The third book &quot;Nomads and a calendar: from the beginning to the present day&quot; (collection of articles 2018-2020)

Kaldarhan Kambar

Proving his three laws of motion using complex formulas, at the end of his book Sir Isaac Newton wrote in the form of an essay about the mysterious fourth law of the Universe, which acts on living earthly beings in the form of a vibrating Spirit or light. Unfortunately, modern science did not see anything special in these lines, thereby losing sight of the fact that this is Newton's fourth and special law. I am firmly convinced that the future of all mankind is closely connected with this law, the only question is how we will correctly understand and study it.

Preface The ancient Turkic-speaking peoples and Kazakh nomads developed (for agricultural and meteorological purposes) a remarkable lunar-stellar calendar, called "Togys esebi". This article explains that calendar in non-technical language, and describes some properties of the calendar. The principles underlying the Kazakh Nomad calendar are quite simple. The beginning of the month coincides with the moment when the Moon covers the Pleiades. As the difference between the synodic and sidereal cycles of the Moon is about 2.2 days, each subsequent meeting of the Pleiades and the Moon occurs at a lunar phase that is about 2.2 days earlier than the previous lunar phase. Because the sidereal period of the Moon-the time it takes to return to the same position in the sky, such as the position of the Pleiades-is approximately 27.322 days, such a sidereal month, when measured in whole days, always has either 27 or 28 days. A year in the Kazakh Nomad Calendar always has either 13 or 14 (sidereal) months. A 13-month year (almost) always has either 355 or 356 days, and a 14-month year (almost) always has either 382 or 383 days. Like the Chinese, the Kazakh nomads named years by using a cycle of 12 animal names, and so the sequence of years was thus divided into 12-year periods. Excerpted from http://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud/knc/Kazakh_Nomad_Calendar.htm and related articles by Peter J. Meyer [44, 45, 46]

Astronomy – as we all know, is one of the oldest natural sciences. Early sedentary and nomadic civilizations in oral and written history conducted methodical observations of the night sky. These include the Babylonians, Greeks, Indians, Egyptians, Chinese, Mesoamerican peoples and nomads of Central Asia and Eurasia. Elementary astronomy of the past included disciplines as diverse as astrometry, celestial navigation, observational astronomy, and the making of calendars. Today, professional or technical astronomy is often referred to as astrophysics or modern astronomy. In the world there can be no spontaneous knowledge that has arisen from nowhere without explainable reasons. This is exactly what happened with the ancient knowledge of the nomads, he appeared as nomads themselves out of nowhere. Modern science must test all hypotheses, even the most absurd ones, such as the recent test of the EmDrive motor (the concept for a radio frequency (RF) resonant cavity thruster: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EmDrive), which negates Newton's third law (force cannot arise by itself without the interaction of physical bodies). For obvious reasons (barbarians cannot have science), at first modern science did not take this ancient knowledge seriously. This is understandable, because if this ancient knowledge really works, he could disprove some of the basic axioms that are known to modern astronomers about the solar system and the universe. Over the past three years, about 3 thousand European scientists (the total number of readers is about 297 thousand) got acquainted with this knowledge, and now some of them admit that this knowledge really works. If modern science recognizes this knowledge of the nomads, it will be necessary to rewrite the already written «unshakable» axioms and dogmas over the past five hundred or even a thousand years. «To be or not to be» – this Shakespearean question has been hanging over European knowledge for the third year in a row. If there is at least some justice in this world, the outcome of these reflections should be a complete or partial rejection of some concepts in the cosmological model, cosmogonic hypotheses, celestial mechanics, natural science, astronomy, ethnology, philosophy, cultural studies, since they do not correspond to reality. Sooner or later, this will happen, for the truth is like a needle, it cannot be hidden, it will prick you everywhere...

THIS BOOK HAS BEEN WAITING FOR ITS PUBLICATION FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS KALDARHAN KAMBAR NOMADS AND A CALENDAR: FROM THE BEGINNING TO TODAY By Kaldarhan A. Kambar Nomads and a Calendar: from the Beginning to Today (literary – popular science book) (collection of articles 2018-2020) First published May 29, 2020 – Almaty city I am one hundred percent sure that for any person and any country a real breakthrough will occur only when you remember your old history and truth, no matter how convenient or uncomfortable these past ones are. This is my life motto and I will die with this motto. 2 Nomads – their mysterious mentality, their calendar and much more, which you did not know before Annotation For the first time in the history of mankind, this book sets out in detail fascinating information about mysterious nomads and their calendars, about mentalities and traditions that were not previously known to a Western audience. All this valuable information of interest to modern science has become available thanks to the author of the book, who is a hereditary nomad and selftaught who studied several subjects of science at once. Therefore, in this book the reader will find many interesting facts and ideas regarding astronomy, mathematics, and the history of the calendar. Who would have thought that the calendars that arose on different continents have common roots, which neither modern science nor scientists had previously been aware of. The author of the book not only devoted his whole life to writing this book, but also tried very hard to write this fundamental topic in an understandable language so that readers can easily read it and understand the meaning and content. During the reading of this book, you can in its pages find history, philosophy, ethnology, astronomy, mathematics and other fields of science not only of nomads, but also of the peoples of Europe, Mesoamerica and other ancient civilizations. The book is intended for reading to a large audience of readers: from school students, university students and scientists to ordinary people who crave for knowledge. U.S. Copyright © 2017 – Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar Academia.edu Copyright © 2018-2020 – Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar 3 Certificate of Registration Registration Number TX 8-321-046 Effective Date of Registration: April 04, 2017 Write on any question that worries you, I will try to answer. 4 Brief autobiography Kaldarkhan son of Alseid, grandson of Kambar, great-grandson of Baikabyl-kazhy. Kazakh, from the branch – Boribay, from the clan – Mangytay, from the tribe – Konyrat. Born December 30, 1963 in the Turkestan region, Otyrar district, the village of Shaulder. He studied at the school named after Zhambyl Zhabayev between 1970-1980. Between 1980-1982 he worked as a concrete worker of the 2nd category in the construction of an agricultural complex for animals. Between 1982-1984 he served in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (DDR) as a senior shooter (machine gunner). In 1985-1990 he studied at the Kazakh National University Al-Farabi at the Faculty of Journalism. In 1990-2001 he worked in the journal Zhalin (1990-1991), was the first editor of the Islamic newspaper Al-Iman (1991-1995), then he worked for the international newspaper Turkestan (19962001) and other media. In 2002-2012, he worked in various translation companies, worked as a translator from Russian into Kazakh. In 2012–2019 he worked and works in the post of editor of the state language in the quasi-state company of architecture and urban planning of the Research Institute “Almaty bas zhospary”. In 1985-2018, not looking up from creativity and journalism, I studied the "Kazakh national calendar." During this time, it was possible to completely revive the lunar-star calendar "Togys esebi", which the Turkic-speaking nomads used for several thousand years. I am particularly interested in the “secrets” of all the ancient calendars (Maya, Qumran, Sumerian, Egypt, Roman, etc.). I like to reveal the details of calendars that others do not see. Indirectly writing an article on the favorite theme of nomads. My mailing address is: Republic of Kazakhstan, zip code: A05F7B5, Almaty city, Gani Muratbaev street, 125, apartment 367 Mobile phone: +7 (778) 464 3064, +7 (705) 209 3584 Email: kaldarhan79@yandex.kz, kkaldarhan@gmail.com 5 Book contents Cover – Page 1 Title page – Page 2-3 U.S. Copyright © 2017 – Page 4 Brief autobiography – Page 5 Book contents – Page 6 Electronic content – Page 7-12 Foreword – Page 13-14 Introduction – Page 15-17 INSTEAD OF A PROLOGUE, or who am I, or what do I want to achieve? – Page 18-28 CHAPTER 1 This whole story began with the Mayan calendar – Page 29-90 CHAPTER 2 Kazakh National Calendar – Page 91-178 CHAPTER 3 Why did the ancient peoples choose not 365, but 364 days a year? – Page 179-258 CHAPTER 4 Military mysteries and moral pillars of Nomads – Page 259-395 CHAPTER 5 The Lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” of the Peoples of Eurasia – Page 396-499 CHAPTER 6 Nomads lived in harmony with nature – Page 500-601 CHAPTER 7 COVID-19 is a nightmare, but it is not a disaster or an apocalypse – Page 602-645 EPILOGUE or what is special about these nomad calendars? – Page 646-649 6 ELECTRONIC CONTENT OR DIRECT LINKS TO MY ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN 2018-2020 IN ACADEMIA.EDU 1. New look at the modern codification of the mayan calendar (full text) https://www.academia.edu/37620443/NEW_LOOK_AT_THE_MODERN_CODIFICATION_OF_THE_M AYAN_CALENDAR_full_text_ 2. Part 6. It's time to change the views on the mayan calendar (Maya Calendar Discussion) https://www.academia.edu/37724367/Part_6._ITS_TIME_TO_CHANGE_THE_VIEWS_ON_THE_MAYA N_CALENDAR_Maya_Calendar_Discussion 3. Kazakh National Calendar (full text) https://www.academia.edu/37941274/KAZAKH_NATIONAL_CALENDAR_full_text_ 4. Kazakh National Calendar, ready-made sample for use https://www.academia.edu/37894026/KAZAKH_NATIONAL_CALENDAR_READYMADE_SAMPLE_FOR_USE 5. Definition and establishment of chronology of turkic-speaking peoples and kazakhs https://www.academia.edu/37982488/DEFINITION_AND_ESTABLISHMENT_OF_CHRONOLOGY_OF _TURKIC-SPEAKING_PEOPLES_AND_KAZAKHS 6. Why did the ancient peoples choose not 365, but 364 days a year https://www.academia.edu/38014059/WHY_DID_THE_ANCIENT_PEOPLES_CHOOSE_NOT_365_BUT _364_DAYS_A_YEAR 7. Nomads, their idea of time and space (universe) https://www.academia.edu/38044471/NOMADS_THEIR_IDEA_OF_TIME_AND_SPACE_UNIVERSE_ 8. © Acting United States Register of Copyrights, Copyright Office, Certificate of Registration, Author Information and Others https://www.academia.edu/38072910/_Acting_United_States_Register_of_Copyrights_Copyright_Office_C ertificate_of_Registration_Author_Information_and_Others 9. The 4th part of the study from 2010 to 2017: the 12-year animal cycle and the concept of the Galaxy in nomads. Chapter 2. The similarity of the Mayan and Aztec calendars with the nomad calendars, as well as the mathematics of the Galaxy. https://www.academia.edu/38072972/The_4th_part_of_the_study_from_2010_to_2017_the_12year_animal_cycle_and_the_concept_of_the_Galaxy_in_nomads._Chapter_2._The_similarity_of_the_Maya n_and_Aztec_calendars_with_the_nomad_calendars_as_well_as_the_mathematics_of_the_Galaxy 10. The 4th part of the study from 2010 to 2017: the 12-year animal cycle and the concept of the Galaxy in nomads. Chapter 1. The 12-year animal cycle: past and present. https://www.academia.edu/38073015/The_4th_part_of_the_study_from_2010_to_2017_the_12year_animal_cycle_and_the_concept_of_the_Galaxy_in_nomads._Chapter_1._The_12year_animal_cycle_past_and_present 7 11. 3rd part of the study from 2000 to 2010: Calendar systems of nomads and Kazakhs. Chapter 3. Lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi": structure and principles of work. https://www.academia.edu/38073131/3rd_part_of_the_study_from_2000_to_2010_Calendar_systems_of_no mads_and_Kazakhs._Chapter_3._Lunar-stellar_calendar_Togys_esebi_structure_and_principles_of_work 12. 3rd part of the study from 2000 to 2010: Calendar systems of nomads and Kazakhs. Chapter 2. Urker esebi and Zhuldyz esebi in the form of "Zhuldyz uyalary" (Nakshatra). https://www.academia.edu/38073409/3rd_part_of_the_study_from_2000_to_2010_Calendar_systems_of_no mads_and_Kazakhs._Chapter_2._Urker_esebi_and_Zhuldyz_esebi_in_the_form_of_Zhuldyz_uyalary_Naks hatra_ 13. 3rd part of the study from 2000 to 2010: Calendar systems of nomads and Kazakhs. Chapter 1 Astronomical concept of ancient and modern Kazakhs. https://www.academia.edu/38073475/3rd_part_of_the_study_from_2000_to_2010_Calendar_systems_of_no mads_and_Kazakhs._Chapter_1_Astronomical_concept_of_ancient_and_modern_Kazakhs 14. 2nd part of the study from 1995 to 2000: Astro-mathematical foundations of calendars. https://www.academia.edu/38073665/2nd_part_of_the_study_from_1995_to_2000_Astromathematical_foundations_of_calendars 15. 1st part of the study from 1985 to 1995: The archaeoastronomic image of Kazakhstan. https://www.academia.edu/38073768/1st_part_of_the_study_from_1985_to_1995_The_archaeoastronomic_i mage_of_Kazakhstan 16. Kazakh National Calendar, Cover, Abstract, ISBN and others.pdf https://www.academia.edu/38073790/Kazakh_National_Calendar_Cover_Abstract_ISBN_and_others 17. Казахский национальный календарь (польный текст на рус. языке) https://www.academia.edu/38074128/КАЗАХСКИЙ_НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ_КАЛЕНДАРЬ_польный_текс т_на_рус._языке_ 18. Захарова И.В., Двенадцатилетний животный цикл у народов Центральной Азии., Статья. Перевод на казахском языке (К.А.Камбар) и электронная версия на русском языке https://www.academia.edu/38093922/Захарова_И.В._Двенадцатилетний_животный_цикл_у_народов_Ц ентральной_Азии._Статья._Перевод_на_казахском_языке_К.А.Камбар_и_электронная_версия_на_ру сском_языке 19. 2. Nomads, their idea of time and space (universe).pdf https://www.academia.edu/38102330/2._NOMADS_THEIR_IDEA_OF_TIME_AND_SPACE_UNIVERSE _ 20. Кочевники и их представление о времени и пространстве (вселенной).pdf https://www.academia.edu/38102348/КОЧЕВНИКИ_И_ИХ_ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЕ_О_ВРЕМЕНИ_И_ПР ОСТРАНСТВЕ_ВСЕЛЕННОЙ_pdf 8 21. Новый взгляд на современную кодификацию календаря maйя https://www.academia.edu/38115740/38115740/НОВЫЙ_ВЗГЛЯД_НА_СОВРЕМЕННУЮ_КОДИФИК АЦИЮ_КАЛЕНДАРЯ_MAЙЯ 22. My "primitive-nomadic" view of the future of our civilization.pdf https://www.academia.edu/38265853/MY_PRIMITIVENOMADIC_VIEW_OF_THE_FUTURE_OF_OUR_CIVILIZATION 23. A new idea for the "world calendar" can be found in the "strange" calculations of ancient civilizations https://www.academia.edu/38266899/A_NEW_IDEA_FOR_THE_WORLD_CALENDAR_CAN_BE_FOU ND_IN_THE_STRANGE_CALCULATIONS_OF_ANCIENT_CIVILIZATIONS 24. The mysterious soul of the nomads.pdf https://www.academia.edu/38377267/THE_MYSTERIOUS_SOUL_OF_THE_NOMADS 25. 2 The mysterious soul of the nomads.pdf https://www.academia.edu/38404580/2_THE_MYSTERIOUS_SOUL_OF_THE_NOMADS 26. 3 The mysterious soul of the nomads.pdf https://www.academia.edu/38427909/3_THE_MYSTERIOUS_SOUL_OF_THE_NOMADS 27. 4 The mysterious soul of the nomads.pdf https://www.academia.edu/38509016/4_THE_MYSTERIOUS_SOUL_OF_THE_NOMADS 28. 5 The mysterious soul of the nomads.pdf https://www.academia.edu/38509058/5_THE_MYSTERIOUS_SOUL_OF_THE_NOMADS 29. Nomads were the object of god's experiment https://www.academia.edu/39223514/NOMADS_WERE_THE_OBJECT_OF_GODS_EXPERIMENT 30. Military mysteries and moral pillars of nomads https://www.academia.edu/39223522/MILITARY_MYSTERIES_AND_MORAL_PILLARS_OF_NOMAD S 31. The brutal era of "the silence of the lambs" has passed; what to do to avoid becoming "lambs" again https://www.academia.edu/39368710/THE_BRUTAL_ERA_OF_THE_SILENCE_OF_THE_LAMBS_HAS _PASSED_WHAT_TO_DO_TO_AVOID_BECOMING_LAMBS_AGAIN 32. The alien was a guest at the nomad sagynbay https://www.academia.edu/39601117/THE_ALIEN_WAS_A_GUEST_AT_THE_NOMAD_SAGYNBAY 33. The calendar of the Pleiades and the Moon carries "New Knowledge" for humanity https://www.academia.edu/39715886/The_calendar_of_the_Pleiades_and_the_Moon_carries_New_Knowle dge_for_humanity 9 34. Ordinary miracle of nomads https://www.academia.edu/39864281/Ordinary_miracle_of_nomads 35. The book "Nomads – their mysterious mentality, their calendar and much more that you did not know before" https://www.academia.edu/39984960/The_book_Nomads__their_mysterious_mentality_their_calendar_and_much_more_that_you_did_not_know_before_ 36. Supernatural miracle of Sufi ishanas https://www.academia.edu/40196014/Supernatural_miracle_of_Sufi_ishanas 37. Description of the lunar stellar calendar Togys esebi and the rule of its use (Picture 1 37) https://www.academia.edu/40501562/Description_of_the_lunar_stellar_calendar_Togys_esebi_and_the_rule _of_its_use_Picture_1_37_ 38. Description of the lunar-stellar calendar Togys esebi and the rule of its use (table) https://www.academia.edu/40501568/Description_of_the_lunarstellar_calendar_Togys_esebi_and_the_rule_of_its_use_table_ 39. Description of the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi" and the rule of its use https://www.academia.edu/40501571/Description_of_the_lunarstellar_calendar_Togys_esebi_and_the_rule_of_its_use 40. The Lunar-stellar Calendar "Togys esebi" of the Peoples of Eurasia https://www.academia.edu/40526358/The_Lunar-stellar_Calendar_Togys_esebi_of_the_Peoples_of_Eurasia 41. Continuation or the 2nd article "Ordinary miracle of nomads" https://www.academia.edu/40843797/Continuation_or_the_2nd_article_Ordinary_miracle_of_nomads_ 42. The Great Secrets of Etzhemes Eshan https://www.academia.edu/41031161/The_Great_Secrets_of_Etzhemes_Eshan 43. Kazakh latin alphabet https://www.academia.edu/41120150/Kazakh_latin_alphabet 44. The final version of the "Kazakh Latin alphabet" https://www.academia.edu/41272544/The_final_version_of_the_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_ 45. Paganism from the glut of knowledge https://www.academia.edu/41325702/Paganism_from_the_glut_of_knowledge 46. Boribay shezhiresi https://www.academia.edu/41408140/Boribay_shezhiresi 10 47. Nomads lived in harmony with nature https://www.academia.edu/41501968/Nomads_lived_in_harmony_with_nature 48. Once upon a time, nomads were different... https://www.academia.edu/41635953/Once_upon_a_time_nomads_were_different.. 49. Civilization clash prevention path https://www.academia.edu/41635957/Civilization_clash_prevention_path 50. The sedentary lifestyle won, the nomads lost, but is it a victory https://www.academia.edu/41690680/The_sedentary_lifestyle_won_the_nomads_lost_but_is_it_a_victory 51. Second book "From ancient to modern nomads of Turkestan" (collection of articles 2019-2020) https://www.academia.edu/41711359/Second_book_From_ancient_to_modern_nomads_of_Turkestan_colle ction_of_articles_2019-2020_ 52. The famous but unknown to us "Stellar Calendar" https://www.academia.edu/41786231/The_famous_but_unknown_to_us_Stellar_Calendar_ 53. Artificial Intelligence vs. Human Mind https://www.academia.edu/41838420/Artificial_Intelligence_vs._Human_Mind 54. Features of calendars of Ancient Rome, Maya and nomads of Turkestan https://www.academia.edu/41920625/Features_of_calendars_of_Ancient_Rome_Maya_and_nomads_of_Tur kestan 55. Nomad's mobile housing – a deep technology of antiquity https://www.academia.edu/41996347/Nomads_mobile_housing_-_a_deep_technology_of_antiquity 56. Once again about the Latin alphabet of the Kazakh language https://www.academia.edu/42014359/Once_again_about_the_Latin_alphabet_of_the_Kazakh_language 57. Technical concept of the Kazakh latin alphabet https://www.academia.edu/42041548/Technical_concept_of_the_Kazakh_latin_alphabet 58. Algorithm for God's participation in worldly affairs https://www.academia.edu/42124050/Algorithm_for_Gods_participation_in_worldly_affairs 59. COVID 19 is a nightmare but it is not a disaster or an apocalypse https://www.academia.edu/42241204/COVID_19_is_a_nightmare_but_it_is_not_a_disaster_or_an_apocalyp se 60. 21-30 juz (para) of the Holy Quran, the idea and compilation belongs to Kambar K.A https://www.academia.edu/42953438/2130_Juz_Para_of_the_Holy_Quran_the_idea_and_compilation_belongs_to_Kambar_K.A 11 61. 11-20 juz (para) of the Holy Quran, the idea and compilation belongs to Kambar K.A https://www.academia.edu/42953440/1120_Juz_Para_of_the_Holy_Quran_the_idea_and_compilation_belongs_to_Kambar_K.A 62. 1-10 juz (para) of the Holy Quran, the idea and compilation belongs to Kambar K.A https://www.academia.edu/42953443/110_Juz_Para_of_the_Holy_Quran_the_idea_and_compilation_belongs_to_Kambar_K.A 63. Kambar K.A. Translation work Kazakh Russian English dictionary on oil and gas https://www.academia.edu/42953584/Kambar_K.A._Translation_work_Kazakh_Russian_English_dictionar y_on_oil_and_gas 64. Kambar K.A. Translation work Economics and law Russian Kazakh explanatory dictionary https://www.academia.edu/42953588/Kambar_K.A._Translation_work_Economics_and_law_Russian_Kaza kh_explanatory_dictionary 65. Kambar K.A. Translation work - Legal Russian-Kazakh explanatory dictionary-reference book https://www.academia.edu/42953592/Kambar_K.A._Translation_work_-_Legal_RussianKazakh_explanatory_dictionary-reference_book 66. K.A.Kambar Literary work “The name of a good man does not die” https://www.academia.edu/42953596/K.A.Kambar_Literary_work_The_name_of_a_good_man_does_not_di e_ 67. K.A.Kambar Literary work in the Kazakh language “Revered” (Tagzym) https://www.academia.edu/42953601/K.A.Kambar_Literary_work_in_the_Kazakh_language_Revered_Tagz ym_ 68. A brief history of my books or why I want to publish them myself https://www.academia.edu/42953611/A_brief_history_of_my_books_or_why_I_want_to_publish_them_my self 69. Force majeure on a global scale and what to do now? https://www.academia.edu/42987327/Force_majeure_on_a_global_scale_and_what_to_do_now 70. The 19-year cycle is the tip of the iceberg, below is the great mystery of the universe https://www.academia.edu/43139285/The_19year_cycle_is_the_tip_of_the_iceberg_below_is_the_great_mystery_of_the_universe 71. The third book "Nomads and a calendar: from the beginning to the present day" (collection of articles 2019-2020) 12 Dedicated to the forgotten spirit of nomadism Foreword At the beginning of the year (February 1, 2020, Saturday), when COVID-19 had not yet been declared a pandemic across the Earth, I received a proposal from the Lambert Academic Publishing (Germany) to publish my book based on articles "From ancient to modern nomads of Turkestan", which were published in the public domain on Academia.edu. This second book, like the first one, based on my articles in Academia.edu, was a “draft version” for me, but I thought about writing a completely edited, serious book. Actually, I was preparing to write this book all my life, but I never thought that he would come so early and unexpectedly. “To be means to be," says an English proverb. Someday we all had to (and will have to) cross our Rubicon so that we could not return to our past. I write these lines, and my hands tremble, of course this is not from fear, but from excitement. However, all these years (57 years), some incomprehensible force for my consciousness (reason) constantly pushed me to write this book. Whom should I thank for this courage and perseverance in my soul? I will not mention the name of my parents and the many people who contributed to this book. I will name only one word “God” (in the Kazakh language “Qudai”), the whole meaning of which is clear to billions of people on Earth. No one will deny that he brutally checks people in the most sophisticated ways that even medieval inquisitors did not think of and dreamed about. However, its basic essence consists of “mercy and mercy” towards us. The one who understands this and takes everything for granted moves on to the next stage of development, and the one who does not understand and tries to deny its essence remains in its place and eventually rolls back to start all over again. For me, the meaning of life on Earth lies in this confrontation and contradiction ... However, this does not mean that in this book all objects related to astronomy and the calendar are explained from the point of view of God, which are recorded in the holy books that we know. As far as I know, there were no astronomers among the chosen prophets, therefore, in the holy books there are distortions of the theme relating to the Sun, Earth, Moon and star. Think for yourself, for example, God told his prophets – the Earth is round and it moves around the Sun. If you were this particular prophet two thousand years ago, what would you do? Of course, you would correct the word of God as "the earth is flat" and "the sun moves around the earth." Of course you sincerely believed the Word of God and therefore you knew the truth, but you thought that the people would not believe it and therefore corrected the Word of God. In this book, I tried not to offend the religious feelings of believers of all religions on Earth and at the same time think a little about what time and space really are. By a lucky chance or ironically (I still don't know), I was born in the steppes of Turkestan among nomads. The word "nomad" comes ultimately from the classical Greek word νομάς (nomás, "roaming, wandering, especially to find pasture"), from Ancient Greek νομός (nomós, "pasture"). This word in the Kazakh language is called “koshpendi”, from the root word “kosh”, which means “to wandering”. For example, the historical name "Kushan Empire" means "Empire of the Nomads". Nomads (koshpendiler) were ready to die for an insult to honor and dignity, therefore they are proud and warlike, in peacetime they are very simple, good-natured, resourceful and quick-witted 13 people who do not like to complicate their lives and others too. Everything that will be written in this book is written from the point of view of a nomad who does not fully understand the incomprehensible views of European science regarding time and space. In order not to frighten and annoy readers, this book will not have very complex formulas similar or based on Einstein’s famous equation E = mc² (Einstein's formulas in the form of a picture): I will make every effort to cope with the task, I will use only four arithmetic operations and only such familiar signs: “ + ” “ – ” “ × ” “ ÷ ” “ = ” “ ≈ ”, which are understandable even to a tiny student around the world. I sincerely believe that arithmetic or simple mathematical equations based on these signs will not be tiring for readers. However, these forced actions complicate the understanding of the main topic, so if it is difficult for me to explain a specific topic, I will give a link to my relevant articles in Academia.edu. God, help me write a useful book for people! May 29, 2020, Friday Kaldarkhan Kambar 14 Introduction Calendar science – such a sphere of science does not exist, despite the fact that the "calendar" exists from the very inception of human civilization. From the very beginning, life is programmed by God – for development, through natural selection. Over time, everything changes on Earth, usually for the better. Objects necessary for humanity should be granted the right to life, and unnecessary should disappear. This is not only unfair, but blasphemous on our part in the sense that it is impossible to “freeze an eternally dynamic life” when we all know how the Universe expands after the Big Bang. The calendar is a very interesting and breathtaking interdisciplinary science. Since the calendar is directly related to time, it is primarily closely connected with astronomy (the Universe), followed by literature (ethnology), history (chronology), philosophy (reasoning) and other sciences. Almost until the end of the 20th century, astronomy looked only at the sky and stars, and archeology looked only down, under the foot, so as not to accidentally step on artifacts. By the cruel irony of fate, between these disciplines, the right to life was constantly asked – astroarchaeology. And, finally, the truth triumphed and an interdisciplinary science was born – archeoastronomy. Archeoastronomy uses various methods to identify evidence of past civilizations, including archeology, anthropology, astronomy, statistics, and history. The whole question is whether the same happy fate awaits the “calendar” in the future or not ... By the way, in this book, archaeoastronomical science occupies a special place. Since the ancient land and vast territory of the Kazakh nomads is dotted with hundreds and thousands of mysterious mounds, huge geoglyphs and others, it was impossible to do without this discipline. However, at present only archeology deals with these ancient objects, while the astronomy of our country still bypasses these objects from far away. To attract the attention of foreign experienced archaeoastronomers to this important matter, this book provides about 136 specific GPS coordinates of ancient astroarchaeological objects. These ancient mysterious objects can be clearly seen using Google Earth from a bird's eye view. If you enter the word “calendar” in the Google browser, you will see that a lot of books and articles have been written about the calendar, they look like stars in the night sky, they cannot be counted. This is good for me in the sense that people are still interested in the topic of the calendar, and bad in the sense that reading all of these books will take a lifetime and may even be insufficient. As far as possible, I still read these books not for knowledge, but for information. Every time I see a lot of repetition, numerous references to previous books and so on ad infinitum. It seems that in this way people are used to making money (business) on an endless calendar topic. The calendar is closely and directly related to the past, present and future times of our civilization. Time is the most sacred thing that we have left, everything else has its price, it is sold and bought in bulk and retail. Over time, I realized why the ancient philosophers and scientists of Greece Aristotle and Ptolemy, then Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, Einstein, Hawking and others began to search for the key to time not on Earth, but in the Universe. They did not want to get dirty with the dirt on the sinful Earth, which then could not be washed. And the most amazing thing in this story is the fact that they all managed to draw people's attention to the endless sky. It is clear that there (in the universe) there never was a human foot, and it is unlikely to be in the near future, so you can fantasize anything you want, if only you were away from the sinful earth and not dirty. 