Journal Description
Electronics
Electronics
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the science of electronics and its applications published semimonthly online by MDPI. The Polish Society of Applied Electromagnetics (PTZE) is affiliated with Electronics and their members receive a discount on article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), CAPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2(Electrical and Electronic Engineering) CiteScore - Q2 (Electrical and Electronic Engineering)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 15.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion journals for Electronics include: Magnetism, Signals, Network and Software.
Impact Factor:
2.9 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.9 (2022)
Latest Articles
4H-SiC/SiO2 Interface Degradation in 1.2 kV 4H-SiC MOSFETs due to Power Cycling Tests
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1267; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071267 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Power cycling tests (PCTs) assess the reliability of power devices by closely simulating their operating conditions. A PCT was performed on commercially available 1.2 kV 4H-SiC power metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors to observe its impact on the 4H-SiC/SiO2 interface. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy
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Power cycling tests (PCTs) assess the reliability of power devices by closely simulating their operating conditions. A PCT was performed on commercially available 1.2 kV 4H-SiC power metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors to observe its impact on the 4H-SiC/SiO2 interface. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy measurements showed variations in the length of the 4H-SiC/SiO2 transition layer, depending on whether the device was power cycled. Moreover, the total resistance at Vg >> Vt in Rtot − (Vg-Vt)−1 graph increased to 16.5%, while it changed more radically to 47.3% at Vg ≈ Vt. The threshold voltage shifted negatively. These variations cannot be expected solely through the wearout of the package.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Modeling, Fabrication, and Characterization of Semiconductor Materials and Devices)
Open AccessArticle
Deep Convolutional Dictionary Learning Denoising Method Based on Distributed Image Patches
by
Luqiao Yin, Wenqing Gao and Jingjing Liu
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1266; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071266 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
To address susceptibility to noise interference in Micro-LED displays, a deep convolutional dictionary learning denoising method based on distributed image patches is proposed in this paper. In the preprocessing stage, the entire image is partitioned into locally consistent image patches, and a dictionary
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To address susceptibility to noise interference in Micro-LED displays, a deep convolutional dictionary learning denoising method based on distributed image patches is proposed in this paper. In the preprocessing stage, the entire image is partitioned into locally consistent image patches, and a dictionary is learned based on the non-local self-similar sparse representation of distributed image patches. Subsequently, a convolutional dictionary learning method is employed for global self-similarity matching. Local constraints and global constraints are combined for effective denoising, and the final denoising optimization algorithm is obtained based on the confidence-weighted fusion technique. The experimental results demonstrate that compared with traditional denoising methods, the proposed denoising method effectively restores fine-edge details and contour information in images. Moreover, it exhibits superior performance in terms of PSNR and SSIM. Particularly noteworthy is its performance on the grayscale dataset Set12. When evaluated with Gaussian noise , it outperforms DCDicL by 3.87 dB in the PSNR and 0.0012 in SSIM.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Nonlinear Capacitance Compensation Method for Integrating a Metal–Semiconductor–Metal Varactor with a Gallium Nitride High Electron Mobility Transistor Power Amplifier
by
Ke Li, Yitian Gu, Haowen Guo and Xinbo Zou
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1265; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071265 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
A nonlinear capacitance compensation technique is presented in this paper to enhance the linearity of a power amplifier (PA) in the GaN process. The method involves placing an MSM varactor device alongside the GaN HEMT device, which works as the amplifying unit such
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A nonlinear capacitance compensation technique is presented in this paper to enhance the linearity of a power amplifier (PA) in the GaN process. The method involves placing an MSM varactor device alongside the GaN HEMT device, which works as the amplifying unit such that the overall capacitance observed at the amplifier input is constant, thus improving linearity. This approach is a reliable and straightforward way to improve PA linearity in the GaN process. The proof-of-concept prototype in this study involves the fabrication of a PA device using a standard GaN HEMT process, which successfully integrates the proposed compensation technique and demonstrates excellent compatibility with existing processes. The prototype has a saturation output power of 18 dBm, a peak power-added efficiency of 51.8%, and a small signal gain of 15.5 dB at 1 GHz. The measured AM–PM distortion at the 5 dB compression point is reduced by more than 50% compared to that of an uncompensated device. Furthermore, the results of third-order intermodulation distortion demonstrate the effectiveness of the linearity enhancement concept, with values improved by more than 5 dB in the linear region compared to those of the uncompensated device. All of the results demonstrate the potential utility of this design approach for wireless communication applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Devices and Their Applications)
