Employment Situation News Release

Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-24-0629
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, April 5, 2024

Technical information:
Household data: (202) 691-6378 * cpsinfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/cps
Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 * cesinfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION -- MARCH 2024

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 303,000 in March, and the unemployment rate changed
little at 3.8 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job gains occurred
in health care, government, and construction.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures
labor force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment
survey measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information
about the concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical
Note.

Household Survey Data

Both the unemployment rate, at 3.8 percent, and the number of unemployed people, at 6.4
million, changed little in March. The unemployment rate has been in a narrow range of 3.7
percent to 3.9 percent since August 2023. (See table A-1.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rate for Blacks (6.4 percent) increased in
March, while the rates for Asians (2.5 percent) and Hispanics (4.5 percent) decreased. The
jobless rates for adult men (3.3 percent), adult women (3.6 percent), teenagers (12.6
percent), and Whites (3.4 percent) showed little or no change over the month. (See tables A-1,
A-2, and A-3.)

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more), at 1.2 million, was
little changed in March. The long-term unemployed accounted for 19.5 percent of all unemployed
people. (See table A-12.)

Both the labor force participation rate, at 62.7 percent, and the employment-population ratio,
at 60.3 percent, were little changed in March. These measures showed little change over the
year. (See table A-1.)

The number of people employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.3 million, changed little
in March. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part
time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See
table A-8.)

In March, the number of people not in the labor force who currently want a job, at 5.4
million, was little changed. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they
were not actively looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were unavailable
to take a job. (See table A-1.)

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of people marginally attached
to the labor force, at 1.6 million, was little changed in March. These individuals wanted and
were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not
looked for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a
subset of the marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for them, was
little changed at 337,000 in March. (See Summary table A.)

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 303,000 in March, higher than the average monthly
gain of 231,000 over the prior 12 months. In March, job gains occurred in health care,
government, and construction. (See table B-1.)

Health care added 72,000 jobs in March, above the average monthly gain of 60,000 over the
prior 12 months. In March, job growth continued in ambulatory health care services (+28,000),
hospitals (+27,000), and nursing and residential care facilities (+18,000).

In March, employment in government increased by 71,000, higher than the average monthly gain
of 54,000 over the prior 12 months. Over the month, employment increased in local government
(+49,000) and federal government (+9,000).

Construction added 39,000 jobs in March, about double the average monthly gain of 19,000 over
the prior 12 months. Over the month, employment increased in nonresidential specialty trade
contractors (+16,000).

Employment in leisure and hospitality trended up in March (+49,000) and has returned to its
pre-pandemic February 2020 level. Over the prior 12 months, job growth in the industry had
averaged 37,000 per month.

Employment in the other services industry continued its upward trend in March (+16,000). The
industry had added an average of 8,000 jobs per month over the prior 12 months. Employment
in other services remains below its February 2020 level by 40,000, or 0.7 percent.

Employment in social assistance continued to trend up in March (+9,000), below the average
monthly gain of 22,000 over the prior 12 months.

In March, employment was little changed in retail trade (+18,000). A job gain in general
merchandise retailers (+20,000) was partially offset by job losses in building material and
garden equipment and supplies dealers (-10,000) and in automotive parts, accessories, and tire
retailers (-3,000).

Employment showed little or no change over the month in other major industries, including
mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; manufacturing; wholesale trade; transportation
and warehousing; information; financial activities; and professional and business services.

In March, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by
12 cents, or 0.3 percent, to $34.69. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have
increased by 4.1 percent. In March, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and
nonsupervisory employees edged up by 7 cents, or 0.2 percent, to $29.79. (See tables B-3 and
B-8.)

In March, the average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged up by 0.1
hour to 34.4 hours. In manufacturing, the average workweek was unchanged at 40.0 hours, and
overtime edged down by 0.1 hour to 2.9 hours in March. The average workweek for production and
nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged up by 0.1 hour to 33.9 hours. (See
tables B-2 and B-7.)

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for January was revised up by 27,000, from
+229,000 to +256,000, and the change for February was revised down by 5,000, from +275,000 to
+270,000. With these revisions, employment in January and February combined is 22,000 higher
than previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from
businesses and government agencies since the last published estimates and from the
recalculation of seasonal factors.)

____________
The Employment Situation for April is scheduled to be released on
Friday, May 3, 2024, at 8:30 a.m. (ET).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Category	Mar. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Change from: Feb. 2024- Mar. 2024
Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population	266,272	267,540	267,711	267,884	173
Civilian labor force	166,690	167,276	167,426	167,895	469
Participation rate	62.6	62.5	62.5	62.7	0.2
Employed	160,824	161,152	160,968	161,466	498
Employment-population ratio	60.4	60.2	60.1	60.3	0.2
Unemployed	5,866	6,124	6,458	6,429	-29
Unemployment rate	3.5	3.7	3.9	3.8	-0.1
Not in labor force	99,582	100,265	100,285	99,989	-296

Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over	3.5	3.7	3.9	3.8	-0.1
Adult men (20 years and over)	3.4	3.6	3.5	3.3	-0.2
Adult women (20 years and over)	3.2	3.2	3.5	3.6	0.1
Teenagers (16 to 19 years)	9.9	10.6	12.5	12.6	0.1
White	3.2	3.4	3.4	3.4	0.0
Black or African American	5.1	5.3	5.6	6.4	0.8
Asian	2.8	2.9	3.4	2.5	-0.9
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	4.6	5.0	5.0	4.5	-0.5

Total, 25 years and over	2.9	3.2	3.2	3.1	-0.1
Less than a high school diploma	4.8	6.0	6.1	4.9	-1.2
High school graduates, no college	4.0	4.3	4.2	4.1	-0.1
Some college or associate degree	3.0	3.3	3.1	3.4	0.3
Bachelor's degree and higher	2.0	2.1	2.2	2.1	-0.1

Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	2,884	3,028	3,216	3,042	-174
Job leavers	841	794	711	823	112
Reentrants	1,683	1,834	1,946	1,920	-26
New entrants	506	550	611	678	67

Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks	2,279	2,140	2,326	2,189	-137
5 to 14 weeks	1,765	1,848	1,933	1,979	46
15 to 26 weeks	797	867	974	982	8
27 weeks and over	1,050	1,277	1,203	1,246	43

Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons	4,091	4,422	4,376	4,308	-68
Slack work or business conditions	2,853	2,994	2,863	2,972	109
Could only find part-time work	892	1,026	1,104	999	-105
Part time for noneconomic reasons	21,416	22,156	22,309	22,902	593

Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force	1,326	1,654	1,558	1,595	37
Discouraged workers	347	452	425	337	-88
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted
Category	Mar. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024(p)	Mar. 2024(p)
EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY (Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	146	256	270	303
Total private	91	196	207	232
Goods-producing	-12	30	17	42
Mining and logging	2	-2	1	3
Construction	-6	26	26	39
Manufacturing	-8	6	-10	0
Durable goods(1)	-1	-4	-3	4
Motor vehicles and parts	-1.1	2.2	-1.9	6.5
Nondurable goods	-7	10	-7	-4
Private service-providing	103	166	190	190
Wholesale trade	9.2	-6.7	-2.9	8.5
Retail trade	-27.2	16.6	23.0	17.6
Transportation and warehousing	-16.1	-3.8	22.5	1.2
Utilities	2.5	1.5	3.1	-0.4
Information	5	8	-3	0
Financial activities	4	-4	-6	3
Professional and business services(1)	18	48	17	7
Temporary help services	-14.6	7.5	-11.9	-1.3
Private education and health services(1)	62	100	82	88
Health care and social assistance	63.0	73.0	85.4	81.3
Leisure and hospitality	35	-3	43	49
Other services	11	10	11	16
Government	55	60	63	71

(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	305	243	272	276
Total private	225	187	206	212

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES(2)
Total nonfarm women employees	49.8	49.9	49.9	49.9
Total private women employees	48.3	48.4	48.4	48.4
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees	81.4	81.4	81.4	81.4

HOURS AND EARNINGS ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours	34.4	34.2	34.3	34.4
Average hourly earnings	$33.31	$34.51	$34.57	$34.69
Average weekly earnings	$1,145.86	$1,180.24	$1,185.75	$1,193.34
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)(3)	114.5	115.4	115.9	116.5
Over-the-month percent change	-0.3	-0.4	0.4	0.5
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)(4)	182.4	190.4	191.6	193.2
Over-the-month percent change	0.3	0.1	0.6	0.8

DIFFUSION INDEX (Over 1-month span)(5)
Total private (250 industries)	60.2	62.2	58.6	59.4
Manufacturing (72 industries)	45.1	53.5	48.6	43.1
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate hours. (4) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. (5) Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates
of employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey
employment series has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-
month change than the household survey because of its much larger sample size. An
over-the-month employment change of about 130,000 is statistically significant in
the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically significant change
in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a more
expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed
workers whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural
workers, and private household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey.
The household survey also provides estimates of employment for demographic groups.
For more information on the differences between the two surveys, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However,
neither the establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal
status of workers. Therefore, it is not possible to determine how many are counted in
either survey. The establishment survey does not collect data on the legal status of
workers. The household survey does include questions which identify the foreign and
native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the foreign
born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of
The Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by
incorporating additional information that was not available at the time of the
initial publication of the estimates. The establishment survey revises its initial
monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 2 months, to incorporate
additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated seasonal
adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that
re-anchors estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment
insurance tax records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors
in the estimates. For more information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes. About 45 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business
establishments with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is
designed to maximize the reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment
estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and industries are appropriately
sampled to achieve that goal.

5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes. Monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for
the net employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment
comes from an econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of
business births and deaths based on the actual past values of the net impact that
can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. The
establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this purpose because
the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There
is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the
sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey
twice a year.

6. Is the count of unemployed people limited to just those receiving unemployment
insurance benefits?

No. The estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households.
All people who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are
included among the unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if
they do not actively seek work.) There is no requirement or question relating to
unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
looking for work?

Yes. However, there are separate estimates of people outside the labor force who
want a job, including those who are not currently looking because they believe no
jobs are available (discouraged workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor
underutilization (some of which include discouraged workers and other groups not
officially counted as unemployed) are published each month in table A-15 of The
Employment Situation news release. For more information about these alternative
measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes
the 12th of the month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on
average weekly hours than on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid
time during the pay period, including pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off.
The impact of severe weather on hours estimates typically, but not always, results in
a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some employees may be off work for
part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, while some workers,
such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on
payroll employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce
employment estimates, employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay
period. Employees who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are
counted in the payroll employment figures. For more information on how often employees
are paid, please visit www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that
includes the 12th of the month. People who miss the entire week's work for weather-
related events are counted as employed whether or not they are paid for the time
off. The household survey collects data on the number of people who had a job but
were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure of the number of
people who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather.

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested
statistics page, please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.

Technical Note


   This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (CPS; household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (CES; establishment survey). The household survey provides information
on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the "A" tables,
marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households
conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

   The establishment survey provides information on employment, hours, and
earnings of employees on nonfarm payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables,
marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each month from the payroll
records of a sample of nonagricultural business establishments. Each month
the CES program surveys about 119,000 businesses and government agencies,
representing approximately 629,000 individual worksites, in order to provide
detailed industry data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm
payrolls. The active sample includes approximately one-third of all nonfarm
payroll jobs.

   For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or
pay period. In the household survey, the reference period is generally the
calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment
survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or
may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

   Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian 
noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on 
work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force.

   People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees
during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their
own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm.
People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs
because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal
reasons.