15 In my book, I look a bit like Jesus Christ, who considered trading in the temple of God incorrectly and tragically died for this impudence, thereby saving our miserable lives. What my book will look like, I don’t know for sure, but I know for sure that I will find my hundreds Pontius Pilate who are ready to hang me upside down. But this does not change anything in the sense that the time has come for Hercules, who is supposed to clear the stables of Augean from manure. Nomads would not be nomads if they did not directly say “gentlemen of the jury and lay judges, why do we need to look for time in the universe when it is needed here on Earth”. Because the life and death of nomads depended on the proper maintenance of a calendar, which is firmly based on the correct calculation of the day, month and seasons of the year smoothly in harmony with nature. Let the ashes of the great Roman commander Julius Caesar and Pope Gregory XIII not be offended, but my father Aliceit, a nomad from bone to brain, rejected the Julian and Gregorian calendars for the rest of his life. He said that these calendars have no souls, they are monotonous and therefore dead. According to my father, it turns out that a real calendar should be alive, a fresh wind of change should always blow from it, and people should be infinitely charged with energy from this calendar. When he said these words from case to case, his green eyes burned with overstrain, even sparks flew. At such moments, I sometimes thought that he was a little crazy ... Time to spare no one, neither father, nor me, he died, I am aging, because His Majesty Time is completely subordinated only to the will of God (in my view the whole Universe without a border is God). Sooner or later, it will affect everyone, from infants to old people, from tramps to rulers. It turns out that my father was right in everything, it is a pity that he did not live up to this day. When the Universe alien to us undoubtedly expands, our common home – the Earth, or rather people on five continents, on the contrary draw closer to each other. For better or worse, how this rapprochement of civilization will end, only God knows. Previously, the frequent use of the word “God” could annoy many people. But the pandemic associated with COVID-19, which began last year, made many think and again turn to the help of Almighty God. Because global statistics look worse than yesterday, a week or a month ago: “As of 28 May 2020, more than 5.8 million cases of COVID-19 have been reported in more than 188 countries and territories, resulting in more than 359,000 deaths; more than 2.39 million people have recovered.” For the first time in the new history of mankind, which lasted over the past hundred years, we do not know what to do in the current difficult situation in the field of medicine, science, economics and politics. Therefore, in my book I was forced to write several articles on this living topic of life. Imagine such an interesting picture. One Englishman reads passages from William Shakespeare (1564-1616), William Blake (1757-1827), George Gordon Byron (1788-1824), John Keats (17951821) and other poets ... among nomads. It is impossible not to smile at the reaction and amazement of a nomad who does not understand a word from what he read. When I read the following passage from a verse in Kazakh, I see the same picture on the face of an Englishman: 16 Tymyrsyk kundeı tamyzda zhanbyr koksegen, Zhaksylyk kutem, zhaqsylyk kutem tek senen. Zhaman bir oılar zhanymdy sharpyp otse eger, Men zhaktan sagan suyk bir khabar zhetse eger, Zhalgyzym menin, kaıter en? Mukagalı Makataev (1931-1976) This effect of the perception of the cultures of the two peoples arises from the fact that we know very little of each other. More precisely, everyone knows the UK, but few know the nomadic Kazakhs. This deep gap or crack in the understanding of each other in the history of mankind lasts for two thousand years. There have been many attempts in history to build a bridge between west and east. But each time they were successfully burned from the east or the west side, with varying success. Recently, the Kazakhs, as an independent country, have been making great efforts to once again build this bridge between the two peoples. I sincerely hope that this time will definitely work out ... By the way, what does this line of the verse say, English-speaking readers ask. I will try to translate these five lines of Mukagali verses in simple words: "I look like a windless, sultry August day that is waiting for a drop of rain, I wait for good, I wait for grace only from you. If bad thoughts torment my soul, like fire and flame, If you got the bad news that I died and went to another world, What would you do, my lonely soul and hope?" From the outside, I look like an “old alpha wolf” expelled from its environment of survival by a “young alpha wolf”. At night, when the phases of the moon change, I howl, dreaming about the past days. But still nothing changes around me, it only gets worse and I'm dying ... When I feel very lonely and abandoned, even among my nomadic relatives, I read these verses by Mukagali akyn (poet). To understand the deep meaning of this verse, you need to be born a nomad, to master all the subtleties of the Kazakh language. The great Abay (1845-1904) and Mukagali akyn differs from all Kazakh poets in that they create verses from simple and uncomplicated words of nomads. Therefore, when you read their amazing poems, in all its glory you will see a special mentality, the endless steppe and nomadic civilization of the Kazakhs (Terra Incognita – Unknown Land), which has not been studied before and is waiting for its time. Perhaps after reading these lines, you immediately identified my psychological profile as “melancholic”. However, both you and the great Hippocrates who came up with these rules were mistaken. From my contradictory life, I noticed that in me with varying success all four types live and the previously unknown fifth type, obtained from a mixture of air and water (aeraqua). Therefore, I am optimistic about the water life of the Earth from high, no matter how deceptive and unpleasant it may be. 17 Instead of a prologue, or who am I, or what do I want to achieve? Despite the pandemic associated with COVID-19, the following “golden words” (quote) give me the strength that the great wind brought to the Kazakh steppe from the opposite side of the Atlantic Ocean. By the way, these words belong to a man who wanted to make his people "great and mighty". For these efforts, he was simply killed, oh, if America knew what an outstanding son she had lost. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (1917-1963, served as the 35th President of the United States) quote: "One person can make a difference, and everyone should try." Of course, I am not a super expert on issues related to nomads. In this question I am an ordinary self-taught person and a loner who is trying to do something and change the situation for the better. In our country (Kazakhstan) there are a lot of state scientific institutions and independent historians who study the history of the Kazakhs (but not nomads) in a new light. By state orders many books have been written on this topic lately. Where and how to find these books, I will not speak out of principle. Firstly, I am not an official representative of these scientific institutions. Secondly, I try not to refer to these books. If I say a word about these books, for me it can end badly. Thirdly, in the end, I am not a reference service, which determines the level of suitability of a particular book! My only and main profession is journalism. I adore and love with all my heart this sacred profession, whose task is to be truthful, correct and write the chosen topic short and clear. I try to always remain independent, I do not sell my thoughts and views on money, and I don’t like to chase a sensation for profit. I only write about what I know well enough and what I like. Despite the fact that independence shines over our heads for almost 30 years, the “stereotypical legacy” of the long-dead USSR still exists in our brains. Because of this, many authors are in this vicious circle and cannot free themselves from stereotypical views. For 73 years, the Communist Party of Bolsheviks insisted that the "nomadic way of life" was the most shameful period of the Kazakh nation. According to Soviet ideologists, during this period the Kazakhs were ignorant, illiterate and led a semi-wild way of life. The insidious Soviet ideology wanted to cut down our thousand-year-old roots as quickly as possible. And they almost succeeded in achieving the goal with the help of round-the-clock agitation and propaganda ... My illiterate father Alseid (his studies in a Muslim school were not considered education) did not share these views of a blood-red ideology. He resented some things happening in the country and once said the following words: "Although the idea of communism sounds good and tempting, with the current leaders of the communists we are unlikely to achieve communism." He praised his ancestors, tried to prove that they lived correctly in comparison with us, told interesting tales and legends, cited personal examples from his life. And what is interesting and surprising, he miraculously infected me with his ideas about the nomads and their way of life. However, many Kazakhs were ashamed that they were descendants of nomads, whose ancestors were once formidable warriors of Genghis Khan. The fact that these nomads always defeated their enemies, of course, not a word was said about it. 18 Countless enemies so could not learn about the military secrets and advantages of the nomads, why their fighting spirit was at the highest level. Usually, in war, not super weapons win, which is ahead of its time, but the fighting spirit of ordinary soldiers. For the first time in the world, nomads have proven this golden rule. Therefore, everything that was closely connected with the nomads was contemptuously described to the smallest detail during the communist rule. All this was done so that in the future their generation would forget forever their powerful roots. As a result, the Kazakhs then (under the USSR) were in a hurry, and now they continue to rapidly urbanize (a massive outflow to cities and megalopolises) and forget their roots, forget everything that connects them with the nomadic way of life. To whom it is profitable, you can guess by changing your views on the stereotypes of the Soviet power ... Meanwhile, few Kazakhs (not necessarily educated) instinctively feel that this leads us into oblivion, where our will and soul will be empty like a ball. For the destruction of these Kazakhs morally and psychologically, one does not need a sharp sword, one fine needle is enough. The current descendants of the ancient nomads felt this for the first time in December 1986. It was then that the so-called “December event” shocked the USSR in Almaty. This bloody event was in fact the beginning of the end of the “Evil Empire”! Who are they and where did these mysterious nomads come from? When I say “nomads” (in Kazakh, “koshpendiler”, derived from the root word “kosh” – “wandering”), I mean the residents of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Each “koshpendi” (instead of the word “nomads”) has its own history and its own life, described in its generic "shezhire" (pedigree; genealogical tree). Many of them know their kind up to seven tribes (Zheti ata), I know up to 14 knees (On tort ata). I am Kazakh, my father, grandfather and great-grandfather, and so on, all were nomads. They skillfully survived and lived comfortably in the harsh climatic conditions not only of Central Asia, but throughout the vast territory of the Eurasian steppes and valleys. We are from the clan Boribay (literal translation "from the clan of the wolf"), originating from Mangytay Baba ("Mangutai", the literal translation of "silver"). The gravestone structure (sanctuary) of Mangytai Baba is currently located in the mountain of the same name (GPS: 51°30'29.49"N 103°52'0.58"E) in the Slyudyansky district of the Irkutsk region of the Russian Federation (southern coast of Lake Baikal). Our ancient ancestors arrived in Central Asia and Kazakhstan (more precisely, in the region of the city of Otyrar) as part of the troops of the Great Genghis Khan (1162-1227) in the early 13th century. Therefore, our ancestors in shezhire were written as “Sauyt Mangytay” (the word “sauyt” is translated as “armor; chain mail”). They were not commanders, they were ordinary soldiers of Genghis Khan. Then, during the long 8th centuries, the redistribution (new structure) of the clans and assimilation with the local Turkic peoples took place. In the end, starting from the 15th century, we began to call ourselves Kazakhs. I am sure that most Kazakhs have the same story, similar to mine. Our ancestors accepted – the Islamic religion, and our relatives living in the territories of Mongolia, Buryatia and Russia remained in their ancient religions – shamanism, and some adopted the Christian religion. Despite the fact that we (the current generation) are separated by great distances 19 and different beliefs in religion, we still remain in our souls the same nomads when we were together thousands of years ago. "What has passed has passed, and there is no point in dwelling on it: – itis all water under the bridge things past cannot be recalled let bygones be bygones" (Large Russian-English phraseological dictionary). Thus, when I say "nomads", I mean all the nomads of Eurasia, but when I say "Kazakhs", I mean the Kazakh nation. I think that the subtle separation of all clear and fuzzy boundaries in the confusing history of nomads is reasonable to divide “before Genghis Khan” and “after Genghis Khan”. This wild, proud and wayward nomad of the steppes, who spent his entire adult life in the saddle, made so much noise in the history of mankind that its echoes are still audible. Winston Churchill's famous phrase “ Never was so much owed by so many to so few” (August 20, 1940) conveys exactly my thoughts, as if it were specifically said about the great Genghis Khan. I mean that the “Kazakh Horde” formed in the 15th century (as well as other Central Asian states) was formed due to the “Golden Horde” that existed in the 14th century. The current territory of the Kazakh state, which occupies the 9th place in the world, is in fact the main territory that once belonged to the Golden Horde. Based on this, it is safe to say that the "Great Spirit of Genghis Khan" lives in the Kazakh steppes and its sacred blood flows in the veins of the Kazakhs. Here is the main secret, why immediately after finding their independence, the Kazakhs quickly became a recognizable nation in the world. Our boxers continue to win their rivals in the ring, our singer Dimash conquers millions of hearts with his golden voice. After independence in 1991, many Kazakh students studied at foreign educational institutions. However, I still have not heard and have not seen a single talented young Kazakh scientist who developed his “theory ....”, which is different from other theories. But deep down I believe that in time, the unspoiled gene of one of the nomads will give the world a genius who will work wonders in science ... Ordinary and professional readers are probably perplexed and cannot understand what I want and what I offer. Personally, I understand one truth as a clear day. Despite you are a nomad or a city dweller, we feel in the depths of our souls, something went wrong, we are confused and lost. In the world news every day we see only natural disasters and human destruction, warriors, injustice wherever we have not been. This “Hell on Earth” cannot last forever, it must stop, or rather we must stop all this. All these destructive and negative actions of humanity come from the fact that we began to live like sprats in a tin can. Sprats don't care, because they are dead, and we are living people ... Usually in life, when a nomad get lost in the steppe, he tries to find his first location where he began his journey. In many cases, this time this traveler will find the right way thanks to the correct guide by day by the relief of the Earth and at night by the stars. I do not propose to quit cities and megalopolises and go en masse to the steppe and live in Spartan conditions. I suggest, wherever we live (in cities and villages), strictly observe the old laws of our ancestors. And also come up with new laws that meet the modern traditions of civilization. Otherwise, we will go crazy in pursuit of wealth, for leadership over others, with our endless egoism. Any person (European or Asian) must live in the steppe once a year for 36.5 days in order to feel space and time. Living in a yurt for 36.5 days, as well as the silent mounds of the past and the 20 archaeoastronomical objects of the nomads, in which the sacred treasures of bottomless wisdom are stored, will become your companion of life. And you must finally understand that in this very short life a person needs very little. A person (European or Asian) from these actions will become kinder and begins to understand the world around and the meaning of life. For this, the endless steppe of Kazakhstan will contribute favorably, where for a hundred kilometers you will not meet a single soul. I will tell you my main secret, this is my dream since childhood – to put all this into practice. I would like any person (European or Asian), despite belonging to any religion, outlook on life, to be healed from physical illness and emotional wounds received in this cruel world. But this should be natural, as usual in life, without immorality and vulgarity like "Naked and Afraid" and others. If you help find good funding, I have a ready idea for this ... What was the reason for writing this book or how did it all begin? In the second half of the 90s and in the early 2000s, I began to write truthful articles that took place in our young independent country. And I naively thought that the correct conclusions would be drawn from the violations I had written. But, to my surprise and disappointment, instead of correctly concluding from what was written, I received many civil court decisions on the violation of the rights and merits of “important people”, accompanied by huge fines. I was not going to pay these fines bills for the rest of my life, so I stopped writing articles in the Kazakh media. However, no one but Allah himself can forbid thinking and making the right conclusions from what you have seen and heard. The Holy Quran teach Muslims to have their opinions and views on the world around us. Fanatics of any religion are those people who do not possess these qualities. Over time, my view of what is happening in the world of events turned around 180 degrees. Over time, my view and my personal opinion on modern science and what is happening in the world of events unfolded 180 degrees. I began to see any object from a completely different side, usually considered useless in all respects. This is my happiness or grief, time will tell ... Until last year, my self-contained life continued as usual. In the afternoon – work in the office, in the evening – home, family and my children, who do not understand the joys and bitterness of the world around them. When an elderly Australian scientist named Peter Johann Meyer invaded my privacy, everything changed. Unlike me, from the age of 18 he traveled the world (visited about 40 countries) and devoted his entire adult life to science. At that moment he was a real nomad, and I looked like an ordinary city dweller who did not leave his house any further than his nose. When I met him at the airport, I looked surprised at his backpack, sleeping bag and old laptop. It was all his possessions that he earned in his entire life. But he was surprised more than me when he visited my city apartment. He hid his surprise, smilingly looking at my English-speaking young wife and at three children, who looked fearfully at a European and without permission touching his things. At that time, he and I could not know that this was a clash of two civilizations on a mini scale. Because ahead of us was waiting for a grand, incomprehensible and at the same time interesting work. Both of us were nervous (but tried not to show it) whether we would find a common language and, most importantly, whether we would master the work that nobody had done before us. The further we both moved, the problems became even greater. The very first obstacle was the language barrier. 21 I did not know English at all, he did not know a word in Russian and Kazakh. We communicated using the built-in voice translator in the smartphone. Although my work was entirely devoted to the spiritual revival of the Kazakh people, the official state bodies refused to allocate money for hiring a professional translator and for this joint project as a whole. Peter constantly waved his head (not understanding) on the heartless reception and boorish relations of the state on my important work. He reacted with understanding to my hopeless situation, to the lack of money. He spent his money on various needs and in a gentlemanly manner refused to take money from me. He patiently and thoroughly explaining taught me on the tricks of modern astronomy, physics and IT technology. In my turn, I taught him the ancient ways, the tricks of the nomads in drawing up the original calendar "Togys esebi". I don’t know if I was a capable student for Peter (he should judge this), but Peter was a very capable student for me, who understood everything on the fly by the expression of my face and the gesture of my hands, fingers. And all this painful process of mutual work lasted for three months. Since he lived all his life in the warm edges of the globe, he hardly endured the snow and frosts of the city of Almaty, which is located at the foot of the high Alatau Mountains. As a result, we have achieved what we wanted, the time has come to disperse along the usual life paths. Before leaving, he opened a page for me in Academia.edu and on October 21, 2018 uploaded my finished article entitled “New look at the modern codification of the Mayan calendar (full text)”. Since then, I have written about 70 articles, and every time I pray to Allah (I read namaz 5 times), I praise his sacred name for meeting such a wonderful person as Peter Meyer, and wish him all the best in both worlds, on which I truly believe. The years will pass and the Kazakh people (in general, all the Turkic-speaking peoples) will see the great merit of Peter Meyer and give an objective assessment. Almost 2 years after the opening of my page in Academia.edu, more than 130 thousand views were collected, my articles were read by readers from more than 120 countries of the world. The main readers of my article are Kazakhs from all 14 regions of the country (especially Almaty and Astana), all Turkic-speaking states without exception (Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tatars, Bashkirs, Caucasian and Siberian countries of Russia). As well as Americans from almost all 50 states of the United States, residents of European countries (Italy, Great Britain, France, Germany, Spain, Greece, the Netherlands and others), Canada, Australia, China, India, the Russian Federation, countries of Africa and South and Central America and others. I am very grateful to my readers, especially to those readers, from whom I receive letters and correspond on various topics. The most important thing that I see is that readers of Academia.edu are keenly interested in the topic of “nomads” and their way of life. Who or what is written in this book Recently, looking through a long list of my articles in Academia.edu, I noticed that finding the right article among them presents certain difficulties. Therefore, I decided to collect all my articles in one small book. This small book contains the most read articles of the author in Academia.edu. You can easily find the desired or liked article using the content of this book, which is located at the beginning of the book. My articles in Kazakh and Russian are not included in this book. The title and page of the article in English that you want to read are in bold. 22 In the first (I hope, in the second) book I will write small new annotations explaining the essence of this or that section of the book and article. 1. Academia.edu (New annotation): "A new look at the modern codification of the Mayan calendar (full text)" In this book, the list of articles begins with an article about the Mayan calendar (New look at the modern codification of the Mayan calendar (full text)), which was personally uploaded by a respected me Peter Meyer. A few days after downloading this article, I saw that my article was read by scholars and ordinary readers from different countries. Then I asked Peter: “Is my article really interesting to these people?”. Peter smiled mysteriously and answered my question: “It’s not every day that you see a nomad who writes about the complex and intricate Mayan and Aztec calendars.” As is usually the case, ironically, it is this article that can serve the emergence of a theory about the similarity of the nomad calendars and the Mayan and Aztec calendars. According to the author, the current three continents (Eurasia, North and South America) millions or several hundred thousand years ago could make up one whole and undivided hyper continent. In other words, otherwise how can we explain the similarity in the meaning and sound of some words of nomads (Eurasia) and Maya-Aztecs (Mesoamerica)? Random coincidences and circumstances can happen anywhere, but not in obvious things. Thus, the disappeared supercivilization of the “Hyperboreans” may not be under the Arctic Ocean, as many believe, it may be located on the territory of modern America. I argued with the modern researchers for a long time about the calendar and chronology of the Mayan-Aztec and only recently seemed to have found a common denominator (equation) that suits them and me. Old and new researchers of the Mayan-Aztec and other Mesoamerican peoples calendars and chronologies claim and insist that their days in their calendars were 260 (73 years) and 365 days (52 years) = 18,980 days. However, modern researchers consider the days in the Mayan-Aztec chronology years as 360 days and completely exclude 260 days from the chronological account. I do not know whether they or you see any rational logic in these calculations, but personally I do not see any mathematical or historical logic in these “new” and “old” calculations. Based on the numerous numbers miraculously preserved in the Mayan and Aztec codices, I calculated a completely different equation, which is 260 days (7 years) and 364 days (5 years). This equation is 10 times smaller than the previous one (73 and 52) = 1,820 days. In addition, the number of 1820 days, not 18980 days, is so often found in the Mayan and Aztec codices, it cannot be denied or ignored. In my last 70th article, I pointed out that the 260-day calendar is not a religious calendar, but astronomical (lunar-draconic) calendar, the study of the complex structure of which awaits its researchers. Using the "Long Count Calendar" or the lunar-draconic calendar, the peoples of Mesoamerica determined solar and lunar eclipses several thousand years ahead of time. 23 The proof of my words confirms these two equalities: 1. 260 days × 4 years = 1040 days ÷ 3 years = 346.66667 days; 2. 260 days × 9 years = 2340 days ÷ 86 months = 27.209302 days. And interestingly, the gold base in the calendars and chronologies of the nomads of Central Asia and Kazakhstan is 273 days (4 years) and 364 days (3 years), the total number of which is 1,092 days. We must not forget that the community of Qumran (Essenes), who lived on the shores of the Dead Sea, also used the calendar of 364 days a year. The missing link in this calendar was an unknown short year, the same as the Mayan Aztecs (260 days) and nomad Kazakhs (273 days). In recent times, I have tirelessly dealt with this issue and figured out this short year. The only suitable number is 292 days, which is about 10 months of the synodic month, without which the entire Middle East could not live a single day (292 days (91 years) and 364 days (73 years) = 26572 days). Thus, the number 91 (× 3 = 273; × 4 = 364) and 73 (× 4 = 292; × 5 = 365) put an end to all our disputes about 364 and 365 days. In turn, these interesting equations pushed me to a new way of thinking. And finally, I calculated a common denominator consisting of 398580 days for all three calendars (1. Maya-Aztecs; 2. Nomad-Kazakhs; 3. Qumran-Essenes). 01. 398,580 days / 27.3 days = 14,600 sidereal month; 02. 398,580 days / 29.2 days = 13,650 synodic month; 03. 398,580 days / 73 days = 5,460 quarter; 04. 398,580 days / 91 day = 4,380 quarter; 05. 398,580 days / 260 days = 1,533 years; 06. 398,580 days / 273 days = 1,460 years; 07. 398,580 days / 292 days = 1,365 years; 08. 398,580 days / 364 days = 1,095 years; 09. 398,580 days / 365 days = 1,092 years; 10. 398,580 days / 1,092 days = 365 cycle; 11. 398,580 days / 1,820 days = 219 cycle; 12. 398,580 days / 18,980 days = 21 cycle; 13. 398,580 days / 26,572 days = 15 cycle. These ancient ancestral time values (days, months, quarters, years, cycles) are well combined with current indicators and values of modern astronomy. 01. 398580 days / 29,53100689 days = 13,497 synodic months; 02. 398580 days / 27,55478742 days = 14 465 anomalistic months; 24 03. 398580 days / 27,32245681 days = 14,588 sidereal months; 04. 398580 days / 27.21239844 days = 14,647 draconic months; 05. 398580 days / 346,5913043 days = 1150 draconic year; 06. 398580 days / 365.3345555 days = 1091 years; 07. 398580 days / 7 days = 56940 week and others. Valid for the epoch J2000.0 (Jan. 1, 2000 12:00 TT) 01. Sidereal month 27.321661547 + 0.000000001857 × Y days 02. Tropical month 27.321582241 + 0.000000001506 × Y days 03. Anomalistic month 27.554549878 − 0.000000010390 × Y days 04. Draconic month 27.212220817 + 0.000000003833 × Y days 05. Synodic month 29.530588853 + 0.000000002162 × Y days I will write in detail about the properties and advantages of these equations in the second book. 2. Academia.edu (New annotation): “Kazakh National Calendar (full text)” After this article about the Mayan calendar, then follows a series of several articles devoted to the "Kazakh national calendar." The peculiarity of the Kazakh national calendar, or rather its main calendar "Togys Esebi" is that it is actually the fourth type of calendar invented by mankind in ancient times. When I say the word "humanity", I do not divide it into "nomads" or "sedentary", humanity is all of us, which has the original DNA – Adam Ata and Haua Ana (Eve). By the way, the Kazakhs have the word "man" translated as "Adam." For over thirty years I have been studying this amazing calendar not because it was easy for the notion of the human mind, on the contrary, it was a very difficult task for our surprisingly intelligent brain. Almighty Allah “hid” from humanity all the “treasure of life” in an inaccessible place. To achieve this, we must work tirelessly and overcome all obstacles, despite the fact that they are higher than Everest. After Allah and Mohammed (peace and blessings be upon him), I respect several bright personalities, not dividing them into “our own” or “alien”. Among them is US President D. Kennedy (I was born after 39 days of his tragic death) who said such a quote: John F. Kennedy's inspirational speech: "We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard..." In fact, the calendar "Togys esebi" is very interesting and reveals the true purpose of the moon for humanity. These hidden qualities of the moon are revealed only when we focus on the Pleiades star cluster (in the Kazakh language – Urker). The very first ancient people who did not become “slaves” of atoms, quanta, the Internet, smart phones, as we now, knew this truth. With their help, without the slightest harm to themselves and to the environment, they worked wonders in the literal sense of the word. 25 In the modern world, all calendars based on the movement of the moon around the earth consider the beginning of each month (as the first day) – the new moon or neomenia. With the help of these lunar and lunar-solar calendars, it is easy to determine the “estimated” time, but it is difficult to predict the actual boundary of the change of the seasons of the solar year and weather changes around the globe. At least, I often notice when world news reports about some abnormal weather in the world, according to the "Togys esebi" calendar, on this day, the Moon necessarily covers (occultation) the Pleiades. Sometimes these phenomena occur 6-7 days after the covers, when the moon covers (occultation) the constellation Leo. In order to achieve the desired goal in the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi", the beginning of each month (the first day) begins with the corresponding 13 or 14 different phases of the moon (from neomenia to new moon). Days in months in this calendar alternates strictly for 27-28 days and never exceed 27 and 28 days. In a word, the lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” is based on the sidereal month, whose value is 27.321662 days. Therefore, I call it the fourth type of world calendar. For some reason, scientists from all over the Western world are in no hurry to follow the advice and views of the great US president. Unlike lazy scientists, my dear scientist workaholic Peter Meyer studied the essence of the "Togys Esebi" calendar and at the end of the study was amazed at his scientific potential. I sincerely hope that in the course of time scientists of the whole world will shift their attention to the lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” and open for themselves a completely unknown world of nomads. Since, due to my lack of knowledge of the English language, I can distort my thoughts, so I decided to publish a small review by Peter Meyer on the topic “The Kazakh National Calendar”. Peter Meyer, Dec 15, 2018; 12:53 pm Article "Kazakh National Calendar" Kaldarhan A. Kambar has published on Academia.edu a long article entitled "Kazakh National Calendar". This is based on his many years study and research of the Kazakh nomad calendars. Being a descendant of Kazakh nomads, and instructed in this subject by his father, he naturally has a great interest in this subject. Just as among the Maya there were (and still are) people known as 'time-keepers' who kept track of the various Maya calendars, so too among the Kazakh nomads were people known as 'Esepshi' who were time-keeping specialists. Part 1, Section 1, of Kaldarhan's article introduces these Esepshi and their somewhat flexible concept of "amal" used to define various temporal periods. This leads to a brief discussion of the concept of the monthly conjunction of the Moon and the Pleiades star cluster as the basis of the main calendar of the nomads, called "Togys Esebi" (which is treated in much greater detail in Part 3). Part 1, Section 2, of Kaldarhan's article describes the various Kazakh nomad calendar systems, of which there are nine types, including an 11-year lunar-sidereal calendar and an 11-year lunarsynodic calendar, both of which differ from Togys Esebi. Part 2 discusses the 12-animal cycle of the peoples of Central Asia, which differs significantly from the more familiar 12-animal cycle of the Chinese Calendar. 