Open AccessArticle
PCA-Based Preprocessing for Clustering-Based Fetal Heart Rate Extraction in Non-Invasive Fetal Electrocardiograms
by
Luis Oyarzún, Encarnación Castillo, Luis Parrilla, Uwe Meyer-Baese and Antonio García
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1264; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071264 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Non-invasive fetal electrocardiography (NI-ECG) is based on the acquisition of signals from electrodes on the mother’s abdominal surface. This abdominal ECG (aECG) signal consists of the maternal ECG (mECG) along with the fetal ECG (fECG) and other noises and artifacts. These records allow
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Non-invasive fetal electrocardiography (NI-ECG) is based on the acquisition of signals from electrodes on the mother’s abdominal surface. This abdominal ECG (aECG) signal consists of the maternal ECG (mECG) along with the fetal ECG (fECG) and other noises and artifacts. These records allow the acquisition of valuable and reliable information that helps ensure fetal well-being during pregnancy. This paper proposes a procedure based on principal component analysis (PCA) to obtain a single-channel master abdominal ECG record that can be used as input to fetal heart rate extraction techniques. The new procedure requires three main processing stages: PCA-based analysis for fECG-component extraction, polarity test, and curve fitting. To show the advantages of the proposal, this PCA-based method has been used as the feeding stage to a previously developed clustering-based method for single-channel aECG fetal heart rate monitoring. The results obtained for a set of real abdominal ECG recordings from annotated public aECG databases, the Abdominal and Direct Fetal ECG Database and the Challenge 2013 Training Set A, show improved efficiency in fetal heart rate extraction and illustrate the benefits derived from the use of such a master abdominal ECG channel. This allows us to achieve proper fetal heart rate monitoring without the need for manual inspection and selection of channels to be processed, while also allowing us to analyze records that would have been discarded otherwise.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Algorithms and Architectures for Digital Signal Processing)
Open AccessFeature PaperReview
Digital Twin-Enabled Internet of Vehicles Applications
by
Junting Gao, Chunrong Peng, Tsutomu Yoshinaga, Guorong Han, Siri Guleng and Celimuge Wu
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1263; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071263 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The digital twin (DT) paradigm represents a groundbreaking shift in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) landscape, acting as an instantaneous digital replica of physical entities. This synthesis not only refines vehicular design but also substantially augments driver support systems and streamlines traffic governance.
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The digital twin (DT) paradigm represents a groundbreaking shift in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) landscape, acting as an instantaneous digital replica of physical entities. This synthesis not only refines vehicular design but also substantially augments driver support systems and streamlines traffic governance. Diverging from the prevalent research which predominantly examines DT’s technical assimilation within IoV infrastructures, this review focuses on the specific deployments and goals of DT within the IoV sphere. Through an extensive review of scholarly works from the past 5 years, this paper provides a fresh and detailed perspective on the significance of DT in the realm of IoV. The applications are methodically categorized across four pivotal sectors: industrial manufacturing, driver assistance technology, intelligent transportation networks, and resource administration. This classification sheds light on DT’s diverse capabilities to confront and adapt to the intricate challenges in contemporary vehicular networks. The intent of this comprehensive overview is to catalyze innovation within IoV by providing an essential reference for researchers who aspire to swiftly grasp the complex dynamics of this evolving domain.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Cloud, Edge, and Parallel Computing)
Open AccessArticle
An Image Retrieval Method for Lunar Complex Craters Integrating Visual and Depth Features
by
Yingnan Zhang, Zhizhong Kang and Zhen Cao
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1262; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071262 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
In the geological research of the Moon and other celestial bodies, the identification and analysis of impact craters are crucial for understanding the geological history of these bodies. With the rapid increase in the volume of high-resolution imagery data returned from exploration missions,