   People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria:
they had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at
that time; and they made specific active efforts to find employment sometime during
the 4-week period ending with the reference week. People laid off from a job and
expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The
unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the
eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

   The civilian labor force is the sum of the employed and unemployed.
Those people not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor 
force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the 
labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a 
percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the 
employed as a percent of the population. Additional information about the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

   Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
from federal, state, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who worked or received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including people on paid leave. People are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are produced for the private sector for
all employees and for production and nonsupervisory employees. Production
and nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and related employees
in manufacturing and mining and logging, construction workers in construction,
and nonsupervisory employees in private service-providing industries.

   Industries are classified on the basis of an establishment's principal
activity in accordance with the 2022 version of the North American Industry
Classification System. Additional information about the establishment survey
can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

   Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological
differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are:

   --The household survey includes agricultural workers, self-employed workers
     whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and private
     household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the
     establishment survey.

   --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed.
     The establishment survey does not.

   --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
     The establishment survey is not limited by age.

   --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
     individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one
     job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one
     job and thus appearing on more than one payroll are counted separately
     for each appearance.

Seasonal adjustment

   Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels
of employment and unemployment undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These 
events may result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and the opening
and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large.

   Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year,
their influence on the level of a series can be tempered by adjusting for regular
seasonal variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in employment or increases in the participation of women in the labor
force, easier to spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number of
youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes
that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the 
level of economic activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 20 percent at the end
of the spring term and later rises with the start of the fall term, obscuring the
underlying employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal employment changes
at the end and beginning of the school year can be estimated, the statistics can be
adjusted to make underlying employment patterns more discernable. The seasonally
adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in
month-to-month economic activity.

   Many seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted in both the household
and establishment surveys. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates,
such as total payroll employment, employment in most major sectors, total employment,
and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four
major age-sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or 
more detailed age categories. Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and
duration are derived from the sum of the independently seasonally adjusted component
series and will not necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally adjusted
total unemployment level. Additional information about seasonal adjustment in the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

   For both the household and establishment surveys, a concurrent seasonal adjustment
methodology is used in which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using all
relevant data, up to and including the data for the current month. In the household
survey, new seasonal factors are used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are used each month to adjust the
three most recent monthly estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated seasonal adjustment factors.
In both surveys, 5-year revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

   Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both
sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population,
is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true
population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs
because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent
chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by
no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling
error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

   For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total nonfarm
employment from the establishment survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000.
Suppose the estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from one month to
the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from
-80,000 to +180,000 (50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the sample
results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent
chance that the true over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this
range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased that month. If, however, the reported
nonfarm employment rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at
least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm employment had, in fact, risen that month.
At an unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent confidence interval
for the monthly change in unemployment as measured by the household survey is
about +/- 300,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is about
+/- 0.2 percentage point.

   In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower
standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based
on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates also is improved when
the data are cumulated over time, such as for quarterly and annual averages.

   The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error,
which can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample,
inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.

   For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months
are based on incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled
preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is
considered final.

   Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the
inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To
correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an estimation
procedure with two components is used to account for business births. The first
component excludes employment losses from business deaths from sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains from business births.
This is incorporated into the sample-based estimation procedure by simply not
reflecting sample units going out of business, but imputing to them the same
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This procedure accounts for
most of the net birth/death employment.

   The second component is an ARIMA time series model designed to estimate the
residual net birth/death employment not accounted for by the imputation. The
historical time series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived from
the unemployment insurance universe micro-level database and reflects the actual
residual net of births and deaths over the past 5 years.

   The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a
year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference 
between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts
is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey
error. Benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries
when necessary. Over the past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from -0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

   If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1
to access telecommunications relay services.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, sex, and age	Mar. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Mar. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population	266,272	267,711	267,884	266,272	267,822	267,991	267,540	267,711	267,884
Civilian labor force	166,783	167,285	167,960	166,690	168,127	167,451	167,276	167,426	167,895
Participation rate	62.6	62.5	62.7	62.6	62.8	62.5	62.5	62.5	62.7
Employed	160,741	160,315	161,356	160,824	161,866	161,183	161,152	160,968	161,466
Employment-population ratio	60.4	59.9	60.2	60.4	60.4	60.1	60.2	60.1	60.3
Unemployed	6,043	6,970	6,604	5,866	6,262	6,268	6,124	6,458	6,429
Unemployment rate	3.6	4.2	3.9	3.5	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.9	3.8
Not in labor force	99,489	100,426	99,924	99,582	99,695	100,540	100,265	100,285	99,989
Persons who currently want a job	4,646	5,546	5,110	4,959	5,343	5,671	5,793	5,672	5,443

Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	130,150	130,520	130,605	130,150	130,903	130,985	130,436	130,520	130,605
Civilian labor force	88,958	88,299	88,892	88,841	89,555	89,250	88,507	88,391	88,812
Participation rate	68.4	67.7	68.1	68.3	68.4	68.1	67.9	67.7	68.0
Employed	85,420	84,391	85,253	85,623	85,981	85,794	85,034	84,993	85,490
Employment-population ratio	65.6	64.7	65.3	65.8	65.7	65.5	65.2	65.1	65.5
Unemployed	3,538	3,908	3,639	3,219	3,574	3,456	3,473	3,398	3,323
Unemployment rate	4.0	4.4	4.1	3.6	4.0	3.9	3.9	3.8	3.7
Not in labor force	41,192	42,221	41,713	41,309	41,348	41,735	41,929	42,129	41,793

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	121,415	121,611	121,685	121,415	122,111	122,187	121,539	121,611	121,685
Civilian labor force	85,876	85,313	85,656	85,565	86,256	86,007	85,364	85,180	85,398
Participation rate	70.7	70.2	70.4	70.5	70.6	70.4	70.2	70.0	70.2
Employed	82,654	81,802	82,457	82,688	83,084	82,958	82,304	82,178	82,543
Employment-population ratio	68.1	67.3	67.8	68.1	68.0	67.9	67.7	67.6	67.8
Unemployed	3,222	3,511	3,199	2,877	3,172	3,050	3,060	3,002	2,855
Unemployment rate	3.8	4.1	3.7	3.4	3.7	3.5	3.6	3.5	3.3
Not in labor force	35,539	36,299	36,029	35,850	35,854	36,180	36,175	36,431	36,287

Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	136,122	137,191	137,279	136,122	136,919	137,006	137,104	137,191	137,279
Civilian labor force	77,825	78,986	79,068	77,849	78,572	78,201	78,768	79,035	79,083
Participation rate	57.2	57.6	57.6	57.2	57.4	57.1	57.5	57.6	57.6
Employed	75,320	75,924	76,103	75,201	75,885	75,389	76,118	75,975	75,976
Employment-population ratio	55.3	55.3	55.4	55.2	55.4	55.0	55.5	55.4	55.3
Unemployed	2,505	3,062	2,965	2,648	2,688	2,811	2,650	3,060	3,106
Unemployment rate	3.2	3.9	3.7	3.4	3.4	3.6	3.4	3.9	3.9
Not in labor force	58,297	58,205	58,211	58,273	58,346	58,805	58,336	58,156	58,197

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	127,684	128,581	128,659	127,684	128,430	128,513	128,503	128,581	128,659
Civilian labor force	74,860	75,995	75,945	74,723	75,399	75,047	75,529	75,835	75,792
Participation rate	58.6	59.1	59.0	58.5	58.7	58.4	58.8	59.0	58.9
Employed	72,606	73,299	73,304	72,368	73,049	72,587	73,144	73,182	73,061
Employment-population ratio	56.9	57.0	57.0	56.7	56.9	56.5	56.9	56.9	56.8
Unemployed	2,253	2,696	2,642	2,355	2,350	2,460	2,385	2,653	2,731
Unemployment rate	3.0	3.5	3.5	3.2	3.1	3.3	3.2	3.5	3.6
Not in labor force	52,825	52,586	52,714	52,961	53,031	53,466	52,974	52,746	52,867

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population	17,173	17,519	17,540	17,173	17,281	17,291	17,498	17,519	17,540
Civilian labor force	6,048	5,978	6,359	6,402	6,472	6,396	6,383	6,411	6,704
Participation rate	35.2	34.1	36.3	37.3	37.5	37.0	36.5	36.6	38.2
Employed	5,480	5,214	5,595	5,767	5,733	5,638	5,704	5,608	5,862
Employment-population ratio	31.9	29.8	31.9	33.6	33.2	32.6	32.6	32.0	33.4
Unemployed	568	763	764	635	739	758	679	803	842
Unemployment rate	9.4	12.8	12.0	9.9	11.4	11.9	10.6	12.5	12.6
Not in labor force	11,125	11,541	11,181	10,771	10,809	10,895	11,115	11,108	10,835
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, race, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, race, sex, and age	Mar. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Mar. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population	204,186	204,677	204,752	204,186	204,949	205,022	204,608	204,677	204,752
Civilian labor force	126,976	126,960	127,640	126,956	127,773	127,226	126,962	127,040	127,596
Participation rate	62.2	62.0	62.3	62.2	62.3	62.1	62.1	62.1	62.3
Employed	122,698	122,180	123,175	122,846	123,550	122,802	122,663	122,685	123,286
Employment-population ratio	60.1	59.7	60.2	60.2	60.3	59.9	60.0	59.9	60.2
Unemployed	4,278	4,779	4,465	4,110	4,223	4,424	4,299	4,356	4,310
Unemployment rate	3.4	3.8	3.5	3.2	3.3	3.5	3.4	3.4	3.4
Not in labor force	77,210	77,717	77,112	77,230	77,177	77,796	77,646	77,637	77,156
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	66,467	65,748	66,098	66,309	66,695	66,405	65,869	65,685	65,963
Participation rate	70.3	69.6	70.0	70.2	70.3	70.0	69.8	69.6	69.8
Employed	64,180	63,315	63,906	64,287	64,559	64,208	63,674	63,658	64,029
Employment-population ratio	67.9	67.1	67.7	68.0	68.1	67.7	67.5	67.4	67.8
Unemployed	2,288	2,433	2,193	2,022	2,136	2,197	2,195	2,027	1,933
Unemployment rate	3.4	3.7	3.3	3.0	3.2	3.3	3.3	3.1	2.9
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	55,812	56,629	56,614	55,706	56,130	55,844	56,219	56,454	56,489
Participation rate	57.4	58.0	58.0	57.3	57.5	57.2	57.6	57.9	57.9
Employed	54,203	54,791	54,849	54,046	54,609	54,175	54,615	54,646	54,677
Employment-population ratio	55.8	56.2	56.2	55.6	56.0	55.5	56.0	56.0	56.0
Unemployed	1,609	1,838	1,765	1,660	1,521	1,669	1,604	1,808	1,811
Unemployment rate	2.9	3.2	3.1	3.0	2.7	3.0	2.9	3.2	3.2
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	4,696	4,583	4,928	4,940	4,947	4,976	4,874	4,902	5,145
Participation rate	37.6	36.1	38.8	39.5	39.5	39.7	38.4	38.6	40.5
Employed	4,316	4,075	4,420	4,513	4,382	4,418	4,374	4,381	4,580
Employment-population ratio	34.5	32.1	34.8	36.1	35.0	35.3	34.5	34.5	36.1
Unemployed	381	508	508	427	565	558	500	520	565
Unemployment rate	8.1	11.1	10.3	8.7	11.4	11.2	10.3	10.6	11.0