26 Part 3 is a detailed explanation of Togys Esebi, the only known fully-developed calendar which is based on the conjunction of the Moon and the Pleiades star cluster, a conjunction which occurs once each sidereal month, giving rise to a calendar of years which are seasonal. The cosmology of the Kazakh nomads was pre-Copernican, and they did not employ our modern astronomical concepts to describe their cosmos. Instead they had myths and legends which provided the basis for the popular understanding of cosmological time. Part 3 begins with one such legend, that of the "Fourteen Robbers". Thereafter the author provides a more 'scientific' explanation of how the nomads developed and used the Togys Esebi calendar, based on three "keys to correct understanding" and nine "principles", followed by five "riddles" suggesting lines of further research on this subject. The article runs to 53 pages and includes 9 tables, 11 figures and over 100 references, and is the only complete, authoritative account of the Kazakh nomad calendars, and in particular of Togys Esebi, currently available in English. The article is available at https://www.academia.edu/37941274/KAZAKH_NATIONAL_CALENDAR_full_text_ If unavailable to non-members of Academia.edu then the same article may be read at https://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud/knc/Kazakh%20National%20Calendar.pdf A much shorter explanation of Togys Esebi is available at https://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud/knc/Kazakh_Nomad_Calendar.htm Regards, Peter Meyer Source: td19395.html http://calndr-l.10958.n7.nabble.com/Article-quot-Kazakh-National-Calendar-quot- This short review by P. Meyer was written on the very first version of my article. The latest version of this article proposed below has slightly changed and added new information. Nevertheless, I assure readers with all the responsibility that the essence of the article has not changed from these changes and additions. 3. Academia.edu (New annotation): My short ethnographic and folklore "creativity" relating to the topic of nomads And, as is usually the case in life, a side effect was discovered in these long studies. The fact is that when I collected materials for the “Kazakh National Calendar”, it turned out that I was indirectly engaged in ethnography and folklore of the Kazakh people and in general about the way of life of nomads. After the publication of all my articles on the "Kazakh National Calendar" in Academia.edu, I began to publish in parts these "side effects" of my research. Ironically, the readers of Academia.edu were more interested in these short articles. Only recently it dawned on me, and 27 really no one dealt with the topic of nomads before me? But it does not matter, sooner or later it should have happened. Who knows better about nomads and their hidden mentalities and incomprehensible traditions except the nomad itself – I thought. After these and other reflections, I began to take a responsible approach to writing these articles about nomads and their way of life. However, since the end of last year (2018), diseases began to surround me, like hungry steppe wolves with protruding teeth. I went to different hospitals, but the illness of the whole body instead of a retreat, on the contrary, progressed more and more. My thoughts began to get confused, I had sclerosis. It was felt that in my articles there are many repetitions of facts, but I did not have the power and opportunity to put everything in a logical order. I firmly decided not to fix these articles. Let this case of life remind me that life, no matter how sweet or bitter it may be, it can end at the most inopportune moment. I feel, but I cannot prove that Fitzgerald’s grandson – John (Jack) Kennedy, did not bluff during the Cuban Missile Crisis (for the people of the USSR – the Caribbean Crisis) in 1962. In order to save his great country and freedom from everything man-made, he was preparing to sacrifice a thousand or even millions (I have about ten million figures in my head) of Americans. However, despite this, he was not crazy and a tyrant, the most insane were the Soviet leader N.S.Khrushchev and his entourage. Two years later, his own entourage removed from his post this lover of "Soviet corn". No one knows and does not even realize that this brave son of his country firmly decided not to hide in a bunker if a world-wide nuclear war ensues. Instead of cowardice, US President D. Kennedy decided to die with his people, as the brave king of nomads Togym-Khan (July 27, 1537 AD), his 9 sons and all 37 vizire (all ministers) of the Kazakh Khanate did. Even this tragedy could not break the will and erase the Kazakhs from the page of history. Over time, people make up legends about such personalities, compare them with the Prometheus of their time, call them kings of all times. However, it is truly a pity that such people and prominent personalities do not live long, or rather do not allow them to live happily ever after. This is probably the most incomprehensible paradox of the human race... In my articles, I like to shift the “old” and “new” colors of the story, and then move them until I get the desired color of a beautiful rainbow. Unfortunately, not everyone will succeed, for this you need knowledge. And as we all know, knowledge cannot be achieved by administering an injection like ordinary medicine. The most difficult thing is that you never know whether you have this knowledge or not, only readers know this, that is the question. 28 CHAPTER 1 This whole story began with the Mayan calendar * * * New look at the modern codification of the Mayan calendar Copyright 2018 © Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published April 20, 2018 (https://www.hermetic.ch) First published in Academia.edu on October 21, 2018 "That alternative Mayan calendar analysis is quite impressive and greatly exceeds what many scholars and professors alike currently believe. I am particularly impressed with the alternative numerical relations, and he clearly appreciates the importance of the 364d sidereal ecliptic partitioning...". Clifford Maurice Emeric Monroe, Washington, USA Abstract This document first introduces the Mayan calendar and then explains new ideas about the Mayan calendar that may have appeared in a missing codex. These ideas are influenced by a similar calendar used in central Asia and obtained through the oral tradition of Kazakh nomads. This calendar which uses a 273-day cycle instead of a 260-day cycle is explained in detail. This gives rise to the idea that the Mayan calendar had a 364-day cycle and this idea is explored in detail. In particular the idea that the Mayan long count used multiples of 364 days instead of 360 days is explored with respect to astronomical events. In particular, the author codifies the Mayan calendar with the help of "amal", consisting of 9.1 days (for Kazakhs) and 18.2 days (for Maya), which are divided into 273 and 364 days without a remainder. From the set of equations given in this document, one can see the close relationship of the Mayan calendar with the sidereal and synodic rotations of the planet of the solar system, the eclipses of the Moon and the Sun, and also the coverings (occultation) of the Pleiades by the Moon. 29 Personal introduction I do not speak or write in English. This is my main flaw. There was a little doubt that the translators accurately translated my words and thoughts first from Kazakh into Russian, and then into English. Therefore, I apologize in advance to the readers for the incorrectly translated expressions, as well as for ambiguous words, which I wanted to express in another way. Nevertheless, I believe that the topic of the article is quite interesting and excites many people, especially those who are engaged in studying the Mayan calendar. I always expected that one of the world-renowned scientists would write on this topic as I had assumed about Mayan calendars. But, the years go one by one, but no one has written about it. But I forced myself to drop all fears aside and take a pen and write it myself. I write this article in the hope that at least someone will pay attention to it. Arguing about the mistakes made deep in the roots of the study of the Mayan calendar, which began more than a century ago, I think so: There is nothing so good that there were no mistakes in it. After all, without errors we will never know the truth... Modern codification of the Mayan calendar Quotation on the topic: The famous astrologer John Dee used an Aztec obsidian mirror to see into the future. We may look down our noses at his ideas, but one may be sure that in outlook he was far closer to a Maya priest astronomer than is an astronomer of our century. J. Eric S. Thompson [1] Mesoamerican civilization Mesoamerican civilization was a complex of indigenous cultures that developed in parts of Mexico and Central America prior to Spanish exploration and conquest in the 16th century. Mesoamerica is an important historical region and cultural area in the Americas, extending from approximately central Mexico through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica, and within which pre-Columbian societies flourished before the Spanish colonization of the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries. It is one of six areas in the world where ancient civilization arose independently, and the second in the Americas along with Norte Chico (Caral-Supe) in present-day northern coastal Peru. [2] [3] Mayan Astronomy The Mayans were not only a great agrarian culture but they excelled in architecture (building some 60 or more cities which flourished during the ancient ages), language, mathematics and also astronomy. [4] Conquistadors such as Hernan Cortez not only destroyed much of the physical aspects of the civilizations in a meticulous fashion, but also the priceless knowledge that the Mayans gathered over thousands of years and recorded in their books. Diego de Landa, was another such figure who went about his job of converting the indigenous population into Christianity and destroying the native beliefs and culture. He is widely considered to be the single reason why there are so few of original Mayan texts in the world. [4] In his conviction of the superiority and absolute truth of Christianity, De Landa wrote: «We found a large number of books in these characters and, as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil, we burned them all, which they regretted to an amazing degree, and which caused them much affliction». [5] Ironically, Landa himself played an important role in the understanding of the 30 Mayan culture and their religion as well. His book «Relación De Las Cosas De Yucatán» is considered by scholars today as the foremost expert commentary on ancient Mayan culture and their religion. [4] That was confirmed only by the work of Soviet linguist Yuri Knorozov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of Mayanists. [6] With their destruction, access to the history of the Maya and opportunity for insight into some key areas of Maya life was greatly diminished. There are only three codices whose authenticity is beyond doubt. These are: The Dresden Codex also known as the Codex Dresdensis (74 pages, 3.56 metres [11.7 feet]); [7] The Madrid Codex, also known as the Tro-Cortesianus Codex (112 pages, 6.82 metres [22.4 feet]); The Paris Codex, also known as the Peresianus Codex (22 pages, 1.45 metres [4.8 feet]). An alleged fourth codex remains (as of August 2017) controversial: The Grolier Codex, also known as the Sáenz Codex. [8] Background The two most widely used calendars in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, were the 260-day Tzolk'in and the 365 day Haab'. The equivalent Aztec calendars are known in Nahuatl as the tonalpohualli and Xiuhpohualli. The combination of a Haab' and a Tzolk'in date identifies a day in a combination which does not occur again for 18,980 days (52 Haab' cycles of 365 days times 73 Tzolk'in cycles of 260 days, approximately 52 years), a period known as the Calendar Round. To identify days over periods longer than this, Mesoamericans used the Long Count calendar. [9] Historian Cyrus Thomas (1825-1910, U.S. ethnologist and entomologist) made a connection between the codex and the 260 year cycle ("Ahau Katun") of the Maya calendar and the 365 days in a year. [10][11][12][13][14] Ruggles shows that in the codex the Maya related their 260-day calendar to celestial bodies, especially Venus and Mars. [15] 819-day count of the Maya calendar 819-day count: Some Mayan monuments include glyphs that record an 819-day count in their Initial Series. These can also be found in the Dresden codex. [16] This is described in Thompson. [17] More examples of this can be found in Kelley. [18] Each group of 819 days was associated with one of four colors and the cardinal direction with which it was associated – black corresponded to west, red to east, white to north and yellow to south. [9] Correlations between Western calendars and the Long Count The Maya and Western calendars are correlated by using a Julian day number (JDN) of the starting date of the current creation – 13.0.0.0.0, 4 Ajaw, 8 Kumk'u. [n 4] This is referred to as a correlation constant. The generally accepted correlation constant is the Modified Thompson 2, "GoodmanMartinez-Thompson", or GMT correlation of 584,283 days. Using the GMT correlation, the current creation started on September 6, −3113 (Julian astronomical) – August 11 in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar. The study of correlating the Maya and western calendar is referred to as the correlation question. [19][20][21][22][23] The GMT correlation is also called the 11.16 correlation. 31 Long Count periods The Long Count calendar identifies a date by counting the number of days from a starting date that is generally calculated to be August 11, 3114 BCE in the proleptic Gregorian calendar or September 6 in the Julian calendar (or −3113 in astronomical year numbering). There has been much debate over the precise correlation between the Western calendars and the Long Count calendars. The August 11 date is based on the GMT correlation (see Correlations between Western calendars and the Long Count calendar section elsewhere in this article for details on correlations). [24] The Muisca calendar The Muisca had the word zocam to denote the concept of year, which they always used in combination with a number: zocam ata, "year one", zocam bosa, "year two". Following the works of Duquesne, three types of years were used; Rural years, Common years and Priest's years. The years were composed of different sets of months: The Rural Year contained 12 synodic months. The Priest's Year composed of 37 synodic months, or 12 + 12 + 13 synodic months (the 13th was a leap month, called "deaf" in Spanish). The Common Year composed by 20 months, making a full common Muisca year 600 days or 1.64 times a Gregorian year. [25] [26] Izquierdo suggests, however, that this year, unlike the Rural and the Priest's years, was based on the sidereal lunar cycle. [27] [28] The Incas calendar Despite the uncertainties, further research has made it clear that at least at Cuzco, the capital city of the Incas, there was an official calendar of the sidereal–lunar type, based on the sidereal month of 27 1/3 days. It consisted of 328 nights (12 × 27 1/3) and began on June 8/9, coinciding with the heliacal rising (the rising just after sunset) of the Pleiades; it ended on the first Full Moon after the June solstice (the winter solstice for the Southern Hemisphere). This sidereal-lunar calendar fell short of the solar year by 37 days, which consequently were intercalated. This intercalation, and thus the place of the sidereal-lunar within the solar year, was fixed by following the cycle of the Sun as it “strengthened” to summer (December) solstice and “weakened” afterward, and by noting a similar cycle in the visibility of the Pleiades. [29] New look at the contemporary codification of the calendar of Maya from another point of view of the author... At the beginning of the article, I wrote briefly the whole essence of the Mayan calendar, the Aztecs, the Incas and Muisca, which we know today. This 260-day "Tsolkin" (Aztec: "Tonalpohually"), 365-day "Haab" (Aztec: "Xiuhpohualli"), 819-day account and a chronological calendar of long periods, as well as the problem of the correct definition of the beginning of the "zero year" (August 11, 3114 BCE in the calendar of the proleptic Gregorian calendar) of the Mayan calendar (literature from [9] to [24]). If I confess honestly, I only recently began to study the complex hieroglyphs of the Maya on the Dresden Code. [7] Really very difficult occupation. In the eye immediately rushes that all these entries in the drawings are only "pieces" of something "huge", which we have irretrievably lost. When I look at the pictures of Maya, gradually my thoughts become purer and cleaner. Since I was 32 fond of arithmetic since childhood, it was easier for me to figure out the figures. To be clear to the readers, in this article all the equations without exception are composed with the help of basic arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division). It seems to me that the Mayan priests were more interested in not only the 260-day year "Tzolk'in", but also with some short days, behind which lies the "whole mystery" of the Mayan calendar. With the help of these two and three-digit figures, the Mayan priests determined the magnitude of the month and year, the synodic and sidereal values of all visible and invisible planets of the Solar System (symbol ۞) and much more. To be more precise in expressions, I reinforce them at the end of the article with the tables that I compiled myself. Using elementary formulas and algorithms using the program "Microsoft Office Excel", you can turn certain Maya numbers into infinite astronomical and mathematical quantities and equalities, as in Table 1. However, one should not forget that some of these "magnitudes" are a simple coincidence, that is, the possibility of Mayan astronomers cannot be overstated, because they did not have computers or powerful telescopes. In order not to get confused in the calculations, Mayan astronomers processed the number system with two and three digits. Basically they were engaged in observing the sky. Only when these calculations and observations coincided, they increased these figures to billions (possibly trillions) days with the help of a geometric progression. Further in this article I will give only my data and calculations taken from my hand-written book "About calendars of ancient nomades and kazakhs". [30] If I'm wrong, please correct me. If it seems to you that I insult your honor and dignity - sorry, I did not want to say this. Residents of Maya, like other ancient cultures of the world, with fear awaited each Lunar and Solar eclipse. In the modern world, this phenomenon of the sky is perceived as an amusing sight, since astronomical science preliminarily notifies about it several years in advance. The Mayan priests also tried to do this and they did it well: 1. 260 days × 4 = 1,040 days = 3 × 346.6666667 (346 d 16 h 0 min 0 s) days Draconic year is associated with eclipses: these occur only when both the Sun and the Moon are near these nodes; so eclipses occur within about a month of every half eclipse year. Hence there are two eclipse seasons every eclipse year. The average duration of the eclipse year is 346.620075883 days (346 d 14 h 52 min 54 s) (at the epoch J2000.0). [31] However, the modern codification of the Maya is made up of equations closely related to the Sun and its visible planets: 2. 260 days (Tzolk'in) × 73 = 18,980 days = 52 × 365 days («Haab') If I'm not mistaken, for the first time this equality appeared in 1894 in Cyrus Thomas (Mayan Year). [12] According to the hypothesis of the author of this article, this cycle was used to combine the solar year and lunar months into one common cycle, however, in the "Long Count periods" this equality was not used at all. I will write about this at the end of the article. If we need a year in the Mayan calendar, which is close to the tropical year, then we do not need to wait for all 52 years. I'm sure that with this task, Mayan astronomers can cope with smaller numbers: 33 3. 260 days × 59 = 15,340 days = 42 × 365.2380952 (365 d 5 h 42 min 51.43 s) days The mean tropical year is approximately 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 45 seconds, using the modern definition, (= 365.24219 days of 86400 SI seconds). [32] Agree, the equality of 42 years by the number of days is much less than the 1507 year cycle: 4. 260 days × 2117 = 550,420 days = 1507 × 365.2422 (365 d 5 h 48 min 46.34 s) days The occurrence of a particular solstice on a given date in the "Haab'" will repeat after the passage of 1,508 365-day "Haab'" years. The "Haab'" will lose one day every 1,508 days and it will take 1,508 "Haab'" years to lose one "Haab'" year. So 365 x 1,508 = 365.2422 x 1,507 or 1,508 "Haab'" years = 1,507 Tropical years of 365.2422 days. [33] By the way, if we want the 260-day year "Tzolk'in" to be compatible with the Julian year (July year [34]), then we will have to wait a very long time: 5. 260 days × 1461 = 379860 days = 1040 × 365.25 days However, in nature there is one more equality, in which the number of days is about ten times less than 18,980 days: 6. 260 days × 7 = 1,820 day = 5 × 364 days In our opinion, it was this equality that played a key role in the codification of "Long Count periods" which merged with this equality: 7. 260 days × 28 = 364 days × 20 = 1820 days × 4 = 7280 days = 21 × 346.6666667 days Therefore, in all the known mathematical codifications of Mayan astronomy, these equations often appear, but, paradoxically, they are still not interpreted correctly. For example, one of the Maya calendar researchers sees this equality (from 1820 days), but tries to codify it using "Haab'" 365 days. [35] Because of these and other mistakes similar to it, the meaning of these amazing (6th and 7th) equalities remains unsolved to this day. Mayan astronomers (perhaps before them in the times of the Olmecs and Zapotecs) used the 260day "Tzolkin" to preliminarily calculate the eclipse of the Moon and the Sun, but the 364-day "???" year was used to pre-calculate the occultation of the Pleiades by the Moon. Another feature of Maya priests was that they strictly followed that the main number of days in certain cycles was always divided into a sacred number – seven (7) without a remainder. Probably, this is due to the fact that the Mayan priests were also well aware of the phases of the Moon, which approximately every 7 days changed its external form. Proof of this are the sets of equality that are divisible by 7 without remainder. In addition, the number "7" is associated with the "Haab'" of 365 days, but more on that later ... We see that in ancient times 260 days and 364 days in Mesoamerica had a huge impact. Mayan priests cannot be considered retarded or illiterate, because they used 364 and 260 days in "Long Count periods", and not 360 days, as we are used to now. There is a mutual misunderstanding here... 34 They very accurately and skillfully compensated for the absence of one (1) day in the 364 days of the year, tracking the time not as we are now used to. In this article, we'll talk about this. Of course, I can be mistaken, but the irony is that the Mayan priests were not obsessed with equinoxes, precessions, nutations, the "Milky Way" galaxy and others, as some researchers usually like to attribute to them, having read various books of modern astronomy. Astronomers and priests who lived before Maya, with them and after them, talked about time and space very simply, but rationally, that ultimately "invisible time" would benefit society. It could not be otherwise! When Maya researchers, as well as inquisitive readers at a basic level, begin to study the motion of the Moon ([36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42]), they will easily understand the secrets of astronomy and Mayan calendars. [30, p. 732-735] In the truthfulness of my words, I will give an example. "819-day count" in some sources is associated with Jupiter [43], and with different colors. [44] The 819-day count can be described several ways: Most of these are referred to using a "Y" glyph and a number. Many also have a glyph for K'awill – the god with a smoking mirror in his head. K'awill has been suggested as having a link to Jupiter. [43] In the Dresden codex almanac 59 there are Chaacs of the four colors. The accompanying texts begin with a directional glyph and a verb for 819-day-count phrases. Anderson [44] provides a detailed description of the 819-day count. It will not be necessary to be a brilliant astronomer or mathematician to see that the "819-day count" is closely related to the sidereal month: [37] 8. 364 day × 9 = 3276 day = 4 × 819 days and 819 days = 30 × 27.3 days The sidereal month is defined as the Moon's orbital period in a non-rotating frame of reference (which on average is equal to its rotation period in the same frame). It is about 27.321661547 days (27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes, 11.5577 seconds). It is closely equal to the time it takes the Moon to pass twice a "fixed" star (different stars give different results because all have a very small proper motion and are not really fixed in position). [45] In turn, the sidereal month is the basis of the lunar-stellar calendar, similar in structure to the modern luni-solar calendar based on the synodic month. The lunar-stellar calendar (actually the fourth kind of calendar) in ancient times was one of the main calendars of the whole civilization of mankind. Lunar (1), solar (2) and luni-solar (3) calendars appeared after him. To our great regret, modern science, [45] and all of us have lost the "golden key" to this amazing calendar. The lunarstellar calendar in all the famous ancient civilizations was based on the occultation (togys) of the Pleiades by the Moon. (Some deep-sky objects, such as the Pleiades [M45], can also be occulted by the Moon). [41] I guess I do not have the right to say that I'm on the right track. However, deep in my soul, also in the drawings of the Dresden Code, I see that the Mayan calendar is directly connected not only with the eclipse of the Moon and the Sun, but also with the Moon covering the Pleiades (Occultation of the Moon and the Pleiades). Tracking time on the Pleiades coverings by the Moon is a very complex topic, but it is solvable or rather a completely solved theme to the smallest detail. [30, pp. 325-607] 35 During the last 33 years (1985-2018), the author tried to understand the calendars of his ancestors, that is, the nomads of Central Asia. The excerpts and principles of the work "Urker esebi" (literally "the Pleiades calculations") and "Togys esebi" (literally "Occultation calculations"), which were transmitted over many millennia, reached this generation only verbally and in a deplorable state. Despite this, compared to the Mayan calendar, "Urker esebi" and "Togys esebi" (further – UE and TE) were much more fortunate. They were not preserved on paper, which could be destroyed by fire [4] [5], they were preserved in the deep consciousness of the nomads. Today with the help of UE and TE we will try to solve some secrets of the Mayan calendar. Brief introduction I believe that compared with Western researchers studying the Mayan calendar, I had some advantage. Firstly, I am a descendant of nomads who, from ancient times, lived in the endless deserts of Kyzylkum (Southern Kazakhstan), and I often visited these native lands of my ancestors. And also important is the fact that in my youth I often saddled camels and horses to graze cattle, and at night looked at the mighty starry sky from the dome of the yurt (kyiz ui – house of felt). [46] In a word, I grew up among the topic I researched and knew everything from the inside. Secondly, I know my native Kazakh language not from distorted translations of researchers, but from the original, from which all our nomadic history, culture, literature and, of course, the calendar are felt. Thirdly, the village in which I lived was not far from the vast ruins of ancient cities such as OtyrarFarab (GPS: 42°51'9.04"N 68°18'12.09"E), the native city of the great scholar Abu Nasir al-Farabi (known in the West as Alfarabius, 872-950). Like many of my peers, since childhood I have been striving for knowledge, like our great countryman, and to my happiness, during the USSR received excellent knowledge both in school (1970-1980) and at university (1985-1990). In addition, my stern father, Aliceit Kambaruly Baykabil-kaji tags (1922-2003), was a man who survived the great famine of 1932-1933, in which 66 percent of Kazakhstan's population died, as well as one surviving soldier among many of his peers in the Great War of 1941- 45 years. It is gratifying that the father knew very well and, in parallel with the Gregorian calendar, conducted the lunar-stellar calendar of the nomads UE and TE. Seeing my desire to learn the ancient calendars of my ancestors, he willingly told me that he himself knows and that his nomadic ancestors knew about him. When my father first showed me the full occultation of the Moon and the Pleiades, I was only 9 years old (18.12.1972, UT 17:20). My impression of the seen picture of the sky, left a deep imprint on my soul for life. My sweet mother – Apajan Saduakaskyzy Jakashtegi (1929-2002) graduated from the Pedagogical Institute in Mathematics. Over time, she invented her "mathematic", simplifying modern complex mathematics to my childish level. This knowledge of mathematics has been useful to me in my life, and also in my research. The various interesting equations presented in this article are the fruit of my mother's mathematics, which she coined and instilled into me in her childhood. All these and other factors that occurred in my life eventually made me thoroughly study and write this fundamental work. 36 For clarity of the chosen topic, I advise you to familiarize yourself with the text of the lunar-star calendar of the nomads UE and TE in English, which found with difficulty on the Internet: «IV. The star calendar, based on the sidereal cycle of the Moon, in practice is used very seldom. It is also the most ancient calendar. Such calendar under the name togys (from kazakh togysu meaning «to intersect» [occultation]) were used by Kazakhs. The beginning of months coincides with the moment when the Moon passes the Pleiades and the names of months correlate with lunar phases. As the difference between the synodic and sidereal cycles of the Moon is about 2 days, each subsequent meeting of the Pleiades and the Moon occurs on a lunar phase that is 2 days earlier than the previous lunar phase. There is a certain relation between the names of togyses months and seasons. So, for example, in the spring such «meetings» occur on the 5th, 3rd, 1st days of a lunar month, in the winter – on the 11th, 9th and 7th days. The beginning of a year in this calendar coincides with the month when the waxing (young) Moon meets the Pleiades. This usually occurs in a period between the end of April and the beginning of May. In an ancient Kazakh star calendar there are 13 such «meetings» [occultation] in a year from which only 11 are visible. If every month contains 28 days then the duration of the year is 364 days». [47] [48] Of course, from this brief description of the so-called lunar-stellar calendar of nomads, not everything is clear. Different questions arise. Therefore, I will give a brief arithmetic theory of the ancient UE and TE: 1. 