The Effect of Financial Scarcity on Reinforcer Pathology: A Dyadic Developmental Examination
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.1.1. Recruitment and Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
2.1.2. Sample Size Determination and Stratifying the Sample
2.2. Assessments
2.2.1. BMI Measurement
2.2.2. Manipulated Iowa Gambling Task
2.2.3. Relative Reinforcing Value Task
2.2.4. Delay Discounting Task
2.2.5. Household Food Insecurity Questionnaire
2.2.6. MacArthur SES Questionnaire
2.2.7. Appetite Sensations and Activity Liking
2.3. Study Procedures
2.4. Analytic Plan
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characterization
3.2. Correlations
3.3. Hypothesis Testing
3.3.1. Food Insecurity, Acute Financial Scarcity, and Reinforcer Pathology in Adults
3.3.2. Associations between Parents and Offspring for RP
3.3.3. Associations between Parents and Offspring Food Insecurity and Reactions to Acute Scarcity
3.4. Post Hoc: Association between Parental Responses to Scarcity and Offspring RRVfood
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
RRV | Relative Reinforcing value |
DD | Delay Discounting |
RP | Reinforcer Pathology |
SES | Socioeconomic Status |
WIC | Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children |
SNAP | Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program |
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Variable | Adolescents (N = 53) | Children (N = 53) | p | Variable | Adolescents (N = 53) | Children (N = 53) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Offspring Sex, n (%) | 0.56 | Household Safety Net Benefits, n (%) | |||||
Female | 27 (50.90) | 30 (56.60) | Any Benefits | 17 (32.10) | 20 (37.70) | 0.24 | |
Male | 26 (49.10) | 23 (43.40) | WIC | 6 (11.30) | 10 (18.90) | 0.30 | |
Offspring Race/Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.62 | School Lunch Program | 1 (1.90) | 2 (3.80) | 0.56 | ||
Black/African American | 11 (20.80) | 14 (26.40) | Food Bank Donations | 5 (9.40) | 7 (13.20) | 0.54 | |
White | 31 (58.50) | 32 (60.40) | SNAP | 10 (18.90) | 12 (22.60) | 0.63 | |
Other/Multiracial | 11 (20.80) | 7 (13.20) | Offspring zBMI, M (SD) | 0.94 (0.92) | 0.66 (1.08) | 0.16 | |
Hispanic or Latinx | 10 (18.90) | 4 (7.50) | 0.09 | Parent Age, mean (SD) | 46.15 (11.21) | 37.63 (9.54) | 0.00 |
Household Income (USD), n (%) | 0.28 | Parent BMI, mean (SD) | 25.67 (6.13) | 19.23 (5.00) | 0.35 | ||
Less than 25,000 | 7 (13.30) | 8 (15.20) | Parent DVs/Covariates on Control Visit, M (SD) | ||||
25,000 to 49,999 | 10 (18.80) | 7 (13.20) | RP | 1348.83 (5047.49) | 962.17 (2241.62) | 0.62 | |
50,000 to 74,999 | 14 (26.40) | 6 (11.30) | RRVfood | 235.69 (312.08) | 263.46 (425.39) | 0.71 | |
75,000 to 99,999 | 7 (13.20) | 6 (11.30) | RRVAlt | 161.57 (270.08) | 148.08 (150.15) | 0.75 | |
100,000 or greater | 11 (20.80) | 16 (30.20) | DD | 0.51 (0.31) | 0.57 (0.28) | 0.30 | |
Parent Education, n (%) | 0.16 | Hunger | 36.25 (26.91) | 39.96 (27.65) | 0.52 | ||
≤High School Diploma | 15 (28.30) | 6 (11.30) | Food Liking | 57.14 (23.57) | 64.82 (20.11) | 0.08 | |
Certificate | 3 (5.70) | 1 (1.90) | Alternative Liking | 62.86 (18.11) | 63.94 (19.87) | 0.78 | |
Associate Degree | 12 (22.60) | 11 (20.80) | Offspring DVs/Covariates on Control Visit, M (SD) | ||||
Bachelor’s Degree | 12 (22.60) | 20 (37.70) | RP | 6018.78 (23,252.72) | 7318.18 (11,659.63) | 0.73 | |
Postgraduate Degree | 10 (18.90) | 12 (22.60) | RRVfood | 387.31 (640.97) | 459.23 (424.91) | 0.50 | |
Household Food Insecurity, n (%) | 0.22 | RRVAlt | 180.00 (402.25) | 264.23 (284.62) | 0.22 | ||
High Food Security | 35 (66.00) | 35 (66.00) | DD | 0.38 (0.32) | 0.28 (0.32) | 0.15 | |
Marginal Food Security | 8 (15.10) | 4 (7.50) | Hunger | 51.23 (26.38) | 60.38 (32.64) | 0.13 | |
Low Food Security | 9 (17.00) | 10 (18.90) | Food Liking | 65.29 (20.92) | 81.81 (20.73) | 0.00 | |
Very Low Food Security | 0 (0.00) | 3 (5.70) | Alternative Liking | 62.06 (20.40) | 74.02 (30.37) | 0.02 |