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In the geological research of the Moon and other celestial bodies, the identification and analysis of impact craters are crucial for understanding the geological history of these bodies. With the rapid increase in the volume of high-resolution imagery data returned from exploration missions, traditional image retrieval methods face dual challenges of efficiency and accuracy when processing lunar complex crater image data. Deep learning techniques offer a potential solution. This paper proposes an image retrieval model for lunar complex craters that integrates visual and depth features ( ) to overcome these difficulties. For depth feature extraction, we employ the Swin Transformer as the core architecture for feature extraction and enhance the recognition capability for key crater features by integrating the Convolutional Block Attention Module with Effective Channel Attention (CBAMwithECA). Furthermore, a triplet loss function is introduced to generate highly discriminative image embeddings, further optimizing the embedding space for similarity retrieval. In terms of visual feature extraction, we utilize Local Binary Patterns (LBP) and Hu moments to extract the texture and shape features of crater images. By performing a weighted fusion of these features and utilizing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for dimensionality reduction, we effectively combine visual and depth features and optimize retrieval efficiency. Finally, cosine similarity is used to calculate the similarity between query images and images in the database, returning the most similar images as retrieval results. Validation experiments conducted on the lunar complex impact crater dataset constructed in this article demonstrate that achieves a retrieval precision of 83.75%, showcasing superior efficiency. These experimental results confirm the advantages of in handling the task of lunar complex impact crater image retrieval.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Image Processing, Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Robotics)
Open AccessArticle
Optimal Design of Relay Coil Inductance to Improve Transmission Efficiency of Four-Coil Magnetic Resonance Wireless Power Transmission Systems
by
Min-Wook Hwang, Young-Min Kwon and Kwang-Cheol Ko
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1261; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071261 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Magnetic resonance wireless power transmission consists of a source coil and relay coil (transmission coil (Tx-coil), receiving coil (Rx-coil)). The relay coil is designed with windings and a series capacitor, which are resonant with the input voltage frequency. Magnetic resonant wireless power transmission
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Magnetic resonance wireless power transmission consists of a source coil and relay coil (transmission coil (Tx-coil), receiving coil (Rx-coil)). The relay coil is designed with windings and a series capacitor, which are resonant with the input voltage frequency. Magnetic resonant wireless power transmission by a relay coil enables the transmission of power from a few centimeters to several meters. Recently, research has been conducted on the shape and material of each coil to increase the transmission distance. However, limitations remain with respect to increasing the transmission distance. Specifically, the optimization of the electrical characteristics of the relay coil is necessary to increase the transmission distance and improve efficiency. In this study, we configured the inductance of the relay coil to be approximately 95 μH, 270 μH, and 630 μH. Accordingly, we designed the series capacitors to have the same resonant frequency and analyzed the transmission characteristics of each relay coil. We confirmed that as the inductance increased, the transmission efficiency increased by up to 10%. The relay coil was designed to have an inductance of approximately three to six times that of the source coil (load coil). Thus, the optimal design of the relay coil is believed to be the most efficient and economical coil design.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer Technology and Its Applications)
Open AccessArticle
Digital Twin Technology-Based Networking Solution in Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellations
by
Ci He, Yasheng Zhang, Jia Ke, Mingwu Yao and Chen Chen
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1260; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071260 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Digital twin technology provides a reliable paradigm to address the high trial-and-error costs and limited perception capabilities in satellite networking. However, the dynamic constellation topology and real-time twin applications remain significant challenges in satellite network design. This paper proposes a network topology simulation
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Digital twin technology provides a reliable paradigm to address the high trial-and-error costs and limited perception capabilities in satellite networking. However, the dynamic constellation topology and real-time twin applications remain significant challenges in satellite network design. This paper proposes a network topology simulation approach that dynamically analyzes the inter-satellite topology based on pre-calculated ephemeris and orbital information. Furthermore, the paper introduces a digital twin algorithm based on network virtualization, cloud platform management, and software-defined networking to validate and analyze the twin requirements at different stages. Finally, a low Earth orbit (LEO) constellation twin validation environment is constructed to verify the networking protocols at various stages. The experimental results demonstrate the performance of the proposed twin systems at different stages.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Smart Cities/From 5G to 6G/Digital Twins)