273 days × 4 = 1,092 days = 3 × 364 days 2. 28 days × 39 = 1,092 days = 40 × 27.3 days 3. 28 days × 27 = 756 day, 756 days + 9 days = 765 days = 28 × 27.32142857 day 4. 280 days × 390 = 109,200 days = 300 × 364 days 5. 273 days × 400 = 109,200 days = 299 × 365.2174 days 6. 273 days × 487 = 132,951 days = 364 × 365.25 days 7. 273 days × 113 = 30,849 days = 89 × 346.6179775 day [30, рр. 185-191] These equalities were invented by nomads who lived up to modern Kazakhs (Saki [Scythian], Sarmatians, Huns, Turkis and present turkic-speaking peoples and nationalities). If I say that the entire territory of present-day Kazakhstan is covered with ancient burial mounds (megaliths, dolmens, menhirs, cromlechs, cairns, seidas and others), this is not slyness, not a distortion of facts. For today in Kazakhstan there are about 35 thousand architectural, archaeological and historical monuments. [49] Among them, some archaeoastronomical objects are of value not only for domestic, but also for world science. In my work, I devoted the first section to this topic, and also pointed out the exact coordinates ("Google Maps" and "Google Earth" [50]) of some important objects in terms of science. Any reader can view these images from space, reducing the height to a minimum. [30, pp. 1-124] First had to understand UE and TE himself, and then have to explain to others. That's where I was really helped by the "ancient" knowledge of my father, received verbally from my ancestors. 1985, when I entered the faculty of journalism, began an independent study of UE and TE in Almaty (GPS: 43°13'5.61"N 76°55'18.93"E). Seeing my persistence in these studies, the joker Zhumаbai gave the nickname "Patriarch of all calendars." 37 However, despite these and other efforts, the understanding of the main UE and TE came only after 30 years. I only now began to understand the "forgotten language" not only of UE and TE, but of other ancient calendars, such as the calendar of ancient Rome, right up to the Gregorian calendar. Among all the ancient calendars, the mysterious Mayan calendar stands apart from the others. Like the 260-day Mayan calendar, the 273-day UE and TE are also closely related to the entire solar system. In order not to be unreasonable, I will give my own example in Table 2. When I saw that the 273-day year was closely related to the 819-day calendar, I began to pay attention to the Mayan calendar. Over time, when I began to study the Mayan calendar, I found a more interconnected equality: 1. 273 day × 3 = 819 days & 819 days × 4 = 3,276 day = 9 × 364 day 2. 273 day × 20 = 5,460 day = 21 × 260 day 3. 364 day × 15 = 5,460 day = 15.75 × 346.6666667 day 4. 273 day × 80 = 21,840 day = 84 × 260 day 5. 364 day × 60 = 21,840 day = 63 × 346.6666667 day 6. 1,040 day × 21 = 21,840 day = 12 × 1,820 day 7. 1,092 day × 20 = 21,840 day = 3 × 7,280 day etc. [30, рр. 187, 744] The contact points between the Mayan calendar and the UE and TE do not end with this equality. Back in 1985, when I read about Maya's calendar from S.I.Seleshnikov's book [51, 147-159], I was surprised that I understood some of the Maya words without translation. For example, "k'in" and "tun" in the Kazakh language are translated exactly as "kun" (Sun or day) and "tun" (night), as well as "Katun" (katyn – woman) "Quirigua" (quiryk – tail), "baktun" (night of happiness), "kalabtun" (the desired night), kinchiltun "kunshilde" (hot days), alautun (fiery night), "tzolk'in" sol kun (that day), "sotz" soz (a word), a mole (a lot), a "saq" a sac-skiff (the ancestors of Kazakhs), "k'ank'in" kan kun (bloody day), "k'uk" kok (green), "yaxchilan" (jas jilan – young snake) and others. In addition to these words, among the names of 20 days and the associated glyphs in Table 3, I can distinguish several words similar in sound and meaning. After such a similarity of different words and others, slowly but surely: "I am tormented by vague doubts" [52], about the correctness of such a statement " It is one of six areas in the world where ancient civilization arose independently", [2] [3] i.e. the denial of "Asian origin" in the Mayan culture. We hope that linguists will better understand the similarity of words between the sedentary culture of the Maya (Central America) and the nomadic culture of the Turkis and Kazakhs (Central Asia). [30, p. 744] In accordance with my observations over the past 30 years, the above 260, 273 and 364 day calendars still operate correctly and reliably. Scientist of the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia N.S.Sidorenkov in his book proves this by scientific methods and writes: "It is well knownthat the effect of terrestrial zonal tides withina lunar month (27.3 days) leads to four modes with different period lengths in the Earth.s rotation: two acceleration periods of lengths m1 and m3 and two deceleration periods of lengths m2 and m4. The modes alternate with an average period of mi ≈ 27,3 / 4 = 6,8 days. However, since the lunar perigee and nodes move, this period varies from 5 to 8 days. In 2006, for example, deceleration was observed from September 29 to October 6; acceleration, from October 6 to 12; deceleration, from October 12 to 19; and acceleration, from 38 October 19 to 27. Thus, the lunar month consisted of four intervals with a total duration of 7 + 6 + 7 + 8 days. Any combinations and any real values of mi in the range of 5 to 8 days are possible. The only unchanged characteristic is a monthly period of 27.3 days. ... Solar tides give a maximum correlation at a shift of 365 days, while lunar tides give a maximum correlation every sidereal month. Therefore, a maximum ACF is observed at a shift of 355 days (13 sidereal months). A large ACF maximum also occurs at a shift of 382 days (14 sidereal months)". [53] Together with the cycles 260, 273 and 364 days, mankind can merge with the nature of the Earth and with the rhythm of an infinite cosmos. I live with this rhythm for a long time, but this is just my personal opinion, and I'm not going to impose this opinion on anyone else... Peter Meyer the creator of Hermetic Systems calendar software and calendar studies [54] wrote about the Mayan calendar, especially about "Long Count periods": The Maya Calendar (Chapter 2: The Correlation Problem) "Of all the problems dealt with by Maya scholars, the so-called correlation problem is the most fundamental. It is only a solution to this problem which allows us to locate the phenomenon of the Maya civilization in a time-frame that relates to our own. The correlation problem is the problem of finding a particular day which is identified both by a Western date and by a Maya date, allowing the Western date to be equated with the Maya date. Once this is done, conversion from any date in one system to a date in the other becomes possible. Without a solution to this problem we may be able to determine that the great ruler of Palenque, Lord Pacal, died on 9.12.11.5.18 6 Edznab 11 Yax, but whether this was before or after the fall of Rome or the coronation of Charlemagne, and by how much, would remain unknown". [22] In this quote Peter Meyer I see a rational grain, and therefore I fully support it. The Mayan and Aztec priests in obsidian mirrors really saw many things that modern astronomy does not see at all. [1] Table 4 shows "Long Count periods" for the Mayan calendar compiled by the researchers. In my personal opinion, the fourth column of the table should look like the third column with rounded figures. Instead, we see not rounded years. Tables 5 and 6 show my version of "Long Count periods". Unlike Table 4, in these tables, rounding has all the numbers except one, the one that immediately catches your eye. On the second column of the table, instead of "20 K'in", a completely incomprehensible "18.2 K'in" appeared, and "20 Vinal" appeared in place of "18 Vinal". Because of these changes, the amount of "1 Tun" becomes equal not 360 days, but 364 days. Where did this incomprehensible "18.2 days" or "9.1 days" come from? 1. 18.2 days × 5 = 91 days × 4 = 364 days 2. 0.2 day = 4 hours 48 minutes 3. 4 hours × 5 = 20 hours 4. 48 minutes × 5 = 240 minutes = 4 hours 5. 20 hours + 4 hours = 24 hours In addition to all the above, could Mayan priests be able to divide the day into 5 parts, equal to 4 hours and 48 minutes? For example, Kazakhs still divide the day into approximately 10 equal parts, dividing this time interval into "shak" (hour) and "mezet" (minutes): 39 1. 9.1 days × 10 = 91 days × 4 = 364 days 2. 0.1 day = 2 hours 24 minutes (title: "Et pisirim uakyt")* 3. 2 hours × 10 = 20 hours 4. 24 minutes × 10 = 240 minutes = 4 hours 5. 20 hours + 4 hours = 24 hours *Approximately, the time interval equal to 2 hours 24 minutes is called: "Et pisirim uakyt" (enough time to cook meat). 18.2 and 9.1 days in Tables 5 and Tables 6 acts as the fundamental basis for "Long Count periods". To choose them as the main one, I was motivated by my father's "ancient" calculations. 9 days he called "amal", and 40 days "shilde" (Chilla – translated from Farsi "forty days"). Türkic and Kazakh "Esepshi" (Man leading the score of time) [30, p. 445-453] skillfully used the 9.1-day "amal" (9 days 2 hours 24 minutes) in everyday life. The word "amal" does not come from the Arabic word "Hamal" (month – March), as some Kazakh researchers of antiquity suggest. In everyday life, the word "amal" means – action, deed, resourcefulness, reception, method, cunning. Even in the Kazakh scientific community the word "amal" is used as a synonym for strictly scientific words "arithmetic action, algorithm, equality" and others. At the dawn of Kazakhstan's independence, an inconspicuous article was published in one of the republican magazines in the Kazakh language. This article briefly described another kind of ancient Kazakh calendar called "Togyz tarmak" (Nine knee) or "Togyz shilde" (Nine Shilde): 40 days per shilde × 9 shilde = 360 days & 360 days + 5 konak (a guest) = 365 days [55] But in my rightness I was finally persuaded by the ancient game of nomadic Kazakhs "Togyz Kumalak" ("Nine small round stones"). [56] In this game, the numbers consisting of 9 and 18 are clearly shown. This board game with simple rules, in fact is a very complex intellectual game. The game board consists of – 2 boilers, 18 nests (9 + 9) and 162 "kumalak". At the beginning of the game, each player owns eighty-one "kumalak", located on 9 nests. Each nest has 9 kumalaks each. Then begins a complex game. Its rules can be found at this link (in Kazakh). [57] If one of the players dials 82 "kumalak", the game immediately stops, and the player who gets 82 "kumalak" is declared the winner. This implies the simplest equality of UE and TE: 1. 81 days ÷ 3 = 27 day & 82 day ÷ 3 month = 27.3333 day; 2. 81.9 days ÷ 3 = 27.3 day (819-day count the Maya). However much we change these numbers from 9 and 18, we always end up with the approximate value of the sidereal month: 9.1 day + 9.1 day = 18.2 day & 18.2 days + 9.1 day = 27.3 days [53] A reasonable question arises: why did the nomads of Central Asia choose the 9.1-day "amal", and the Maya people from Central America chose the 18.2-day "amal"? 40 The fact is that the nomads of Central Asia lived in the northern hemisphere, where the climate is sharply continental in nature. In these severe regions, four seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter) are clearly expressed for 91 days each: 9.1 days per amal × 10 amal = 91 days & 91 days per season × 4 seasons = 364 days. As we all know, Mesoamerica was close to the equator (tropical zone), so Maya could easily divide the solar year into a hot and cool period, each of which contained 182 days: 1. 18.2 days × 5 = 91 days & 91 days × 4 = 364 day 2. 18.2 days × 10 = 182 days & 182 days × 2 = 364 day. Mysterious figures "9" and "18", sometimes called "amal", sometimes "shilde," always confuse researchers. 1. 40 days × 5 shilde + 41 day × 4 shilde = 200 days + 164 day = 364 day (Central Asia) 2. 20 day × 10 shilde + 21 day × 8 shilde = 200 day + 164 day = 364 day (Central America) 3. 9.1 day × 40 amal = 364 day = 20 amal × 18.2 day In order to demonstrate the correctness of this assertion, we compiled Table 7 and everything fell into place. The 1st and 5th column of Table 7 contains from 1 to 45 "amal". The 2nd and 6th column of Table 7 contains from 18.2 and 9.1 days to 819 days and 409.5 days. The 3rd and 7th columns in Table 7 contain 30 and 15 sidereal months corresponding to the 2nd column. The 4th and 8th columns in Table 7 contain sidereal months of 27.3 days, formed every 2 months for the Mayan calendar and 1 month for UE and TE. As the number of 18.2 days (the 2nd column) and 9.1 days (6th column) increases, in Table 7, 20 and 40 "amal" (1st and 5th column) are formed, which is exactly 364 days ( 364 days ÷ 13 months = 28 days) and 21 and 42 "amal", which is exactly 382.2 days (382.2 days ÷ 14 months = 27.3 days). As a result of these seemingly simple mathematical calculations, we see that in the 1st and 5th columns of Table 7 there appear 20-21 and 40-41 amals, which, in turn, correspond to the 13th and 14th sidereal months on the 3rd and 7th columns of Table 7. Thus, it becomes clear that the 20 names in Table 3 are not the names of the days that we still consider, but the names "amal" in accordance with Table 7. In our case, the Maya priests and Kazakh "esepshi" from one and two-digit number with a fraction "gave birth" to the whole number of "amal", sidereal months and the star-solar year, which were used in "Long Count periods"! Maya researchers who did not know this algorithm from Mayan mathematics still multiply the numbers 20 days × 13 months = 260 days or 20 days × 18 months = 360 days. Modern "technological" science still does not understand this seemingly "wild and cave" and at the same time complex mathematics of the Maya. [30, p. 744] In addition, we can add that the number 18.2 day perfectly combines with the values of the solar year in very short periods, compared with 260 day: 41 1. 18.2 days × 301 ≈ 5,478 days = 15 × 365.2 days = 201 × 27.25373134 days 2. 18.2 days × 582 ≈ 10,592 days = 29 × 365.2414 = 388 × 27.29896907 days 3. 18.2 days × 602 ≈ 10,956 days = 30 × 365.2 days = 401 × 27.32169576 days 4. 18.2 days × 883 ≈ 16,071 days = 44 × 365.25 days = 589 × 27.2852292 days 5. 18.2 days × 5,880 = 107,016 days = 293 × 365.24232 days = 3917 ×27.32091 days Who has not yet understood the meaning and purpose of the Mayan calendar, perhaps still bewildered about the "missing" 1st day, which should be added to the 364 days. Well, well, let's see, this question from the other side! In fact, this question is only on our head, so to speak, thanks to modern science. Very rarely it happens that the solar year ends exactly after 365 days. We often notice that in March or even in April it's still cold, and in November and December there should be snow and frosts, but it still remains abnormally hot and so on. The spring or autumn equinox of day and night does not mean that at this very moment a warm spring or cool autumn will come. Thus, the sky and nature shakes the seasons of the year for thousands of years. Everything in nature is subject to certain laws and rhythms. Our planet has planetary rhythms that affect all living creatures on Earth, including humans. The life of nature and man is subordinated to cosmic rhythms. When we begin to live so that our own rhythms come into resonance with the rhythms of nature, our body acquires unprecedented power. During Genghis Khan, such a rhythm operated, but then his descendants lost this "sacred" rhythm. If we start using the year not 365.2425 days, but 364 days, which is convenient for us as an "eternal calendar" (which is divided into 7, 13, 28, 91, 182 without remainder), we will feel a difference of 28 days between them every 23 years. According to my father, it became clear to me that the Kazakh "esepshi" does not add a difference of 28 days every 22 and 23 years. They simply transferred the beginning of spring or autumn to the corresponding 28 days and continued to live for the selected 364 days, until for 293 years it all started from the very beginning: 1. 23 years × 13 = 299 years & 299 × 365.2174 days = 109,200 days 2. 364 days × 300 = 109,200 days = 4000 × 27.3 days 3. 300 years ÷ 25 = 12 years (Turkic-Kazakh 12-year animal cycle) From tables 5 and 6 we see that the Maya priests chose this period as 20 and 400 years. 364 days × 400 = 145,600 days = 399 × 364.9123 days Attentive for certain have noticed: in this equality absolutely other rhythms and calculations can appear. There is one important point in the Mayan calendar. The beginning of the year of the 364-day calendar cannot be determined by any date, which is not related to the rhythm and laws of nature. Therefore the Mayan priests searched for such an "important and meaningful" day, which would ensure the merging of the Maya with the harmony of the universe. They even left this "hint" in the form of different steles (a stone pillar) with hieroglyphs in many places throughout Mesoamerica. 42 Located in the southeast of Guatemala, Quirigua is the site of archaeological excavations of ancient Mayan culture. [58] In the eastern side of the stele C (Quirigua) is written the mythical date of the creation of 13 baktuns, 0 katuns, 0 tun, 0 uinals, 0 kins, 4 Ahau 8 Kumku. This is referred to as a correlation constant. The generally accepted correlation constant is the Modified Thompson 2, "Goodman– Martinez–Thompson", or GMT correlation of 584,283 days. [19][20][21][22][23] The GMT correlation is also called the 11.16 correlation. The correlation of GMT on the basis of "360 days" translated this hieroglyph, as Monday, August 11, 3113 BC, into the proleptic Gregorian calendar [PGC] (Monday, September 6, 3114 BC, in the proleptic Julian calendar [PJC]), which corresponds to the Julian Day Number (JDN) 584,282.5 days. [59] What happened that day in the solar system, in the distant cosmos, in the Milky Way galaxy, or at worst in the night sky over the Maya? Nothing is known about this! But it is known that six years ago all of humanity was on the verge of a nervous breakdown due to the upcoming "Mayan Apocalypse" in connection with the end of "13 baktun" the day before December 21, 2012 on Friday. [60] [61] [62] What can I add here, even if Almaty residents, located about 12,770 kilometers from Mesoamerica, on the eve of this date, swept away all food and drinking water from the shelves of supermarkets. Some fans of "Mayan Apocalypse" were offended and upset, why there was no "End of the World", as if it promised something good for humanity?! Since I had a ready lunar-stellar calendar for UE and TE for 1985-2020, I knew for sure that nothing would happen on December 21, but from December 25 to December 26, 2012 on Tuesday there will be an ordinary "covering" of the Pleiades of the Moon at 13 day phase. The 370th occultation the Pleiades by the Moon passed without incident and with time humanity, which is constantly somewhere in a hurry, forgot about everything. JDN 2456286.5 (25.12.2012) – JDN 2446178.5 (23.4.1985) = 10108 = 370 × 27,32 That's when I first thought about why the International Occultation Timing Association (IOTA) [63] did not report this? If someone from readers can use SkyMap Online / Professional edition [64] (there is an English translation), will be able to see not only this date, but also dates relating to the "Long Count periods". The GPS coordinate of Chichen Itza, El Castillo (Kukulkan pyramide) for "Google Maps" or "Google Earth" [50] is defined as 20°40'58.90"N 88°34'7.06"W (for "SkyMap Online" 20°40'N 88°34'W"). [64] If you enter this coordinate on this "SkyMap Online", [64], and also set the specified time by UTC, [65] you will see what these dates are associated with. After viewing "SkyMap Online" using Table 8, we can see: 1. Monday, August 11, 3113 BCE in the proleptic Gregorian calendar [further – PGC] (does not show), 2. Monday, September 6, 3114 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar [further – PJC] (shows) In the starry sky over Chichen Itza, El Castillo (Kukulkan pyramide) nothing happened (JDN 584,282.5 [59]), i.e. there was neither the Lunar nor the Solar eclipse, nor was the occultation of the Pleiades by the Moon, etc. 3. Friday, August 11, 3113 BCE in the PJC (shows) 43 4. Friday, July 16, 3112 BCE in the PGC (does not show) On this day (JDN 584,622.5 [59]) in the starry sky over Chichen Itza, El Castillo (Kukulkan pyramide), the Pleiades were occultation in the Moon in the 25 day phase after the astronomical new moon. In the 5th and 6th rows of Table 8, to test my words, it is shown how the Moon occultation the Pleiades on December 25-26, 2012. [30, p. 744] According to Table 9, when the zero (0) day corresponds to Monday, August 11, 3113 BCE in the PGC, the interval between dates is 144,000 days (360 days × 400 year = 144,000 days), and all 13 baktuns are 1,872,000 days (144,000 days × 13 baktun = 1,872,000 days ÷ 360 days = 5,200 years). This shows that 13.0.0.0.0 corresponds to Fri, December 21, 2012. CE (Gregorian date GMT (JDN 584,282.5) correlation). According to Table 10, when the zero (0) day corresponds to Friday, August 11, 3113 BCE in the PJC, the interval between the dates is 145,600 days (364 days × 400 year = 145,600 days), and all 13 baktuns are 1,892,800 days (145,600 days × 13 baktun = 1,892,800 days ÷ 364 days = 5,200 years) . This shows that 13.0.0.0.0 corresponds to Fri, November 7, 2070 CE (PJC date Kambar (JDN 584 622.5) correlation). 1. 360 days × 400 × 13 = 1,872,000 days 2. 364 days × 400 × 13 = 1,892,800 days 3. 1,892,800 days – 1,872,000 days = 20,800 days ≈ 365.2425 days × 57 Comparing tables 9 and 10 with each other, we will see that the researchers of the Mayan calendar, which frightened our planet «Mayan Apocalypse», hurried for as long as 57 years! [60] [61] [62] However, one should not forget that my version (PJC date Kambar (JDN 584 622.5) correlation) may also be incorrect. Because "13 baktuns, 0 katuns, 0 tunas, 0 uinal, 0 kins, 4 Ahau 8 Cumku" were defined by the system of accounts from 360 days (correlation according to the Gregorian date GMT (JDN 584,282.5)). If we try to determine "13 baktuns, 0 katuns, 0 tunas, 0 uinal, 0 kins, 4 Ahau 8 Cumku " with the help of 364 days, then both dates (August 11, 3113 BC [August 11, 3113] BC [PJC]), of course, will change. The Maya priests did not do in vain so that the "Long Count periods" was closely related to 260 and 364 days, the draconic year and month, and also to other types of lunar month (sidereal month, synodic month, anomalistic month). They found something important that we cannot find: [31] [45] [66] 1. 1820 days × 1,040 = 1,892,800 days = 5,200 × 364 days 2. 260 day × 7,280 = 1,892,800 days = 5,460 × 346.6666667 days 3. 27.55448153 days × 68,693 = 1,892,800 days = 69,557 month × 27.21221444 day 4. 29.53070394 days × 64,096 = 1,892,800 days = 69,278 month × 27.3218049 day 5. 28 day × 67,600 = 1,892,800 days = 270,400 × 7 days For this reason, a new date (zero day), to be determined for the "Long Count periods", must correspond to both the solar eclipse and the covering of the Pleiades by the Moon that occurred on 44 the "X" day. To find the desired date "X", load the GPS coordinates of Quirigua (15°16'8.25"N 89°2'24.97"W) [50] in SkyMap Online (15°16'N 89°2'W) [64] and hurry to look for the date "X". The Sun and the Pleiades were simultaneously shaded by the new Moon at about these dates: 1. Tuesday, June 14, 1954 BCE, UT 17:40 (JDN 1,007,888.5) The New Moon covered the Sun and Pleiades; 2. Thursday, June 16, 2828 BCE, UT 17:50 (JDN 688,662.5) The New Moon covered the Sun and Pleiades; 3. Saturday, June 19, 3702 BCE, UT 18:00 (JDN 369,436.5) The New Moon covered the Sun and Pleiades; 4. Monday, June 21, 4139 BCE, UT 18:00 (JDN 209,824.5) The New Moon covered the Sun and Pleiades; 5. Friday, June 21 and Saturday, June 22, 4595 BCE., UT 18:20 (JDN 43,270.5 and 43,271.5) The New Moon covered the Sun and the Pleiades. What is remarkable, on this day the Sun covered the planet Uranus and Mars. Thus, in those days, the planets – Venus, Uranus, Mars, Mercury, Saturn and Jupiter were built in one row, and a beautiful and impressive sky-picture was created, the so-called "Parade of the Planet". If I was a Mayan priest, I would choose for the "zero day" in the "Long Count periods" exactly on June 21, 4595 BCE or June 22, 4595 BCE. All these amazing phenomena of the sky were even visible on the coordinate of Almaty (43°13'N 76°55'E, Saturday, June 22, 4595 BCE., UT 07:20). If someone else doubts the astronomical abilities of the Mayan priests, and also my statement about this, please look at these calculations. After these equalities, I think, there should be no doubt about the correctness of my statement written in this article. According to the coordinates of Quirigua (15°16'N 89°2'W) in SkyMap Online, one can see that the eclipse of the Sun by a new Moon occurred on March 20, 2015 (Friday, 20.03.2015 AD, UT 21-00, JDN 2,457,101.5). Now draw a parallel between this and the previous eclipse of the Sun (Friday, 21.06.4595 BCE., UT 21-00, JDN 43,270.5). 1. 2,457,101 days – 43,270 days = 2,413,831 days = 6609 × 365,234 days; 2. 2,457,101 days – 43,270 days = 2,413,831 days = 6964 × 346,6156 days; 3. 27.2122 days × 88,704 = 2,413,831 days = 87,602 × 27.55,452 days; 4. 27.321543 days × 88349 = 2,413,831 days = 81740 × 29.530597015 days; 5. 1,040 days × 2,321 = 2,413,840 days = 9,284 year × 260 days; 6. 2,413,831 + 9 = 2,413,840 days = 6,963 × 346.666,667 days; 7. 260 days × 7,280 = 1,892,800 days = 1,040 days × 1,820 (13 baktuns); 8. 364 days × 5,200 = 1,892,800 days = 1,820 days × 1,040 (13 baktuns); 9. 2,413,831 – 1,892,800 = 521,031 & 521,031 + 9 = 521,040 = 260 days × 2,004. As can be seen from these equations, for 6609 years the error of Maya priests was only +9 days! 45 After all that has been said, it remains to add: when Michael D. Coe wrote in his book "In violation of the Maya code" [67] "Despite the fact that the oceans of ink that have been shed on this issue, now there is not the slightest chance, that these three scientists (in conjunction with GMT, when they talk about correlation) were not right ... ", in fact, Michael D. Coe was not right... In this short article, we were unable to acquaint the reader with how and on what principles "Urker esebi" and "Togys esebi" are working. However, they are described in detail in the author's manuscript book, which may be published in 2019. [30] This book provides a detailed description of various calendar systems of the world (the Mayan calendar is only one of them), as well as the Turkic-Kazakh variant of "Long Count periods", consisting of 212,027,463,648,000 days. (Table 11 and Table 12) [30, pp. 671-682, 771-772] By the way, in determining this huge amount of digital data, a curious case occurred. More precisely, the program "Microsoft Office Excel 2010" or in general "the decimal numeral system" of modern mathematics has failed. I will write briefly about this. At the very beginning, we were looking for a common divisor for the "Turkic-Kazakh 12-year animal cycle" (1-12, 2-24, 3-36, 4-48, 5-60, 6-72, 7-84, 8-96, 9-108, 10-120, 11-132, 12-144, 13156, 14-168, 15-180, 16-192, 17-204, 18-216, 19- 228, 20-240, 21 -252, 22-264, 23-276, 24-288, 25-300, 26-312, 27-324, 28-336, 29-348, 30-360). In the 90s of the last century, I started searching with a simple calculator, and in 2010 – using Microsoft Office Excel 2007. These searches ended only in 2017. (Table 12) As a result, we found that the modern "Microsoft Office Excel 2010", used by all of us and working on the basis of "decimal number system" (using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0) [68] shows one thing, but it turns out another. For example, starting at 268,713,244,800, the whole calculation (from 12 to 360) is divided into a divisor without a remainder (OK), but in fact the numbers 204, 228 and 276 are divided into a divisor with a remainder of 48, 36 and 12, respectively. The Latin proverb says: "Qui quaerit, repent" (Who seeks will always find). And we found the only number of figures that is divided into all the years of the "Turkic-Kazakh 12-year animal cycle" without a remainder, except for the 29th line of Table 12. This was a huge number of figures of 10,601,373,182,400 seconds / minute / hour / days / years. The above number of 212,027,463,648,000 is his "close relative": 10,601,373,182,400 × 20 = 212,027,463,648,000. Thus, multiplying these numbers can continue indefinitely. Thanks to the "duodecimal number system" (using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B) [69] of nomadic Kazakhs, the horizons of the use of modern mathematics can expand to the sky. On Tables 11 and 12 we see that 212,027,463,648,000 days without a remainder is divided into all possible indicators of mathematical and astronomical science, and so on. I hope in the near future readers will be able to read this interesting book. But I immediately warn that this work is not similar to modern strict scientific work. Rather, it is similar to ancient treatises. Curious minds in this book will find a lot of interesting, and the assumption of which was not even suspected. As we all know, for centuries, Maya researchers are trying to represent the Mayan year in the form: 260 days (Tzolk'in) × 73 = 18,980 days = 52 × 365 days ("Haab'). The ratio of 260 days and 365 days among themselves can be represented in shorter "amal": 46 7,3 days × 50 «amal» = 365 days («Haab') and 5.2 days × 50 «amal» = 260 day (Tzolk'in). (7,3 day или 7 day 7 hours 12 minutes and 5,2 day или 5 day 4 hours 48 minutes) From here it is easy to determine where the figures of 73 and 52 come from! (Table 13). Using the so-called "amal" we completely deciphered and the calendar of the ancient Romans, right up to the Gregorian calendar. They turned out to be an "unclean" solar calendar, as they are now called. They are based on synodic and sidereal months, i. this can be expressed in two paintings, which were painted on one canvas. One of them can be seen visually, and the second one can be seen only with the help of infrared and X-rays. [70] [71] However, this is a completely different topic that could be written in the future ... Table 1. The sun and its eight planets, which the Mayan priests could identify ۞ Solar system (the Sun and its 8 planets) 1 No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Sun sidereal rotation period (at equator) (at 16° latitude) (at poles) Period of other rotation Sun Period of other rotation Sun Period of other rotation Sun Mercury sidereal rotat. period Mercury orbital period Mercury synodic period Venus sidereal rotat. period Venus orbital period Venus synodic period Moon's draconic month Moon's sidereal month Moon's anomalistic month Moon's synodic month Mars orbital period Mars synodic period Jupiter orbital period Jupiter synodic period Saturn orbital period Saturn synodic period Uranus orbital period Uranus synodic period Neptune orbital period Neptune synodic period Modern IAU 2 Days 25.05 25.38 34.4 24.47 26.24 27.2753 58.646 87.969 115.88 243.69 224.701 583.92 27.21222082 27.3216615 27.55454988 29.5305889 686.98 779.94 4,332.589 398.88 10,759.22 378.09 30,685.4 369.66 59,799.9 367.49 version of Kambar in Maya (Tzolk'in - Tonalpohualli) 3 Tzo × = ÷ 260 29 7,540 301 260 45 11,700 461 260 28 7,280 211 260 8 2,080 85 260 11 2,860 109 260 15 3,900 143 260 30 7,800 133 260 45 11,700 133 260 119 30,940 267 260 254 66,040 271 260 261 67,860 302 260 676 175,760 301 260 9 2,340 86 260 31 8,060 295 260 39 10,140 368 260 46 11,960 405 260 901 234,260 341 260 3 780 1 260 1,933 502,580 116 260 247 64,220 161 260 3,145 817,700 76 260 381 99,060 262 260 5,665 1,472,900 48 260 209 54,340 147 260 230 59,800 1 260 400 104,000 283 47 Maya in days 4 = 25.04983388 25.37960954 34.50236967 24.47058823 26.23853211 27.27272727 58.64661654 87.96992481 115.8801498 243.6900369 224.7019868 583.9202658 27.20930233 27.3220339 27.55434783 29.5308642 686.9794721 780 4,332.586207 398.8819876 10,759.21053 378.0916031 30,685.41667 369.6598639 59,800 367.4911661 Table 2. The sun and its eight planets, which Kazakh "esepshi" could identify ۞ Solar system (the Sun and its 8 planets) 1 No Sun sidereal rotation period 1 (at equator) 2 (at 16° latitude) 3 (at poles) 4 Period of other rotation Sun 5 Period of other rotation Sun 6 Period of other rotation Sun 7 Mercury sidereal rot. period 8 Mercury orbital period 9 Mercury synodic period 10 Venus sidereal rotat. period 11 Venus orbital period 12 Venus synodic period 13 Moon's draconic month 14 Moon's sidereal month 15 Moon's anomalistic month 16 Moon's synodic month 17 Mars orbital period 18 Mars synodic period 19 Jupiter orbital period 20 Jupiter synodic period 21 Saturn orbital period 22 Saturn synodic period 23 Uranus orbital period 24 Uranus synodic period 25 Neptune orbital period 26 Neptune synodic period Modern IAU 2 Days 25.05 25.38 34.4 24.47 26.24 27.2753 58.646 87.969 115.88 243.69 583.92 224.701 27.21222082 27.3216615 27.55454988 29.5305889 779.94 686.98 4,332.589 398.88 10,759.22 378.09 30,685.4 369.66 59,799.9 367.49 version of Kambar in Kazakh (Urker esebi – Togys esebi) 3 Tzo × = ÷ 273 10 2,730 109 273 37 10,101 398 273 23 6,279 182 273 32 8,736 357 273 47 12,831 489 273 1 273 10 273 29 7,917 135 273 29 7,917 90 273 59 16,107 139 273 291 79,443 326 273 77 21,021 36 273 107 29.211 130 273 31 8,463 311 273 126 34,398 1,259 273 11 3,003 109 273 94 25,662 869 273 20 5,460 7 273 1,150 313,950 457 273 2,936 801,529 185 273 507 138,411 347 273 3,547 968,330 90 273 644 175,812 465 273 23,267 6,351,891 207 273 283 77,259 209 273 13,800 3,767,400 63 273 35 9,555 26 48 Kazakh in days 4 = 25.04587156 25.37939698 34.5 24.47058824 26.2392638 27.3 58.64444444 87.96666667 115.8776978 243.690184 583.9166667 224.7 27.21221865 27.32168388 27.55045872 29.53049482 780 686.9803063 4,332.589189 398.8789625 10,759.22222 378.0903226 30,685.46377 369.6602871 59,800 367.5 Table 3. Tzolk'in calendar: named days and associated glyphs (in sequence) Seq. No 1 1 01 Day Name 2 2 Imix' – 18.2 day Казахский смысл 3 «Imek» – bent Seq. No 1 5 11 Day Name 2 6 Chuwen – 200.2 day Казахский Glyph смысл example 3 7 8 «Chu...» – noise 02 Ik' – 36.4 day «Eki» – two, the second 12 Eb' – 218.4 day ? 