DD | RRVfood | RP | S | Age | Hung | FL | AL | RRValt | Win | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delay Discounting (DD) | (−0.09) | −0.13 | −0.55 *** | −0.10 | −0.08 | −0.13 | −0.01 | −0.25 * | −0.19 | 0.01 |
RRV of Food (RRVfood) | 0.02 | (0.33 **) | 0.88 *** | −0.10 | −0.07 | 0.31 ** | 0.29 ** | 0.07 | 0.12 | −0.17 |
Reinforcer Pathology (RP) | −0.57 *** | 0.73 *** | (0.19) | −0.03 | −0.04 | 0.33 ** | 0.26 * | 0.15 | 0.17 | −0.17 |
Sex (S) | −0.05 | −0.16 | −0.10 | (0.08) | −0.15 | 0.13 | −0.10 | −0.03 | 0.04 | 0.08 |
Age (Age) | 0.15 | −0.23 * | −0.25 * | 0.07 | (0.38 ***) | −0.17 | −0.34 *** | −0.25 * | −0.01 | −0.11 |
Hunger (Hung) | 0.12 | 0.28 ** | 0.06 | 0.00 | −0.21 * | (0.23 *) | 0.49 *** | 0.18 | 0.25 * | −0.03 |
Food Liking (FL) | −0.02 | 0.25 * | 0.17 | 0.14 | −0.37 *** | 0.46 *** | (0.14) | 0.54 *** | 0.10 | 0.04 |
Alternative Liking (AL) | 0.00 | 0.21 * | 0.12 | −0.04 | −0.24 * | 0.17 | 0.31 ** | (0.05) | 0.40 ** | 0.13 |
RRV of Alternative (RRValt) | −0.09 | 0.37 *** | 0.29 ** | −0.05 | −0.31 ** | 0.32 ** | 0.14 | 0.38 ** | (0.11) | 0.11 |
Game Winnings (Win) | −0.07 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.01 | −0.14 | −0.12 | −0.06 | 0.24 * | 0.09 | (0.14) * |
Reinforcer Pathology | Reinforcing Value of Food | Delay Discounting (AUC) | |
---|---|---|---|
β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | |
Intercept | 6.58 (0.16) *** | 5.10 (0.10) *** | 0.38 (0.02) *** |
Visit | −0.16 (0.10) | −0.06 (0.07) | 0.04 (0.02) * |
Sex | 0.09 (0.21) | -- | −0.04 (0.04) |
Hunger | 3.03 × 10−3 (0.00) | 3.40 × 10−3 (0.00) | −6.4 × 10−4 (0.00) |
Food Liking | 0.01 (0.00) ** | 0.01 (0.00)*** | -- |
Alternative Liking | 3.69 × 10−3 (0.00) | 8.10 × 10−4 (0.00) | -- |
RRV Alternative | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.05 (0.03) | -- |
Role (Mom vs. Offspring) | −1.22 (0.23) *** | −0.21 (0.14) | 0.24 (0.04) *** |
Offspring Age | −0.73 (0.22) ** | −0.27 (0.15) | 0.03 (0.03) |
Role X Age | 2.10 (0.40) *** | 0.93 (0.27) ** | −0.21 (0.07) ** |
Game Winnings (Win) | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.00) | −1.39 × 10−5 (0.00) |
Role X Win | −0.02 (0.01) | −0.02 (0.01) * | 8.57 × 10−5 (0.00) |
Age X Win | 0.03 (0.01) ** | 0.02 (0.01) * | −2.66 × 10−4 (0.00) |
Role X Age X Win | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.02) | 2.16 × 10−3 (0.00) |
Household Food Insecurity | 0.21 (0.22) | −0.08 (0.15) | −0.09 (0.03) ** |
Food Insecurity X Role | 0.08 (0.39) | 0.06 (0.27) | −0.02 (0.07) |
Food Insecurity X Age | −0.54 (0.43) | 0.32 (0.29) | 0.09 (0.07) |
Food Insecurity X Win | −0.02 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) | −7.17 × 10−5 (0.00) |
Food Insecurity X Role X Age | 1.37 (0.79) | 0.32 (0.54) | −0.12 (0.14) |
Food Insecurity X Role X Win | −0.06 (0.03) * | −0.05 (0.02) ** | 6.17 × 10−4 (0.00) |
Food Insecurity X Age X Win | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.02) * | −2.78 × 10−3 (0.00) |
Food Insecurity X Role X Age X Win | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.04) | −4.41 × 10−3 (0.01) |
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Crandall, A.K.; Epstein, L.H.; Fillo, J.; Carfley, K.; Fumerelle, E.; Temple, J.L. The Effect of Financial Scarcity on Reinforcer Pathology: A Dyadic Developmental Examination. Children 2022, 9, 1338. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091338
Crandall AK, Epstein LH, Fillo J, Carfley K, Fumerelle E, Temple JL. The Effect of Financial Scarcity on Reinforcer Pathology: A Dyadic Developmental Examination. Children. 2022; 9(9):1338. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091338
Chicago/Turabian StyleCrandall, Amanda K., Leonard H. Epstein, Jennifer Fillo, Kevin Carfley, Eleanor Fumerelle, and Jennifer L. Temple. 2022. "The Effect of Financial Scarcity on Reinforcer Pathology: A Dyadic Developmental Examination" Children 9, no. 9: 1338. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091338