableDraggable.bind(this),disableDraggable:re.disableDraggable.bind(this),setDragPosition:re.setDragPosition.bind(this),getPointerPosition:re.getPointerPosition.bind(this),onDragStart:re.onDragStart.bind(this),onDragMove:re.onDragMove.bind(this),onDragEnd:re.onDragEnd.bind(this),isTouched:!1,timeout:null,dragTimeout:null}})},on:{init:function(){this.scrollbar.init(),this.scrollbar.updateSize(),this.scrollbar.setTranslate()},update:function(){this.scrollbar.updateSize()},resize:function(){this.scrollbar.updateSize()},observerUpdate:function(){this.scrollbar.updateSize()},setTranslate:function(){this.scrollbar.setTranslate()},setTransition:function(e){this.scrollbar.setTransition(e)},destroy:function(){this.scrollbar.destroy()}}},{name:”parallax”,params:{parallax:{enabled:!1}},create:function(){n.extend(this,{parallax:{setTransform:ne.setTransform.bind(this),setTranslate:ne.setTranslate.bind(this),setTransition:ne.setTransition.bind(this)}})},on:{beforeInit:function(){this.params.parallax.enabled&&(this.params.watchSlidesProgress=!0,this.originalParams.watchSlidesProgress=!0)},init:function(){this.params.parallax.enabled&&this.parallax.setTranslate()},setTranslate:function(){this.params.parallax.enabled&&this.parallax.setTranslate()},setTransition:function(e){this.params.parallax.enabled&&this.parallax.setTransition(e)}}},{name:”zoom”,params:{zoom:{enabled:!1,maxRatio:3,minRatio:1,toggle:!0,containerClass:”swiper-zoom-container”,zoomedSlideClass:”swiper-slide-zoomed”}},create:function(){var e=this,t={enabled:!1,scale:1,currentScale:1,isScaling:!1,gesture:{$slideEl:void 0,slideWidth:void 0,slideHeight:void 0,$imageEl:void 0,$imageWrapEl:void 0,maxRatio:3},image:{isTouched:void 0,isMoved:void 0,currentX:void 0,currentY:void 0,minX:void 0,minY:void 0,maxX:void 0,maxY:void 0,width:void 0,height:void 0,startX:void 0,startY:void 0,touchesStart:{},touchesCurrent:{}},velocity:{x:void 0,y:void 0,prevPositionX:void 0,prevPositionY:void 0,prevTime:void 0}};”onGestureStart onGestureChange onGestureEnd onTouchStart onTouchMove onTouchEnd onTransitionEnd toggle enable disable in out”.split(” “).forEach((function(i){t[i]=oe[i].bind(e)})),n.extend(e,{zoom:t});var i=1;Object.defineProperty(e.zoom,”scale”,{get:function(){return i},set:function(t){if(i!==t){var s=e.zoom.gesture.$imageEl?e.zoom.gesture.$imageEl[0]:void 0,a=e.zoom.gesture.$slideEl?e.zoom.gesture.$slideEl[0]:void 0;e.emit(“zoomChange”,t,s,a)}i=t}})},on:{init:function(){this.params.zoom.enabled&&this.zoom.enable()},destroy:function(){this.zoom.disable()},touchStart:function(e){this.zoom.enabled&&this.zoom.onTouchStart(e)},touchEnd:function(e){this.zoom.enabled&&this.zoom.onTouchEnd(e)},doubleTap:function(e){this.params.zoom.enabled&&this.zoom.enabled&&this.params.zoom.toggle&&this.zoom.toggle(e)},transitionEnd:function(){this.zoom.enabled&&this.params.zoom.enabled&&this.zoom.onTransitionEnd()},slideChange:function(){this.zoom.enabled&&this.params.zoom.enabled&&this.params.cssMode&&this.zoom.onTransitionEnd()}}},{name:”lazy”,params:{lazy:{enabled:!1,loadPrevNext:!1,loadPrevNextAmount:1,loadOnTransitionStart:!1,elementClass:”swiper-lazy”,loadingClass:”swiper-lazy-loading”,loadedClass:”swiper-lazy-loaded”,preloaderClass:”swiper-lazy-preloader”}},create:function(){n.extend(this,{lazy:{initialImageLoaded:!1,load:le.load.bind(this),loadInSlide:le.loadInSlide.bind(this)}})},on:{beforeInit:function(){this.params.lazy.enabled&&this.params.preloadImages&&(this.params.preloadImages=!1)},init:function(){this.params.lazy.enabled&&!this.params.loop&&0===this.params.initialSlide&&this.lazy.load()},scroll:function(){this.params.freeMode&&!this.params.freeModeSticky&&this.lazy.load()},resize:function(){this.params.lazy.enabled&&this.lazy.load()},scrollbarDragMove:function(){this.params.lazy.enabled&&this.lazy.load()},transitionStart:function(){this.params.lazy.enabled&&(this.params.lazy.loadOnTransitionStart||!this.params.lazy.loadOnTransitionStart&&!this.lazy.initialImageLoaded)&&this.lazy.load()},transitionEnd:function(){this.params.lazy.enabled&&!this.params.lazy.loadOnTransitionStart&&this.lazy.load()},slideChange:function(){this.params.lazy.enabled&&this.params.cssMode&&this.lazy.load()}}},{name:”controller”,params:{controller:{control:void 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Shifting profits out of Florida