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	34,550	34,849	34,883	34,550	34,821	34,853	34,813	34,849	34,883
Civilian labor force	22,062	22,084	22,124	22,111	22,171	22,094	22,051	22,190	22,170
Participation rate	63.9	63.4	63.4	64.0	63.7	63.4	63.3	63.7	63.6
Employed	20,938	20,810	20,689	20,974	20,886	20,952	20,887	20,950	20,746
Employment-population ratio	60.6	59.7	59.3	60.7	60.0	60.1	60.0	60.1	59.5
Unemployed	1,124	1,274	1,435	1,138	1,285	1,143	1,164	1,240	1,424
Unemployment rate	5.1	5.8	6.5	5.1	5.8	5.2	5.3	5.6	6.4
Not in labor force	12,488	12,765	12,759	12,439	12,650	12,759	12,762	12,659	12,713
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	10,353	10,300	10,303	10,358	10,299	10,294	10,266	10,344	10,317
Participation rate	70.2	69.5	69.5	70.2	69.3	69.2	69.4	69.8	69.6
Employed	9,776	9,615	9,624	9,811	9,648	9,821	9,717	9,709	9,677
Employment-population ratio	66.3	64.9	64.9	66.5	64.9	66.0	65.7	65.5	65.3
Unemployed	577	685	679	547	651	473	548	636	640
Unemployment rate	5.6	6.6	6.6	5.3	6.3	4.6	5.3	6.1	6.2
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	10,991	11,048	11,014	10,982	11,067	11,014	10,967	11,050	10,999
Participation rate	63.6	63.3	63.1	63.6	63.6	63.2	62.9	63.4	63.0
Employed	10,541	10,563	10,416	10,506	10,533	10,486	10,445	10,568	10,387
Employment-population ratio	61.0	60.6	59.7	60.8	60.5	60.2	59.9	60.6	59.5
Unemployed	450	485	598	477	534	528	521	482	612
Unemployment rate	4.1	4.4	5.4	4.3	4.8	4.8	4.8	4.4	5.6
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	718	737	807	771	805	786	819	796	854
Participation rate	28.5	28.4	31.0	30.6	31.5	30.7	31.6	30.7	32.8
Employed	621	632	649	657	705	644	724	673	682
Employment-population ratio	24.6	24.3	24.9	26.1	27.6	25.2	27.9	25.9	26.2
Unemployed	97	105	159	114	100	142	95	122	171
Unemployment rate	13.5	14.2	19.6	14.8	12.4	18.0	11.6	15.4	20.1

ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	17,545	17,784	17,781	17,545	17,769	17,896	17,930	17,784	17,781
Civilian labor force	11,421	11,479	11,442	11,374	11,548	11,436	11,559	11,472	11,403
Participation rate	65.1	64.5	64.3	64.8	65.0	63.9	64.5	64.5	64.1
Employed	11,104	11,084	11,157	11,056	11,144	11,084	11,223	11,081	11,113
Employment-population ratio	63.3	62.3	62.7	63.0	62.7	61.9	62.6	62.3	62.5
Unemployed	317	395	285	318	404	353	336	390	290
Unemployment rate	2.8	3.4	2.5	2.8	3.5	3.1	2.9	3.4	2.5
Not in labor force	6,123	6,305	6,339	6,170	6,221	6,459	6,372	6,312	6,379
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, sex, and age	Mar. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Mar. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024
HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population	47,194	48,467	48,565	47,194	47,974	48,068	48,364	48,467	48,565
Civilian labor force	31,551	32,513	32,459	31,524	32,101	32,081	32,318	32,499	32,442
Participation rate	66.9	67.1	66.8	66.8	66.9	66.7	66.8	67.1	66.8
Employed	30,017	30,732	30,948	30,065	30,636	30,480	30,700	30,883	30,994
Employment-population ratio	63.6	63.4	63.7	63.7	63.9	63.4	63.5	63.7	63.8
Unemployed	1,534	1,781	1,510	1,459	1,465	1,602	1,618	1,616	1,448
Unemployment rate	4.9	5.5	4.7	4.6	4.6	5.0	5.0	5.0	4.5
Not in labor force	15,643	15,953	16,106	15,670	15,873	15,986	16,046	15,967	16,123
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	17,035	17,434	17,512	16,985	17,267	17,261	17,372	17,415	17,455
Participation rate	79.4	79.6	79.8	79.2	79.2	79.1	79.5	79.5	79.5
Employed	16,260	16,601	16,781	16,298	16,537	16,438	16,519	16,720	16,800
Employment-population ratio	75.8	75.8	76.4	76.0	75.9	75.3	75.6	76.3	76.5
Unemployed	775	832	732	688	729	824	852	695	654
Unemployment rate	4.6	4.8	4.2	4.0	4.2	4.8	4.9	4.0	3.7
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	13,064	13,575	13,473	13,061	13,260	13,346	13,336	13,535	13,483
Participation rate	61.1	61.7	61.1	61.1	61.0	61.3	60.7	61.5	61.1
Employed	12,462	12,862	12,847	12,473	12,737	12,746	12,759	12,860	12,870
Employment-population ratio	58.3	58.4	58.3	58.3	58.6	58.5	58.1	58.4	58.4
Unemployed	602	713	627	588	523	601	577	675	612
Unemployment rate	4.6	5.3	4.7	4.5	3.9	4.5	4.3	5.0	4.5
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	1,452	1,504	1,473	1,477	1,574	1,474	1,610	1,549	1,504
Participation rate	33.4	33.1	32.3	33.9	35.5	33.2	35.5	34.0	33.0
Employed	1,296	1,269	1,321	1,294	1,361	1,296	1,422	1,304	1,323
Employment-population ratio	29.8	27.9	29.0	29.7	30.7	29.2	31.3	28.6	29.0
Unemployed	157	235	152	184	213	177	188	246	181
Unemployment rate	10.8	15.6	10.3	12.4	13.5	12.0	11.7	15.9	12.0
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment [Numbers in thousands]
Educational attainment	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Educational attainment	Mar. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Mar. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force	9,138	8,887	8,864	9,173	9,492	9,384	9,271	9,192	8,916
Participation rate	46.2	46.7	46.0	46.4	48.3	47.5	47.1	48.3	46.3
Employed	8,605	8,204	8,349	8,732	8,891	8,819	8,715	8,626	8,483
Employment-population ratio	43.5	43.1	43.4	44.2	45.2	44.6	44.3	45.4	44.1
Unemployed	532	683	514	441	601	564	556	565	433
Unemployment rate	5.8	7.7	5.8	4.8	6.3	6.0	6.0	6.1	4.9

High school graduates, no college(1)
Civilian labor force	35,827	36,541	36,504	35,728	35,790	35,748	35,927	36,474	36,364
Participation rate	56.3	57.1	57.5	56.1	57.3	57.1	57.0	57.0	57.3
Employed	34,275	34,866	34,889	34,289	34,327	34,247	34,385	34,948	34,866
Employment-population ratio	53.8	54.5	54.9	53.9	55.0	54.7	54.6	54.7	54.9
Unemployed	1,553	1,675	1,615	1,439	1,463	1,501	1,543	1,526	1,498
Unemployment rate	4.3	4.6	4.4	4.0	4.1	4.2	4.3	4.2	4.1

Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force	35,943	36,297	36,198	35,923	35,874	35,737	36,205	36,322	36,147
Participation rate	63.6	63.4	63.3	63.6	62.1	62.4	62.6	63.5	63.2
Employed	34,852	35,049	34,934	34,853	34,866	34,623	35,020	35,178	34,918
Employment-population ratio	61.7	61.2	61.1	61.7	60.4	60.4	60.6	61.5	61.1
Unemployed	1,091	1,248	1,264	1,069	1,009	1,114	1,184	1,144	1,229
Unemployment rate	3.0	3.4	3.5	3.0	2.8	3.1	3.3	3.1	3.4

Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
Civilian labor force	64,036	64,479	64,820	63,692	64,452	64,297	64,195	63,965	64,478
Participation rate	73.5	72.7	72.8	73.1	72.7	72.3	72.7	72.1	72.4
Employed	62,786	63,013	63,469	62,411	63,091	62,933	62,836	62,527	63,095
Employment-population ratio	72.1	71.1	71.2	71.7	71.2	70.8	71.2	70.5	70.8
Unemployed	1,250	1,466	1,351	1,281	1,360	1,364	1,359	1,438	1,383
Unemployment rate	2.0	2.3	2.1	2.0	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.2	2.1
Footnotes (1) Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. (2) Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service	Total		Men		Women
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service	Mar. 2023	Mar. 2024	Mar. 2023	Mar. 2024	Mar. 2023	Mar. 2024
VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	17,983	17,654	15,947	15,609	2,036	2,045
Civilian labor force	8,718	8,556	7,573	7,382	1,145	1,174
Participation rate	48.5	48.5	47.5	47.3	56.2	57.4
Employed	8,507	8,300	7,388	7,154	1,119	1,146
Employment-population ratio	47.3	47.0	46.3	45.8	55.0	56.0
Unemployed	211	257	185	228	26	28
Unemployment rate	2.4	3.0	2.4	3.1	2.2	2.4
Not in labor force	9,265	9,098	8,374	8,227	891	871

Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	4,970	5,336	4,065	4,388	905	948
Civilian labor force	4,057	4,264	3,395	3,585	662	679
Participation rate	81.6	79.9	83.5	81.7	73.2	71.6
Employed	3,944	4,143	3,299	3,488	645	655
Employment-population ratio	79.4	77.6	81.1	79.5	71.3	69.1
Unemployed	113	121	96	97	17	24
Unemployment rate	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.7	2.6	3.6
Not in labor force	912	1,072	670	803	242	269

Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	2,980	2,761	2,527	2,320	453	441
Civilian labor force	2,131	1,945	1,826	1,654	305	291
Participation rate	71.5	70.5	72.3	71.3	67.3	65.9
Employed	2,085	1,880	1,780	1,589	305	291
Employment-population ratio	70.0	68.1	70.4	68.5	67.3	65.9
Unemployed	46	65	46	65	0	0
Unemployment rate	2.2	3.4	2.5	4.0	0.0	0.0
Not in labor force	849	816	701	665	148	150

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	6,055	5,730	5,798	5,488	257	242
Civilian labor force	806	706	781	677	25	29
Participation rate	13.3	12.3	13.5	12.3	9.7	11.9
Employed	781	667	761	642	20	25
Employment-population ratio	12.9	11.6	13.1	11.7	7.9	10.1
Unemployed	25	39	20	35	4	4
Unemployment rate	3.1	5.6	2.6	5.2	-	-
Not in labor force	5,249	5,024	5,017	4,811	232	213

Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population	3,978	3,827	3,557	3,413	421	414
Civilian labor force	1,723	1,640	1,571	1,465	152	175
Participation rate	43.3	42.9	44.2	42.9	36.1	42.4
Employed	1,697	1,610	1,548	1,435	148	175
Employment-population ratio	42.6	42.1	43.5	42.0	35.2	42.4
Unemployed	27	30	23	30	4	0
Unemployment rate	1.5	1.9	1.5	2.1	2.5	0.0
Not in labor force	2,255	2,187	1,986	1,948	269	239

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	239,167	241,051	109,561	110,429	129,606	130,621
Civilian labor force	155,858	157,149	80,266	80,439	75,592	76,710
Participation rate	65.2	65.2	73.3	72.8	58.3	58.7
Employed	150,224	151,111	77,021	77,177	73,203	73,934
Employment-population ratio	62.8	62.7	70.3	69.9	56.5	56.6
Unemployed	5,634	6,038	3,246	3,262	2,389	2,776
Unemployment rate	3.6	3.8	4.0	4.1	3.2	3.6
Not in labor force	83,309	83,902	29,295	29,990	54,014	53,912
NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age	Persons with a disability		Persons with no disability
Employment status, sex, and age	Mar. 2023	Mar. 2024	Mar. 2023	Mar. 2024
TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	33,062	33,955	233,210	233,929
Civilian labor force	7,904	8,315	158,879	159,645
Participation rate	23.9	24.5	68.1	68.2
Employed	7,256	7,599	153,484	153,757
Employment-population ratio	21.9	22.4	65.8	65.7
Unemployed	648	716	5,395	5,888
Unemployment rate	8.2	8.6	3.4	3.7
Not in labor force	25,158	25,639	74,331	74,285

Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	3,272	3,351	79,656	79,198
Participation rate	41.6	39.9	82.8	83.1
Employed	2,986	3,010	76,591	76,106
Employment-population ratio	38.0	35.8	79.6	79.9
Unemployed	286	341	3,065	3,093
Unemployment rate	8.7	10.2	3.8	3.9
Not in labor force	4,588	5,054	16,531	16,051

Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	3,315	3,453	69,455	70,457
Participation rate	38.9	40.6	72.3	73.0
Employed	3,011	3,163	67,364	67,913
Employment-population ratio	35.3	37.2	70.2	70.4
Unemployed	304	289	2,091	2,544
Unemployment rate	9.2	8.4	3.0	3.6
Not in labor force	5,217	5,046	26,549	26,036

Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force	1,318	1,512	9,767	9,989
Participation rate	7.9	8.9	23.8	23.7
Employed	1,260	1,426	9,529	9,738
Employment-population ratio	7.6	8.4	23.2	23.1
Unemployed	58	86	238	251
Unemployment rate	4.4	5.7	2.4	2.5
Not in labor force	15,353	15,540	31,251	32,198
NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status and nativity	Total		Men		Women
Employment status and nativity	Mar. 2023	Mar. 2024	Mar. 2023	Mar. 2024	Mar. 2023	Mar. 2024
Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	46,445	49,034	22,786	24,262	23,659	24,771
Civilian labor force	30,845	32,292	17,678	18,542	13,167	13,750
Participation rate	66.4	65.9	77.6	76.4	55.7	55.5
Employed	29,848	31,114	17,089	17,943	12,759	13,171
Employment-population ratio	64.3	63.5	75.0	74.0	53.9	53.2
Unemployed	997	1,178	589	599	408	579
Unemployment rate	3.2	3.6	3.3	3.2	3.1	4.2
Not in labor force	15,600	16,742	5,108	5,720	10,492	11,022

Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	219,827	218,850	107,364	106,342	112,463	112,508
Civilian labor force	135,938	135,668	71,280	70,350	64,658	65,318
Participation rate	61.8	62.0	66.4	66.2	57.5	58.1
Employed	130,893	130,242	68,331	67,310	62,562	62,932
Employment-population ratio	59.5	59.5	63.6	63.3	55.6	55.9
Unemployed	5,045	5,426	2,949	3,040	2,096	2,386
Unemployment rate	3.7	4.0	4.1	4.3	3.2	3.7
Not in labor force	83,888	83,182	36,084	35,992	47,805	47,190
NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status [In thousands]
Category	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Category	Mar. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Mar. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries	2,106	2,111	2,099	2,223	2,262	2,205	2,184	2,201	2,217
Wage and salary workers(1)	1,439	1,454	1,427	1,515	1,549	1,520	1,489	1,524	1,507
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	639	621	627	663	701	680	687	649	654
Unpaid family workers	28	35	44	-	-	-	-	-	-
Nonagricultural industries	158,634	158,205	159,258	158,332	159,578	158,993	158,735	158,601	158,970
Wage and salary workers(1)	149,499	148,897	149,720	149,272	150,505	149,702	149,741	149,321	149,513
Government	21,919	21,517	21,866	21,475	21,878	21,700	21,490	21,142	21,436
Private industries	127,580	127,380	127,854	127,806	128,612	128,086	128,407	128,256	128,092
Private households	561	746	679	-	-	-	-	-	-
Other industries	127,019	126,634	127,175	127,149	127,889	127,414	127,521	127,392	127,331
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	9,087	9,261	9,487	9,151	9,014	9,335	9,087	9,377	9,522
Unpaid family workers	48	47	51	-	-	-	-	-	-

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME(2)
All industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	4,205	4,592	4,422	4,091	3,994	4,211	4,422	4,376	4,308
Slack work or business conditions	2,929	3,098	3,051	2,853	2,790	2,960	2,994	2,863	2,972
Could only find part-time work	942	1,139	1,053	892	934	964	1,026	1,104	999
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	21,822	23,043	23,416	21,416	21,879	22,458	22,156	22,309	22,902
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	4,115	4,479	4,343	4,027	3,931	4,138	4,371	4,300	4,255
Slack work or business conditions	2,873	3,013	3,010	2,813	2,735	2,913	2,959	2,803	2,949
Could only find part-time work	935	1,130	1,033	883	923	953	1,018	1,098	980
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	21,472	22,677	23,054	21,052	21,444	22,060	21,793	21,951	22,523
Footnotes (1) Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated. (2) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week. (3) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand. (4) Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Characteristic	Mar. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Mar. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	160,741	160,315	161,356	160,824	161,866	161,183	161,152	160,968	161,466
16 to 19 years	5,480	5,214	5,595	5,767	5,733	5,638	5,704	5,608	5,862
16 to 17 years	2,010	1,833	1,946	2,215	2,235	2,194	2,292	2,035	2,146
18 to 19 years	3,470	3,381	3,650	3,584	3,514	3,446	3,428	3,595	3,756
20 years and over	155,260	155,101	155,761	155,056	156,133	155,545	155,448	155,360	155,604
20 to 24 years	14,742	13,969	14,121	14,876	14,787	14,756	14,562	14,192	14,287
25 years and over	140,518	141,131	141,641	140,398	141,194	140,617	140,972	141,300	141,485
25 to 54 years	103,200	103,564	103,766	103,120	103,451	103,161	103,489	103,717	103,669
25 to 34 years	35,798	35,631	35,696	35,756	35,779	35,859	35,700	35,672	35,667
35 to 44 years	35,519	36,077	36,185	35,494	35,680	35,546	35,818	36,117	36,123
45 to 54 years	31,883	31,856	31,885	31,871	31,992	31,757	31,970	31,928	31,879
55 years and over	37,318	37,567	37,875	37,277	37,742	37,455	37,484	37,582	37,816

Men, 16 years and over	85,420	84,391	85,253	85,623	85,981	85,794	85,034	84,993	85,490
16 to 19 years	2,766	2,589	2,796	2,935	2,897	2,836	2,730	2,815	2,947
16 to 17 years	1,012	828	922	1,120	1,071	1,033	1,063	939	1,022
18 to 19 years	1,754	1,761	1,874	1,843	1,846	1,807	1,679	1,900	1,964
20 years and over	82,654	81,802	82,457	82,688	83,084	82,958	82,304	82,178	82,543
20 to 24 years	7,585	6,951	7,116	7,672	7,446	7,432	7,320	7,107	7,222
25 years and over	75,069	74,851	75,341	75,228	75,514	75,397	75,093	75,239	75,496
25 to 54 years	55,095	54,836	55,060	55,214	55,262	55,178	55,008	55,126	55,179
25 to 34 years	19,110	18,868	18,945	19,110	19,088	19,104	18,948	18,945	18,957
35 to 44 years	19,056	19,162	19,288	19,116	19,107	19,108	19,109	19,266	19,332
45 to 54 years	16,930	16,806	16,827	16,989	17,067	16,966	16,951	16,916	16,890
55 years and over	19,974	20,016	20,282	20,014	20,252	20,219	20,085	20,112	20,316

Women, 16 years and over	75,320	75,924	76,103	75,201	75,885	75,389	76,118	75,975	75,976
16 to 19 years	2,714	2,625	2,799	2,832	2,836	2,802	2,974	2,793	2,915
16 to 17 years	998	1,005	1,023	1,095	1,164	1,162	1,229	1,096	1,124
18 to 19 years	1,716	1,620	1,776	1,741	1,668	1,639	1,749	1,694	1,793
20 years and over	72,606	73,299	73,304	72,368	73,049	72,587	73,144	73,182	73,061
20 to 24 years	7,158	7,019	7,005	7,204	7,342	7,324	7,241	7,085	7,065
25 years and over	65,448	66,280	66,299	65,169	65,679	65,220	65,879	66,061	65,989
25 to 54 years	48,105	48,728	48,706	47,906	48,189	47,983	48,480	48,591	48,490
25 to 34 years	16,688	16,763	16,751	16,646	16,691	16,755	16,752	16,727	16,710
35 to 44 years	16,463	16,916	16,896	16,378	16,573	16,438	16,709	16,851	16,791
45 to 54 years	14,953	15,050	15,059	14,882	14,926	14,791	15,019	15,013	14,989
55 years and over	17,344	17,552	17,593	17,263	17,490	17,237	17,399	17,470	17,500

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	46,462	45,452	46,100	46,267	46,344	46,392	45,672	45,387	45,962
Married women, spouse present(1)	37,081	37,035	37,358	36,807	36,887	36,790	37,033	36,822	37,069
Women who maintain families(2)	9,748	9,955	9,785	-	-	-	-	-	-

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	133,453	131,815	132,070	134,287	134,727	133,196	133,133	132,946	132,940
Part-time workers(4)	27,288	28,501	29,287	26,744	27,032	27,794	27,890	27,941	28,632

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders	8,137	8,411	8,637	7,984	8,343	8,565	8,272	8,259	8,476
Percent of total employed	5.1	5.2	5.4	5.0	5.2	5.3	5.1	5.1	5.2

SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated	6,285	6,565	6,637	-	-	-	-	-	-
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	9,726	9,883	10,114	9,815	9,715	10,014	9,774	10,026	10,176
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week. (4) Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Characteristic	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)			Unemployment rates
Characteristic	Mar. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Mar. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	5,866	6,458	6,429	3.5	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.9	3.8
16 to 19 years	635	803	842	9.9	11.4	11.9	10.6	12.5	12.6
16 to 17 years	227	290	353	9.3	11.4	13.1	10.0	12.5	14.1
18 to 19 years	410	499	490	10.3	11.5	11.2	10.8	12.2	11.5
20 years and over	5,232	5,655	5,587	3.3	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.5	3.5
20 to 24 years	1,042	1,097	1,091	6.5	6.6	6.4	5.9	7.2	7.1
25 years and over	4,169	4,655	4,499	2.9	3.1	3.2	3.2	3.2	3.1
25 to 54 years	3,141	3,544	3,466	3.0	3.1	3.3	3.3	3.3	3.2
25 to 34 years	1,419	1,607	1,518	3.8	3.9	4.2	3.9	4.3	4.1
35 to 44 years	930	1,078	982	2.6	2.9	2.9	3.0	2.9	2.6
45 to 54 years	792	859	967	2.4	2.6	2.6	2.7	2.6	2.9
55 years and over	1,013	1,081	1,016	2.6	2.9	2.8	2.9	2.8	2.6

Men, 16 years and over	3,219	3,398	3,323	3.6	4.0	3.9	3.9	3.8	3.7
16 to 19 years	342	396	467	10.4	12.2	12.5	13.2	12.3	13.7
16 to 17 years	120	124	167	9.7	13.3	15.2	15.1	11.6	14.1
18 to 19 years	220	272	298	10.7	11.7	11.3	12.1	12.5	13.2
20 years and over	2,877	3,002	2,855	3.4	3.7	3.5	3.6	3.5	3.3
20 to 24 years	576	610	549	7.0	7.1	6.4	7.0	7.9	7.1
25 years and over	2,306	2,474	2,329	3.0	3.4	3.3	3.3	3.2	3.0
25 to 54 years	1,728	1,896	1,779	3.0	3.4	3.5	3.4	3.3	3.1
25 to 34 years	819	840	813	4.1	4.2	4.4	4.0	4.2	4.1
35 to 44 years	542	597	436	2.8	3.2	3.2	3.3	3.0	2.2
45 to 54 years	366	459	529	2.1	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.6	3.0
55 years and over	579	577	550	2.8	3.3	2.9	3.2	2.8	2.6