03 Ak'b'al – 54.6 day «Ak bal» – white honey 13 B'en – 236.6 day ? 04 K'an – 72.8 day «Kan» – blood 14 Ix – 254.8 day ? 05 Chikchan – 91 day «Tyshkan» – mouse 15 Men – 273 day «Men» – I 06 Kimi – 109.2 day «Kim» – who clothes «Man..» – value 16 K'ib' – 291.2 day «Kybi» – tub 17 Kab'an – 309.4 day «Kaban» – boar or wild boar «Aznap» – blow Glyph example 3 4 or 07 Manik' – 127.4 day 08 Lamat – 145.6 day «...at» – horse 18 Etz'nab' – 327.6 day 09 Muluk – 163.8 day «Muluk» – thing 19 Kawak – 345.8 day 10 Ok – 182 day «Ok» – arrow or white color 20 Ajaw – 364 day 49 «Kawak» – head or emptiness «Ojau» – scoop Table 4. Table of Long Count periods (Modern science) Table of Long Count units (Modern science) 1 2 3 Long Count unit Long Count period Days 1 K'in 1 1 Winal 20 K'in 20 1 Tun 18 Winal 360 1 K'atun 20 Tun 7,200 1 B'ak'tun 20 K'atun 144,000 1 Piktun 20 B'ak'tun 2,880,000 1 Kalabtun 20 Piktun 57,600,000 1 K'inchiltun 20 Kalabtun 1,152,000,000 1 Alautun 20 K'inchiltun 23,040,000,000 4 Approximate Solar Years 1 20 394 7,885 157,704 3,154,071 63,081,429 Table 5. Table of Long Count periods (1-st version of Kambar) Table of Long Count units (author's [Kambar] version) Long Count unit Long Count period Days 1 2 3 1 K'in 1 1 Winal 18.2 K'in 18.2 1 Tun 20 Winal 364 1 K'atun 20 Tun 7,280 1 B'ak'tun 20 K'atun 145,600 1 Piktun 20 B'ak'tun 2,912,000 1 Kalabtun 20 Piktun 58,240,000 1 K'inchiltun 20 Kalabtun 1,164,800,000 1 Alautun 20 K'inchiltun 23,296,000,000 Approximate Solar Years 4 18.2 = 18 d. 4 h. 48 m. 1 20 400 8,000 160,000 3,200,000 64,000,000 Table 6. Table of Long Count periods (2-nd version Kambar) Table of Long Count units (author's [Kambar] version) Long Count unit Long Count period Days 1 2 3 1 K'in 1 1 Winal 9.1 K'in 9.1 1 Tun 40 Winal 364 1 K'atun 40 Tun 7,280 1 B'ak'tun 40 K'atun 145,600 1 Piktun 40 B'ak'tun 2,912,000 1 Kalabtun 40 Piktun 58,240,000 1 K'inchiltun 40 Kalabtun 1,164,800,000 1 Alautun 40 K'inchiltun 23,296,000,000 50 Approximate Solar Years 4 9.1 = 9 d. 2 h. 24 m. 1 20 400 8,000 160,000 3,200,000 64,000,000 Table 7. 18.2 and 9.1 days corresponding to 20-21 and 40-42 "amal" 18.2 day "amal" of the Mayan priests 9.1 days "amal" of the Kazakh "esepshi" 1 5 2 No Amal 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 18.2 36.4 54.6 72.8 91 109.2 127.4 145.6 163.8 182 200.2 218.4 236.6 254.8 273 291.2 309.4 327.6 345.8 364 382.2 400.4 418.6 436.8 455 473.2 491.4 509.6 527.8 546 564.2 582.4 600.6 618.8 637 655.2 673.4 691.6 709.8 728 746.2 764.4 782.6 800.8 819 3 Number months 0.666666667 1.333333333 2 2.666666667 3.333333333 4 4.666666667 5.333333333 6 6.666666667 7.333333333 8 8.666666667 9.333333333 10 10.66666667 11.33333333 12 12.66666667 13.33333333 14 14.66666667 15.33333333 16 16.66666667 17.33333333 18 18.66666667 19.33333333 20 20.66666667 21.33333333 22 22.66666667 23.33333333 24 24.66666667 25.33333333 26 26.66666667 27.33333333 28 28.66666667 29.33333333 30 4 of Sidereal month 1 18.2 1 36.4 2 27.3 3 24.26666667 3 30.33333333 4 27.3 5 25.48 5 29.12 6 27.3 7 26 7 28.6 8 27.3 9 26.28888889 9 28.31111111 10 27.3 11 26.47272727 11 28.12727273 12 27.3 13 26.6 13 28 14 27.3 15 26.69333333 15 27.90666667 16 27.3 17 26.76470588 17 27.83529412 18 27.3 19 26.82105263 19 27.77894737 20 27.3 21 26.86666667 21 27.73333333 22 27.3 23 26.90434783 23 27.69565217 24 27.3 25 26.936 25 27.664 26 27.3 27 26.96296296 27 27.63703704 28 27.3 29 26,9862069 29 27.6137931 30 27.3 6 No Amal 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 51 9.1 18.2 27.3 36.4 45.5 54.6 63.7 72.8 81.9 91 100.1 109.2 118.3 127.4 136.5 145.6 154.7 163.8 172.9 182 191.1 200.2 209.3 218.4 227.5 236.6 245.7 254.8 263.9 273 282.1 291.2 300.3 309.4 318.5 327.6 336.7 345.8 354.9 364 373.1 382.2 391.3 400.4 409.5 7 Number months 0.333333333 0.666666667 1 1.333333333 1.666666667 2 2.333333333 2.666666667 3 3.333333333 3.666666667 4 4.333333333 4.666666667 5 5.333333333 5.666666667 6 6.333333333 6.666666667 7 7.333333333 7.666666667 8 8.333333333 8.666666667 9 9.333333333 9.666666667 10 10.33333333 10.66666667 11 11.33333333 11.66666667 12 12.33333333 12.66666667 13 13.33333333 13.66666667 14 14.33333333 14.66666667 15 8 of Sidereal month 0 9.1 1 18.2 1 27.3 1 36.4 2 22.75 2 27.3 2 31.85 3 24.26666667 3 27.3 3 30.33333333 4 25.025 4 27.3 4 29.575 5 25.48 5 27.3 5 29.12 6 25.78333333 6 27.3 6 28.81666667 7 26 7 27.3 7 28.6 8 26.1625 8 27.3 8 28.4375 9 26.28888889 9 27.3 9 28.31111111 10 26.39 10 27.3 10 28.21 11 26.47272727 11 27.3 11 28.12727273 12 26.54166667 12 27.3 12 28.05833333 13 26.6 13 27.3 13 28 14 26.65 14 27.3 14 27.95 15 26.69333333 15 27.3 Table 8. Dates coinciding and not coinciding with the occultation the Pleiades by the Moon No GPS coordinate Julian Day [57] UT –05:00 Long Count periods (date) 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 20°40'N 88°34'W ---------------------20°40'N 88°34'W ---------------------20°40'N 88°34'W 20°40'N 88°34'W 2 UT 12:35 UT --:-UT 14:00 UT --:-UT 3:35 UT 3:35 3 Monday, September 6, –3114 BCE Monday, August 11, –3113 BCE [PGC] Friday, August 11, –3113 BCE Friday, July 16, –3112 BCE [PGC] Tuesday, December 25, 2012 CE Wednesday, December 26, 2012 CE 4 JD 584,282,5 JD 584,282,5 JD 584,622,5 JD 584,622,5 JD 2456286.5 JD 2456287.5 Table 9. JDN correlations to the Maya creation date (Modern science) Long Gregorian date GMT (584283) correlation Julian day number Count 1 2 3 13.0.0.0.0 Mon, Aug 11, 3114 BCE (PGC) 584,283 1.0.0.0.0 Thu, Nov 13, 2720 BCE 728,283 2.0.0.0.0 Sun, Feb 16, 2325 BCE 872,283 3.0.0.0.0 Wed, May 21, 1931 BCE 1,016,283 4.0.0.0.0 Sat, Aug 23, 1537 BCE 1,160,283 5.0.0.0.0 Tue, Nov 26, 1143 BCE 1,304,283 6.0.0.0.0 Fri, Feb 28, 748 BCE 1,448,283 7.0.0.0.0 Mon, Jun 3, 354 BCE 1,592,283 8.0.0.0.0 Thu, Sep 5, 41 CE 1,736,283 9.0.0.0.0 Sun, Dec 9, 435 CE 1,880,283 10.0.0.0.0 Wed, Mar 13, 830 CE 2,024,283 11.0.0.0.0 Sat, Jun 15, 1224 CE 2,168,283 12.0.0.0.0 Tue, Sep 18, 1618 CE 2,312,283 13.0.0.0.0 Fri, Dec 21, 2012 CE 2,456,283 1.0.0.0.0 Mon, Mar 26, 2407 CE 2,600,283 2.0.0.0.0 Thu, Jun 28, 2801 CE 2,744,283 Table 10. JDN correlations to the Maya creation date (Kambar version) Long Julian date Kambar (584622) correlation Julian day Number Count 1 2 3 13.0.0.0.0 Fri, Aug 11, 3113 BCE (PJC) 584,622 1.0.0.0.0 Fri, Mar 30, 2714 BCE 730,222 2.0.0.0.0 Fri, Nov 15, 2316 BCE 875,822 3.0.0.0.0 Fri, Jul 17, 1917 BCE 1,021,422 4.0.0.0.0 Fri, Feb 19, 1518 BCE 1,167,022 5.0.0.0.0 Fri, Oct 7, 1120 BCE 1,312,622 6.0.0.0.0 Fri, May 25, 721 BCE 1,458,222 7.0.0.0.0 Fri, Jan 11, 322 BCE 1,603,822 8.0.0.0.0 Fri, Aug 29. 77 CE 1,749,422 9.0.0.0.0 Fri, Apr 16, 476 CE 1,895,022 10.0.0.0.0 Fri, Dec 3, 874 CE 2,040,622 11.0.0.0.0 Fri, Jul 21, 1273 CE 2,186,222 12.0.0.0.0 Fri, Mar 18, 1672 CE 2,331,822 13.0.0.0.0 Fri, Nov 7, 2070 CE 2,477,422 14.0.0.0.0 Fri, Jun 28, 2469 CE 2,623,022 15.0.0.0.0 Fri, Feb 17, 2868 CE 2,768,622 52 1 B'ak'tun 4 0 144,000 144,000 144,000 144,000 144,000 144,000 144,000 144,000 144,000 144,000 144,000 144,000 144,000 144,000 144,000 1 B'ak'tun 4 0 145,600 145,600 145,600 145,600 145,600 145,600 145,600 145,600 145,600 145,600 145,600 145,600 145,600 145,600 145,600 Table 11. The Kazakh version of the " Long Count periods" consisting of 212,027,463,648,000 days No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 (IAU / Kambar version) 24 hours 1,440 min. 86,400 sec. 31,104,000 sec. 31,449,600 sec. 31,536,000 sec. 31,557,600 sec. 346.620075883 27.212220817 353.758870621 27.321582241 355.180569133 27.321661547 355.181600111 27.554549878 358.209148414 29.530588853 354.367066236 365.24218967 365 day 365.25 day 366 day 365.2551897 d. 365.256363 day 365.2568983 d. 365.259636 day 3,232.6054 day 8.850578 year 6,793.4765 day 18.5996 year 6,585.3213 day 6,939.68838 day 7 day 27.3 day 28 day 260 day 273 day 360 day 364 day 765 day 819 day 1,040 day 1,092 day 1,820 day 5,460 day 7,280 day 21,840 day 145,600 day 23,900.501 year 8,729,476 day Universal number – 212,027,463,648,000 Numerator hours (1 days) minutes (24 × 60) seconds (1440 × 60) 360 day = ephemeris second 364 day = ephemeris second 365 day = ephemeris second 365.25 = ephemeris second draconic year draconic month draconic year: 27,212220817 × 13 month tropical month tropical year: 27.321582241 × 13 month sidereal month sidereal year: 27.321661547 × 13 month anomalistic month anomalistic year: 27.554549878 × 13 mon. synodic month synodic year: 29.530588853 × 12 month tropical year 365 day "haab'" – Remainder 165 day! julian year – Remainder 109 day! leap year – Remainder 78 day! ecliptic middle day sidereal year gaussian year anomalistic year with respect to the perigee (precesses) with respect to the perigee (precesses) with res. to the ascending node (precesses) with res. to the ascending node (precesses) "saros" periods cycle of "metons" week classic sidereal month ancient classical sidereal month 260-day "tzolk'in" 273-day "urker esebi" and "togys esebi" ancient classical year 364-day "urker esebi" and "togys esebi" 765-day "jety amal" esebi "819-day count" of the maya maya eclipse periods cycle of the togys esebi cycle of the maya calendar cycle of the maya-togys calendar 1 k'atun=20 tun of the maya calendar cycle of the maya-togys calendar 1 b'ak'tun=20 k'atun (kambar version) precession period (kambar version) precession period days (kambar version) Denominator 8,834,477,652,000 147,241,294,200 2,454,021,570 6,816,726 6,741,817 6,723,346 6,718,744 611,699,893,920 7,791,626,603,131 599,355,892,549 7,760,438,680,957 596,956,821,612 7,760,416,154,898 596,955,088,838 7,694,825,884,900 591,909,683,454 7,179,926,709,334 598,327,225,778 580,511,971,588 580,897,160,679 580,499,558,242 579,310,009,967 580,491,310,259 580,489,445,563 580,488,594,835 580,484,243,948 65,590,270,822 23,956,340,890,731 31,210,450,739 11,399,571,154,649 32,196,980,829 30,552,879,616 30,289,637,664,000 7,766,573,760,000 7,572,409,416,000 815,490,244,800 776,657,376,000 588,965,176,800 582,493,032,000 277,160,083,200 258,885,792,000 203,872,561,200 194,164,344,000 116,498,606,400 38,832,868,800 29,124,651,600 9,708,217,200 1,456,232,580 8,871,256,031 24,288,682 (Kambar vers.) Quotient 24 1,440 86,400 31,104,002.666 31,449,602.333 31,536,003.598 31,557,604.166 346.6200759 day 27.21222082 day 353.7588706 day 27.32158224 day 355.1805691 day 27.32166155 day 355.1816001 day 27.55454988 day 358.2091484 day 29.53058885 day 354.3670662 day 365.2421897 day 365.0000000003 365.2500000002 366.0000000001 365.2551897 365.256363 365.2568983 365.259636 3,232.6054 8.850578 6,793.4765 18.5996 6,585.3213 6,939.68838 7 days 27.3 28 260 273 360 364 765 819 1,040 1,092 1,820 5,460 7,280 21,840 145,600 23,900.501 8,729,475.879 etc. The Kazakh version of the "Long Count periods", consisting of 212,027,463,648,000 seconds / minutes / hour / days, is divided into many values of the IAU and the author, including 364 days without a remainder. However, 365 days (165 days of the remainder), 365.25 days (109 days of the remainder) and 366 days (78 days days of the remainder) are divided by this amount with the balances. Why this occurs is still unknown ... 53 Table 12. The figure 212,027,463,648,000 is divided into all known systems of positional numbers №1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 №2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 №3 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 №4 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100 104 108 112 116 120 №5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 №6 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 126 132 138 144 150 156 162 168 174 180 №7 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160 168 176 184 192 200 208 216 224 232 240 №8 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 108 117 126 135 144 153 162 171 180 189 198 207 216 225 234 243 252 261 270 №9 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 №10 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 110 121 132 143 154 165 176 187 198 209 220 231 242 253 264 275 286 297 308 319 330 №11 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180 192 204 216 228 240 252 264 276 288 300 312 324 336 348 360 №12 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300 315 330 345 360 375 390 405 420 435 450 №13 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240 256 272 288 304 320 336 352 368 384 400 416 432 448 464 480 №14 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 №15 22 44 66 88 110 132 154 176 198 220 242 264 286 308 330 352 374 396 418 440 462 484 506 528 550 572 594 616 638 660 №16 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288 312 336 360 384 408 432 456 480 504 528 552 576 600 624 648 672 696 720 №17 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 725 750 №18 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600 630 660 690 720 750 780 810 840 870 900 №19 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640 680 720 760 800 840 880 920 960 1000 1040 1080 1120 1160 1200 №20 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 №21 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720 780 840 900 960 1020 1080 1140 1200 1260 1320 1380 1440 1500 1560 1620 1680 1740 1800 №22 80 160 240 320 400 480 560 640 720 800 880 960 1040 1120 1200 1280 1360 1440 1520 1600 1680 1760 1840 1920 2000 2080 2160 2240 2320 2400 №23 110 220 330 440 550 660 770 880 990 1100 1210 1320 1430 1540 1650 1760 1870 1980 2090 2200 2310 2420 2530 2640 2750 2860 2970 3080 3190 3300 №24 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200 1320 1440 1560 1680 1800 1920 2040 2160 2280 2400 2520 2640 2760 2880 3000 3120 3240 3360 3480 3600 All these figures up to the 28th line are divided into 212,027,463,648,000 without a remainder, and on the 29th line everything is divided into a divisor with a remainder, and on the 30th line everything is divided again into a divisor without a remainder, etc. Why this happens, we will soon find out... Table 13. The relationship between 365 day ("Haab") and 260 day (Tzolk'in) through short "amal" 1 2 3 No Amal Number months 1 7,3 0,247206231 2 14,6 0,494412462 3 21,9 0,741618693 4 29,2 0,988824924 5 36,5 1,236031155 6 43,8 1,483237386 7 51,1 1,730443617 8 58,4 1,977649848 9 65,7 2,224856079 10 73 2,47206231 11 80,3 2,71926854 12 87,6 2,966474771 13 94,9 3,213681002 14 102,2 3,460887233 15 109,5 3,708093464 16 116,8 3,955299695 17 124,1 4,202505926 18 131,4 4,449712157 19 138,7 4,696918388 20 146 4,944124619 21 153,3 5,19133085 22 160,6 5,438537081 23 167,9 5,685743312 24 175,2 5,932949543 25 182,5 6,180155774 26 189,8 6,427362005 27 197,1 6,674568236 28 204,4 6,921774467 29 211,7 7,168980698 30 219 7,416186929 31 226,3 7,663393159 32 233,6 7,91059939 33 240,9 8,157805621 34 248,2 8,405011852 35 255,5 8,652218083 36 262,8 8,899424314 37 270,1 9,146630545 38 277,4 9,393836776 39 284,7 9,641043007 40 292 9,888249238 41 299,3 10,13545547 42 306,6 10,3826617 43 313,9 10,62986793 44 321,2 10,87707416 45 328,5 11,12428039 46 335,8 11,37148662 47 343,1 11,61869285 48 350,4 11,86589909 49 357,7 12,11310532 50 365 12,36031155 4 5 of Sinodic month 0 0 0 0 1 21,9 1 29,2 1 36,5 1 43,8 2 25,55 2 29,2 2 32,85 2 36,5 3 26,76666667 3 29,2 3 31,63333333 3 34,06666667 4 27,375 4 29,2 4 31,025 4 32,85 5 27,74 5 29,2 5 30,66 5 32,12 6 27,98333333 6 29,2 6 30,41666667 6 31,63333333 7 28,15714286 7 29,2 7 30,24285714 7 31,28571429 8 28,2875 8 29,2 8 30,1125 8 31,025 9 28,38888889 9 29,2 9 30,01111111 9 30,82222222 10 28,47 10 29,2 10 29,93 10 30,66 11 28,53636364 11 29,2 11 29,86363636 11 30,52727273 12 28,59166667 12 29,2 12 29,80833333 12 30,41666667 6 7 8 No Amal Number months 1 5,2 0,176088597 2 10,4 0,352177195 3 15,6 0,528265792 4 20,8 0,70435439 5 26 0,880442987 6 31,2 1,056531585 7 36,4 1,232620182 8 41,6 1,40870878 9 46,8 1,584797377 10 52 1,760885975 11 57,2 1,936974572 12 62,4 2,11306317 13 67,6 2,289151767 14 72,8 2,465240365 15 78 2,641328962 16 83,2 2,81741756 17 88,4 2,993506157 18 93,6 3,169594755 19 98,8 3,345683352 20 104 3,52177195 21 109,2 3,697860547 22 114,4 3,873949145 23 119,6 4,050037742 24 124,8 4,22612634 25 130 4,402214937 26 135,2 4,578303535 27 140,4 4,754392132 28 145,6 4,93048073 29 150,8 5,106569327 30 156 5,282657925 31 161,2 5,458746522 32 166,4 5,63483512 33 171,6 5,810923717 34 176,8 5,987012315 35 182 6,163100912 36 187,2 6,33918951 37 192,4 6,515278107 38 197,6 6,691366705 39 202,8 6,867455302 40 208 7,0435439 41 213,2 7,219632497 42 218,4 7,395721094 43 223,6 7,571809692 44 228,8 7,747898289 45 234 7,923986887 46 239,2 8,100075484 47 244,4 8,276164082 48 249,6 8,452252679 49 254,8 8,628341277 50 260 8,804429874 9 10 of Sinodic month 0 0 0 0 1 15,6 1 20,8 1 26 1 31,2 1 36,4 1 41,6 2 23,4 2 26 2 28,6 2 31,2 2 33,8 2 36,4 3 26 3 27,73333333 3 29,46666667 3 31,2 3 32,93333333 4 26 4 27,3 4 28,6 4 29,9 4 31,2 4 32,5 5 27,04 5 28,08 5 29,12 5 30,16 5 31,2 5 32,24 6 27,73333333 6 28,6 6 29,46666667 6 30,33333333 6 31,2 7 27,48571429 7 28,22857143 7 28,97142857 7 29,71428571 7 30,45714286 7 31,2 8 27,95 8 28,6 8 29,25 8 29,9 8 30,55 8 31,2 9 28,31111111 9 28,88888889 Bibliography 01. 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Sandra Noble, executive director of the Mesoamerican research organization Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI). 62. Mark Van Stone, It's Not the End of the World: What the Ancient Maya Tell Us About 2012, Electronic resource: http://www.famsi.org/research/vanstone/2012/index.html 63. The International Occultation Timing Association (IOTA) Electronic resource: http://www.lunaroccultations.com/iota/iotandx.htm 64. SkyMap Online/Professional edition, Electronic resource: http://www.astronet.ru/db/map/ 65. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) (CCTF/09-32)" (PDF). Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. p. 3., Electronic resource: https://www.bipm.org/cc/CCTF/Allowed/18/CCTF_09-32_noteUTC.pdf 66. Electronic resource: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_month 67. Coe, Michael D. (1992) Breaking the Maya Code. Thames and Hudson, New York. (revised ed. 1999), p. 114. 68. Electronic resource: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal 69. Electronic resource: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodecimal 70. Roya Nikkhah, BBC News, 8 December 2015, Hidden portrait 'found under Mona Lisa', says French scientist, Electronic resource: http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-35031997 71. Black Square (painting) by Kazimir Malevich, Contemporary Discovery, Electronic resource: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Square_(painting) 57 It's time to change the views on the Mayan calendar (Maya Calendar Discussion) 10/31/2018 15:28 Dear Cliff and Calendar People Thank you for replying to my letter. I fully approve of your endeavor, “a possible solution to the mystery of the Mayan calendar.” Anyone interested in discussing this topic should always remember that "Maya codices" (The Dresden Codex, The Madrid Codex, The Paris Codex) [1] and the Short list of Aztec codices [2]" and other codes do not fully reflect all knowledge of Maya. Thanks to people like “Diego de Landa” and others, we have lost forever a bunch of keys to the multiple locks of Maya knowledge. 58 But, nevertheless, the truth is somewhere nearby, and someday he will reveal to us all his secrets. Only we must seek the truth in the right direction. First we must learn to call "things" by their names. Only after that will we find the right path. 1). For example, I suppose that the 260-day “Tzolkin” is a unique calendar that determines the time of the Solar and Lunar eclipses: 260 days × 4 years = 1040 days ÷ 3 years = 346,667 days or Draconic year (Draconic year: 346.620075883 days (346 d 14 h 52 min 54 s) (at the epoch J2000.0). The difference between these values is only 1 hour! [3] 2). For example, when I say that Maya used the year for 364 days, everyone thinks why the Maya priests did not consider another 1 day, because even a schoolboy knows that the solar year is 365 days. Maya also knew that the solar year is 365 days. However, they preferred 364 days versus 365 days. What for? 364 days are more compatible than the 365 days of the “Haab” with the particularly important 260day “Tzolkin”: 1. 260 days × 7 years = 1820 days ÷ 5 years = 364 days (“Kambar version”). 2. 260 days × 73 years = 18980 days ÷ 52 years = 365 days (“Modern scientific version”). 3). Modern science and we should not exaggerate the possibilities and knowledge of the priests Maya. Probably all they used only counting sticks or counting stones, consisting of only 100 pieces. As can be seen from the upper equation, the days in the cycles “Kambar version” (1820 days) are 10 times less than in the “Modern scientific version” (18980 days). If we take into account that 4-5 thousand years ago, the Mayan priests had neither calculators nor computers, even the schoolchild understands that the Mayan priests chose a “short cycle” consisting of 1820 days. Because with a short 1820 days it is easier to work than a long 18980 days. 4) The Mayan priests knew well that 364 days a year is 1 day behind the true 365.25 days. Nevertheless, they understood perfectly well that in several decades out of 260 days, the seasons of the year are regulated by themselves. And also, it is important to take into account the fact that in the tropical zone (Central America) 1 day difference does not really affect the seasons of the year and the Mayan calendar. 5) If the number of days in the Mayan year is so important, then we will see that 260 days is compatible with a value close to the tropical year in these cycles: 1. 260 days × 59 years = 15340 days ÷ 42 years = 365.2380952 days (“Kambar version”). 2. 260 days × 1461 years = 379860 days ÷ 1040 years = 365.25 days (“Kambar version”). 59 3. 260 days × 2117 years = 550420 days ÷ 1507 years = 365.2422031 days (“Kambar version”). At present, modern science and all researchers blindly believe in the “outdated” 365-day “Haab” and 260-day “Tzolkin”. But it's time to change your old views on the Mayan calendar. Without this, we will never unravel the “secrets” of the Mayan calendar. 1. Maya codices: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_codices 2. Short list of Aztec codices: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_codices 3. Draconic year: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year A POSSIBLE SOLUTION TO THE MAYAN CALENDAR ENIGMA Hi Kaldarhan and Others I have already covered in a separate uploaded paper on Academia.edu both the 1820d span and 364 base period in terms of the Paris Codex zodiac, and also in terms of evidence of a recorded precession estimate in the Z&Y Glyphs. One cannot have an accurate tropical year estimate without also encountering an accurate sidereal year estimate, and I demonstrate how these interact in protracted computations that derives the Long Count's absolute alignment. I do not believe as most scholars are wont to do, which is set the purist calendric structures at the foundations of the great cycle's alignment. These structures are the foundation of the calendar, but not of the background astronomy that is treated separately outside the purview of the calendar, as part of an underlying calendric science. In other words, the purist calendar is not intended to track the astronomy by design, but is used in unison with an underlying calendric science that addresses the astronomy separately, using the calendar's purist structure only as an aid in astronomical computations. I do not see how the 364 base period serves as an alternative to the 360d period, as both are needed for different purposes. I see your relationships are certainly most important indeed, but I do not entertain the notion that somehow the 360 tun base period is abandoned as a consequence. There is a difference between purist astro-calendric structure, and what portion of that underlying structure is subsequently harnessed in erecting the great cycle's alignment. I have demonstrated an accurate tropical year mean estimate and underlying computational methodology was responsible for erecting the Long Count of 360 days and the 365d Haab is also primary. Your incomprehensible 18.2 days as you call it came from the the astronomy itself, which is certainly reflected in part in all of the purist astro-calendric structures. The Mayans are famous for their calendric structures, but there is much more beyond that which underpins a Mayan calendric science, and I believe the key is the computation methodology that is instituted to separate the purist structures from the actual astronomical computations. And in that regard also the key to your relationships I believe likely will emerge in how an underlying calendric science is aided by these relationships. I must confess I have not yet discerned a proper approach to your revealed relationships, which likely will take some time to unravel, but at the same time I am driven to compare this with what I have already discovered, and as I mentioned I cannot believe the 360d and 365d base periods were 60 somehow relegated to a secondary role with 364d as the primary base. I think what you are seeing within the purist calendric structures is evidence of precession, which rightly places a greater importance on the 364d base period, but this does not mean that 365 and 360 periods are less important. I say this because of evidence of how the Mayans treated tropical and sidereal period residuals over protracted intervals, that is evidenced within the Palenque Temple XIX inscriptions. This is what I know is primary: (a) the Calendar Round and other purist structures are not intended to track the astronomy, but only come close to it without introducing vagaries in the structures; (b) a generalized leap day phenomenology was purposely relegated to a extra-calendric discipline; (c) the purist structures and period residuals generally formed the basis of astronomical computations to correct distant dates into the past and future. and (d) the sidereal year in many respects is more important than the tropical year, and precession is paramount in all this. It is important to understand that after 364 solar days the earth has already done one complete extra rotation for a total of 365 rotations, although this is only reflected as 364 solar days, and one has to ask how the Mayans treated this annual extra earth rotation, since in terms of rotations the earth has already done 365 sidereal rotations in just 364 solar days. This is a peculiar element that is not obvious in the extant archeological record. The extra rotation needed to complete 365 solar days I believe incurs dropping/ignoring that extra sidereal rotation, and according 365 solar days also as an integral sidereal year, AT LEAST IN TERMS OF DEALING WITH PARTIAL SIDEREAL YEARS, even though it already occurred on the prior day. In other words, if you peel off an integral topical span from a protracted interval this is also accorded as an integral sidereal year! Why? Because any divergences will be reflected in the difference between tropical and sidereal period residuals - namely in the final analysis it is a precession estimate issue, which is the difference between these two years. It comes down to using tropical-year time units for gauging sidereal years. This I believe is the only possible way to deal with this issue in the absence of clocks. Your purist models as with the traditional purist structures do not directly address this aspect, because I suspect it is appropriate to relegate this to an extra-calendric discipline that addresses the astronomy as a separate practice. You are pushing the limits of this underlying calendric science, but the solutions do not lie within these purist calendric structures, which only partially reflect the underlying astronomy. In essence it is also an expanded leap day or period residual phenomenology that has only been partly addressed. There is likely more to this I believe, but at the moment I am at a loss to see what that might be. Perhaps at the end of day we are only seeing the astronomy's reflection, that Mayans themselves did not directly address beyond the work on the 13 constellation zodiac. There is likely much we do not yet know about the Mayan perspective on the sidereal year, and my latest paper entitled "Who are the Palenque Gods" has only demonstrated precision in both tropical and sidereal ecliptic stations, along with accurate precession estimates, with corroborated proof within the inscriptions themselves, as well as providing evidence of accurate galactic zenithal transit migrations at the dawn of creation. The astronomy however may be more expansive, and the Zodiac's 5y or 1820d calibration span may hold more secrets beyond what I have already revealed for the zodiac, and computing precise sidereal ecliptic stations in the mythological past. I do not yet know where all this is leading. Regards Cliff 61 №1 It's time to change the views on the Mayan calendar (Maya Calendar Discussion) 11/01/2018 14:32 Dear Cliff, Karl and Calendar People Thank you for responding to my “bold” letter very “politely”. I sincerely respect your opinion and scientific achievement achieved in the study of the Mayan calendar. And at the same time, I will continue to defend my opinion regarding the Mayan calendar. Let's think and reflect together on the basis of logic. In my opinion, you still exaggerate the limits of the capabilities and abilities of the priests Maya. The Mayan priests did not feed on the air or the light from the sun and moon. They were fed and dressed by the then Mayan rulers and the common people. In exchange, the Maya priests were supposed to surprise and shock them with their achievements. As you know, people need “bread and circuses” (Latin: panem et circenses). 62 1. BREAD: Mayan priests first of all predicted climate change and weather so that Mayan peasants would grow more corn and other vegetables and fruits. For this purpose, the Mayan priests have come up with a permanent agricultural calendar. In my version, it was a 364 day calendar and an 819 day “Kawil”. 1) If someone thinks that the 364 day year lags behind the true solar year every year (minus) –1 days – deeply mistaken! The change occurs only from the 145th year to the 146th year: 1) 364 days × 145 year = 52780 days ÷ 145 year = 364 days; 2) 364 days × 146 year = 53144 days ÷ 145 year = 366.5103448 days, etc. That is, the 364 day calendar was a stable calendar for a century and a half. Since Central America (Yucatan) was in a tropical zone, the difference of 181.25 days (1.25 days × 145 years = 181.25 days) did not create any cataclysm in the Mayan calendar. According to the author, such a difference in days does not create any failure of the weather forecast in any part of the globe. 