Open AccessArticle
Comparative Evaluation of Three-Phase Three-Level Flying Capacitor and Stacked Polyphase Bridge GaN Inverter Systems for Integrated Motor Drives
by
Gwendolin Rohner, Jonas Huber, Spasoje Mirić and Johann W. Kolar
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1259; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071259 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
This article presents a comprehensive comparative evaluation of a three-phase Three-Level (3L) Flying Capacitor Converter (FCC) and a spbi, specifically a converter system formed by two Series-Stacked Two-Level three-phase Converters (2L-SSC), for the realization of a 7.5 kW Integrated Motor Drive (IMD) with
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This article presents a comprehensive comparative evaluation of a three-phase Three-Level (3L) Flying Capacitor Converter (FCC) and a spbi, specifically a converter system formed by two Series-Stacked Two-Level three-phase Converters (2L-SSC), for the realization of a 7.5 kW Integrated Motor Drive (IMD) with a high short-term overload capability. The 2L-SSC requires a motor with two three-phase windings and a split DC-link, but uses standard six-switch, two-level transistor configurations. In contrast, the bridge legs of the 3lfcc feature flying capacitors whose voltages must be actively balanced. Despite the 800 V DC-link voltage, both topologies employ the same set of 650 V GaN power transistors, i.e., the same total chip area, and if operated at the same switching frequency, show identical semiconductor losses. edm damage of the motor bearings is a relevant issue caused by the common-mode (CM) voltages of the inverter stage. The high effective switching frequency of the 3lfcc and the possibility of CM voltage canceling in the 2L-SSC facilitate mitigation of edm by means of CM chokes, whereby a substantially smaller CM choke with lower losses suffices for the 2L-SSC; based on exemplary designs, the 2L-SSC features only about 75% of the total volume and 85% of the nominal losses of the 3lfcc. If, alternatively, motor-friendliness is maximized by including DC-referenced sine-wave output filters, the 3lfcc’s higher effective switching frequency and the 2L-SSC’s need for two sets of filters due to the dual-winding-set motor change the outcome. In this case, the 3lfcc features only about 60% of the volume and only about 55% of the 2L-SSC’s nominal losses.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Power Electronics)
Open AccessFeature PaperReview
Optimizing Performance of Hybrid Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems through Effective Control: A Comprehensive Review
by
Alejandro Clemente, Paula Arias, Levon Gevorkov, Lluís Trilla, Sergi Obrador Rey, Xavier Sanchez Roger, José Luis Domínguez-García and Àlber Filbà Martínez
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1258; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071258 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The implementation of energy storage system (ESS) technology with an appropriate control system can enhance the resilience and economic performance of power systems. However, none of the storage options available today can perform at their best in every situation. As a matter of
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The implementation of energy storage system (ESS) technology with an appropriate control system can enhance the resilience and economic performance of power systems. However, none of the storage options available today can perform at their best in every situation. As a matter of fact, an isolated storage solution’s energy and power density, lifespan, cost, and response time are its primary performance constraints. Batteries are the essential energy storage component used in electric mobility, industries, and household applications nowadays. In general, the battery energy storage systems (BESS) currently available on the market are based on a homogeneous type of electrochemical battery. However, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) based on a mixture of various types of electrochemical batteries can potentially provide a better option for high-performance electric cars, heavy-duty electric vehicles, industries, and residential purposes. A hybrid energy storage system combines two or more electrochemical energy storage systems to provide a more reliable and efficient energy storage solution. At the same time, the integration of multiple energy storage systems in an HESS requires advanced control strategies to ensure optimal performance and longevity of the system. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the control systems used in HESSs for a wide range of applications. An overview of the various control strategies used in HESSs is offered, including traditional control methods such as proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control, and advanced control methods such as model predictive control (MPC), droop control (DC), sliding mode control (SMC), rule-based control (RBC), fuzzy logic control (FLC), and artificial neural network (ANN) control are discussed. The paper also highlights the recent developments in HESS control systems, including the use of machine learning techniques such as deep reinforcement learning (DRL) and genetic algorithms (GA). The paper provides not only a description and classification of various control approaches but also a comparison between control strategies from the evaluation of performance point of view. The review concludes by summarizing the key findings and future research directions for HESS control systems, which is directly linked to the research on machine learning and the mix of different control type strategies.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power Converter Design, Control and Applications)