Women, 16 years and over	2,648	3,060	3,106	3.4	3.4	3.6	3.4	3.9	3.9
16 to 19 years	293	408	375	9.4	10.6	11.1	8.2	12.7	11.4
16 to 17 years	106	166	186	8.9	9.5	11.2	5.0	13.1	14.2
18 to 19 years	190	227	193	9.8	11.2	11.1	9.6	11.8	9.7
20 years and over	2,355	2,653	2,731	3.2	3.1	3.3	3.2	3.5	3.6
20 to 24 years	466	487	542	6.1	6.1	6.4	4.9	6.4	7.1
25 years and over	1,863	2,182	2,170	2.8	2.8	3.0	3.0	3.2	3.2
25 to 54 years	1,413	1,648	1,687	2.9	2.9	3.0	3.1	3.3	3.4
25 to 34 years	600	767	704	3.5	3.5	3.9	3.9	4.4	4.0
35 to 44 years	388	481	546	2.3	2.5	2.7	2.7	2.8	3.1
45 to 54 years	425	401	437	2.8	2.5	2.5	2.8	2.6	2.8
55 years and over	434	520	463	2.5	2.6	2.7	2.5	2.9	2.6

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	890	879	831	1.9	2.0	2.1	2.1	1.9	1.8
Married women, spouse present(1)	753	766	860	2.0	2.0	2.2	2.0	2.0	2.3
Women who maintain families(2)	471	583	550	4.6	4.8	4.7	5.4	5.5	5.3

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	4,780	5,356	5,090	3.4	3.7	3.8	3.6	3.9	3.7
Part-time workers(4)	1,091	1,131	1,329	3.9	3.9	3.8	4.2	3.9	4.4
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time jobs. (4) Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment [Numbers in thousands]
Reason	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Reason	Mar. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Mar. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	3,159	3,691	3,295	2,884	3,058	3,058	3,028	3,216	3,042
On temporary layoff	961	1,123	938	781	889	917	876	827	779
Not on temporary layoff	2,198	2,568	2,357	2,104	2,169	2,140	2,151	2,389	2,263
Permanent job losers	1,602	1,812	1,719	1,539	1,589	1,543	1,556	1,730	1,655
Persons who completed temporary jobs	596	756	639	565	580	597	595	659	607
Job leavers	828	712	811	841	821	833	794	711	823
Reentrants	1,670	1,991	1,916	1,683	1,771	1,741	1,834	1,946	1,920
New entrants	385	576	582	506	582	609	550	611	678

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	52.3	53.0	49.9	48.8	49.1	49.0	48.8	49.6	47.1
On temporary layoff	15.9	16.1	14.2	13.2	14.3	14.7	14.1	12.8	12.1
Not on temporary layoff	36.4	36.8	35.7	35.6	34.8	34.3	34.7	36.8	35.0
Job leavers	13.7	10.2	12.3	14.2	13.2	13.4	12.8	11.0	12.7
Reentrants	27.6	28.6	29.0	28.5	28.4	27.9	29.5	30.0	29.7
New entrants	6.4	8.3	8.8	8.6	9.3	9.8	8.9	9.4	10.5

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	1.9	2.2	2.0	1.7	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.9	1.8
Job leavers	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.5
Reentrants	1.0	1.2	1.1	1.0	1.1	1.0	1.1	1.2	1.1
New entrants	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.4
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment [Numbers in thousands]
Duration	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Duration	Mar. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Mar. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks	1,978	2,198	1,909	2,279	2,069	2,191	2,140	2,326	2,189
5 to 14 weeks	1,891	2,370	2,141	1,765	2,060	1,791	1,848	1,933	1,979
15 weeks and over	2,173	2,402	2,554	1,847	2,150	2,350	2,144	2,176	2,228
15 to 26 weeks	1,007	1,113	1,195	797	931	1,104	867	974	982
27 weeks and over	1,167	1,288	1,359	1,050	1,220	1,245	1,277	1,203	1,246

Average (mean) duration, in weeks	20.1	20.6	22.3	19.5	19.5	22.3	20.8	20.9	21.6
Median duration, in weeks	9.6	9.2	10.7	8.4	9.0	9.7	9.6	9.3	9.5

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks	32.7	31.5	28.9	38.7	33.0	34.6	34.9	36.1	34.2
5 to 14 weeks	31.3	34.0	32.4	30.0	32.8	28.3	30.1	30.0	30.9
15 weeks and over	36.0	34.5	38.7	31.4	34.2	37.1	35.0	33.8	34.8
15 to 26 weeks	16.7	16.0	18.1	13.5	14.8	17.4	14.1	15.1	15.3
27 weeks and over	19.3	18.5	20.6	17.8	19.4	19.7	20.8	18.7	19.5
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Occupation	Employed		Unemployed		Unemployment rates
Occupation	Mar. 2023	Mar. 2024	Mar. 2023	Mar. 2024	Mar. 2023	Mar. 2024
Total, 16 years and over(1)	160,741	161,356	6,043	6,604	3.6	3.9
Management, professional, and related occupations	70,651	70,786	1,368	1,580	1.9	2.2
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	30,285	30,519	647	717	2.1	2.3
Professional and related occupations	40,366	40,267	721	863	1.8	2.1
Service occupations	25,600	26,127	1,242	1,241	4.6	4.5
Sales and office occupations	30,361	29,800	1,138	1,288	3.6	4.1
Sales and related occupations	14,447	14,142	552	700	3.7	4.7
Office and administrative support occupations	15,913	15,658	586	588	3.6	3.6
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	14,003	14,347	808	794	5.5	5.2
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	797	868	70	100	8.1	10.3
Construction and extraction occupations	8,415	8,540	601	579	6.7	6.3
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	4,792	4,939	137	116	2.8	2.3
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	20,125	20,297	1,101	1,112	5.2	5.2
Production occupations	8,405	8,330	384	389	4.4	4.5
Transportation and material moving occupations	11,721	11,967	718	724	5.8	5.7
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted
Industry and class of worker	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)		Unemployment rates
Industry and class of worker	Mar. 2023	Mar. 2024	Mar. 2023	Mar. 2024
Total, 16 years and over(1)	6,043	6,604	3.6	3.9
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers	4,842	5,201	3.7	3.9
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	36	17	6.5	3.3
Construction	598	570	5.6	5.4
Manufacturing	459	469	2.9	3.0
Durable goods	257	311	2.5	3.1
Nondurable goods	202	158	3.6	2.9
Wholesale and retail trade	846	939	4.4	4.8
Transportation and utilities	390	401	4.6	4.9
Information	84	96	3.1	3.6
Financial activities	189	225	1.8	2.2
Professional and business services	744	826	3.9	4.4
Education and health services	604	611	2.4	2.3
Leisure and hospitality	684	746	5.0	5.5
Other services	208	300	3.3	4.4
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers	108	105	7.4	7.1
Government workers	372	372	1.7	1.7
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers	334	343	3.3	3.3
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization [Percent]
Measure	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Measure	Mar. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Mar. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force	1.3	1.4	1.5	1.1	1.3	1.4	1.3	1.3	1.3
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force	1.9	2.2	2.0	1.7	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.9	1.8
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)	3.6	4.2	3.9	3.5	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.9	3.8
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers	3.8	4.4	4.1	3.7	4.0	3.9	3.9	4.1	4.0
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other persons marginally attached to the labor force, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	4.3	5.1	4.7	4.3	4.6	4.6	4.6	4.7	4.7
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	6.8	7.8	7.4	6.7	7.0	7.1	7.2	7.3	7.3
NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Category	Total		Men		Women
Category	Mar. 2023	Mar. 2024	Mar. 2023	Mar. 2024	Mar. 2023	Mar. 2024
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force	99,489	99,924	41,192	41,713	58,297	58,211
Persons who currently want a job	4,646	5,110	2,314	2,552	2,332	2,557
Marginally attached to the labor force(1)	1,190	1,439	638	835	552	604
Discouraged workers(2)	303	286	202	195	100	91
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force(3)	887	1,152	436	640	452	512

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4)	8,137	8,637	4,031	4,203	4,106	4,435
Percent of total employed	5.1	5.4	4.7	4.9	5.5	5.8
Primary job full time, secondary job part time	4,649	5,055	2,511	2,662	2,138	2,394
Primary and secondary jobs both part time	1,976	2,080	717	703	1,259	1,377
Primary and secondary jobs both full time	395	380	230	257	166	122
Hours vary on primary or secondary job	1,034	1,051	527	531	507	520
Footnotes (1) Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks. (2) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. (3) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined. (4) Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]
Industry	Not seasonally adjusted				Seasonally adjusted
Industry	Mar. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024(p)	Mar. 2024(p)	Mar. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024(p)	Mar. 2024(p)	Change from: Feb.2024 - Mar.2024(p)
Total nonfarm	154,253	155,432	156,559	157,218	155,206	157,560	157,830	158,133	303
Total private	131,367	132,430	133,112	133,647	132,600	134,424	134,631	134,863	232
Goods-producing	21,218	21,313	21,401	21,527	21,508	21,753	21,770	21,812	42

Mining and logging	628	628	632	639	635	641	642	645	3
Logging	43.9	41.8	41.8	41.6	44.8	41.9	41.9	42.4	0.5
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	584.1	586.6	590.0	597.8	589.9	598.8	600.3	602.9	2.6
Oil and gas extraction	115.5	118.8	118.2	118.7	116.2	119.6	119.2	119.5	0.3
Mining (except oil and gas)	183.3	183.7	184.4	186.0	187.1	189.1	189.2	189.5	0.3
Coal mining	42.7	42.7	42.9	42.9	42.7	42.8	42.9	42.8	-0.1
Metal ore mining	43.3	43.3	43.4	42.8	43.4	43.5	43.4	43.0	-0.4
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying	97.3	97.7	98.1	100.3	101.0	102.8	103.0	103.7	0.7
Support activities for mining	285.3	284.1	287.4	293.1	286.6	290.1	291.9	293.9	2.0

Construction	7,701	7,804	7,860	7,976	7,941	8,146	8,172	8,211	39
Construction of buildings	1,762.1	1,800.4	1,808.9	1,823.3	1,796.2	1,843.1	1,848.2	1,856.0	7.8
Residential building construction	907.5	911.6	914.9	923.8	925.5	935.1	935.6	941.1	5.5
Nonresidential building construction	854.6	888.8	894.0	899.5	870.7	908.0	912.6	914.9	2.3
Heavy and civil engineering construction	1,043.8	1,032.4	1,056.3	1,088.0	1,108.8	1,135.1	1,144.7	1,150.7	6.0
Specialty trade contractors	4,894.6	4,971.4	4,995.0	5,064.4	5,035.8	5,167.9	5,179.4	5,204.6	25.2
Residential specialty trade contractors	2,277.9	2,305.2	2,316.1	2,339.1	2,344.4	2,398.3	2,398.7	2,407.6	8.9
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors	2,616.7	2,666.2	2,678.9	2,725.3	2,691.4	2,769.6	2,780.7	2,797.0	16.3