2) The strange and long 819-day "Kawil" is primarily associated with the sidereal month (27.321 661 days – 27 d 7 h 43 min 11.5 s) or about 27,3 days) based on the covering of Pleiades star cluster by the Moon (819 days ÷ 30 sidereal month = 27.3 days). 2. CIRCUSES: The Maya priests could not interest the rulers and the common people with the prediction of precession and other complex astronomical phenomena in which change takes place after a millennium. Because rulers and people do not live for so long. As far as I know, then “scientific funds” where you could get money for the study of astronomy did not exist... But to predict – a solar or lunar eclipse produced an impressive effect both for the rulers and for the people. To do this, they invented a “universal” in all respects, the 260-day “Tsolkin”: 260 days × 4 years = 1040 days ÷ 3 years = 346,667 days. Modern science calls this value the draconic year and defines the Solar and Lunar eclipses by it very precisely. “The draconic year, draconitic year, eclipse year, or ecliptic year is the time taken for the Sun (as seen from the Earth) to complete one revolution with respect to the same lunar node (a point where the Moon's orbit intersects the ecliptic). The year is associated with eclipses: these occur only when both the Sun and the Moon are near these nodes; so eclipses occur within about a month of every half eclipse year. Hence there are two eclipse seasons every eclipse year. The average duration of the eclipse year is 346.620075883 days (346 d 14 h 52 min 54 s) (at the epoch J2000.0). This term is sometimes erroneously used for the draconic or nodal period of lunar precession, that is the period of a complete revolution of the Moon's ascending node around the ecliptic: 18.612815932 Julian years (6798.331019 days; at the epoch J2000.0). ” [1] In my opinion, this version is worth studying and discussing by scientists and others ... 1) In the year on the Earth can occur from 2 to 5 solar eclipses, of which no more than two are complete or ring-shaped. On average, over a hundred years, 237 solar eclipses occur, of which 160 are partial, 63 are complete, 14 are ring-shaped; [2] 63 2) The maximum number of lunar eclipses per year is 4, the minimum number of lunar eclipses is two per year. Eclipses recur in the same order every 6585⅓ days (or 18 years, 11 days and ~ 8 hours - a period called Saros). [3] Now let's discuss your words: «Your incomprehensible 18.2 days as you call it came from the the astronomy itself, which is certainly reflected in part in all of the purist astro-calendric structures». Modern science with precise instruments and computers is only now approaching the knowledge of the Maya priests and nomads (Esepshi) whom they knew thousands of years ago. We will cite only one quotation from such a scientific work: “As is clear from Fig. 1 (no), where the computed tidal fluctuations of the Earth rotation velocity ν (nu) are given for 2012, four regimes of the Earth rotation with the unequal duration change each other during the lunar month: two periods of acceleration with the duration m1 and m3 and two periods of deceleration m2 and m4.The change of regimes takes place in m ≈ 27.3/4 = 6.8 days on average. However, due to the slow movement of the perigee and nodes of the lunar orbit, this period varies from 5 to 9 days. For example, the acceleration was registered from May 2 to May 8, 2012, the deceleration, from May 8 to May 13, the acceleration, from May 13 to May 22, and the deceleration, from May 22 to May 30, i.e., the lunar month was made up of the intervals of 6+5+9+8 days”. [4] 1. No one yet knows exactly how the Maya priests called these short periods of 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 days. But the nomads, or rather, the priests of the nomads, “Esepshi” (timekeeper) called these short periods “Amal” (in the future we will call these periods temporarily “amal”). For example, the Kazakh Esepshi used the 9-day “amal” (or rather, 9.1 days). I sincerely suspect that the Maya priests used the 18-day “amal” (or rather, 18.2 days). Western researchers Maya unaware of these subtleties of calculation still do not know what these numbers mean "18 days" and "20 amal" or "generally 18.2 days." We must understand once and for all, or at least once admit the thought: “what if the Mayan priests considered days, months and years not as we now think”. In ancient times, the so-called “wild people” (as we used to think) understood and were friends of the Universe better than us. In my version, they had a completely different time counting rule. 2. What do the numbers I give or “amal” mean? The arithmetic rules of the nomadic "Esepshi": 1) 9.1 days × 3 amal = 27.3 days × 10 sidereal month = 273 days; 2) 273 days × 3 years = 819 days “Kawil” ÷ 30 sider. month = 27.3 days; 3) 273 days × 4 years = 1092 days ÷ 3 star year = 364 days; 4) 9 days × 10 amal = 90 + 1 = 91 days × 4 season = 364 days, etc. The arithmetic rules of the Maya priests: 1) 18.2 days × 5 amal = 91 days × 4 season = 364 days; 2) 18.2 days × 45 amal = 819 days “Kawil” ÷ 30 sider. month = 27.3 days; 3) 260 days × 63 years = 16380 days ÷ 20 “Kawil” = 819 days; 64 4) 364 days × 45 years = 16380 days ÷ 20 “Kawil” = 819 days; 5) 18 days × 5 amal = 90 + 1 = 91 days × 4 season = 364 days, etc. From the structure of the Muiska calendar (South America) [5] carved on stones, I saw a sidereal calendar system similar in structure to the nomadic “Togys eseby” calendar. You can get acquainted with the brief structure and principles of this amazing nomad calendar “Togys eseby” in the work of Peter Johann Meyer. [6] 1. Draconic year: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year 2. Meeus J. Mathematical astronomy morsels. – Wilmann-Bell, Inc, 1997. – ISBN 0943396. 3. Chaldean Saros: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saros_(astronomy) 4. «Temperature Fluctuation Beats as a Reason for the Anomalously Hot Summer of 2010 in the European Part of Russia»., N. S. Sidorenkov and K. A. Sumerova., Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9–13, Moscow, 123242 Russia., или https://link.springer.com/article/10.3103%2FS106837391206009X. 5. The Muisca calendar: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_calendar 6. The Kazakh Nomad Calendar: https://www.hermetic.ch/knc/knc.htm * * * A POSSIBLE SOLUTION TO THE MAYAN CALENDAR ENIGMA CLIFFORD EMERIC Dear Kaldarhan, Karl and Others Yes you are right there is still much to learn about the Mayan calendar, and I do agree the Mayans preferred the 364d sidereal year in establishing their alignments, however my work has proved that they did use both 365 and 364 periods together, and very much established accurate tropical stations over intervals of thousand o years (to less than 1d accuracy), and used the 364d sidereal zodiac to fine tune the alignment. They did not use the 364 period to the exclusion of the 365, and that much has been proved in the Palenque XIX inscriptions themselves. The purist calendars and relationships do not suffice to demonstrate how the great cycle interval of the Long Count was expressly erected in both tropical and sidereal terms, as well as using a lunar component to finalize the alignment. This I have already proved, and demonstrate precession was a primary factor, even revealing the Z&Y glyphs record a precession estimate. The truth is actually more absolute than you currently imagine, because we now have a clearer deciphering of the Palenque Temple XIX inscriptions which expressly corroborate the reconstituted tropical, sidereal and lunar alignments pf passage S-1 and S-2 of the Platform South Panel inscriptions. I think it is important realize the Mayan calendar is not the Calendar Round but rather the Long Count in its explicit expression as an astronomical alignment of the great cycle interval. That alignment is the calendar in its fullest expression, involving sidereal, tropical and lunar components! It is popular to consider the Mayan calendar is rooted in the need to track the agricultural seasons, but I believe astronomy played a far more powerful role in devising an 65 astronomical instrument. Currently no other means has been devised that could explain the precision of the above Temple XIX inscriptions. What I am saying is discussion of the Mayan calendar expressly involves the following: 1) evidence of application of precession in establishing the Long Count calendar and a sidereal period origin 2) establishing both the arithmetical and astronomical means for aligning the great cycle and tropical period origin 3) establishing the arithmetical foundations of a proper fraction capability to achieve the necessary precision. 4) evidence of tracking what is a hitherto unknown astronomy unique to the Mayans - galactic zenithal transits 5) an explicit calendar correlation must be proved, and here arithmetical rules play a very important part. I have proofs of each of these 5 elements. There is also the role of the vertical sun transits in the tropical latitudinal zone in following the tropical year that cannot be ignored. The purist calendric structures and relationships do not suffice to erect the great cycle in absolute terms, but only serve in selecting the great cycle's specific 1,872,000 day interval. The interval is based on the purist relationships to be sure, but the interval's alignment goes far beyond those purist calendric structures. What has been proved so far will influence where we go from here. It is important to inspect the details of those existing proofs to see what else they teach us. There is not just a "modern scientific version" but also a derived and proven "Maya calendric science version". 1. 260 days × 7 years = 1820 days ÷ 5 years = 364 days (“Kambar version”). This is also a Mayan version expressed in the Paris Codex zodiac which delimits 28*65 = 1820, and its primary purpose as briefly described in my most recent paper on the Palenque Temple XIX inscriptions, is to distribute 13 constellations of 28d each dispersed among these 65 slots of 28d each in the most efficient way possible. One cannot talk about a 364d sidereal year without also referencing the structures of the 13 constellation Mayan zodiac. 52 of the 65 slots of 28d each are completely devoid of constellations, as only 13 are needed to cover a single sidereal year. The arrangements are intended to have where possible, constellations positioned such that they are 6 constellations apart, and the zodiac structured as two rows of constellations is quite complex (7 top row and 6 bottom row constellations). Once one shows the 364d period expressly represents a sidereal year partitioning into constellations, then one is IMMEDIATELY CONFRONTED BY THE PROVERBIAL DISCONNECT. The tropical and sidereal ecliptic stations drift apart at the rate of 1d every 70.5y within a mean tropical year calendar of Mayan making (not Gregorian calendar), that is strictly derived computationally. It is not so much that the purist 1820d span is elegantly related within the corpus of purist Mayan structures, but rather that practical concerns relate back to precession in a sidereal year context in order to erect the 13d constellations. My questions to you are these two: " Is precession an important factor and how does the 13 constellation zodiac fit into your overall schema, and how does the correlation problem relate to the great cycle's alignment?". Without these elements explained you cannot derive the Long Count, which is the only Mayan calendar of importance. I agree the purist calendric structures play an 66 important role, but also realize these alone cannot erect the great cycle's alignment. The great cycle's alignment was not arbitrary as some are wont to believe. 2. 260 days × 73 years = 18980 days ÷ 52 years = 365 days (“Modern scientific version”). This only a sunset of the 18 Calendar Round interval of 936 Haab, 949 Tuns and 1314 Tzolk'in = 584*585 = 341640 days, with 18*52 = 936 and 65*9 = 585, which unifies the 260, 360, 365, 584 periods. Four of these Larger Calendar Rounds (LCR) yields the Mayan Super Number of 4*LCR = 1,366,560d which is in evidence in the Dresden Codex, and so this also makes this interval a Mayan calendric science version (not just modern science). After all the Mayan Calendar Round uses the Haab in its construction to form a 18,980d construct, which is very much as Mayan science version per se not modern science version, and I suspect the Mayans had no problem dealing with such large numbers, nor with the larger numerical constructs above. I do not believe 1820 or 7 tzolk'in was easier to deal with than 18980, as it was also unnecessary as resolving 360 with 260 yields 13 tuns = 18 tzolk'in or 4680, where both 360 and 260 are divisible by 20 while 364 leaves a 4d residual modulo 20. Unlike many other scholars I am not prepared to speculate that 5000 years ago the Mayans were incapable of handle large numbers, when large megalithic constructions in turkey and elsewhere are well over 10,000 years old which shows humans were vastly more capable than that. The Mayans started building their first E-Group pyramid ca. 1000 BCE at Ceibal and to do that you need to know how to deal with large numbers, and 2000 years earlier there is not much difference in what their DNA was capable of. I do speculate along those terms, and no schoolchild is capable of entertaining such thoughts either. The 4680d span is just as easy to handle as a 1820d span. Bottom line is if we do not know how the great cycle was erected to form the Long Count calendar, then we do not know much of anything at all about the Mayan calendar, let alone the fact that they had a hitherto unknown astronomy that nobody else in the rest of the world even knew about (least of all the invading Spaniards). The Long Count's alignment is important, but nobody to date has been able to erect the Long Count in astronomical terms with just purist calendric relationships alone. But using additional elements of astronomy not treated within those purist relationships, the exact method of the great cycle's alignment can be derived as has already been done. For all the importance of the 260d period, nevertheless the Mayans chose the360d period for the great cycle's count. 2. 260 days × 1461 years = 379860 days ÷ 1040 years = 365.25 days (“Kambar version”). 3. 260 days × 2117 years = 550420 days ÷ 1507 years = 365.2422031 days (“Kambar version”). This is also a Mayan calendric science version, except they used MISSING JULIAN LEAP DAYS to arrive at that interval expressed within the Dresden Codex as described in other recent emails, and what's more abandoned 1461 Julian years as a viable construct for dealing with tropical years. You are going to have to offer proof that I should change my old views on the Mayan calendar, and expressly show me how the great cycle was erected with such precision. I have already proved that Temple XIX inscriptions offer their own "Mayan" proof (not my own devised methods) of what is required to do so. Their arithmetical techniques are a clue to how it was done (I was just lucky enough to figure out what those techniques were) . Palenque Temple XIX hieroglyphic inscriptions have already revealed some of the more important "secrets" of the Mayan calendar. Regards Cliff 67 №2 It's time to change the views on the Mayan calendar (Maya Calendar Discussion) Dear Dolores Urquidi! You wrote: «A long timed ago, I was sitting in a rill (small stream of water) on a rock, having a great conversation with a Maya woman who rhought I might have wanted to marry her son.» You are one of the luckiest people in the world to me. You visited the land of the great Mayan civilization and communicated with maya. I have never been there. I study their calendar on the drawings of the article and books and on the Internet. But nothing can replace what you saw with your own eyes, and based on what you saw, you draw your own independent conclusions. 68 The distance from the place where I live (Almaty, Kazakhstan) to the ruins of the Mayan pyramid (Kukulkan) is approximately 12,772 kilometers. I will never get there. Thus, I probably will never know the connection between the Moon and the Pleiades in the land of Maya. Unlike Europeans, I know perfectly how these two bodies of the sky worked among themselves. This amazing and mysterious phenomenon of the sky in a scientific language is called "Covering of the Pleiades star cluster by the Moon" or "Occultation of the Pleiades cluster by the Moon". If my request does not bother you, you can send me a text or a link on the Internet of the authors you mentioned - Silvana Morley and Floyd Lounsbury. My email address is kaldarhan79@yandex.kz After reading these texts, I hope we will continue our conversation on the Mayan calendar. Sincerely yours, Kaldarkhan DOLORES URQUIDI It was a nice paper, but apparently you never read Floyd Lounsbury's paper on the same things that your are expounding as more accurate than his. Did you also put in Newer words that the Maya never heard about or did you use Maya words for your examples. The trecena is one that was made up by Floyd. You seem to have added a few more. But with all schoolarship, when you want to expound on something new, you have to explain it through other scholars work. If you have reade Floyd's paper, you would have found more than enough, "I am not sure,;" It may not work out" [These are my words, not his.] and at the very end, he did a complete cycle of one calendar date, but it did not mesh with what he thought it should have been. So his decision was to take the first addition and switch it was the last of that computation. It seemed to work a lot better for his idea of what the calendar meant to refer to. And I am quite sure, you never found Sylvanus Morley's definition of the dn numbers, given to him by by Maya calendar makers and has been completely ignored by all scholars. A long timed ago, I was sitting in a rill (small stream of water) on a rock, having a great conversation with a Maya woman who rhought I might have wanted to marry her son. She informed me that in the earl,y days of foreign scholarship in the Maua world the Maya would tell the researchers everything they knew, but when it got published, it was so altered, that they now, tell the foreign scholars what they want to hear: that the scholars thought the researchers did a great job of understanding the Maya. culture. Thank you Dolores Urquidi 69 11/02/2018 12:01 Dear Clifford, Karl and Calendar People Clifford wrote to me: «P.S. I know you cannot speak English and must use interpreters, and so what I ask of you is a great burden, but I humbly submit it is nevertheless the better part of wisdom to steer the discussion towards revealed facts first, and then only later see what your new relationships can teach us about the application of new calendric constructs». Yes, I do not speak English. My homeland - Kazakhstan was from 1730 to 1991 under the full-scale expansion of Russia. We studied Russian since childhood, it was an ironclad rule. I will tell you a secret, this is the hardest language. I have been learning Russian all my life, but I still don’t speak excellent. Unfortunately, now when I am 55 years old, learning English is too late for me. I just had no luck with English. I envy you and the rest. My amazing and intelligent teacher in life, the national writer of Kazakhstan Kaltai Mukhamedzhanov constantly said: “To learn the taste of honey, it is not necessary to try one bucket of honey”. Of course, I can not delve into the details and subtleties of the Mayan calendar, written in English. However, in science there are obvious things that knowledge of English does not require. These are – numbers. Clifford correctly noted: “The facts are the facts. You have to see what has been revealed to date before we can move forward to ever higher horizons of discovery.” You did not come up with such an interesting idea: “What if we (English-speaking scholars) have lost sight of or cannot see the true facts at close range, but this uneducated descendant of the ancient nomads sees it.” I do not have the right to assert, but I assume that you (Europeans) lost sight of the enormous scientific contribution of the Mayan priests in studying the theory of the movement of the moon. This problem was studied not only with Europeans (Sir Isaac Newton, Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, Jean d'Alembert, Charles-Eugène Delaunay, Ernest William Brown, Wallace John Eckert, Jean Chapront & Michelle Chapront-Touzé), this problem was studied by Arabs, Hindus, Chinese astronomers, as well as the priests of Central Asia, the Mayan and Aztec priests of Central America and others. But their names are already forgotten forever! You are trying to consider the knowledge of Maya with respect to the Sun, planets, stars, even galaxies. If your research continues on such a cosmic scale, I would not be surprised if an article about the Mayan priests, who perfectly knew “about black holes, quasars”, etc., comes out in the near future. As an ordinary simple nomad on horseback, I just try to learn their knowledge on the basis of the "movement of the Moon." Because the movement of the Moon was visible to all. Probably through this study we can discover other secrets of the Mayan calendar. When I began to understand the main calendar of the nomadic Kazakhs – the Togys Esebi, I noticed similar signs and parallels in the Mayan calendars. Believe my words, for this I did not need to be fluent in English. Each number in the form of a dot and a line spoke for itself and begged to pay attention to it. So, my dear Clifford, I will not argue with you about the knowledge of the Mayan priests about the “Milky Way Galaxy” and other things that I vaguely understand. I want to sit, albeit in an old, but 70 proven cart with a horse, than to drive in front of this cart in a car, through the window of which details are not noticed ... Sincerely yours, Kaldarkhan Clifford Emeric Hi Kaldarhan and others So the banter continues, and yes let us reflect on my position that appears to you to be nothing more than an exaggeration of Mayan calendric prowess. You are wrong about the trivial elements that you suggest would have made the Mayans merely nothing more than the nomadic plains Indians north of the tropical latitudinal zone, when in fact they had over 3500y ago already settled into fixed settlements, and ca. 1000 BCE started building their first E-Group pyramid 200y before the Olmecs in La Venta began construction of their first pyramidal mound. The Olmecs chose to align their pyramidal mound to a distant mountain peak, while the Mayans had already become excited about a new astronomy, where they tracked 4 Milky Way meridian zenithal passages annually for any given latitude - 2 at sunset day's-ending and 2 at sunrise day's-start. It was the discovery of precessional shift of these annual galactic zenithal passages, that ushered in a paradigm shift that engulfed the entire Mesoamerican region into pyramid building city states (speculation on my part yes). This ultimately led to the most sophisticated astro-calendric science that the world at large has ever had the privilege of witnessing, and the foundations of this has now been proven with deciphering the meaning of the Palenque XIX Temple hieroglyphic inscriptions in terms of the astronomical content corroborated within the written texts themselves. It is not I that proves this, as all I did was reconstitute their original computations with a properly constructed JDN correlation platform shifting the '83-GMT correlation back -12 hours. The Mayans themselves prove this calendric science by corroborating the details of the astronomy prevailing ca. -3308 CE, within passages S-1 and S-2 of the Palenque Temple XIX Platform South Panel hieroglyphic inscriptions. They reveal an explicit sidereal ecliptic station and reveal the name of its zodiacal sign; they reveal the exact lunar moon phase thereto; they reveal for the first time ever the astronomical identities of 6 of their most important deities (this has never been done before). And as if that was not enough they reveal a 3d precession interval prior to the start of the Mayan calendar, and describe it terms o sacrificing "3 ecliptic nobles". The Palenque Triad deity GI is revealed to be a Scorpius sunrise galactic zenithal transit as seen from Edzna latitude. Passage S-2 further corroborates this, and aligns a Scorpius sunrise galactic zenithal transit as seen from Palenque latitude to a constellation boundary and New Moon phase, and proceeds to explain the skipping of this constellation's first 2 days, into order to arrive at the G-I galactic transit as seen from Edzna latitude instead. Really yes, they did this for a date over 4000 years into the distant past! The inscriptions themselves reveals all this, once the astronomical intervals have been properly set in terms of tropical, sidereal and lunar astronomy. So you must prove me wrong. Do you think galactic zenithal transit astronomy did not exist, described in many of my papers? No other civilization discovered this simple Milky Way galaxy astronomy. A 2013 paper by Takeshi Inomata and Daniela Triaden et al concerning ceremonial constructions at Ceibal Guatemala, demonstrate the origins of lowland Mayan civilization, and revealed this site's first pyramid was an E-group type ca. 1000 BCE at the start of the Middle Preclassic Era, and ever since that time a geographically wide paradigm shift emerged throughout Mesoamerica. Takalik Abaj likely did this over 100y earlier. All you need to do is explain how 71 pages 30 - 39 of my paper entitled "Who are the Palenque God?" was possible, if the underlying astro-calendric science as I reveal it did not exist. I already know you will not be able to explain the remarkable facts revealed herein, without accurate tropical, sidereal and lunar astronomy. The facts revealed in protracted mythological dates in the Mayan inscriptions have been proven correct - so what now? It is now time to stop discussing possibilities and focus instead on discussing known facts, and I agree many modern scholars have distorted their own findings over the decades. What is it that modern scholars have wrong that we can definitively prove - not speculate about but actually prove? My paper provides the beginnings of that proof availed to us through the Palenque Temple XIX inscriptions (and much else besides detailing that calendric science). If you think the Mayans had a defective logic both in arithmetic and calendric construction, and 1000 BCE were little more than northern plains Indian nomads, then you will miss their greatest achievements, which are only now slowly being revealed. The facts are the facts. You have to see what has been revealed to date before we can move forward to ever higher horizons of discovery. I have only touched the surface of an exacting science buried in the inscriptions, and I assure you it makes our own calendars look like child's play in comparison. The only reason it took us over a 100 years to see it all, is because our own calendric science is too simplistic, and hence could not see what was staring us in the face in plain sight. One needs to rise to the level of their revealed facts in order to unravel what they the Mayans have accomplished. All I have done is expose it in a way that goes beyond our own limited calendar precepts, which by comparison is incapable of matching these Mayan achievements. It is our own calendar endeavors that has limited our thinking. The enigma of the Mayan Long Count's alignment has been resolved, which is what allowed the Palenque Temple XIX inscriptions to be unraveled in terms of their astronomical content - and these revealed facts are astounding! So if I am wrong prove it by showing me where in my presented papers I have gone wrong. Prove to me that the Mayans did not adhere to accurate tropical, sidereal and lunar presentments over thousands of years. I do not believe the exacting astronomical details revealed in the Palenque Temple XIX inscriptions were somehow accidental, or the greatest fluke of all time. So please forgive me for redirecting the discussion away from speculation, and more towards pure dry facts as the Mayans themselves revealed it. I admit my work is very difficult to read as it is dry arithmetical derivations, and others may be able to better express the details, but the conclusions cannot be denied for what they reveal. Regards Cliff PS. I know you cannot speak English and must use interpreters, and so what I ask of you is a great burden, but I humbly submit it is nevertheless the better part of wisdom to steer the discussion towards revealed facts first, and then only later see what your new relationships can teach us about the application of new calendric constructs. 72 №3 It's time to change the views on the Mayan calendar (Maya Calendar Discussion) 11/06/2018 06:35 Dear Clifford, Milo Gardner, Martin W Schellens and Academia.edu People Dear Milo Gardner, Martin W Schellens, thank you for your kind word and wish. If in 2019 my book “Kazakh national calendar” comes out (unfortunately so far in Kazakh), I will definitely give it to you with my personal autograph. Send me your home addresses (My email address is kaldarhan79@yandex.kz). This book consists of 4 parts, 824 pages. The 2nd part of this book is completely devoted to the world history of the calendar. In this book, I used the simplest arithmetic, consisting of "+" "-" "×" "÷". Therefore, it is understandable and accessible even to the student ... Dear Clifford, in a previous letter you wrote: «Really yes, they did this for a date over 4000 years into the distant past! The inscriptions themselves reveals all this, once the astronomical intervals have been properly set in terms of tropical, sidereal and lunar astronomy». And there was another record: «If you think the Mayans had a defective logic both in arithmetic and calendric construction, and 1000 BCE were little more than northern plains Indian nomads, then you will miss their greatest achievements, which are only now slowly being revealed». And further: «So if I am wrong prove it by showing me where in my presented papers I have gone wrong. Prove to me that the Mayans did not adhere to accurate tropical, sidereal and lunar presentments over thousands of years». If I understand you correctly, you claim that 4000 years or 1000 years BC Mayan priests had deep and complex knowledge. So you decided to unravel the secrets of Maya with the help of “modular arithmetic”. [1] If this were so, then after 6000 or 3000 years the descendants of the Maya or all of humanity on Earth would have excellent knowledge. However, today there are 7,661,192,024 people living in the world, [2] of them the number of illiterate adults is 781 million people. [3] So more than 10 percent of the world's population can not read and write. Mean your logic and judgment somewhere fails ... Thank God, my homeland - Kazakhstan is among the first in literacy (99.9 percent). [4] This is clearly seen from the fact that my 5-year-old son can already read letters and numbers, is keenly interested in aerodynamics and gravity. Every day he from “Lego” collects various types of “racing and sports cars”. I say all this, because for each era of humanity there was a certain structure of knowledge and a framework beyond which it could not go. Currently you are trying to explain the knowledge of Maya with the help of complex “arithmetic modules”. [1] But they knew only four arithmetic operations ("+" "-" "×" "÷"). You and other researchers do not think that at the end of the path you will stumble into a "dead end", or you will find a "false truth" that has deceived previous scientists. 73 Why do I say that? 1. To understand the ancient calendars of my ancestors (including the Mayan calendar), in my youth I mentally sank to the level of thinking and knowledge of the arithmetic of ancient nomads (“+”, “”, “×” “÷”); 2. When I watched the movement of the Moon and the Pleiades (about 30 years), I did not use any of the modern optical instruments (binoculars, telescopes), I used only my own eyes and sensitive eyesight; 3. I traveled around Kazakhstan, searched for the descendants of the ancient “Esepshi” (timekeeper), sometimes found, talked with him, studied how they made predictions. Especially my father helped me in this. He was well versed in the ancient calendars of the Kazakhs. 