COP26 Climate TalksFriday Highlights of the Climate Summit

Read our latest coverage of the COP26 climate change summit.

Some of the biggest crowds so far march in Glasgow for climate justice.

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Thousands Attend Glasgow Climate Protests

A march drew young activists from around the world, with attendees demanding climate justice from leaders at the United Nations summit. Greta Thunberg, who inspired the international Fridays for Futures movement, joined the crowd.

“Power!” “Power!” “People!” “People!” “Power to the people!” [unintelligible] “Because the people have the power.” [Crowd noise] “If not now, then when? When?” “If not now, then when? When?” “If not now, then when? When?” [unintelligible] I’ve lived through three major cyclones. I’ve seen the floods go into our homes and I’ve scooped out the mud. And that’s just the lived reality of youth, of young people that live within climate-vulnerable communities. I don’t think that world leaders discussing there, is of any use, because they are only saying what they have been saying for decades, which is only false promises — targets that so-called ambitious but are actually full of loopholes.

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A march drew young activists from around the world, with attendees demanding climate justice from leaders at the United Nations summit. Greta Thunberg, who inspired the international Fridays for Futures movement, joined the crowd.CreditCredit...Kieran Dodds for The New York Times

Greta Thunberg, whose 2018 climate strike inspired the international Fridays for Futures movement, described the United Nations climate talks in Glasgow as “a failure” on Friday and said, “We cannot solve a crisis by the same methods that got us into it in the first place.”

Ms. Thunberg, the 18-year-old Swedish activist, made the remarks in an address to throngs of protesters who marched in the streets of Glasgow to demand action from delegates inside the United Nations climate summit. A crowd that organizers estimated at 25,000 people converged on a central square, waving banners and beating drums in a carnival-like atmosphere.

Announcements by governments and corporations in the first days of the conference — including pledges to end deforestation, phase out coal-fired power plants and mobilize trillions of dollars for green initiatives — have been dismissed by many activists as insufficient or riddled with loopholes.

But that dim view of COP26 drew a rebuke from a leading climate scientist, Michael E. Mann.

“Activists declaring it dead on arrival makes fossil fuel executives jump for joy,” Dr. Mann, a professor of atmospheric science at Penn State, wrote on Twitter. “They want to undermine and discredit the very notion of multilateral climate action.”

A 24-year-old Ugandan activist, Vanessa Nakate, also urged protesters to continue campaigning against climate change, offering a vision of a more just planet where “the power of the people finally won.”

“The world is green again,” she told the crowd. “Nature has been restored. The planet and creation is respected. Another world is necessary. Another world is possible.”

Friday’s event, organized by young climate activists, drew a diverse crowd of children who had missed school to take part, socialist campaigners and veteran environmentalists. People lined the streets to watch the spectacle, as children clutched hand-drawn signs reading, “Stop deforestation,” “Save the planet!” and “Act now.”

It was the largest protest to take place in Glasgow since the climate talks, known as COP26, began nearly a week ago. Inside the gathering, officials from more than 130 countries are trying to hammer out agreements to avert the most catastrophic consequences of global warming.

Even larger protests are expected on Saturday.

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Demonstrators walking through Glasgow during the Fridays for Future march on Friday.Credit...Kieran Dodds for The New York Times

Throughout the COP26 conference, Ms. Thunberg has been quick to refocus attention away from her own stardom and toward activists from areas of the world that are the worst affected by climate change. On Monday, after she and Vanessa Nakate, a Ugandan climate activist, met with Nicola Sturgeon, the Scottish leader, Ms. Thunberg tweeted: “Media needs to stop erasing the voices of activists, especially the most affected people from the most affected areas.”

The crowd on Friday was led by a group of Indigenous activists and others from the developing world who called attention to the climate crises facing their communities. They marched behind two lines of police officers, including some on motorcycles who cleared a path through the crowded streets. Some protesters carried a banner that read, “Divest from Amazon destruction.”

The presence of environmental activists inside the conference, known as COP26, has been muted as pandemic restrictions — on top of difficulty getting vaccines, visas and affordable accommodations — have prevented many global activists from attending.

In particular, activists say, women and people from developing nations are being left out of the most crucial conversations.