Manufacturing	12,889	12,881	12,909	12,912	12,932	12,966	12,956	12,956	0

Durable goods	8,054	8,104	8,120	8,124	8,074	8,144	8,141	8,145	4
Wood product manufacturing	419.6	411.5	413.0	414.4	420.6	414.2	415.2	415.6	0.4
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	414.5	412.0	411.3	414.1	420.9	421.5	420.1	420.8	0.7
Primary metal manufacturing	373.7	370.1	370.1	369.2	373.5	371.6	370.5	369.3	-1.2
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	1,444.4	1,462.7	1,470.4	1,468.9	1,445.9	1,467.9	1,472.0	1,471.3	-0.7
Machinery manufacturing	1,129.3	1,136.3	1,135.4	1,131.4	1,131.9	1,138.3	1,136.4	1,133.9	-2.5
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	1,102.4	1,104.3	1,103.4	1,101.2	1,106.2	1,108.8	1,106.5	1,104.8	-1.7
Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing	162.7	162.9	161.2	159.7	163.8	162.7	161.6	160.8	-0.8
Communications equipment manufacturing	85.1	86.1	86.2	85.7	85.0	86.5	86.4	85.7	-0.7
Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing	395.6	391.9	391.5	391.4	396.5	393.9	392.8	392.1	-0.7
Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing	428.4	433.1	434.1	433.9	429.9	434.9	434.8	435.3	0.5
Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media and audio and video equipment manufacturing	30.6	30.3	30.4	30.5	31.1	30.8	30.8	30.9	0.1
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	414.6	410.2	412.5	410.9	415.1	411.4	413.8	411.7	-2.1
Transportation equipment manufacturing(1)	1,764.5	1,829.7	1,831.8	1,841.4	1,766.2	1,836.1	1,832.0	1,843.4	11.4
Motor vehicles and parts(2)	1,025.4	1,060.6	1,062.0	1,070.5	1,025.0	1,065.3	1,063.4	1,069.9	6.5
Furniture and related product manufacturing	363.5	345.3	346.7	345.6	363.6	347.2	347.1	345.8	-1.3
Miscellaneous manufacturing	627.5	622.2	625.4	626.6	629.6	626.8	627.6	628.7	1.1

Nondurable goods	4,835	4,777	4,789	4,788	4,858	4,822	4,815	4,811	-4
Food manufacturing	1,718.7	1,719.2	1,725.4	1,721.1	1,728.2	1,731.5	1,730.9	1,730.7	-0.2
Textile mills	91.9	88.3	89.1	89.1	92.3	89.3	89.9	89.3	-0.6
Textile product mills	101.6	95.8	95.5	94.5	101.1	95.6	95.4	94.2	-1.2
Apparel manufacturing	90.7	86.2	85.7	83.2	91.0	86.9	86.0	83.9	-2.1
Paper manufacturing	362.4	350.4	350.6	351.8	361.5	351.0	350.3	350.7	0.4
Printing and related support activities	374.6	364.0	363.3	364.7	376.0	367.2	365.7	365.8	0.1
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	105.0	105.7	107.1	108.1	108.1	110.4	110.8	110.8	0.0
Chemical manufacturing	898.5	892.7	895.6	900.2	898.5	896.6	895.1	899.5	4.4
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	741.6	725.6	725.6	725.9	741.8	729.5	727.9	726.8	-1.1
Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied product manufacturing	350.4	349.5	350.9	349.7	359.5	363.6	362.9	359.4	-3.5

Private service-providing	110,149	111,117	111,711	112,120	111,092	112,671	112,861	113,051	190

Trade, transportation, and utilities	28,553	28,795	28,687	28,703	28,819	28,874	28,920	28,947	27

Wholesale trade	6,072.1	6,109.3	6,114.5	6,135.2	6,096.2	6,152.8	6,149.9	6,158.4	8.5
Merchant wholesalers, durable goods	3,374.0	3,406.1	3,408.1	3,411.7	3,381.3	3,421.3	3,417.8	3,418.6	0.8
Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods	2,189.1	2,195.8	2,198.4	2,212.1	2,203.0	2,220.7	2,221.2	2,225.5	4.3
Wholesale trade agents and brokers	509.0	507.4	508.0	511.4	511.9	510.8	510.9	514.3	3.4

Retail trade	15,390.8	15,573.0	15,482.9	15,491.4	15,579.6	15,619.3	15,642.3	15,659.9	17.6
Motor vehicle and parts dealers	2,018.4	2,049.3	2,056.5	2,064.8	2,026.0	2,071.3	2,072.6	2,073.5	0.9
Automobile dealers	1,264.4	1,286.4	1,287.9	1,294.1	1,265.7	1,294.1	1,291.7	1,295.7	4.0
Other motor vehicle dealers	175.1	163.9	165.5	168.5	179.0	174.0	173.2	172.9	-0.3
Automotive parts, accessories, and tire retailers	578.9	599.0	603.1	602.2	581.3	603.2	607.6	604.9	-2.7
Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers	1,409.5	1,339.0	1,339.7	1,358.8	1,411.6	1,381.4	1,374.2	1,364.7	-9.5
Food and beverage retailers	3,210.9	3,239.7	3,254.9	3,243.1	3,231.0	3,251.6	3,257.7	3,260.7	3.0
Furniture, home furnishings, electronics, and appliance retailers	857.5	836.2	825.8	821.6	860.9	830.3	826.0	824.6	-1.4
Furniture and home furnishings retailers	437.3	431.7	425.4	423.5	437.0	426.3	423.8	423.0	-0.8
Electronics and appliance retailers	420.2	404.5	400.4	398.1	423.9	404.1	402.2	401.6	-0.6
General merchandise retailers	3,154.9	3,248.0	3,213.0	3,222.9	3,222.3	3,230.8	3,252.5	3,272.6	20.1
Department stores	935.1	964.8	940.0	940.3	973.3	950.3	961.1	968.8	7.7
Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and other general merchandise retailers	2,219.8	2,283.2	2,273.0	2,282.6	2,248.9	2,280.5	2,291.4	2,303.8	12.4
Health and personal care retailers	1,093.7	1,104.8	1,098.9	1,087.5	1,095.3	1,091.5	1,093.9	1,090.2	-3.7
Gasoline stations and fuel dealers	1,034.9	1,062.2	1,063.3	1,066.7	1,045.8	1,071.8	1,074.5	1,076.8	2.3
Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and jewelry retailers	1,122.0	1,167.4	1,116.1	1,110.8	1,156.6	1,146.2	1,144.0	1,143.9	-0.1
Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument, book, and miscellaneous retailers	1,489.0	1,526.4	1,514.7	1,515.2	1,530.1	1,544.4	1,546.9	1,552.9	6.0

Transportation and warehousing	6,519.4	6,528.6	6,504.1	6,489.4	6,571.9	6,516.8	6,539.3	6,540.5	1.2
Air transportation	542.1	564.4	568.1	571.4	542.5	569.0	572.1	572.5	0.4
Rail transportation	152.3	153.0	153.6	153.6	152.1	153.0	153.3	153.4	0.1
Water transportation	65.8	69.6	69.5	72.3	67.9	72.5	72.8	74.3	1.5
Truck transportation	1,551.6	1,528.9	1,526.1	1,532.2	1,577.5	1,552.6	1,553.8	1,558.9	5.1
Transit and ground passenger transportation	442.3	438.8	445.6	445.7	428.7	430.1	431.9	432.0	0.1
Pipeline transportation	52.1	52.8	53.1	53.2	52.0	53.1	53.0	53.1	0.1
Scenic and sightseeing transportation	24.6	25.8	26.7	26.8	29.4	31.2	31.7	31.0	-0.7
Support activities for transportation	819.6	833.6	837.0	839.2	820.2	835.1	838.3	839.8	1.5
Couriers and messengers	1,047.3	1,085.2	1,053.0	1,031.2	1,082.1	1,052.9	1,069.7	1,068.3	-1.4
Warehousing and storage	1,821.7	1,776.5	1,771.4	1,763.8	1,819.5	1,767.3	1,762.7	1,757.2	-5.5

Utilities	570.4	583.6	585.4	587.1	571.6	585.3	588.4	588.0	-0.4

Information	3,036	2,976	2,997	2,997	3,054	3,020	3,017	3,017	0
Motion picture and sound recording industries	410.3	411.6	428.7	427.4	422.9	441.7	441.0	438.4	-2.6
Publishing industries	949.0	921.2	919.0	923.4	954.5	927.9	927.0	931.5	4.5
Broadcasting and content providers	352.0	340.8	345.2	341.7	351.4	343.4	343.8	341.5	-2.3
Telecommunications	656.3	631.3	631.9	631.0	655.0	633.7	631.2	629.8	-1.4
Computing infrastructure providers, data processing, web hosting, and related services	482.7	494.2	494.3	495.4	484.1	494.9	495.0	497.4	2.4
Web search portals, libraries, archives, and other information services	186.1	177.2	177.4	177.6	186.3	178.5	178.5	178.0	-0.5

Financial activities	9,094	9,177	9,169	9,166	9,150	9,229	9,223	9,226	3
Finance and insurance	6,690.6	6,716.6	6,709.9	6,707.0	6,704.7	6,731.9	6,723.5	6,723.7	0.2
Monetary authorities-central bank	22.5	22.5	22.5	22.5	22.6	22.6	22.6	22.6	0.0
Credit intermediation and related activities	2,636.7	2,598.4	2,592.3	2,588.9	2,639.2	2,600.0	2,591.9	2,590.9	-1.0
Depository credit intermediation(1)	1,804.5	1,782.8	1,782.3	1,781.6	1,803.7	1,783.3	1,780.9	1,780.7	-0.2
Commercial banking	1,400.8	1,373.8	1,374.3	1,372.4	1,399.6	1,374.7	1,372.1	1,371.0	-1.1
Nondepository credit intermediation	537.5	530.2	525.0	522.3	540.1	530.9	526.7	524.7	-2.0
Activities related to credit intermediation	294.7	285.4	285.0	285.0	295.5	285.8	284.4	285.5	1.1
Securities, commodity contracts, funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles, investments, and related activities	1,084.1	1,105.0	1,103.0	1,103.3	1,091.1	1,111.8	1,110.6	1,112.1	1.5
Insurance carriers and related activities	2,947.3	2,990.7	2,992.1	2,992.3	2,951.8	2,997.5	2,998.4	2,998.1	-0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	2,403.7	2,460.4	2,458.6	2,458.7	2,445.3	2,497.3	2,499.2	2,502.2	3.0
Real estate	1,824.1	1,857.1	1,858.0	1,858.3	1,849.1	1,876.4	1,878.7	1,883.4	4.7
Rental and leasing services	557.1	580.4	577.5	577.3	573.3	597.5	597.1	595.3	-1.8
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets (except copyrighted works)	22.5	22.9	23.1	23.1	22.9	23.4	23.4	23.5	0.1