Open AccessArticle
Hybrid Spatial-Channel Attention Mechanism for Cross-Age Face Recognition
by
Wenxin An and Gengshen Wu
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1257; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071257 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
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Face recognition techniques have been widely employed in real-world biomimetics applications. However, traditional approaches have limitations in recognizing faces correctly with large age differences because of significant changes over age in the same person, leading to unsatisfactory recognition performance. To address this, previous
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Face recognition techniques have been widely employed in real-world biomimetics applications. However, traditional approaches have limitations in recognizing faces correctly with large age differences because of significant changes over age in the same person, leading to unsatisfactory recognition performance. To address this, previous studies propose to decompose and identify age and identity features independently in facial images across diverse age groups when optimizing the discriminative model so as to improve the age-invariant face recognition accuracy. Nevertheless, the interrelationships between these features make it difficult for the decomposition to disentangle them properly, thus compromising the recognition accuracy due to the interactive impacts on both features. To this end, this paper proposes a novel deep framework that incorporates a novel Hybrid Spatial-Channel Attention Module to facilitate the cross-age face recognition task. Particularly, the proposed module enables better decomposition of the facial features in both spatial and channel dimensions with attention mechanisms simultaneously while mitigating the impact of age variation on the recognition performance. Beyond this, diverse pooling strategies are also combined when applying those spatial and channel attention mechanisms, which allows the module to generate discriminative face representations while preserving complete information within the original features, further yielding sounder recognition accuracy. The proposed model is extensively validated through experiments on public face datasets such as CACD-VS, AgeDB-30, and FGNET, where the results show significant performance improvements compared to competitive baselines.
Full article
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Open AccessArticle
SM9 Identity-Based Encryption with Designated-Position Fuzzy Equality Test
by
Siyue Dong, Zhen Zhao, Baocang Wang, Wen Gao and Shanshan Zhang
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1256; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071256 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Public key encryption with equality test (PKEET) is a cryptographic primitive that enables a tester to determine whether two ciphertexts encrypted with same or different public keys have been generated from the same message without decryption. Previous studies extended PKEET to public key
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Public key encryption with equality test (PKEET) is a cryptographic primitive that enables a tester to determine whether two ciphertexts encrypted with same or different public keys have been generated from the same message without decryption. Previous studies extended PKEET to public key encryption with designated-position fuzzy equality test (PKE-DFET), enabling testers to verify whether plaintexts corresponding to two ciphertexts are equal while ignoring specific bits at designated positions. In this work, we have filled the research gap in the identity-based encryption (IBE) cryptosystems for this primitive. Furthermore, although our authorization method is the all-or-nothing (AoN) type, it overcomes the shortcomings present in the majority of AoN-type authorization schemes. In our scheme, equality tests can only be performed between a ciphertext and a given plaintext. Specifically, even if a tester acquires multiple AoN-type authorizations, it cannot conduct unpermitted equality tests between users. This significantly reduces the risk of user privacy leaks when handling sensitive information in certain scenarios, while still retaining the flexible and simple characteristics of AoN-type authorizations. We use the Chinese national cryptography standard SM9-IBE algorithm to provide the concrete construction of our scheme, enhancing the usability and security of our scheme, while making deployment more convenient. Finally, we prove that our scheme achieves F-OW-ID-CCA security when the adversary has the trapdoor of the challenge ciphertext, and achieves IND-ID-CCA security when the adversary does not have the trapdoor of the challenge ciphertext.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Cryptography and Practical Cryptoanalysis for Web 3.0)
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Open AccessReview
Review of Methods for PCB Panel Depanelization and Methods for Correct Assembly of Electronic Components on PCB Panels