Diaka Salena Koroma, a climate activist from Sierra Leone, was unable to attend COP26 despite having been invited to participate, after her visa was delayed. She began campaigning for climate justice after a 2017 mudslide set off by torrential rain killed hundreds in Freetown, her county’s capital.

“We are born in a system where our voices — our existence — doesn’t even matter,” she said.

Greta Thunberg assails world leaders for ‘profiting from this destructive system.’

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Greta Thunberg Calls U.N. Climate Summit a ‘P.R. Event’

The activist Greta Thunberg criticized world leaders’ climate efforts, speaking to the thousands protesting in Glasgow outside the United Nations summit.

It should be obvious that we cannot solve a crisis with the same methods that got us into it in the first place, and more and more people are starting to realize this. Many are starting to ask themselves, “What will it take for the people in power to wake up?” But let’s be clear, they are already awake. They know exactly what they are doing. They know exactly what priceless values they are sacrificing to maintain business as usual. The leaders are not doing nothing. They are actively creating loopholes and shaping frameworks to benefit themselves and to continue profiting from this destructive system. This is an active choice by the leaders to continue to let the exploitation of people and nature, and the destruction of present and future living conditions to take place. The COP has to turned into a P.R. event, where leaders are given beautiful speeches and announcing fancy commitments and targets, while behind the curtains, the governments of the global North countries are still refusing to take any drastic climate action.

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The activist Greta Thunberg criticized world leaders’ climate efforts, speaking to the thousands protesting in Glasgow outside the United Nations summit.CreditCredit...Jon Super/Associated Press

Greta Thunberg, the 18-year-old Swedish climate activist whose school strike inspired young people the world over to take action on climate change, criticized world leaders on Friday for allowing the “exploitation of people and nature.”

“The leaders are not doing nothing,” Ms. Thunberg said, addressing a crowd of thousands marching in Glasgow outside the United Nations climate summit. “They are actively creating loopholes, shaping frameworks to benefit themselves to continue profiting from this destructive system.”

One of the most recognizable climate activists in the world, Ms. Thunberg has painted a gloomy portrait of the summit in Glasgow, where officials from around the world are trying to reach agreements to reduce emissions and keep the average global temperature from rising above 1.5 degrees Celsius compared with preindustrial levels by the end of this century.

Speaking on the sidelines of the summit on Thursday, Ms. Thunberg said that COP26 was “sort of turning into a greenwash campaign, a P.R. campaign,” for business leaders and politicians to pretend that they are taking action on global warming without following through.

“Since we are so far from what actually we needed,” Ms. Thunberg said at a New York Times event in Glasgow, “I think what would be considered a success would be if people realize what a failure this COP is.”

Leaders and business executives have made some significant commitments. On Tuesday, more than 100 countries agreed to cut emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, 30 percent by 2030. And on Wednesday a coalition of the world’s biggest investors, banks and insurers that collectively control $130 trillion said they were committed to financing projects that would help get companies and countries to net-zero emissions by 2050.

But environmentalists have criticized the financing pledge as lacking in detail.

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The activist Vanessa Nakate offers an optimistic vision: ‘We won’t have to fight’ for resources.

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Activist Vanessa Nakate Gives an Optimistic View in Climate Speech

Speaking in front of thousands of climate protesters in Glasgow, Ms. Nakate emphasized the impact of global warming in Africa, while painting a hopeful picture of what the future could hold if leaders are held accountable for climate change.

Floods are ravaging different parts of Kampala, different parts of Uganda and across the African continent. Historically, Africa is responsible for only 3 percent of global emissions, and yet Africans are suffering some of the most brutal impacts fueled by the climate crisis. Once flooded, places will dry and bloom again. There is triumph in the city, because the power of the people finally won. The world is green again. Nature has been restored. The planet and creation is respected. Another world is necessary, another world is possible, and this is just a glimpse of it. And today we shall continue to fight on in every way we can. We cannot give up now. We need to continue holding leaders accountable for their actions. We cannot keep quiet about climate injustice. Your actions matter. No action is too small to make a difference, and no voice is too small to make a difference. Let us keep the faith for the future, which faith will give us the hope for the world not yet seen, but the world that we can imagine.