Some companies take advantage of separate reporting by using internal payments to shift money out of Florida entirely. One example is Circle K, the convenience store chain with hundreds of locations across Florida.
According to court records, Circle K transferred the right to its corporate name, logo and other trademarks to a Delaware holding company. Then Circle K had its stores pay 1.5 percent of their revenue to the Delaware holding company as “royalties” for the right to use those trademarks.
In other words, if you bought a $2 chocolate bar at a Circle K in Orlando, 3 cents would get passed on to the Circle K trademark company in Delaware.
From 2005 to 2007, litigation records show Circle K’s Florida stores paid $56 million in royalties to Circle K’s Delaware holding company. That allowed Circle K’s stores to report lower profits in Florida — cutting their state income tax payments by $3 million over those three years. And Circle K’s Delaware holding company said Florida wasn’t allowed to tax it at all.
The company won’t say if it is still using the tactic in Florida.
Circle K is one of at least 100 companies — and likely many more — who have used similar trademark strategies in Florida, according to Department of Revenue records. Among the examples: packaged-food manufacturer Kraft, software developer Microsoft, electronics retailer Best Buy, cigarette maker R.J. Reynolds, appliance rental business Aaron’s, and grocery chain Whole Foods.
One unidentified company in the court records avoided almost $50 million in Florida taxes by paying itself to use its own trademarks.
The Florida Department of Revenue says businesses aren’t allowed to use the trademark strategy to avoid Florida taxes under the state’s existing laws. But companies do it anyway, and then have their attorneys argue in court that the revenue department is misinterpreting the law. The revenue department lost the only lawsuit over the issue that ever made it to a judge’s decision — the case against Circle K. (The two sides then struck a confidential settlement before the judge issued a written ruling.)
As a result, Florida often ends up settling the disputes for pennies on the dollar. One internal document said the revenue department was settling trademark cases for between 15 percent and 20 percent of the taxes that the agency claimed was owed — and that was before it lost the Circle K case.
Circle K is part of the French-Canadian conglomerate Alimentation Couche-Tard Inc., which had a $1.8 billion profit during its last fiscal year.
“Alimentation Couche-Tard’s goal is always to comply with laws and regulations in each of our markets, and this includes meeting all our obligations to pay taxes at all levels of government without compromise,” a company spokeswoman said.
Using separate companies as a tax shield
Sanofi Pasteur, one of the largest vaccine manufacturers in the world, shows a third way separate reporting allows some companies to avoid Florida taxes.
Sanofi Pasteur makes vaccines at a laboratory in Pennsylvania and then sells them in all 50 states and around the world. Florida is a major market: Sanofi Pasteur sells tens of millions of dollars worth of vaccines in Florida every year, according to litigation records.