by
Mateusz Łyczek and Wojciech Skarka
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1255; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071255 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Currently, processes related to PCBs (printed circle board), such as depanelization and checking the correct functioning of the boards, are carried out in separate devices. The purpose of this article is to review the literature and analyze trends related to these aspects of
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Currently, processes related to PCBs (printed circle board), such as depanelization and checking the correct functioning of the boards, are carried out in separate devices. The purpose of this article is to review the literature and analyze trends related to these aspects of PCB panel manufacturing. The purpose of this analysis is to indicate the currently used depanelization methods and methods for checking the correctness of the assembly of electronic circuits on PCB panels. The publications were found in such knowledge bases as Scopus, IEEE Xplore or Emerald insight. In the following article, a systematic literature analysis along with a mapping study is used. This publication provides a review of selected scientific papers found in the above-mentioned databases. Based on these analyses, insights related to future work on both aspects of PCBs were presented. These insights are part of the development of new integrated devices for depanelization and verification of PCBs.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Industrial Electronics)
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Open AccessArticle
Enhancing Anomaly Detection for Cultural Heritage via Long Short-Term Memory with Attention Mechanism
by
Yuhan Wu, Yabo Dong, Zeyang Shan, Xiyu Meng, Yang He, Ping Jia and Dongming Lu
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1254; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071254 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
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Cultural heritages are invaluable and non-renewable resources. Existing warning mechanisms usually rely on degradation analysis to assess environmental risk factors. However, they have limitations such as complex research, poor generalization, and inadequate warnings. To address these issues, we propose a hybrid model that
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Cultural heritages are invaluable and non-renewable resources. Existing warning mechanisms usually rely on degradation analysis to assess environmental risk factors. However, they have limitations such as complex research, poor generalization, and inadequate warnings. To address these issues, we propose a hybrid model that combines the long short-term memory network (LSTM) and attention mechanisms with environmental factors to detect anomalies in cultural heritage. The attention mechanism extracts temporal dependencies, while LSTM captures global long-term patterns, enhancing the reconstruction capability. Additionally, we introduce the seasonal, trend, shapelet, and mixed anomalies to enrich the positive and negative samples and propose a novel threshold extraction method to reduce the reliance on prior knowledge. Extensive experiments demonstrate that LSTM-Attention outperforms previous methods, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 34.328, mean absolute error (MAE) of 27.060, and the largest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) value, highlighting the superiority and effectiveness of our method. The ablation study proves the contribution of the attention mechanism, and the reconstruction step can be flexibly adjusted according to practical needs. Finally, the algorithm has been successfully implemented in engineering and employed in practice, providing valuable guidelines for the preservation of ancient buildings worldwide.
Full article
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Open AccessArticle
Shape Sensing for Continuum Robotics Using Optoelectronic Sensors with Convex Reflectors
by
Dalia Osman, Xinli Du, Timothy Minton and Yohan Noh
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1253; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071253 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Three-dimensional shape sensing in soft and continuum robotics is a crucial aspect for stable actuation and control in fields such as minimally invasive surgery, engine repairs and search and rescue operations, as the estimation of complex curvatures while using continuum robotic tools is
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Three-dimensional shape sensing in soft and continuum robotics is a crucial aspect for stable actuation and control in fields such as minimally invasive surgery, engine repairs and search and rescue operations, as the estimation of complex curvatures while using continuum robotic tools is required to manipulate through fragile paths. This challenge has been addressed using a range of different sensing techniques, for example, Fibre Bragg grating (FBG) technology, inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor networks, or stretch sensors. Previously, an optics-based method using optoelectronic sensors was explored, offering a simple and cost-effective solution for shape sensing in a flexible tendon-actuated manipulator in two orientations. This was based on proximity-modulated angle estimation and has been the basis for the shape sensing method addressed in this paper. The improved and miniaturised technique demonstrated in this paper is based on the use of a convex shaped reflector with optoelectronic sensors integrated into a tendon-actuated robotic manipulator. Upgraded sensing capability is achieved using optimisation of the convex reflector shape in terms of sensor range and resolution, and improved calibration is achieved through the integration of spherical bearings for friction-free motion. Shape estimation is achieved in two orientations upon calibration of sensors, with a maximum Root-Mean-Square Error (RMS) of 3.37°.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Robots in Medical and Industrial Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