4. You know, Clifford, in the end, it worked, and I began to understand their arithmetic logic, their thinking, methods of strange calculations. In return, I lost the best years of my life. But suddenly, if God returns my youth to me again, I will still repeat everything from the very beginning. But I am sure that almost everyone will not like these my methods. Since we have lost our tolerance, self-sacrifice, God began to joke with us a cruel joke! You probably can not wait to ask, and where is the result ... Honestly, I did not expect that my pathetic thoughts and illiterate writings of someone interested. But when in the short period of time (from October 21 to November 4) a few dozen people from 29 countries of the world became interested in these writings, I lost a little control over myself. In order to make the reader understand what it is, it was necessary to start from the very beginning “with a brief overview” on the Mayan calendar. That was my fault. Admitting your own mistake is not a defeat. This is a new stage for new discoveries. And so I will correct my mistake ... Short review The Maya calendar consists of several cycles or counts of different lengths. The 260-day count is known to scholars as the Tzolkin, or Tzolk'in. [5] The Tzolkin was combined with a 365-day vague solar year known as the Haab' to form a synchronized cycle lasting for 52 Haab', called the Calendar Round. The Calendar Round is still in use by many groups in the Guatemalan highlands. [6] A different calendar was used to track longer periods of time and for the inscription of calendar dates (i.e., identifying when one event occurred in relation to others). This is the Long Count. It is a count of days since a mythological starting-point. [7] According to the correlation between the Long Count and Western calendars accepted by the great majority of Maya researchers (known as the Goodman-Martinez-Thompson, or GMT, correlation), this starting-point is equivalent to August 11, 3114 BCE in the proleptic Gregorian calendar or September 6, in the Julian calendar (−3113 astronomical). The GMT correlation was chosen by John Eric Sydney Thompson in 1935 on the basis of earlier correlations by Joseph Goodman in 1905 (August 11), Juan Martínez Hernández in 1926 (August 12) and Thompson himself in 1927 (August 13). [8] By its linear nature, the Long Count was capable of being extended to refer to any date far into the past or future. This calendar involved the use of a positional notation system, in which each position signified an increasing 74 multiple of the number of days. The Maya numeral system was essentially vigesimal (i.e., base-20) and each unit of a given position represented 20 times the unit of the position which preceded it. An important exception was made for the second-order place value, which instead represented 18 × 20, or 360 days, more closely approximating the solar year than would 20 × 20 = 400 days. The cycles of the Long Count are independent of the solar year. Many Maya Long Count inscriptions contain a supplementary series, which provides information on the lunar phase, number of the current lunation in a series of six and which of the nine Lords of the Night rules. Less-prevalent or poorly understood cycles, combinations and calendar progressions were also tracked. An 819-day Count is attested in a few inscriptions. Repeating sets of 9 days (see below «Nine lords of the night») [9] associated with different groups of deities, animals and other significant concepts are also known. Although the entire global study of the Mayan calendar and its chronology is based on these entries, I do not agree with some points and whole paragraphs in this brief review. 1. I sincerely and deeply respect the titanic works of Goodman-Martinez-Thompson (GMT). Thanks to them, I write these lines. However, these suggestions are directly shocking to me: “this starting-point is equivalent to August 11, 3114 BCE in the proleptic Gregorian calendar or September 6, in the Julian calendar (−3113 astronomical)”. Why the chronology of the Maya should be measured with the "proleptic Gregorian calendar." Who came up with it? For this purpose, there is a “Julian day” or “Julian date” (JD). 2. “An important exception was made for the second-order place value, which instead represented 18 × 20, or 360 days, more closely approximating the solar year than would 20 × 20 = 400 days. The cycles of the Long Count are independent of the solar year”. Everywhere it is written that the basis of the Mayan calendar is the 260-day “Tzolkin” and the 365-day “Haab”. Then why is the Maya chronology based on "360 days"? 3. I already wrote my assumption that the 819-day “cawil” is in no way connected with the movement of the planet Jupiter [10]. The 819-day “Kawil” is divided exactly into 30 sidereal months, the average value of which is 27.3 days. According to my assumption, this period of time (819 days) is closely related to the 9-year period when the Moon covers the Pleiades in whole or in part (below or above): 819 days × 4 period = 3276 days ÷ 365.25 days = 8.97 years In modern science, this fascinating astronomical phenomenon of the sky is called "Covering of the Pleiades star cluster by the Moon" or "Occultation of the Pleiades cluster by the Moon". [11]. 4. At the end of the brief review, there is such a sentence “Repeating sets of 9 days”. This proves that the Maya priests knew well the "9-day short period" (in the Kazakh language is called "amal"). I wrote about this in the last discussion and therefore I will not retell the things already said. In the end, it turns out such a table of units of the long account: Misinterpretation of the Mesoamerican Long Count calendar was the basis for a popular belief that a cataclysm would take place on December 21, 2012. December 21, 2012 was simply the day that the calendar went to the next b'ak'tun, at Long Count 13.0.0.0.0. The date on which the calendar will go to the next piktun (a complete series of 20 b'ak'tuns), at Long Count 1.0.0.0.0.0, will be on October 13, 4772. 75 Table of Long Count periods (Modern science) Table of Long Count units (Modern science) 1 2 3 Long Count unit Long Count period Days 1 K'in 1 1 Winal 20 K'in 20 1 Tun 18 Winal 360 1 K'atun 20 Tun 7,200 1 B'ak'tun 20 K'atun 144,000 1 Piktun 20 B'ak'tun 2,880,000 1 Kalabtun 20 Piktun 57,600,000 1 K'inchiltun 20 Kalabtun 1,152,000,000 1 Alautun 20 K'inchiltun 23,040,000,000 In my version, this table should look like this: 4 Approximate Solar Years 1 20 394 7,885 157,704 3,154,071 63,081,429 Table of Long Count periods (1-st version of Kambar) Table of Long Count units (author's [Kambar] version) Long Count unit Long Count period Days 1 2 3 1 K'in 1 1 Winal 18.2 K'in 18.2 1 Tun 20 Winal 364 1 K'atun 20 Tun 7,280 1 B'ak'tun 20 K'atun 145,600 1 Piktun 20 B'ak'tun 2,912,000 1 Kalabtun 20 Piktun 58,240,000 1 K'inchiltun 20 Kalabtun 1,164,800,000 1 Alautun 20 K'inchiltun 23,296,000,000 Approximate Solar Years 4 18.2 = 18 d. 4 h. 48 m. 1 20 400 8,000 160,000 3,200,000 64,000,000 In my version of the table there are 260, 364 and 1820 days: Table of Long Count periods (2-nd version Kambar) 364 7280 145600 2912000 58240000 1164800000 23296000000 1 20 400 8000 160000 3200000 64000000 364 364 364 364 364 364 364 1,4 28 560 11200 224000 4480000 89600000 260 260 260 260 260 260 260 0,2 4 80 1600 32000 640000 12800000 1820 1820 1820 1820 1820 1820 1820 I do not dare to say, but I believe that the number from “16380 days” may be the key to solving the secrets of the Mayan calendar! 76 № 16380 32760 49140 65520 81900 98280 114660 131040 147420 163800 180180 196560 212940 229320 245700 262080 278460 294840 311220 327600 18,2 900 1800 2700 3600 4500 5400 6300 7200 8100 9000 9900 10800 11700 12600 13500 14400 15300 16200 17100 18000 260 63 126 189 252 315 378 441 504 567 630 693 756 819 882 945 1008 1071 1134 1197 1260 273 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720 780 840 900 960 1020 1080 1140 1200 346,667 47,25 94,5 141,75 189 236,25 283,5 330,75 378 425,25 472,5 519,75 567 614,25 661,5 708,75 756 803,25 850,5 897,75 945 360 45,5 91 136,5 182 227,5 273 318,5 364 409,5 455 500,5 546 591,5 637 682,5 728 773,5 819 864,5 910 364 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 405 450 495 540 585 630 675 720 765 810 855 900 819 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 1040 15,75 31,5 47,25 63 78,75 94,5 110,25 126 141,75 157,5 173,25 189 204,75 220,5 236,25 252 267,75 283,5 299,25 315 1820 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 108 117 126 135 144 153 162 171 180 1. Modular arithmetic: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic 2. "World Population Clock: 7,661,192,024 people. Current World Population (November 04, 2018 00:32) Worldometers". www.worldometers.info 3. Country Comparison to the World of Literacy Rate". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 4. List of countries by literacy rate: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_literacy_rate 5. Academia de las Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala (1988). Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala: Documento de referencia para la pronunciación de los nuevos alfabetos oficiales. Guatemala City: Instituto Indigenista Nacional.. For details and notes on adoption among the Mayanist community, see Kettunen & Hemke (2005), p. 5 6. Tedlock, Barbara (1992). Time and the Highland Maya (rev. ed.). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-0577-6. OCLC 7653289, p. 1 7. "Mythological" in the sense that when the Long Count was first devised sometime in the Mid- to Late Preclassic, long after this date; see e.g. Miller and Taube (1993, p.50). 8. Voss, Alexander (2006). "Astronomy and Mathematics". In Nikolai Grube. Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest. Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel (assistant eds.). Cologne, Germany: Könemann. pp. 130– 143. ISBN 978-3-8331-1957-6. OCLC 71165439. 9. Lords of the Night: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_of_the_Night 10. "Lloyd B. Anderson The Mayan 819-day Count and the "Y" Glyph: A Probable association with Jupiter". 11. International Occultation Timing Association: http://occultations.org/ 77 Milo Gardner Thank you. Love you paper and look forward to your book. Been working on four line of 26 Red + black base 13 numbers per line for 7 years. Any specific points on this under appreciated Seasonal Almanac...especially lines 2 and 3?. Best Regards Milo Gardner Sacramento Calif. * * * Martin W Schellens, Leiden University, Alumnus, Institute for Humanities Dear Mr Kambar, Thank you for sharing your papers. I also do think it is time for a new view, and do share some of the same thoughts. However, for the moment, I cannot say whether I support your view or not. I will certainly look into it in the future. For now, I am myself working on far distant past calculations following the traditional arithmetic. I am preparing two more papers. Kind regards, Martin Schellens Hi Kaldarhan and Others I would just reiterate that the facts I am talking about are specifically what Mayan inscriptions actually say, and how we came to realize that it was what they actually said. Mayan scripts giving details is the highest authority, and that is the best starting point to discovering more of what they knew. I am still thinking about your work and how this would be relevant to what the inscriptions themselves have actually written about, but considering my own work evolved over 15 or more years, it is likely the new data you provide will take some time to digest and elaborate. The task is looking for evidence that corroborate the information, which can become a long search. Regards Cliff 78 №4 It's time to change the views on the Mayan calendar (Maya Calendar Discussion) 11/06/2018 15:47 1. Today, 11/06/2018 10:22, exactly 16 days have passed since I uploaded my first article “NEW LOOK AT THE MODERN CODIFICATION OF THE MAYAN CALENDAR”. During this time, my article was read by 309 people from 31 countries of the world (1. Australia, 2. Algeria, 3. Belgium, 4. Brazil, 5. United Kingdom, 6. Hungary, 7. Guatemala, 8. Germany, 9. Greece , 10. Israel, 11. India, 12. Indonesia, 13. Ireland, 14. Spain, 15. Italy, 16. 16. 16. Canada, 17. Mexico, 18. Republic of Moldova, 19. The Netherlands, 20. Oman, 21. Pakistan, 22 Russia, 23. Slovakia, 24. Slovenia, 25. USA, 26. Ukraine, 27. Uruguay, 28. France, 29. Czech Republic, 30. Switzerland and 31. Japan). This is too little or a lot, to be honest, I do not know. But I am sincerely grateful to my readers from these countries. 2. All that I suppose on a hypothetical level about the Mayan calendar, I write here openly. And I do not exclude that I am mistaken in some of my hypotheses. First, all the literature related to the Mayan calendar is written in English. Unfortunately, I do not speak English, I write all the articles only with the help of an online translator; Secondly, we are not angels who know all the answers to our questions. Man is born to make mistakes and find the right way through the thorns. I'm not an exception... Nevertheless, I sincerely hope that my knowledge, which I have gathered in the shady corners of numerous records for 33 years, will be useful to someone. You probably understand that I spent a lot of sleepless nights counting some of the equalities and compiling the numerous tables in my article. Everything I write here (ACADEMIA.EDU) I received © Copyright in 2017: «This Certificate issued under the seal of the Copyright Office in accordance with title 17, United States Code, attests that registration has been made for the work identified below. The information on this certificate has been made a part of the Copyright Office records. Acting United States Register of Copyrights and Director Certificate of Registration © Copyright Author: Kaldarkhan Aliseituly Kambar Registration Number TX 8-321-046 Effective Date of Registration:April 04, 2017 Title Title of work: 79-year-old (Islamic) Lunar calendar, 464-year-old (Julian year) Lunar-solar calendar and 2900-year-old (Tropical year) Lunar-solar calendar. Content Title: 79 THE FIRSTPART OF THE RESEARCH SINCE 1985-1995: ARCHEOASTRONOMIC IMAGE OF KAZAKHSTAN THE SECOND PART THE RESEARCH BETWEEN 1995-2000: SHORT DESCRIPTION THREE TYPES OF THE CALENDAR THE THIRD PART THE RESEARCH BETWEEN 2000-2010: ABOUT CALENDARS OF ANCIENT NOMADS AND KAZAKHS THE FOURTH STUDY BETWEEN 2010-2017: SPACE AND TIME IN THE GALAXY Date of 1st Publication: March 20, 2017 Nation of 1st Publication: Kazakhstan». I just ask from other authors that give a link to my article and additional material, if you use it in your material. 3. Due to the fact that my readers are becoming more and more every day, I want to tell them the good news. Some time later (before the end of this month or earlier) your humble servant here (ACADEMIA.EDU) will publish short excerpts from his future book (THE THIRD PART THE RESEARCH BETWEEN 2000-2010: ABOUT CALENDARS OF ANCIENT NOMADS AND KAZAKHS). The first part of this article will be devoted to the previously unknown 9 species of the nomad calendar; The 2nd part of this article will be entirely devoted to the twelve-year cycle of animals (chronological system) not of the Chinese, but of nomads; The third part of this article will be devoted to a unique calendar of nomads “Togys esebi” or a unique lunar-stellar calendar. I think these articles will be interesting not only to many readers, but also for science, who have never heard or read about the nomad calendars. 4. Now, with your permission, I will write a little of my hypothesis about the Mayan calendars: What is surprising, almost at the same time or someone earlier, and someone later, the priests of nomads (Esepshi) and the Mayan priests paid special attention to the number – 7 and 9. What is the unique feature of these numbers? 1) When the number "7" is divided by the number "28" it turns out – a fractional number of 0.25. This is – 365.25 days or exactly 365 days 6 hours as in the Julian calendar. As we all know, to this day the Julian calendar is completely, and the Gregorian calendar is partly based on this 28-year cycle; 2) When the number "9" is divided by the number "28" it turns out – a fractional number 0.32142857143. This is – 27.321429 days or exactly 27 days 7 hours 42 minutes 51.43 seconds as in the sidereal month. 80 This value, previously unknown to science, is only 20.13 seconds less than its current scientific definition (27,321661547 or 27 days 7 hours 43 minutes 11.5577 seconds). I do not know if the Mayan priests knew the exact meaning of the sidereal month, but the nomadic priests of Esepshi knew well, at least, about this meaning of the sidereal month. The specified value of the sidereal month "Esepshi" was achieved in a very simple way: 27 days × 28 days = 756 days + 9 days = 765 days ÷ 28 months = 27,321429 days. This amount of days among Esepshi and among modern Kazakhs is called “Zheti amal” (Seven method) or “Togyz tasil” (Nine rules). According to my hypothesis, 765 days was conceived by Esepshi to achieve two goals: The first goal is the definition of full and partial periods of Covering (Occultation) of the Pleiades by the Moon: 1. 765 days × 4 cycle = 3060 days ÷ 364 days = 8.41 years or 8 years 148 days. As we see, with the help of this cycle, the nomads approximately determined the period of full or partial Covering (Occultation) of the Pleiades by the Moon; I still assume that the Mayan priests have invented an 819-day “Cawil” for this purpose: 2. 819 days × 4 cycle = 3276 days ÷ 364 days = 9 year 0 days. 3. 819 days × 4 cycle = 3276 days ÷ 365.25 days = 8.97 year or 8 year 354 days. The second goal is to define the lunar and solar eclipses in a certain period: 1. 765 days × 29 cycle = 22185 days ÷ 64 year = 346,640625 days. 2. 819 days × 11 cycle = 9009 days ÷ 26 year = 346.5 days. As we see, with the help of this equality, the priests Esepshi knew the periods of the lunar and solar eclipses a little better. Ironically, it is otherwise impossible to say that the 360-day and 365-day “Haab” are more compatible with 765 days of "Zheti amal" nomads than 819 days of "Kawil" Maya. Example: 1. 765 days × 8 cycle = 6120 days ÷ 17 year = 360 days. 2. 765 days × 73 cycle = 55845 days ÷ 153 year = 365 days. Today I decided to share with such interesting information about the calendars of nomads and Maya. With your permission, I announce a break of several days to complete the promised article. Please, my readers, be patient to get even more information about the interesting and fascinating world of nomads ... With deep and sincere wishes to you, your humble servant Kaldarkhan Kambar 81 №5 It's time to change the views on the Mayan calendar (Maya Calendar Discussion) 11/06/2018 19:17 With the permission of the readers, I wanted to take a break for a few days to complete the article I promised. But, alas ... There was a mistake on the last (No. 4) article, I tried to fix it immediately. However, I could not do anything. My poor computer tried to tell me that it was impossible. But I did not want to agree with the computer, and for a long time I tortured him and myself. When I was very tired, I thought at night or in the morning (when all people would necessarily sleep), I would correct article No. 4. However, at 5 in the morning my attempts were again unsuccessful. Only then did I understand the reason. It turns out that readers from different countries are already reading my article. Therefore, I had to write today the continuation of this article under number 5. If someone does not like the beginning of my article, please do not read further. I don't want to impose my opinion on anyone. However, by the way, I forget to warn my readers (I apologize) that all previous articles are part of this article. To read them, go down just below. It turns out that from the daily turmoil of life we do not even notice that when we sleep with a sweet sleep, at the other end of the world people are awake. When I realized this, I was overwhelmed with joy. This joy was not because people read my article. This joy was due to the fact that our planet Earth never sleeps. While we read, we gain knowledge - this means that there is still hope that one day, the planet Earth will not become a “planet of savages,” which does not need knowledge, science or progress. Deep in my heart, this thought made me happy, like a child who received a bunch of Snickers as a gift ... After awareness of all these feelings, I suddenly had an interest. Who exactly or what countries read my article. Because on my page (ACADEMIA.EDU) there appeared a “Goblet” picture ( ) and the line “top 2%”. What does this mean, honestly, I do not know. It turns out that until today (07/11/2018 07:50) my article was read by 219 people from almost all US states, 37 people from Mexico, 34 people from Canada, 27 people from the Netherlands, 15 people from Italy, 10 people from France, 8 people from Spain, 6 people each from Belgium, Brazil, Guatemala, etc. I made a conclusion for myself: indeed, the most patriotic and highly spiritual country in the world is the USA and Europe. Any other state in the world can build several “copies of Silicon Valley”. But these states can never force their citizens to read and do science. Therefore, these artificial "valleys" will not work. This is closely related to the level of human patriotism and the spirit of these states. Therefore, the United States and Europe attract thousands of migrants, while in other countries we do not notice this. But despite this, I love my country (Kazakhstan) with all my heart, with all its flaws ... I think a little distracted from the topic. But you have to admit that dry formulas and countless equalities can get stuck in your throat, so a small soup with cabbage will be useful. By the way, what I wanted to fix in my article. Oh yes, this is just one paragraph: "Title. Title of work: 79-year-old (Islamic) lunar calendar, 464-year-old (Julian year) Lunar-solar calendar and 82 2900-year-old (tropical year) Lunno-solar calendar." You probably think: and what is so special about these numbers. For you, these are just dry numbers. It was on these and other equalities that I devoted several years of my life. I had only a calculator (there was no computer in the USSR at that time) and a bunch of papers, which then filled a large box from the TV. 1. 79-year-old (Islamic) lunar calendar. I don’t know about other holy books of Jews, Christians, but in the Holy Qur'an, exactly 100 surahs have the words “Ilm – knowledge” and “Ghilm – science”. For about 7 centuries, science developed rapidly in Islam. But when in 1449 the great scholar of Islam – Ulug Beg [1] from Samarkand was beheaded by order of religious fanatics, the study of science in Islam ceased. Therefore, I chose moderate Islam (mazhab "Abu Hanifa"), but I worship Allah the Almighty 5 times a day. At the end of the last century, I calculated the 79-year-old Lunar cycle for Islam, since the 30-year-old "Arabic cycle" began to make mistakes: 1) 354 × 50 + 355 × 29 = 17700 + 10295 = 27995 ÷ 79 = 354.3670886 days 2) 354.3670886 days ÷ 12 months = 29.5305907 days However, this lunar cycle, computed by me, remained only on paper ... 2. 464-year-old (Julian year) lunar-solar calendar. In the 90s of the last century, in one of the books about the calendar, I read the following lines: “The account of the new calendar, called Julian, began on January 1, 45 BC. er That very day was the first new moon after the winter solstice. This is the only moment in the Julian calendar that is connected to the lunar phases.” [2] I did not agree and therefore decided to refute these statements and wanted to prove that the Julian calendar fits well with the moon phases. In the end, I calculated this 464-year-old Lunar cycle: 1) 365 × 348 + 366 × 116 = 127020 + 42456 = 169476 ÷ 464 = 365.25 days 2) 169476 days ÷ 5739 month = 29.53058024 days 3. 2900-year-old (tropical year) lunar-solar calendar. I hoped to find such a lunar-solar calendar, in which it would be convenient to calculate the lunar phases not according to the 19-year “Meton” cycles, but in exactly 100 summer cycles (century). Again, only with the help of a calculator, I calculated this equality. 1) 365 × 2197 + 366 × 703 = 801905 + 257298 = 1059203 ÷ 2900 = 365.2424138 days 2) 1059203 days ÷ 35868 synodic month = 29.5305843649 days The main goal of my life has always been to find astronomical and mathematical equality for the main calendar of the nomads “Togys esebi”. Although, with great difficulty, I calculated it in the early 90s, from my point of view, its parameters did not coincide with the scientific data known to me then. It was a complex of cycles consisting of 423 years (star calendar) – 435 years (lunarsidereal calendar) – 436 years (lunar-synodic calendar). 1) 365 × 314 + 366 × 109 = 114610 + 39894 = 154504 ÷ 423 = 365.2576832 days 2) 154504 days ÷ 435 = 355.1816092 ÷ 13 sidereal month = 27.3216622458 days 83 3) 154504 days ÷ 436 = 354.3669725 ÷ 12 synodic month = 29.5305810398 days 4) 154504 days ÷ 7 = 22072 week However, only 25 years later, I realized that these cycles (423-435-436) are excellent for the main calendar of the nomads "Togys esebi". Moreover, these cycles are very valuable from the point of view of science. [3] These four equalities, on the solution of which I have spent months and years of life, can now be solved in just a few minutes with the help of the Microsoft Excel program. Since their full layout in days, months and years takes up a lot of space, I can’t put it here. If I could get accurate figures about the Mayan calendar right now, I would restore all the Mayan calendars and its confusing chronology in a few hours or a couple of days. In the history of the Mayan calendar, the whole snag is that no one knows for sure these mysterious numbers and the equality of Maya. On the numerous Maya and Aztec codes, only isolated figures are given, in which neither beginning nor end can be disassembled. In my opinion, all the surviving Maya codes are just “drafts” on which Mayan priests wrote down their supposed thoughts and hypotheses. The final and real astronomical solutions and mathematical equality of the Maya have been preserved in a very different place. It seems to me that these data are not even reflected on various inscriptions in numerous stella stones. However, their astronomical observatories can help unravel these confusing riddles. We must look in the right direction of the night sky, where the Moon and the Pleiades were visible. In my personal opinion, it was these two sky bodies that formed the basis for their calculations, the rest of the sky bodies (the Sun, planets and other stars) were of a secondary nature ... This time, for sure, with your permission, I’ll announce a break for several days to complete the promised article. Please, my readers, be patient to get even more information about the interesting and fascinating world of nomads ... With deep and sincere wishes to you, your humble servant Kaldarkhan Kambar 1. Ulugh Beg Mīrzā Muhammad https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulugh_Beg Tāraghay bin Shāhrukh (1394-1449): 2. S.I. Seleshnikov History of the calendar and chronology., Popular science literature, history, chronology., USSR, Moscow, Science .: 1970. 224 p. (2nd ed .: 1972; 3rd ed .: 1977), p. 62 3. Kambar K.A., Kazakh National Calendar, Astana, 1985-2018, 824 pages, in Kazakh language, printing is expected in 2019 84 №6 It's time to change the views on the Mayan calendar (Maya Calendar Discussion) 11/08/2018 12:21 I was again forced to distract from writing the promised article. In the text “Maya Calendar Discussion” № 3 (11/04/2018 06:35) I wrote: "Why the chronology of the Maya should be measured with the "proleptic Gregorian calendar." Who came up with it? For this purpose, there is a “Julian day” or “Julian date” (JD)." After 4 days (11/08/2018 03:06) I received a detailed answer to my question from the distinguished Richard Schiller. He's writing: "I have found that origin to be a Mari Syria calendar called Marduk from the city Harran Syria. It is a 240-day crossing of Mars that is altered to 260-day crossing without changing its western setting start date. Thus the crossing or TAU moves forward 10 days to change 120-day set plus 120-day rise into 130-day set and 130-day rise. It moves the TAU 10 days forward to be the day ONE-MONKEY or Wu-Monkey or imix-Monkey". I did not understand anything from the text of the letter. For example: the Egyptians used the “Star of Sothis”, “Harran Syria” is the Middle East. And what is the 260-day “Tzolkin” and 365-day “Haab” doing there? And what, the Mayan priests passed (or received) their knowledge to the priests in the Middle East? Especially these words of the author of the letter baffled me: "This Mayan Marduk May 11 is 20 days after Harran Marduk April 21. The Mayan Marduk May 11 is rising 130-day after Mayan TAU on Jan 1 solstice with day imix Wu-Monkey-Chen or Chuen, while the April 21 Harran Marduk is rising 120-day after Ur’s Terah Tau Marduk of 1275bc Dec 22, Terah TAU as 10 days before Mayan TAU." As far as I know, Marduk was the God of ancient Sumer and Babylon (Marduk [Sumerian: amar utu.k "calf of the sun; solar calf"; Greek Μαρδοχαῖος] was a late-generation god from ancient Mesopotamia and patron deity of the city of Babylon.) What is the connection between "Maya" and "Marduk?". Someone from my readers understood something from this text of the letter, let him help me to decipher the text of the letter from dear Richard Schiller. I will be very grateful (the full text of the letter is located at the bottom). If someone else has not read my main article (New look at the modern codification of calendar Maya), I will cite a passage from this article that sheds some light on the topic under discussion. ...There is one important point in the Mayan calendar. The beginning of the year of the 364-day calendar can not be determined by any date, which is not related to the rhythm and laws of nature. Therefore the Mayan priests searched for such an "important and meaningful" day, which would ensure the merging of the Maya with the harmony of the universe. They even left this "hint" in the form of different steles (a stone pillar) with hieroglyphs in many places throughout Mesoamerica. Located in the southeast of Guatemala, Quirigua is the site of archaeological excavations of ancient Mayan culture. [58] In the eastern side of the stele C (Quirigua) is written the mythical date of the creation of 13 baktuns, 0 katuns, 0 tun, 0 uinals, 0 kins, 4 Ahau 8 Kumku. 85 This is referred to as a correlation constant. The generally accepted correlation constant is the Modified Thompson 2, "Goodman–Martinez–Thompson", or GMT correlation of 584,283 days. [19][20][21][22][23] The GMT correlation is also called the 11.16 correlation. The correlation of GMT on the basis of "360 days" translated this hieroglyph, as Monday, August 11, 3113 BC, into the proleptic Gregorian calendar [PGC] (Monday, September 6, 3114 BC, in the proleptic Julian calendar [PJC]), which corresponds to the Julian Day Number (JDN) 584,282.5 days. [59] What happened that day in the solar system, in the distant cosmos, in the Milky Way galaxy, or at worst in the night sky over the Maya? Nothing is known about this! But it is known that six years ago all of humanity was on the verge of a nervous breakdown due to the upcoming "Mayan Apocalypse" in connection with the end of "13 baktun" the day before December 21, 2012 on Friday. [60] [61] [62] What can I add here, even if Almaty residents, located about 12,770 kilometers from Mesoamerica, on the eve of this date, swept away all food and drinking water from the store shelf. Some fans of "Mayan Apocalypse" were offended and upset, why there was no "End of the World", as if it promised something good for humanity ?! Since I had a ready luno-sidereal calendar for UE and TE for 1985-2020, I knew for sure that nothing would happen on December 21, but from December 25 to December 26, 2012 on Tuesday there will be an ordinary "covering" of the Pleiades of the Moon at 13 day phase. The 370th occultation the Pleiades by the Moon passed without incident and with time humanity, which is constantly somewhere in a hurry, forgot about everything. 