Professional and business services	22,552	22,549	22,693	22,718	22,797	22,930	22,947	22,954	7
Professional, scientific, and technical services	10,727.0	10,917.6	10,986.5	10,961.8	10,732.8	10,956.4	10,970.5	10,979.0	8.5
Legal services	1,171.0	1,181.4	1,185.6	1,177.1	1,179.1	1,187.7	1,190.0	1,187.0	-3.0
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services	1,219.6	1,195.3	1,236.1	1,240.6	1,139.0	1,162.4	1,162.5	1,162.7	0.2
Architectural, engineering, and related services	1,625.7	1,660.5	1,667.5	1,665.5	1,648.8	1,683.0	1,690.7	1,689.7	-1.0
Specialized design services	150.9	154.2	153.4	151.0	153.0	156.2	154.9	153.3	-1.6
Computer systems design and related services	2,459.7	2,524.2	2,530.7	2,513.9	2,481.1	2,528.9	2,533.0	2,537.1	4.1
Management, scientific, and technical consulting services	1,830.9	1,877.6	1,882.3	1,878.9	1,846.2	1,890.3	1,891.2	1,896.3	5.1
Scientific research and development services	919.5	945.6	947.3	949.1	926.2	953.9	952.8	956.0	3.2
Advertising, public relations, and related services	500.2	514.5	517.7	518.6	502.3	520.4	520.0	520.9	0.9
Other professional, scientific, and technical services	849.5	864.3	865.9	867.1	857.1	873.8	875.4	876.0	0.6
Management of companies and enterprises	2,545.0	2,548.0	2,555.6	2,549.4	2,553.8	2,556.2	2,563.0	2,558.3	-4.7
Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services	9,279.8	9,083.6	9,151.3	9,206.4	9,510.5	9,417.0	9,413.1	9,416.8	3.7
Administrative and support services	8,789.8	8,578.7	8,644.7	8,698.6	9,014.1	8,903.4	8,900.3	8,903.0	2.7
Office administrative services	607.6	627.8	629.0	629.7	613.2	634.3	635.4	636.7	1.3
Facilities support services	167.0	173.3	175.4	175.3	167.2	173.7	174.7	174.9	0.2
Employment services(1)	3,639.9	3,434.8	3,482.4	3,480.7	3,714.3	3,546.5	3,535.7	3,536.0	0.3
Temporary help services	2,876.6	2,668.3	2,718.6	2,710.2	2,940.4	2,772.0	2,760.1	2,758.8	-1.3
Business support services	749.0	720.9	716.3	709.4	754.8	719.1	716.9	714.8	-2.1
Travel arrangement and reservation services	183.6	194.3	194.3	194.9	185.9	197.2	197.3	197.3	0.0
Investigation and security services	992.6	1,005.3	1,013.7	1,013.0	997.8	1,016.3	1,020.9	1,018.3	-2.6
Services to buildings and dwellings	2,118.7	2,088.1	2,096.0	2,156.5	2,244.9	2,273.2	2,274.5	2,281.2	6.7
Other support services	331.4	334.2	337.6	339.1	336.0	343.2	344.9	343.7	-1.2
Waste management and remediation services	490.0	504.9	506.6	507.8	496.4	513.6	512.8	513.8	1.0

Private education and health services	25,133	25,748	26,119	26,205	25,030	25,931	26,013	26,101	88
Private educational services	3,931.5	3,763.6	4,003.0	4,014.4	3,793.8	3,869.7	3,866.2	3,872.3	6.1
Health care and social assistance	21,201.7	21,983.9	22,115.6	22,190.2	21,236.0	22,061.5	22,146.9	22,228.2	81.3
Health care(3)	16,705.1	17,292.9	17,386.5	17,453.9	16,742.3	17,354.1	17,418.3	17,490.6	72.3
Ambulatory health care services	8,340.0	8,620.6	8,678.7	8,702.8	8,356.5	8,659.9	8,691.2	8,718.7	27.5
Offices of physicians	2,872.6	2,984.5	2,996.1	2,996.7	2,879.8	2,992.7	3,001.0	3,006.1	5.1
Offices of dentists	1,018.0	1,027.3	1,030.2	1,031.0	1,022.1	1,030.8	1,034.5	1,035.3	0.8
Offices of other health practitioners	1,134.3	1,176.6	1,192.4	1,191.5	1,138.3	1,185.9	1,191.5	1,195.6	4.1
Outpatient care centers	1,056.3	1,077.5	1,075.3	1,078.4	1,054.1	1,076.2	1,073.3	1,077.1	3.8
Medical and diagnostic laboratories	317.9	322.2	323.3	322.6	318.7	322.7	323.1	323.5	0.4
Home health care services	1,595.3	1,681.8	1,707.2	1,725.4	1,598.7	1,699.4	1,713.0	1,724.7	11.7
Other ambulatory health care services	345.6	350.7	354.2	357.2	344.9	352.2	354.7	356.4	1.7
Hospitals	5,270.4	5,451.8	5,477.8	5,506.6	5,277.9	5,462.2	5,487.3	5,514.4	27.1
Nursing and residential care facilities	3,094.7	3,220.5	3,230.0	3,244.5	3,107.9	3,232.0	3,239.8	3,257.5	17.7
Skilled nursing care facilities	1,388.3	1,447.1	1,447.5	1,453.7	1,397.5	1,450.9	1,453.3	1,462.8	9.5
Residential intellectual and developmental disability, mental health, and substance abuse facilities	623.2	651.3	657.5	659.1	625.0	655.4	659.4	661.6	2.2
Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly	927.5	963.7	965.7	970.3	929.4	966.4	967.7	971.8	4.1
Other residential care facilities	155.7	158.4	159.3	161.4	156.1	159.3	159.4	161.4	2.0
Social assistance	4,496.6	4,691.0	4,729.1	4,736.3	4,493.7	4,707.4	4,728.6	4,737.6	9.0
Individual and family services	2,966.9	3,127.2	3,153.4	3,159.8	2,970.4	3,137.3	3,154.8	3,164.0	9.2
Community food and housing, and emergency and other relief services	216.3	223.3	225.5	225.1	215.1	224.0	224.4	224.2	-0.2
Vocational rehabilitation services	278.0	283.4	286.1	287.5	279.1	287.4	288.1	288.1	0.0
Child care services	1,035.4	1,057.1	1,064.1	1,063.9	1,029.1	1,058.7	1,061.3	1,061.3	0.0

Leisure and hospitality	16,031	16,076	16,225	16,473	16,447	16,813	16,856	16,905	49
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2,292.8	2,372.4	2,403.6	2,477.5	2,461.1	2,618.4	2,629.8	2,647.3	17.5
Performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries	511.0	552.8	571.7	592.9	545.6	618.9	620.9	627.9	7.0
Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions	160.7	163.5	163.7	169.6	169.4	177.0	177.5	178.4	0.9
Amusement, gambling, and recreation industries	1,621.1	1,656.1	1,668.2	1,715.0	1,746.1	1,822.5	1,831.4	1,841.0	9.6
Accommodation and food services	13,738.3	13,703.8	13,821.2	13,995.0	13,986.2	14,194.8	14,226.3	14,257.8	31.5
Accommodation	1,806.7	1,821.5	1,829.4	1,855.2	1,880.1	1,923.7	1,926.7	1,929.9	3.2
Food services and drinking places	11,931.6	11,882.3	11,991.8	12,139.8	12,106.1	12,271.1	12,299.6	12,327.9	28.3

Other services	5,750	5,796	5,821	5,858	5,795	5,874	5,885	5,901	16
Repair and maintenance	1,429.2	1,457.7	1,461.4	1,473.1	1,437.2	1,475.9	1,477.8	1,482.0	4.2
Personal and laundry services	1,511.5	1,524.0	1,530.8	1,540.2	1,524.9	1,546.9	1,549.3	1,554.0	4.7
Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional, and similar organizations	2,809.4	2,813.8	2,829.0	2,844.7	2,832.6	2,851.3	2,857.6	2,865.4	7.8

Government	22,886	23,002	23,447	23,571	22,606	23,136	23,199	23,270	71
Federal	2,884	2,958	2,972	2,980	2,900	2,974	2,984	2,993	9
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service	2,280.2	2,353.5	2,364.9	2,371.6	2,296.0	2,368.1	2,377.3	2,386.3	9.0
U.S. Postal Service	603.5	604.8	607.1	608.2	603.6	605.9	606.3	607.1	0.8
State government	5,374	5,321	5,555	5,582	5,249	5,420	5,431	5,444	13
State government education	2,682.1	2,561.1	2,785.6	2,804.1	2,549.8	2,644.4	2,648.9	2,659.0	10.1
State government, excluding education	2,691.7	2,759.6	2,769.0	2,777.5	2,699.0	2,775.6	2,781.7	2,784.8	3.1
Local government	14,628	14,723	14,920	15,009	14,457	14,742	14,784	14,833	49
Local government education	8,204.7	8,159.3	8,318.2	8,357.1	7,930.7	8,047.6	8,061.7	8,079.6	17.9
Local government, excluding education	6,422.8	6,563.3	6,601.3	6,651.9	6,526.1	6,694.0	6,722.5	6,753.3	30.8
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Includes motor vehicle manufacturing, motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing. (3) Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Industry	Mar. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024(p)	Mar. 2024(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	34.4	34.2	34.3	34.4
Goods-producing	39.9	39.5	39.7	39.9
Mining and logging	45.7	44.6	45.1	45.4
Construction	38.9	38.5	38.9	39.3
Manufacturing	40.2	39.8	40.0	40.0
Durable goods	40.7	40.3	40.5	40.5
Nondurable goods	39.5	39.1	39.1	39.2
Private service-providing	33.4	33.1	33.3	33.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	34.0	33.6	33.9	34.0
Wholesale trade	38.8	38.9	39.1	39.1
Retail trade	30.1	29.4	29.8	29.8
Transportation and warehousing	38.2	38.1	38.0	38.4
Utilities	42.4	42.2	42.1	42.1
Information	36.4	36.3	36.4	36.5
Financial activities	37.4	37.3	37.5	37.6
Professional and business services	36.5	36.3	36.4	36.5
Private education and health services	33.4	33.2	33.3	33.2
Leisure and hospitality	25.4	25.3	25.6	25.5
Other services	32.2	32.2	32.3	32.3