There is a 60-year-old federal law that protects companies that do nothing but sell and ship products into a state where they otherwise have no physical presence. That federal law says that if the only thing a company does in Florida is solicit sales for its products, then Florida can’t tax the company’s profits from those sales.
That tax shield is supposed to evaporate if a company does more than simply solicit sales. And Sanofi Pasteur does more in Florida than just sell vaccines. In 2010, for instance, Sanofi Pasteur bought an Orlando company called VaxDesign, which has a campus where it does vaccine research.
But even though Sanofi Pasteur owns VaxDesign, Sanofi Pasteur filed a separate Florida tax return from at least 2011 to 2013, according to the litigation records. So Sanofi Pasteur could still claim it did nothing in Florida other than solicit sales — and that Florida couldn’t tax any of its profits.
In 2013 alone, according to litigation records, Sanofi Pasteur sold more than $60 million worth of vaccines in Florida. But it didn’t pay any state corporate income tax.
Florida auditors accused the company of misusing that federal law and attempted to make the company pay Florida tax. But Sanofi Pasteur threatened litigation and the two sides settled. The terms are confidential.
Sanofi Pasteur is a part of the French pharmaceutical company Sanofi S.A., which earned a profit of about $7.5 billion last year. A spokesman for the company says that, because of the company’s “evolving presence in Florida,” it now does pay some income tax in the state. He did not say how much.
“We strive to comply with all applicable laws and regulations and have done so with regards to sourcing income to Florida,” Sanofi spokesman Nicolas Kressmann said.
Other states require single tax return
Most other states have taken steps to stop these kinds of tactics.
Some have enacted laws that prevent companies from deducting some payments they make to themselves — like when they pay themselves for the right to use their own trademarks. Those are typically called “addback” laws.
Another 28 states — plus the District of Columbia — have gone even further. They require companies to file a single tax return for all of their subsidiaries, which is designed to eliminate any benefit from moving money around internally. This is known as “combined reporting.”
There are 44 states, plus D.C., that have a corporate income tax. Florida is one of just six that haven’t yet passed either an addback law or a combined reporting law. And two of those remaining six have won court cases that have allowed them to curb some avoidance strategies under their existing laws, according to the Washington-based Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, which advocates for higher corporate taxes.
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Advocates say the changes — particularly combined reporting — make it harder for companies to use internal transactions to avoid taxes.
“Basically, separate reporting does not try to put Humpty Dumpty back together,” said Richard Pomp, a law professor at the University of Connecticut. “And combined reporting does.”
In Florida, the Republican-controlled state Legislature rarely engages in substantive discussions about combined reporting or addback laws. One of the last times combined reporting was seriously debated in Tallahassee was a decade ago, during the global recession. Republican lawmakers said at the time they didn’t want to do something that would lead to the state’s biggest businesses paying higher taxes.
Few current leaders in Tallahassee have expressed interest in having that debate again. The speaker of the Florida House of Representatives, Rep. Jose Oliva, declined to be interviewed. But in written answers to questions, the Miami Republican said Florida’s current corporate tax system works well and defended businesses who are able to take advantage of it.
“Businesses have to do what they are legally permitted to do to reduce their tax burden,” Oliva said. “Rather than argue whether it is right or not, we should spend our time flattening and simplifying the code and broadening the tax base. Stopping so-called internal transactions alone won’t get us to where we want to be.”
A lot of money is at stake. A 2016 study by economists in Indiana found that a larger share of corporate profits go untaxed in states that do not have combined reporting or addback laws. In Florida, economists have estimated that combined reporting in Florida could raise nearly $480 million a year in revenue for the state.
Not having combined reporting is “a huge weakness,” said Michael Mazerov, a senior fellow at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.
“Florida is completely defenseless against a variety of income-shifting techniques that corporations began to plan decades ago,” Mazerov said. “Lots of states have taken action to nullify those strategies, and Florida is completely lagging in having failed to do so.”
jgarcia@orlandosentinel.com; 407-540-5996; @Jason_Garcia