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Speaking in front of thousands of climate protesters in Glasgow, Ms. Nakate emphasized the impact of global warming in Africa, while painting a hopeful picture of what the future could hold if leaders are held accountable for climate change.CreditCredit...Andy Buchanan/AFP — Getty Images

Vanessa Nakate, a 24-year-old Ugandan activist, used her address to a crowd of protesters in Glasgow on Friday to emphasize the immediate impacts of climate change facing her country and continent, and to draw a picture of a fairer future, arguing that the world could emerge from the climate crisis.

“We are in a crisis,” she said. “We are in a disaster that is happening every day.”

But she also offered words of hope, suggesting that change could happen if activists continued to hold leaders accountable for harming the climate.

“The farms can blossom again,” Ms. Nakate said. “The animals can rejoice, because there is water to drink. There is a loud singing in once-parched lands. The pain and suffering are gone.”

“We won’t have to fight for limited resources, because there will be enough for everyone,” she said.

Ms. Nakate has emerged as a leading voice of young people agitating for climate action, particularly in Africa, drawing attention to the disproportionate impact of climate-induced disasters on the people of a continent that contributes little to the problem of global warming.

“Historically, Africa is responsible for only 3 percent of global emissions, but Africans are suffering some of the most brutal impacts fueled by the climate crisis,” she said.

She rose to prominence after she was cropped out of an Associated Press photograph of five young climate activists at the World Economic Forum in Davos last year.

Ms. Nakate reacted to her omission in a tearful 10-minute video posted on Twitter in which she denounced the “racism” in the global environmental movement. Her book, “A Bigger Picture: My Fight to Bring a New African Voice to the Climate Crisis,” is out this month.

“We need to continue holding leaders accountable for their actions,” she told the protesters. “We cannot keep quiet about climate injustice.”

‘Justice for my daughter’: Parents issue a plea on air pollution.

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Rosamund Kissi-Debrah’s daughter died from an asthma attack in Britain in 2013.Credit...Hollie Adams/AFP — Getty Images

GLASGOW — A delegation of mothers from Brazil, Britain, India, Nigeria, Poland and South Africa, including one whose daughter last year became the first person in Britain to have air pollution officially listed as her cause of death, arrived at the COP26 climate summit this week with a message to leaders: End the financing of fossil fuels.

On Friday, six mothers delivered a letter to Alok Sharma, the president of the Glasgow gathering, in which they called on world leaders to take action to limit air pollution and protect children who are struggling with its effects. The letter was signed by nearly 500 parent groups from 44 countries.

“I am trying to get justice for my daughter,” said Rosamund Kissi-Debrah, whose 9-year-old daughter suffered a fatal asthma attack in 2013. Ms. Kissi-Debrah said that after reading studies about the dangers of air pollution, she realized that her daughter was not alone.

“This is affecting so many children,” she said in an interview.

The impact of air pollution on human health has become a central issue at the summit, as a growing body of research indicates that climate change has exacerbated health risks around the world.

A study published this year in the journal Nature Climate Change found that more than a third of heat-related deaths in many parts of the world could be attributed to the extra warming associated with climate change. The study was based on climate modeling in 43 countries.

In addition, drier soil contributes to malnutrition, and warming temperatures have contributed to higher numbers of dengue- and malaria-carrying mosquitoes, studies have found.

Air pollution poses one of the biggest threats to human health, according to the World Health Organization. In Delhi, one of the most polluted cities in the world, air pollution in 2019 killed more Indians than any other risk factor. Children from poor families, who spend more time outdoors and are more likely to use wood-burning stoves, are at a much greater risk, according to an investigation by The New York Times.

A W.H.O. report published in September found that exposure to polluted air causes seven million premature deaths each year and can lead to health risks like reduced lung growth and function, respiratory infections and aggravated asthma. In 2019, more than 90 percent of the world’s population lived in areas where concentrations of pollutants exceeded the W.H.O. guidelines.

Kamila Kadzidlowska, an activist from Poland who said her three sons had respiratory health problems because of air pollution, said that the story of her children was not unique.

“It’s the story of most of the parents of small children in Poland,” Ms. Kadzidlowska, who signed the letter to leaders, said at a New York Times event in Glasgow. “I never, ever thought that I would have to fight for something so obvious like the right to breathe clean air.”

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John Kerry lauds progress at the climate summit but warns, ‘Job not done.’