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	3.0	2.8	3.0	2.9
Durable goods	3.2	2.9	3.1	3.0
Nondurable goods	2.8	2.7	2.7	2.7
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
Industry	Mar. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024(p)	Mar. 2024(p)	Mar. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024(p)	Mar. 2024(p)
Total private	$33.31	$34.51	$34.57	$34.69	$1,145.86	$1,180.24	$1,185.75	$1,193.34
Goods-producing	33.56	35.09	35.16	35.36	1,339.04	1,386.06	1,395.85	1,410.86
Mining and logging	37.28	39.10	39.34	39.10	1,703.70	1,743.86	1,774.23	1,775.14
Construction	35.99	37.60	37.60	37.80	1,400.01	1,447.60	1,462.64	1,485.54
Manufacturing	31.91	33.35	33.43	33.63	1,282.78	1,327.33	1,337.20	1,345.20
Durable goods	33.45	35.15	35.25	35.49	1,361.42	1,416.55	1,427.63	1,437.35
Nondurable goods	29.28	30.23	30.24	30.38	1,156.56	1,181.99	1,182.38	1,190.90
Private service-providing	33.25	34.38	34.44	34.54	1,110.55	1,137.98	1,146.85	1,150.18
Trade, transportation, and utilities	28.69	29.72	29.76	29.85	975.46	998.59	1,008.86	1,014.90
Wholesale trade	36.38	37.29	37.37	37.61	1,411.54	1,450.58	1,461.17	1,470.55
Retail trade	23.67	24.24	24.33	24.35	712.47	712.66	725.03	725.63
Transportation and warehousing	28.83	30.46	30.48	30.55	1,101.31	1,160.53	1,158.24	1,173.12
Utilities	49.37	50.78	50.77	50.81	2,093.29	2,142.92	2,137.42	2,139.10
Information	48.21	49.14	49.25	49.48	1,754.84	1,783.78	1,792.70	1,806.02
Financial activities	42.75	44.78	44.99	45.23	1,598.85	1,670.29	1,687.13	1,700.65
Professional and business services	39.99	41.43	41.51	41.68	1,459.64	1,503.91	1,510.96	1,521.32
Private education and health services	32.89	33.78	33.84	33.83	1,098.53	1,121.50	1,126.87	1,123.16
Leisure and hospitality	20.98	21.67	21.79	21.90	532.89	548.25	557.82	558.45
Other services	29.93	31.15	31.18	31.06	963.75	1,003.03	1,007.11	1,003.24
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted [2007=100]
Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(1)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(2)
Industry	Mar. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024(p)	Mar. 2024(p)	Percent change from: Feb. 2024 - Mar. 2024(p)	Mar. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024(p)	Mar. 2024(p)	Percent change from: Feb. 2024 - Mar. 2024(p)
Total private	114.5	115.4	115.9	116.5	0.5	182.4	190.4	191.6	193.2	0.8
Goods-producing	97.8	97.9	98.5	99.2	0.7	148.3	155.3	156.5	158.5	1.3
Mining and logging	91.2	89.8	91.0	92.0	1.1	136.5	141.0	143.7	144.4	0.5
Construction	106.5	108.1	109.6	111.2	1.5	166.5	176.6	179.0	182.7	2.1
Manufacturing	93.5	92.8	93.2	93.2	0.0	138.8	144.0	144.9	145.8	0.6
Durable goods	92.5	92.4	92.8	92.9	0.1	137.4	144.2	145.3	146.4	0.8
Nondurable goods	95.8	94.1	94.0	94.1	0.1	142.3	144.4	144.2	145.1	0.6
Private service-providing	119.5	120.1	121.0	121.2	0.2	193.1	200.6	202.5	203.5	0.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	107.1	106.0	107.1	107.5	0.4	165.6	169.9	171.9	173.1	0.7
Wholesale trade	104.3	105.6	106.1	106.2	0.1	158.8	164.7	165.8	167.1	0.8
Retail trade	95.4	93.5	94.9	95.0	0.1	149.4	149.8	152.6	152.9	0.2
Transportation and warehousing	144.2	142.7	142.8	144.3	1.1	211.6	221.1	221.4	224.3	1.3
Utilities	104.9	106.9	107.2	107.1	-0.1	171.0	179.3	179.8	179.8	0.0
Information	101.5	100.1	100.3	100.6	0.3	174.3	175.2	175.9	177.2	0.7
Financial activities	112.1	112.8	113.3	113.6	0.3	186.9	197.0	198.8	200.5	0.9
Professional and business services	130.2	130.2	130.7	131.1	0.3	210.9	218.5	219.7	221.3	0.7
Private education and health services	136.5	140.6	141.4	141.5	0.1	216.0	228.4	230.3	230.3	0.0
Leisure and hospitality	119.2	121.4	123.1	123.0	-0.1	201.8	212.2	216.4	217.3	0.4
Other services	107.6	109.1	109.6	109.9	0.3	176.5	186.2	187.3	187.1	-0.1
Footnotes (1) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Industry	Women employees (in thousands)				Percent of all employees
Industry	Mar. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024(p)	Mar. 2024(p)	Mar. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024(p)	Mar. 2024(p)
Total nonfarm	77,301	78,587	78,689	78,847	49.8	49.9	49.9	49.9
Total private	64,109	65,072	65,140	65,257	48.3	48.4	48.4	48.4
Goods-producing	4,958	5,020	5,008	5,009	23.1	23.1	23.0	23.0
Mining and logging	82	85	86	87	12.9	13.3	13.4	13.5
Construction	1,121	1,161	1,163	1,164	14.1	14.3	14.2	14.2
Manufacturing	3,755	3,774	3,759	3,758	29.0	29.1	29.0	29.0
Durable goods	2,006	2,026	2,022	2,022	24.8	24.9	24.8	24.8
Nondurable goods	1,749	1,748	1,737	1,736	36.0	36.3	36.1	36.1
Private service-providing	59,151	60,052	60,132	60,248	53.2	53.3	53.3	53.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	11,340	11,274	11,260	11,261	39.3	39.0	38.9	38.9
Wholesale trade	1,875.6	1,872.1	1,868.0	1,870.9	30.8	30.4	30.4	30.4
Retail trade	7,529.8	7,516.8	7,509.6	7,514.8	48.3	48.1	48.0	48.0
Transportation and warehousing	1,784.8	1,730.0	1,726.8	1,719.4	27.2	26.5	26.4	26.3
Utilities	149.7	155.3	156.0	155.4	26.2	26.5	26.5	26.4
Information	1,228	1,221	1,215	1,215	40.2	40.4	40.3	40.3
Financial activities	5,087	5,137	5,135	5,133	55.6	55.7	55.7	55.6
Professional and business services	10,504	10,537	10,561	10,571	46.1	46.0	46.0	46.1
Private education and health services	19,243	19,919	19,984	20,064	76.9	76.8	76.8	76.9
Leisure and hospitality	8,664	8,833	8,837	8,855	52.7	52.5	52.4	52.4
Other services	3,085	3,131	3,140	3,149	53.2	53.3	53.4	53.4
Government	13,192	13,515	13,549	13,590	58.4	58.4	58.4	58.4
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [In thousands]
Industry	Mar. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024(p)	Mar. 2024(p)
Total private	107,954	109,430	109,606	109,815
Goods-producing	15,433	15,540	15,535	15,564
Mining and logging	482	501	504	509
Construction	5,853	5,971	5,977	6,010
Manufacturing	9,098	9,068	9,054	9,045
Durable goods	5,606	5,582	5,572	5,567
Nondurable goods	3,492	3,486	3,482	3,478
Private service-providing	92,521	93,890	94,071	94,251
Trade, transportation, and utilities	24,285	24,355	24,394	24,411
Wholesale trade	4,833.6	4,861.5	4,853.2	4,859.1
Retail trade	13,254.5	13,357.1	13,364.8	13,379.6
Transportation and warehousing	5,743.1	5,669.6	5,706.1	5,703.8
Utilities	453.9	466.7	469.9	468.6
Information	2,436	2,432	2,425	2,418
Financial activities	6,892	6,948	6,957	6,963
Professional and business services	18,065	18,082	18,097	18,115
Private education and health services	21,774	22,600	22,678	22,760
Leisure and hospitality	14,356	14,699	14,740	14,794
Other services	4,713	4,774	4,780	4,790
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry	Mar. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024(p)	Mar. 2024(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	33.9	33.6	33.8	33.9
Goods-producing	40.5	39.9	40.4	40.7
Mining and logging	47.7	46.9	47.6	47.6
Construction	39.6	38.9	39.6	40.1
Manufacturing	40.6	40.2	40.6	40.7
Durable goods	40.9	40.4	40.9	40.9
Nondurable goods	40.3	39.9	40.1	40.2
Private service-providing	32.7	32.5	32.7	32.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	34.0	33.8	33.9	34.0
Wholesale trade	38.8	38.8	39.2	39.1
Retail trade	30.3	30.1	30.2	30.2
Transportation and warehousing	37.8	37.6	37.5	37.8
Utilities	42.7	42.4	42.3	42.5
Information	36.0	35.8	35.7	36.0
Financial activities	37.2	36.8	36.9	37.0
Professional and business services	36.3	36.1	36.3	36.4
Private education and health services	32.6	32.4	32.5	32.5
Leisure and hospitality	24.2	24.0	24.3	24.4
Other services	31.2	31.1	31.3	31.4

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	3.6	3.5	3.6	3.6
Durable goods	3.8	3.4	3.6	3.6
Nondurable goods	3.4	3.6	3.5	3.5
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
Industry	Mar. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024(p)	Mar. 2024(p)	Mar. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024(p)	Mar. 2024(p)
Total private	$28.58	$29.64	$29.72	$29.79	$968.86	$995.90	$1,004.54	$1,009.88
Goods-producing	29.14	30.57	30.68	30.84	1,180.17	1,219.74	1,239.47	1,255.19
Mining and logging	33.71	36.11	36.55	36.21	1,607.97	1,693.56	1,739.78	1,723.60
Construction	33.76	35.30	35.24	35.42	1,336.90	1,373.17	1,395.50	1,420.34
Manufacturing	25.95	27.21	27.36	27.48	1,053.57	1,093.84	1,110.82	1,118.44
Durable goods	27.08	28.53	28.74	28.93	1,107.57	1,152.61	1,175.47	1,183.24
Nondurable goods	24.12	25.05	25.11	25.11	972.04	999.50	1,006.91	1,009.42
Private service-providing	28.46	29.45	29.53	29.57	930.64	957.13	965.63	966.94
Trade, transportation, and utilities	25.01	25.78	25.88	25.96	850.34	871.36	877.33	882.64
Wholesale trade	30.17	30.94	31.05	31.17	1,170.60	1,200.47	1,217.16	1,218.75
Retail trade	20.38	20.75	20.81	20.92	617.51	624.58	628.46	631.78
Transportation and warehousing	27.45	28.94	29.10	29.06	1,037.61	1,088.14	1,091.25	1,098.47
Utilities	43.71	44.88	44.64	44.96	1,866.42	1,902.91	1,888.27	1,910.80
Information	39.16	40.55	40.40	40.72	1,409.76	1,451.69	1,442.28	1,465.92
Financial activities	33.38	35.03	35.24	35.41	1,241.74	1,289.10	1,300.36	1,310.17
Professional and business services	33.82	34.96	35.03	35.19	1,227.67	1,262.06	1,271.59	1,280.92
Private education and health services	29.97	30.83	30.96	30.86	977.02	998.89	1,006.20	1,002.95
Leisure and hospitality	18.33	19.22	19.27	19.28	443.59	461.28	468.26	470.43
Other services	25.68	26.99	27.00	26.83	801.22	839.39	845.10	842.46
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [2002=100]
Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(2)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(3)
Industry	Mar. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024(p)	Mar. 2024(p)	Percent change from: Feb. 2024 - Mar. 2024(p)	Mar. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024(p)	Mar. 2024(p)	Percent change from: Feb. 2024 - Mar. 2024(p)
Total private	122.0	122.5	123.5	124.1	0.5	232.9	242.7	245.2	247.0	0.7
Goods-producing	95.5	94.8	95.9	96.8	0.9	170.4	177.4	180.2	182.8	1.4
Mining and logging	122.2	124.9	127.5	128.7	0.9	239.5	262.2	271.0	271.1	0.0
Construction	116.1	116.3	118.5	120.7	1.9	211.6	221.7	225.5	230.8	2.4
Manufacturing	84.8	83.7	84.4	84.5	0.1	143.9	148.9	151.0	151.9	0.6
Durable goods	86.1	84.7	85.6	85.5	-0.1	145.6	150.9	153.6	154.5	0.6
Nondurable goods	82.9	82.0	82.3	82.4	0.1	141.3	145.1	146.0	146.2	0.1
Private service-providing	128.9	130.0	131.1	131.3	0.2	251.6	262.6	265.5	266.3	0.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	115.6	115.2	115.8	116.2	0.3	206.6	212.3	214.1	215.5	0.7
Wholesale trade	111.3	111.9	112.9	112.8	-0.1	198.2	204.4	206.9	207.4	0.2
Retail trade	101.8	101.9	102.3	102.4	0.1	177.9	181.4	182.6	183.8	0.7
Transportation and warehousing	164.3	161.3	161.9	163.2	0.8	287.1	297.2	300.0	301.8	0.6
Utilities	99.1	101.2	101.7	101.9	0.2	180.8	189.6	189.4	191.1	0.9
Information	100.1	99.4	98.8	99.4	0.6	194.1	199.5	197.6	200.3	1.4
Financial activities	120.7	120.3	120.8	121.3	0.4	247.8	259.3	261.9	264.2	0.9
Professional and business services	146.4	145.7	146.6	147.2	0.4	294.5	303.0	305.5	308.1	0.9
Private education and health services	151.3	156.1	157.1	157.7	0.4	299.4	317.7	321.1	321.2	0.0
Leisure and hospitality	127.3	129.2	131.2	132.2	0.8	264.9	282.0	287.1	289.5	0.8
Other services	103.1	104.1	104.9	105.5	0.6	193.0	204.8	206.4	206.2	-0.1
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

Last Modified Date: April 05, 2024