Baseline Calibration Scheme Embedded in Single-Slope ADC for Gas Sensor Applications
by
Jang-Su Hyeon and Hyeon-June Kim
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1252; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071252 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
This paper introduces a single-slope analog-to-digital converter (SS ADC) with an embedded digital baseline calibration scheme designed to improve the accuracy and reliability of gas sensor measurements. The proposed SS ADC effectively leverages an up/down counter mechanism to ensure stable signal extraction from
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This paper introduces a single-slope analog-to-digital converter (SS ADC) with an embedded digital baseline calibration scheme designed to improve the accuracy and reliability of gas sensor measurements. The proposed SS ADC effectively leverages an up/down counter mechanism to ensure stable signal extraction from gas sensors, despite variations in the baseline distribution. The proposed SS ADC initiates with a down counting operation to capture the initial output value of the gas sensor, which, after A/D conversion, is stored as a reference point for future readings. Subsequent gas sensor output values are derived by performing an up counting operation from this baseline reference. This approach allows for real-time correction of the baseline during the SS A/D conversion process, obviating the need for complex post-processing and baseline correction algorithms. The proposed SS ADC with the baseline calibration scheme was designed using a 0.18 μm standard CMOS process to confirm its feasibility. It demonstrated a signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) of 57.56 dB and a spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of 59.02 dB, resulting in an effective number of bits (ENOB) of 9.27 bits in the post-simulation level. The proposed SS ADC has a total power consumption of 1.649 mW. This work offers an efficient solution to the baseline distribution problem in gas sensors, facilitating more reliable and accurate gas detection systems.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Designs and Their Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
Anomaly Detection in Connected and Autonomous Vehicle Trajectories Using LSTM Autoencoder and Gaussian Mixture Model
by
Boyu Wang, Wan Li and Zulqarnain H. Khattak
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1251; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071251 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) technology has the potential to transform the transportation system. Although these new technologies have many advantages, the implementation raises significant concerns regarding safety, security, and privacy. Anomalies in sensor data caused by errors or cyberattacks can cause severe
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Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) technology has the potential to transform the transportation system. Although these new technologies have many advantages, the implementation raises significant concerns regarding safety, security, and privacy. Anomalies in sensor data caused by errors or cyberattacks can cause severe accidents. To address the issue, this study proposed an innovative anomaly detection algorithm, namely the LSTM Autoencoder with Gaussian Mixture Model (LAGMM). This model supports anomalous CAV trajectory detection in the real-time leveraging communication capabilities of CAV sensors. The LSTM Autoencoder is applied to generate low-rank representations and reconstruct errors for each input data point, while the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) is employed for its strength in density estimation. The proposed model was jointly optimized for the LSTM Autoencoder and GMM simultaneously. The study utilizes realistic CAV data from a platooning experiment conducted for Cooperative Automated Research Mobility Applications (CARMAs). The experiment findings indicate that the proposed LAGMM approach enhances detection accuracy by 3% and precision by 6.4% compared to the existing state-of-the-art methods, suggesting a significant improvement in the field.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vehicle Technologies for Sustainable Smart Cities and Societies)
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Open AccessArticle
Fast Decision-Tree-Based Series Partitioning and Mode Prediction Termination Algorithm for H.266/VVC
by
Ye Li, Zhihao He and Qiuwen Zhang
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1250; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071250 - 27 Mar 2024
Abstract
With the advancement of network technology, multimedia videos have emerged as a crucial channel for individuals to access external information, owing to their realistic and intuitive effects. In the presence of high frame rate and high dynamic range videos, the coding efficiency of