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John Kerry, center, President Biden’s climate envoy, at COP26 on Thursday.  “We all need to be pressing our ambition going forward,” he said on Friday. Credit...Alberto Pezzali/Associated Press

As the United Nations climate summit neared its halfway mark, the Biden administration on Friday tried to strike a balance between lauding the new promises that countries have made this week to curb emissions and warning that they still need to do far more to avert the worst impacts of global warming.

“Let me emphasize as strongly as I can: Job not done,” John Kerry, President Biden’s special envoy on climate change, said at a news conference in Glasgow on Friday. “We all need to be pressing our ambition going forward. But this is doable if we follow through.”

The first week of the climate summit saw a flurry of new climate pledges. India vowed to reach net-zero emissions by 2070, the first time it has set such a target. At least 105 countries signed an agreement to slash emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, by 30 percent this decade. Major financial institutions said they would use their resources to fund a shift to clean energy.

On paper, at least, those promises appear significant. The International Energy Agency issued an analysis on Thursday suggesting that if nations followed through on their newest climate pledges and long-term plans, the world could potentially limit global warming to 1.8 degrees Celsius, or 3.2 degrees Fahrenheit, above preindustrial levels by 2100.

That would still fall considerably short of holding warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius, the threshold beyond which many scientists say the planet will experience catastrophic effects from heat waves, droughts, wildfires and flooding. (The planet has already warmed 1.1 degrees.) But it would put the world much closer to that goal than before.

Yet the agency’s analysis comes with huge caveats. It assumes that dozens of countries, including China, Brazil, Australia and Saudi Arabia, will all fulfill their promises of reaching net zero emissions by around midcentury. Many of those nations have still not put in place concrete policies or even detailed plans to cut emissions sharply this decade and stay on track to achieve those goals.

“Governments are making bold promises for future decades, but short-term action is insufficient,” wrote Fatih Birol, executive director of the International Energy Agency.

Mr. Kerry acknowledged that many of the promises being put forward at Glasgow were still only that — promises. “The words don’t mean enough unless they are implemented,” he said. “All of us have seen years of frustration for promises that are made but not kept. We understand that. But I believe what is happening here is far from business as usual.

“The alternative,” he said, “is you don’t say anything, you don’t do anything, you don’t have any promises or commitments, and you’re sitting there just waiting for the deluge.”

The climate summit has been overshadowed by the fact that some major leaders have not shown up in person, including President Xi Jinping of China, the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases, and President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia.

But Mr. Kerry said that he was continuing to talk with representatives from both countries at Glasgow in the hopes of finding “a way to try to move forward.”

“Are we going to have all countries at the sufficient level we need at the end of this next week? No. And we know that,” he said. “But we do know that we could have a critical mass of countries moving in a way that keeps” the goal of 1.5 degrees “alive.”

At a New York Times climate event in Glasgow, Mr. Kerry on Friday said that stakes at this conference could not be higher. Still, he said, he was hopeful, given the technological advancements, including new satellite systems that provide measurements of methane and carbon dioxide emissions, that allow for the mapping emissions from companies and countries.

“That availability coupled with the money means we have a new level of accountability,” Mr. Kerry said. “Moreover, there’s a reality in many of these programs and pledges being made that we’ve never seen before.”

In pictures: Protesters speak out as leaders meet.

Demonstrators have made their voices heard throughout the week as the United Nations climate conference takes place in Glasgow.

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Five takeaways from the first days of the climate summit.

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Delegates in the lounge area of the Action Zone of COP26 summit, at the Scottish Exhibition Center in Glasgow.Credit...Kieran Dodds for The New York Times

GLASGOW — Presidents and prime ministers have left town. Now the hard work is underway, with diplomats hunkering down in a cavernous tent complex at the U.N. climate talks here in Glasgow for the next week, trying to hammer out deals to cut planet-warming emissions.

More nations than ever are pledging to reduce emissions, move away from coal, eliminate deforestation and deliver money to help poor countries adapt. Environmental groups and poor nations aren’t as optimistic. They have seen promises come and go before.

Here are five takeaways from the early, frenetic days of the climate conference:

Holding a global conference in a pandemic is hard.

More than 39,000 people are registered for the summit. One problem: Capacity in the main venue is limited to 10,000 people because of Covid restrictions.