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With the advancement of network technology, multimedia videos have emerged as a crucial channel for individuals to access external information, owing to their realistic and intuitive effects. In the presence of high frame rate and high dynamic range videos, the coding efficiency of high-efficiency video coding (HEVC) falls short of meeting the storage and transmission demands of the video content. Therefore, versatile video coding (VVC) introduces a nested quadtree plus multi-type tree (QTMT) segmentation structure based on the HEVC standard, while also expanding the intra-prediction modes from 35 to 67. While the new technology introduced by VVC has enhanced compression performance, it concurrently introduces a higher level of computational complexity. To enhance coding efficiency and diminish computational complexity, this paper explores two key aspects: coding unit (CU) partition decision-making and intra-frame mode selection. Firstly, to address the flexible partitioning structure of QTMT, we propose a decision-tree-based series partitioning decision algorithm for partitioning decisions. Through concatenating the quadtree (QT) partition division decision with the multi-type tree (MT) division decision, a strategy is implemented to determine whether to skip the MT division decision based on texture characteristics. If the MT partition decision is used, four decision tree classifiers are used to judge different partition types. Secondly, for intra-frame mode selection, this paper proposes an ensemble-learning-based algorithm for mode prediction termination. Through the reordering of complete candidate modes and the assessment of prediction accuracy, the termination of redundant candidate modes is accomplished. Experimental results show that compared with the VVC test model (VTM), the algorithm proposed in this paper achieves an average time saving of 54.74%, while the BDBR only increases by 1.61%.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Signal, Image and Video Processing: Development and Applications)
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Emerging Perspectives on the Application of Recommender Systems in Smart Cities
by
Gricela Andrade-Ruiz, Ramón-Alberto Carrasco, Carlos Porcel, Jesús Serrano-Guerrero, Francisco Mata and Mario Arias-Oliva
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1249; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071249 - 27 Mar 2024
Abstract
Smart cities represent the convergence of information and communication technologies (ICT) with urban management to improve the quality of life of city dwellers. In this context, recommender systems, tools that offer personalised suggestions to city dwellers, have emerged as key contributors to this
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Smart cities represent the convergence of information and communication technologies (ICT) with urban management to improve the quality of life of city dwellers. In this context, recommender systems, tools that offer personalised suggestions to city dwellers, have emerged as key contributors to this convergence. Their successful application in various areas of city life and their ability to process massive amounts of data generated in urban environments has expedited their status as a crucial technology in the evolution of city planning. Our methodology included reviewing the Web of Science database, resulting in 130 articles that, filtered for relevancy, were reduced to 86. The first stage consisted of carrying out a bibliometric analysis with the objective of analysing structural aspects with the SciMAT tool. Secondly, a systematic literature review was undertaken using the PRISMA 2020 statement. The results illustrated the different processes by which recommendations are filtered in areas such as tourism, health, mobility, and transport. This research is seen as a significant breakthrough that can drive the evolution and efficiency of smart cities, establishing a solid framework for future research in this dynamic field.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Challenges of Recommender Systems in Smart City)
Open AccessArticle
A Swell Neural Network Algorithm for Solving Time-Varying Path Query Problems with Privacy Protection
by
Man Zhao
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1248; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071248 - 27 Mar 2024
Abstract
In this paper, a swell neural network (SNN) algorithm was proposed for solving time-varying path query (TVPQ) problems with privacy protection with the following goals: (i) querying the K-nearest paths with time limitations in a time-varying scenario, and (ii) protecting private information from
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In this paper, a swell neural network (SNN) algorithm was proposed for solving time-varying path query (TVPQ) problems with privacy protection with the following goals: (i) querying the K-nearest paths with time limitations in a time-varying scenario, and (ii) protecting private information from neighborhood attacks. The proposed SNN is a network in which the optimal paths can be calculated at the same time with no need for training. For TVPQ, a node is considered a neuron, and time-varying means that an edge has different costs in different time windows. For SNN, the query paths are swell sets from the start to the target within an upper limit. An encrypted index is designed for privacy protection. The evaluation of the efficiency and accuracy of the SNN was carried out based on New York road instances.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Privacy and Cybersecurity in Mobile Crowdsensing)
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