That has led to bottlenecks, long security lines and frustration, especially among civil society groups that were already angry that the U.N. had capped their presence inside the negotiating halls.

Everyone entering the venue, known as the “blue zone,” is asked to take a daily rapid coronavirus test. But for all the talk of strict controls, participants simply self-report their results. It’s basically an honor system.

The United States ‘showed up.’

For nearly four years, the United States worked to undermine the progress of climate talks. Former President Donald J. Trump withdrew the United States from the Paris climate agreement and vowed to burn more, not less, gas, oil and coal.

President Biden arrived in Glasgow and flipped the script. He promised to show the world that the United States is “leading by the power of our example.”

Asked about the leaders of other countries, particularly those of China and Russia, who did not attend, Mr. Biden said, “We showed up.”

But some pivotal leaders didn’t.

The absences of President Xi Jinping of China, Vladimir V. Putin of Russia and Jair Bolsonaro of Brazil were notable.

Prime Minister Scott Morrison of Australia did show up — but with an emissions target that experts said falls far short of what’s needed. Brazil pledged to end deforestation by 2028. Activists are skeptical that Mr. Bolsonaro will follow through.

Both Russia and China have targets that, experts say, are not enough to keep the planet on a relatively safe trajectory. Leaving Glasgow, Mr. Biden scolded Mr. Xi and Mr. Putin for not attending. Officials in Beijing hit back, noting Mr. Biden was unable to persuade his own party to vote for climate legislation necessary to meet the United States’ aggressive targets.

Sparring won’t solve the climate crisis. And it remains unclear whether the two biggest emitters, China and the United States, can move past tensions over trade and human rights to work together.

Money was pledged, but will it flow?

Banks and other lenders said they had $130 trillion to finance projects that aim to get companies and countries to net-zero emissions. The number, more than five times the size of the U.S. economy, grabbed headlines.

Environmentalists quickly threw cold water on it, arguing that scant details were provided and that banks still invest hundreds of billions of dollars in fossil fuels each year.

The next target: Ending coal

Poland, Vietnam, Egypt, Chile and Morocco are among 18 countries that will pledge Thursday to phase out coal-fired generation and stop building new plants. The British hosts of the U.N. conference want to leave their mark by ensuring the end of coal “is in sight.”

Yet the issue is deeply contentious. At the start of the summit, the prime minister of Fiji, Frank Bainimarama, told Mr. Morrison of Australia that “coal has no place in this century.” Mr. Morrison has clearly said he won’t discuss fossil fuel mandates or bans.

Expect more pushback in the coming days from Australia, as well as China, India and Russia, to any language formalizing a phaseout of coal in any final decision from the summit.

What is COP26?

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Indigenous Brazilian women from the Amazon gathering outside the Indigenous Peoples Pavilion at the COP26 summit in Glasgow.Credit...Kieran Dodds for The New York Times

The United Nations climate change conference in Glasgow is considered a crucial moment for efforts to address the threat of global warming.

Thousands of heads of state, diplomats and activists are meeting to set new targets for cutting emissions from burning coal, oil and gas that are heating the planet. The conference is held annually, but this year is critical because scientists say that nations must make an immediate, sharp pivot away from fossil fuels if they hope to avoid the most catastrophic effects of climate change.

What is the goal?

The goal is to prevent the average global temperature from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius compared with levels before the Industrial Revolution. That is the threshold beyond which scientists say the dangers of global warming — such as deadly heat waves, water shortages, crop failures and ecosystem collapse — grow immensely.

What does COP stand for?

The gathering’s name, COP, stands for Conference of the Parties, with “parties” referring in diplomatic parlance to the 197 nations that agreed to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992. That year, the United States and some other countries ratified the treaty to address “dangerous human interference with the climate system” and stabilize levels of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere.

This is the 26th time countries have gathered under the convention — hence COP26.

What happened at previous talks?

The first COP was in Berlin in 1995, after a critical mass of nations ratified the climate convention. It was a milestone and set the stage two years later for the Kyoto Protocol, which required wealthy, industrialized nations to curb emissions.

That accord had its problems. Among them, the United States under President George W. Bush rejected it, noting that it did not require China, India and other major emerging economies to reduce their greenhouse gases.

Fast-forward to 2015. After more than two decades of disputes over which nations bear the most responsibility for tackling climate change, leaders of nearly 200 countries signed the Paris climate agreement. That deal was considered groundbreaking. For the first time, rich and poor countries agreed to act, albeit at different paces, to tackle climate change.

The United States withdrew from the Paris accord under President Donald J. Trump but rejoined under President Biden.

Although leaders made big promises in Paris, countries have not made sufficient moves to stave off the worst effects of climate change. At the Glasgow conference, which runs through Nov. 12, leaders are under pressure to be more ambitious.

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Ask Times reporters your questions on COP26 and climate change.

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The Action Zone of COP26 summit, at the Scottish Exhibition Centre in Glasgow, Scotland.Credit...Kieran Dodds for The New York Times

This week and next, New York Times journalists are in Glasgow covering the COP26 climate talks, where officials from more than 130 countries are trying to hammer out agreements to slow the warming of the planet. This year’s conference is seen as crucial for efforts to avert the worst consequences of climate change, and protests are being staged by demonstrators demanding tougher action.

Times journalists on the ground want to hear from you: What questions do you have about the summit and what Glasgow is like during the two-week summit?

Share yours below, and we’ll report the answers in the coming days. We’ll email you after the questions are answered.

Here’s a guide to how climate jargon is used, and abused.

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Governments are committing to “net zero.” “Eco-friendly” products are being sold on Instagram. Oil and gas companies are promising to become “sustainable.”

As climate change gets worse, many people want others to know that they’re doing something about it. But what do those words mean? Are they really communicating information — or obfuscating it? Consider the debates over “natural gas” versus “fracked gas,” “carbon pricing” rather than “carbon tax,” or “renewable” versus “clean” energy.

Here is a brief user’s guide the term “net zero.”

Scientists have warned that global warming will keep getting worse until humanity reaches “net zero” emissions globally — that is, the point at which we are no longer pumping any additional greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

So in recent years a growing number of countries and businesses have been pledging to “go net zero” by various dates. But the concept can easily be abused.

Governments or companies are not always promising to stop emitting carbon dioxide altogether. Often they’re saying that they will reduce fossil-fuel emissions from their own factories, homes and cars as much as they can — and then offset whatever they can’t get rid of by, for example, planting trees or using technology to pull carbon out of the air.

Those offsets can be contentious, though. Trees can absorb carbon, but they can also burn in wildfires. Carbon removal technology is still in its infancy. Critics worry that leaders and businesses may be using the uncertain promise of such offsets to avoid making deeper cuts today. And many countries’ net zero pledges are vague and not backed by concrete policies to curb emissions.

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Six aspects of American life threatened by climate change.

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A forest burned by the West Zone fire, part of the North Complex fire, last year near Berry Creek, Calif.Credit...Max Whittaker for The New York Times

Under orders from President Biden, top officials at every government agency spent months considering the top climate threats their agencies face and how to cope with them. In October, the White House issued the climate-adaptation plans of 23 agencies that reveal the dangers posed by a warming planet to every aspect of American life.

Agriculture: The Department of Agriculture listed ways that climate change threatens America’s food supply: Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, more pests and disease, reduced soil quality, fewer pollinating insects, and more storms and wildfires will combine to reduce crops and livestock.

Transportation: Rising temperatures will make it more expensive to build and maintain roads and bridges. That, in turn, threatens Americans’ ability to move within and between cities, restricting not just mobility, but also the transportation of goods that drive the economy.

Energy: This case demonstrates how much work remains. The Department of Energy said it had assessed the climate risks for just half of its sites, which include advanced research laboratories and storage facilities for radioactive waste from the nuclear weapons program.

Homeland Security: For the Department of Homeland Security, climate change means the risk of large numbers of climate refugees — people reaching the U.S. border, pushed out of their countries by a mix of long-term challenges like drought or sudden shocks like a tsunami.

Defense: Climate change will lead to new sources of conflict, and also make it harder for the military to operate, the Department of Defense wrote in its climate plan. And water shortages could even become a new source of tension between the U.S. military overseas and the countries where troops are based.

Commerce: The Department of Commerce, which runs the U.S. Patent and Trade Office, said that as the effects of climate change become more severe, it expected a surge in applications for patents for “climate change adaptation-related technologies.”

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