25.12.2012 year, UT 9-00, JDN 2456286.5 – 23.4.1985 year, UT 9-00, JDN 2446178.5 = 10108 day ÷ 370 month = 27,319 day That's when I first thought about why the International Occultation Timing Association (IOTA) [63] did not report this? If someone from readers can use SkyMap Online / Professional edition [64] (there is an English translation), will be able to see not only this date, but also dates relating to the "Long Count periods". The GPS coordinate of Chichen Itza, El Castillo (Kukulkan pyramide) for "Google Maps" or "Google Earth" [50] is defined as 20°40'58.90"N 88°34'7.06"W (for "SkyMap Online" 20°40'N 88°34'W"). [64] If you enter this coordinate on this "SkyMap Online", [64], and also set the specified time by UTC, [65] you will see what these dates are associated with. After viewing "SkyMap Online" using Table 8, we can see: 1. Monday, August 11, 3113 BCE in the proleptic Gregorian calendar [further – PGC] (does not show), 2. Monday, September 6, 3114 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar [further – PJC] (shows) 86 In the starry sky over Chichen Itza, El Castillo (Kukulkan pyramide) nothing happened (JDN 584,282.5 [59]), i.e. there was neither the Lunar nor the Solar eclipse, nor was the occultation of the Pleiades by the Moon, etc. 3. Friday, August 11, 3113 BCE in the PJC (shows) 4. Friday, July 16, 3112 BCE in the PGC (does not show) On this day (JDN 584,622.5 [59]) in the starry sky over Chichen Itza, El Castillo (Kukulkan pyramide), the Pleiades were occultation in the Moon in the 25 day phase after the astronomical new moon. In the 5th and 6th rows of Table 8, to test my words, it is shown how the Moon occultation the Pleiades on December 25-26, 2012. [30, p. 744] According to Table 9, when the zero (0) day corresponds to Monday, August 11, 3113 BCE in the PGC, the interval between dates is 144,000 days (360 days × 400 year = 144,000 days), and all 13 baktuns are 1,872,000 days (144,000 days × 13 baktun = 1,872,000 days ÷ 360 days = 5,200 years). This shows that 13.0.0.0.0 corresponds to Fri, December 21, 2012. CE (Gregorian date GMT (JDN 584,282.5) correlation). According to Table 10, when the zero (0) day corresponds to Friday, August 11, 3113 BCE in the PJC, the interval between the dates is 145,600 days (364 days × 400 year = 145,600 days), and all 13 baktuns are 1,892,800 days (145,600 days × 13 baktun = 1,892,800 days ÷ 364 days = 5,200 years) . This shows that 13.0.0.0.0 corresponds to Fri, November 7, 2070 CE (PJC date Kambar (JDN 584 622.5) correlation). 1. 360 day × 400 year = 144,000 day × 13 baktun = 1,872,000 day 2. 364 day × 400 year = 145,600 day × 13 baktun = 1,892,800 day 3. 1,892,800 day – 1,872,000 day = 20,800 day ÷ 365,2425 day ≈ 57 year Comparing tables 9 and 10 with each other, we will see that the researchers of the Mayan calendar, which frightened our planet Maya Apocalypse, hurried for as long as 57 years! [60] [61] [62] However, one should not forget that my version (PJC date Kambar (JDN 584 622.5) correlation) may also be incorrect. Because "13 baktuns, 0 katuns, 0 tunas, 0 uinal, 0 kins, 4 Ahau 8 Cumku" were defined by the system of accounts from 360 days (correlation according to the Gregorian date GMT (JDN 584,282.5)). If we try to determine "13 baktuns, 0 katuns, 0 melodies, 0 uinal, 0 kins, 4 Ahau 8 Cumku" with the help of 364 days, then both dates (August 11, 3113 BC [August 11, 3113] BC [PJC]), of course, will change. In our opinion, the new date (zero day) to be determined must correspond to the solar eclipse and the covering of the Pleiades by the Moon, which occurred on the same day. 87 Since the Maya priests did not in vain do so that the " Long Count periods" were in close relationship with the Dragon Year and the Draconic month, as well as with other types of lunar month (Sidereal month, Synodic month, Anomalistic month): [31] [45] [ 66] 1. 1820 day × 1,040 day = 1,892,800 day ÷ 5,200 year = 364 day 2. 260 day × 7,280 year = 1,892,800 day ÷ 5,460 year = 346.6666667 day 3. 27.55448153 day × 68,693 month = 1,892,800 day ÷ 69,557 month = 27.21221444 day 4. 29.53070394 day × 64,096 month = 1,892,800 day ÷ 69,278 month = 27.3218049 day 5. 28 day × 67,600 month = 1,892,800 day ÷ 270,400 week = 7 day It remains only one thing: to repeat again and again the words of Michael D. Coe from his book "In Breaking the Maya Code": "In spite of oceans of ink that have been spilled on the subject, there now is not the slightest chance that these three scholars (conflated to GMT when talking about the correlation) were not right...". [67] My 5 articles that were devoted to the discussion of the Mayan calendar have already been read by about 400 people. Are there no scholars among them to whom I could discuss the unresolved problems of the Mayan calendar? Probably, enough time has passed to stop looking at me as an “exotic animal,” who is discussing the “Mayan calendar.” I am not an alien, I am the same person as you, who wants to achieve the truth ... With deep and sincere wishes to you, your humble servant Kaldarkhan Kambar * * * 11/08/2018 03:06 MAYAN CALENDAR AND GENESIS NOAH Richard Schiller Basics to answer YOUR why questions. Why does Thompson go Gregorian so the whole world follows suit. Two reasons. One is to favor a winter solstice of 2012AD though Thompson uses day Ahau on 3114bc G.Aug 12, and the other is because of the formula that 1508 haab are 1507 Gregorian so that 3016 haab are 3014 Gregorian. The mix-up is in the -3113 being 3114bc assuring us that this is all about 100bc (-99) not 99bc. Serious because it is about Venus observation of 99bc and then counting back a 584-day Venus (not 583.92 day) as 104-haab lubay (two 52-year calendar rounds) in those 3016 years of 29x 104 year Venus being 58 of 52 Calendar Rounds to honor the 4Ahau 8Cumku of 100bc (-99) since 3114bc. Obviously the significance is useless for Venus on any smaller scale; and seasonally the 1508 haab is solar (not Venus) so cannot go smaller unless in increments of 124 sothic (Julian) where 31 leap days are 30 solar leap days to 1488 years plus 20 years as 5 leap days. This means that a month of 30 days is useless as 12x 124 years because for Mayan it is 1.5 uinal so requires 6x 248 years to be 6x 3 uinal each. This forces 1508 sothic years corrected to 1508 Gregorian years in 1509 haab, not 1508 haab as 1507 Gregorian. So because Maya have never had leap days (other than mark the star sothis or the sun as a leap forward a date every 4 years), you cannot claim them more accurate than Julian nor Gregorian. As I said check the 88 observations of -99 and -98 which is 100bc and 99bc and see for yourself if it is not confused by Thompson (GMT) as 99bc and 98bc. Starting with religious premises; please bear with it, tolerate it until it gets to The Maya. It merely means Bible origin of calendar came before Mayan changes. The 360-day calendar existed before the bible Genesis Noah. Noah thus used it for his own years thru 600 and the Earth axis then changed. The Maya had some reason to shift the new year (the day imix, not the zero day before it known as Ahau) as advanced 20 days forward. I have found that origin to be a Mari Syria calendar called Marduk from the city Harran Syria. It is a 240-day crossing of Mars that is altered to 260-day crossing without changing its western setting start date. Thus the crossing or TAU moves forward 10 days to change 120-day set plus 120-day rise into 130-day set and 130-day rise. It moves the TAU 10 days forward to be the day ONE-MONKEY or Wu-Monkey or imix-Monkey. The Harran Marduk started on 360-day new year day Wu or day imix of Julian 2049bc Feb 9 as Noah’s year 925 as the the 120-day rising Mars (presumed 120 days after TAU expected as solar conjunction), not yet being Mayan new year, Mayan Marduk, day imix or day Wu of Julian leap day Feb 29 as tun 1080. Note that 1080 is 1079 from Flood-end (83x 13 year Mars). This creates an epoch of Flood new year 600 as 2370bc October 12 on Noah’s 360-day, as 780-day Harran Marduk. Mayan new year is tun 755 twenty days later upon November 1 All Saints Day. The Mayan change does not occur until post-Exodus global disaster of 1514-1512bc and is most strongly pronounced upon the Izapa January 1 winter solstice of 1274bc. This sets Mayan new year tun 1 as day 1imix on Julian Sept 2 of 3113bc (-3112) as Mayan Marduk ending a 360-day Flood of 3114bc. It then counts 13-year Marduk, and 780-day Marduk to tun 755 on Julian 2370bc Nov 1 All Saints Day and onward to 1274bc May 11 day imix. This Mayan Marduk May 11 is 20 days after Harran Marduk April 21. The Mayan Marduk May 11 is rising 130-day after Mayan TAU on Jan 1 solstice with day imix Wu-Monkey-Chen or Chuen, while the April 21 Harran Marduk is rising 120-day after Ur’s Terah Tau Marduk of 1275bc Dec 22, Terah TAU as 10 days before Mayan TAU. Thus Mayan Marduk May 11 is 260-day (130+130) after 1275bc Aug 24 as setting-Marduk, and Harran Marduk April 21 is 240-day (120+120) after the same Aug 24 setting-Mars date. With Noah’s 360-day new year 1711 on Oct 23 and Mayan tun 1866 on Nov 12 (all these Marduk dates are day imix) the Marduk set date Aug 24 is 11-01 and the TAU Dec 22 is 3-01 and the rise Apr 21 is 7-01 while Mayan Aug 24 is uinal 11.01 and Jan 1 TAU is 3.21 and May 11 rise is 6.01. (Maya inherit from Mari Syria 2029-1762bc, retain thru Babylon 1625bc) 11-01=11.01 1275bc Aug 24 Harran Marduk setting on day 1imix day Wu 1-01=14.01 1275bc Oct 23 Babel Marduk setting new year 1711 3-01=17.01 1275bc Dec 22 Terah TAU day 120 (Terah TAU new year 825 comes from 2148bc July 18 sothic) but Mars solar conjunction is actually July 20. Tun 980 doesn’t exist yet 3-21 = 0.01 1274bc Jan 1 Tun 1866 Mayan TAU day 130 on imix or Wu-Monkey (Chen) at Izapa for 5-01 = 2.01 1274bc Feb 20 Babel Marduk rising 89 7-01 = 5.01 1274bc Apr 21 Harran Marduk rising in 240 days 7-21 = 6.01 1274bc May 11 Mayan Marduk rising at Izapa in 260 days on day 1imix All of this places the 3114bc epoch as 3114bc Greg.Aug 12 as Ahau and Greg.Aug 13 as imix or day Wu new year tun zero. The Aug 11 favored is strictly to claim 2012 AD solstice fulfilment. There is no reason that the Maya would worship centuries and millenia solely to have faith in a 2012AD solstice. 90 CHAPTER 2 Kazakh National Calendar Copyright 2018 © Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published 28 November 2018 From the outside, I look like an “old alpha wolf” expelled from its environment of survival by a “young alpha wolf”. At night, when the phases of the moon change, I howl, dreaming about the past days. But still nothing changes around me, it only gets worse and I'm dying ... Image download source: https://ru.tokkoro.com/1287961-wolf.html 91 Introduction If I start, without preparation, hurrying to immediately explain to a Western audience something completely new to them, about the everyday calendars and chronological systems of the ancient nomads of Central Asia, this will inevitably lead to misunderstanding. Worse, for the Western audience it may seem that all this is a concocted story of one person named Kaldarkhan Kambar, based on wishful thinking. This has already been my experience. If I am not mistaken, the British love to express such a moment of life with the words "the moment of truth has come." In such moments, the Kazakhs calmly say “Auzhy kuygen urlep ishedi” – “Those who once burned their mouths with hot soup will be cautious next time.” How did it all start? In 1997, I spoke to an American woman named Hilda Aizen. With a grant from Japan, she studied the ethnography of the southern Kazakhs. It turns out that she lived for several months in my native village Shaulder and learned the Kazakh language. When she found out that I was from Shaulder, her first question was “Ne elsin?” – “Which tribe are you from?” From surprise, my eyes nearly popped out. Usually this question is asked only by Kazakhs to each other. How not to be surprised if an American woman asks the same question to you? I replied "Konyrattyn ishindegi – Mangytai" – “I am from the Mangytai clan of the Konyrat tribe.” And then she opened her notebook and began to explain to me from where the Mangytai-Konyrat originated. I listened to her attentively and at the same time thought “Aha, so that’s what Europeans are interested in”. Up to that time, I thought that the Kazakh calendar of the nomads is of interest only to the Kazakhs. From that moment I began to look for Europeans who are interested in the "Kazakh nomad calendar" (Togys esebi). Only in 2008, I accidentally found out about the calendar forum CALNDR-L at the University of North Carolina (USA). In this forum, I met Karl Palmen, Peter Meyer and others. When I started explaining to them right away and talking about the calendar “Togys esebi” and other calendars, at first they could not understand. The more deeply I studied Togys esebi, the more I began to notice similarities with the Mayan Calendar. Then I wrote an article entitled “A New Look at the Modern Codification of the Mayan Calendar”. My article was edited by Karl Palmen (to whom many thanks) and he wrote an abstract for it. And only at this time did he, for the first time, pay attention to the “Kazakh calendar of nomads” (Togys esebi). He then drew the attention of Peter Meyer to my article. After reading my article, Peter published it on his website at https://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud/maya/Mayan_Calendar_New_Look.pdf then on the Academia.edu website where it has been viewed many times. Figure 1 Screenshot of the “Kazakh Nomad Calendar” date conversion software 92 After much further discussion with Peter about the Kazakh nomad calendar (Togys esebi), with many misunderstandings due to my almost total ignorance of the English language, he finally managed to develop Windows software for conversion between Togys esebi dates and dates in the Gregorian Calendar – see https://www.hermetic.ch/knc/knc.htm and Figure 1. At this time he is the only European scientist who is well versed in the structures and principles of Togys esebi. His work will greatly help the Western audience in the correct understanding of this calendar. However, Peter’s explanation of Togys esebi lacks many details, which is certainly not his fault, and it is the purpose of this article to reveal those details. I also wish to thank Peter for editing this article (which was originally written in Russian and then machine-translated into English, with many infelicitous renderings) and for preparing it for publication. 93 PART 1: ANCIENT NOMAD CALENDARS Preface The book of the Kazakh researcher Kaldarkhan A. Kambar, The Kazakh National Calendar, allows one to realize and appreciate the enormous contribution that nomadic civilizations made to the development of astronomical science and the calendar. Sometimes we do not fully realize that the peoples of vast Eurasia have enjoyed these achievements for many centuries and even millennia. World history, developed by Western historians and clerics, has not allowed many people to fully appreciate and understand this contribution. Only today, thanks to gaining independence from the colonial yoke, there begins a true understanding of the astronomical achievements of the nomads of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, which took place not only in these vast spaces of Eurasia, but also on both continents of America. This is not an exaggeration. How else to explain the similarity of some words and calendars of Eurasia (nomads) and America (Mayan-Aztecs) ... The relevance of studying the calendars of nomads as a historical phenomenon is primarily related to the need to understand the emergence of advanced scientific knowledge in the framework of individual civilizations and at the level of intercivilizational interactions with other regions of the world. In this regard, the study of the theory and scientific practice of using calendars of nomads allows us to more deeply understand the mechanisms of internal and external achievements in this field of science. The popular scientific aspect of the relevance of this topic is augmented by the latest information on the development of astronomy and the types of calendars in the nomadic community. The Mystery of the Calendar of the Nomads is Known Only to the Nomads For observers on the ground it is very difficult to track the exact time when the Moon covers the Pleiades. These observations are complex for astronomical and meteorological reasons. Nevertheless, the nomads of Central Asia and the Kazakhs not only observed this phenomenon, but also created a unique calendar called “Togis esebi”. During 1985-2018 the author of this article tried to understand not only Togys esebi but also other calendars of his ancestors, that is, the nomads of Central Asia. It turned out to be a very complex and confusing topic from “A” to “Z”, which took a lifetime in the literal sense of the word. In his book "The Kazakh National Calendar" [1], the author tried to describe this topic to the smallest detail. However, it is certain that in time more and more new questions will arise. Excerpts and principles of the basic calendars of the Kazakhs (namely, Urker Esebi, Zhuldyz Esebi and Togys Esebi), which have been handed down orally and from generation to generation for many millennia, have reached the current computer-using generation only verbally and in very poor condition. Despite this, compared to the forgotten Mayan and Aztec Calendars, the basic calendars of the Kazakhs are more successful in the sense that the descendants of those Kazakhs who knew by heart the subtleties of their folk culture and calendar, live in the 21st century. These calendars were 94 not preserved on paper, which could be destroyed by fire [2] [3] [4] [5], rather they were preserved in the deep consciousness of the nomads. I think that in comparison with Western researchers studying the calendar of disappeared civilizations, I had some advantages. Firstly, I am a descendant of nomads who, from ancient times, lived in the endless deserts of Kyzylkum (Southern Kazakhstan), and I often visited these lands of my ancestors. And also important is the fact that in my youth I often saddled camels and horses to graze cattle, and at night looked at the mighty starry sky from the dome of the yurt (kyiz ui – house of felt). [6] In a word, I grew up among the topic I later researched and knew everything from the inside. Secondly, I know my native Kazakh language not from distorted translations of researchers, but from the original, from which all our nomadic history, culture, literature and, of course, the calendar are felt. Thirdly, the village in which I lived was not far from the vast ruins of ancient cities such as OtyrarFarab (GPS: 42°51'9.04"N 68°18'12.09"E) [7] and the native city of the great scholar Abu Nasir alFarabi (known in the West as Alfarabius, 872-950). The old bricks from this fortress, which were destroyed in the 13th century by the Great Genghis Khan, constantly made me feel the breath of time and inspired me even more to go on new searches. Like many of my peers, since childhood I strove for knowledge, like our great compatriot al-Farabi, and to my happiness during the time of the USSR I received excellent training both at school (1970-1980) and at university (1985-1990). In addition, my father, Aliseit Kambaruly, the grandson of Baikabil-kazhi (1922-2003), was a man who survived the great famine of 1930-1933 in the Kazakh steppes, in which 38% of Kazakhstan’s population died (1.3 million Kazakhs) [8] [9] and he was one of the few surviving soldiers in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. It is gratifying that my father knew very well the lunar sidereal calendar of the nomads "Togys esebi" and, in parallel, also the Gregorian Calendar. Seeing my desire to learn the ancient calendars of my ancestors, he willingly told me what he himself knew and what his nomadic ancestors knew about it. [10] When my father first showed me the full occultation of the Moon and the Pleiades, I was only 9 years old (GPS: 42°47′18,25″N 68°21′19,93″E, SkyMap Online Stellarium-0.18.2, 18.12.1972, UTС 17:54 +06:00 Shaulder 23:54). What I saw in the sky that night left a deep impression on my soul for life. My mother, Apazhan Saduakaskyzy (1929-2002), the daughter of a national poet and writer known in the district, graduated from the Shymkent Pedagogical Institute in Mathematics. Over time, she invented her "math", simplifying modern complex mathematics to my childish level. This knowledge of mathematics has been useful to me in my life, and also in my research. The various interesting equations presented in this article are the fruit of my mother's mathematics, which she coined and instilled into me in childhood. When I seriously began to study the topic of the calendar of the Kazakhs and wrote my first book, "Uakyt Kerueni" (Time Caravan), in 1988, my reviewer was the famous Kazakh professor Akzhan Zhaksybekuly al-Mashani (1906-1997). He was an expert not only in geodetic measurements, but in the field of the history of the Kazakh calendars. [11] All of these and other factors that occurred in my life eventually led me to carefully study and write a book, to which I devoted my whole life. 95 Part 1, Section 1: "ESEPSHI" AND "AMAL" – ONE WHOLE CONCEPT 1. Who are “Esepshi”? The calendar cycles (day, month and year) are structured in such a way as to better follow the corresponding astronomical cycles: 1. Daily [day and night] rotation of the Earth around its axis with a period of a solar day. 2. Irregular movement of the moon around the earth [month]. 3. Uneven motion of the Earth around the Sun [year]. Problems arising from the listed astronomical cycles are resolved in calendar cycles by using the rules of intercalation (from Latin, intercalate – attachment, inset). To correspond to the length of a sidereal or synodic month or a tropical year, periodically days and months are added to the calendar year. For example, in order to coordinate the lunar cycles with the solar year, the nomads in certain years in the calendar "Togys eseby" introduced an additional sidereal month. In any calendar system, the correct calculation of days and weeks, as well as their correspondence to the lunar month or the solar year, depends on the correct application of the rules of intercalation. Not everyone can understand these complex rules. This requires deep knowledge of astronomy, mathematics and other related disciplines. Among the nomads were some quite talented people. The Kazakh people called them "Esepshi". This word can be translated as "timekeeper" or as "priest, wizard, sorcerer, sage, dream interpreter, astronomer, astrologer" in one person. All Esepshi, without exception, always carried with them a small leather bag, called "Kise", hanging on the right side of their belt. Therefore, the common people said, "Esepshi keeps all secrets in his Kise". The "Kise" was a folded fabric, divided into two parts. On the white side of the fabric (symbolizing spring and summer) were pockets (symbolizing days) sewn from black fabric. The pockets were arranged vertically (9 and 1 pocket) and horizontally (18 and 1 row). On the black side of the fabric (symbolizing autumn and winter) were pockets (symbolizing days), sewn from white fabric. Pockets were located vertically (9 and 1 pocket) and horizontally (18 and 1 row) as the other side of the "Kise", as shown in Figure 2. [12] In “Kise”, not only days, months and years were counted, but also the 24-hour day/night itself, by dividing day and night into 18 parts (24 hours ÷ 18 “mezgil” = 1, 33 hours or 1 hour 20 minutes). 96 Figure 2. Approximate scheme "Kise" – a leather bag Esepshi for counting days, months and years "KISE" – A LEATHER BAG ESEPSHI FOR COUNTING DAYS, MONTHS AND YEARS 1) White side (spring-summer) "Kise" – Esepshi leather bag for counting days, months and years 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2               1                   2                   3                   4                   5                   6                   7                   8                   9     10                   2) Black side (autumn-winter) "Kise" – Esepshi leather bag for counting days, months and years 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4                 1                   2                   3                   4                   5                   6                     7                 8                   9                   10   3) Box 5-6 "konak-guest" of days (winter-spring) "Kise" – Esepshi leather bag for counting days, months and years  1 konak  2 konak  3 konak  4 konak  5 konak  6 konak Note: One of the original “Kise” – a Esepshi leather bag for counting days, months and years was miraculously preserved in the Kyzylorda region, the Aral district, the village of Tokabay, among the descendants of Esepshi Ernazarov Sagyndyk. The "Kise" was used in accordance with the structure of the chosen calendar, for example "Togys esebi" (Calculation of coverage [occultation]), "Togiz tarmak" (Nine offshoot), "Ush Bunak" (Three Segment Calendar), etc. The name of the time intervals of day and night, “mezgil” in the Kazakh language, is closely related to the phases of the Moon covering the Pleiades (Aydin Urkermen togysuy) during the year. It is worth noting that these eighteen moments, mezgil, of the day and night fully correspond to that moment of the day and night, when the Moon in a certain phase covered the Pleiades. At the same time, this proves that not only Esepshi, but also the main part of the Kazakh people knew about these periods of time and knew how to determine exactly in which part of the day and night the Moon covers the Pleiades (Aydin Urkermen togysuy). 97 The name of the time intervals of day and night (in Kazakh called "mezgil" or "shak") in the Kazakh language are: 1. "Tan kylan beru" – a glimpse of the morning dawn 2. "Tanga zhuyk", "Tan aldy" – the advance of the morning dawn 3. "Tan atu" – the dawn or the coming of the morning 4. "Kun shygu" – the sunrise 5. "Kun arkan boyi koterilu" – the sun at the height of the rope 6. "Saske" – morning hours (8-9 hours of the day) 7. "Saske tus", "Zhalgan tus" – midday clock (10-11 hours of the day) 8. “Tal tus”, “Kun tobege kelu” – noon when the sun is overhead (12 o'clock in the afternoon); 9. "Tus kaytu", "Tus aua" – time after noon (13-14 hours of the day); 10. "Cunnin enkeyui" – the sun is inclined to the west (15-16 hours of the day); 11. "Kunnin zambaska kelui" – the sun approaches the western horizon (17-18 hours of the day); 12. "Aksham", "Cunnin uyasyna enui", "Cunnin batuy" – sunset 13. "Inir uyirilu" – the coming of the evening 14. "Inir karangysy tusui", "Kas karayu" – the arrival of evening darkness 15. "Tunnin tusui" – nightfall, the approach of the night 16. "Tun ortasy" – midnight 17. "Tun ortasy aua" – after midnight 18. "Tan karangysy tusu" – a short dark time before dawn The time of the onset of these periods depends on the time of the year, on the duration of the day and night in spring, summer, autumn and winter. Each time interval is approximately one to one and a half hours. [13] 2. What is "Amal"? In previous centuries, when the Kazakhs uttered the word "Esepshi", after it followed another word "Amal." For example, "Esepshinin amaly". These are subconscious, automatically expressed words developed by centuries. In a word, it is impossible to separate these words and use them separately. They eventually merged with each other. It is not difficult to guess that the definition of “Amal”, which I write for an English-speaking audience, will be perceived as an exotic rarity, but for nomads the ancient rules of “Amal” were a vital necessity. 98 Some researchers claim that the word "Amal" originated in connection with the name of the month "Nauryz" (March) in the Arabic language "Hamal". This is absolutely not acorrect. “Amal” is originally a Kazakh word, it literally translates as “ingenuity, resourceful technique, method, cunning, trick”. The nomads were always in the steppes. Therefore, compared to urban residents, they felt the rhythms of nature much better. From time immemorial, nomads began to regard time as “short periods” or so-called “Amal esebi”. “Amal esebi” should not be regarded as an unknown calendar unit. In the literal sense of the word “Amal esebi” means “calculate the time for short periods in which the weather changes in the local climate”. Amal is a period of time from 3-5 to 7-9 days. Modern science with precise tools and computers is only now approaching the knowledge of Esepshi and the nomads that they knew thousands of years ago. We will cite only one quotation from such a scientific work: As is clear from figure, where the computed tidal fluctuations of the Earth rotation velocity ν (nu) are given for 2012, four regimes of the Earth rotation with the unequal duration change during the lunar month: Two periods of acceleration with the duration m1 and m3 and two periods of deceleration m2 and m4.The change of regimes takes place in m ≈ 27.3/4 = 6.8 days on average. However, due to the slow movement of the perigee and nodes of the lunar orbit, this period varies from 5 to 9 days. For example, the acceleration was registered from May 2 to May 8, 2012, the deceleration, from May 8 to May 13, the acceleration, from May 13 to May 22, and the deceleration, from May 22 to May 30, i.e., the lunar month was made up of the intervals of 6+5+9+8 days. [14] In simple language, the nomads call these short periods of 6 + 5 + 9 + 8 (28) days – “Amal”. At the official level of the country, Amal is described as follows: "Amal is the name and order of weather prediction in popular folk rules related to natural phenomena in the twelve months of each year." [15] In national numerical concepts, there is a “Zheti amal” (“Seven amal” or “Seven methods”): 1) Kunnin tokyrauy (Summer and winter solstice) 2) Karashanyn kaytuy (First snow in the month of November) 3) Urkerdin batuy (Sunset Pleiades) 4) Muzdyn katuy (First icing) 5) Kiyktin matauy (Antelope mating) 6) Kys toksan (Winter 90 days or toxan [quarter]) 7) Ay togamy (Occultation by the Moon) [16] These are only seven names "Amal", preserved in the memory of the Kazakhs. It is easy to calculate that these names reached approximately “Forty amal” (9 days × 40 amal = 360 days). 99 The basic calendars of the Kazakhs (Urker esebi, Zhuldyz esebi and Togys esebi) are based precisely on these short periods “Amal”. I do not claim, but I assume, that the ancient people (except for nomads) from Europe, the Middle East, East Asia, etc. also knew about these “short periods”. Later, they called these short periods "weeks". “Week” definition: "A continuous seven-day cycle that runs throughout history paying no attention whatsoever to the phases of the moon [and] was probably first practiced in Judaism, dated to the 6th century BC at the latest". [17] For example, in the ancient Roman Republican calendar of the Numa Pompilius (who reigned from 715 to 673/672 BC), the year consisted of 355, 377 and 378 days. In my book there is the name 42 “amal” (9 days × 42 “amal” = 378 days), which I collected for 30 years. [1, Part III, Togys esebi, pp. 456-461] These similarities in calendars gave me the idea that modern science should look at the Roman calendar, the nomad calendar and the Maya-Aztec calendar from another point of view. In order to understand the purpose and meaning of the ancient calendars, we should not use modern computer technology and devices for decoding. No matter how ridiculous this may seem, we should use only 10 fingers on both hands and 10 toes on both feet. According to my father, the ancient nomads and modern Kazakhs in everyday life used the 9-day simpler "amal". In turn, the “pure bred” Esepshi used a more complicated “amal” in his calculus, which consists of 9.1 days (9.1 or 9 days 2 hours 24 minutes). The ultimate goal of this complex "amal" Esepshi was to achieve an approximate accuracy of “togys aiy” or sidereal month in 27.3 days (9.1 days × 3 “amal” = 27.3 days). [10] If one carefully examines the leather bag (the so-called "Kise") of Esepshi again, he notices that the vertical columns consist of 9 days, and at the very bottom of each vertical column there is 1 day separately. As a result, this combination of numbers from the columns can be considered as a number of 10 or 9.1 days. 1st option: 10 days × 18 "amal" = 180 days + 180 days = 360 days + 4-5-6 days "intercalation" = 364-365-366 days 2nd option: 9.1 days × 18 “amal” = 163.8 days + 163.8 days = 327.6 days + 27 days “intercalation” = 354.6 days ÷ 12 months = 29.55 days. 3rd option: 9.1 days × 18 “amal” = 163.8 days + 163.8 days = 327.6 days + 28 days “intercalation” = 355.6 days ÷ 13 months = 27.353 days. 4th option: 9.1 days × 18 "amal" = 163.8 days + 163.8 days = 327.6 days + 37 days* "intercalation" = 364.6 days ÷ 13 months = 28.04 days. * 37 days – from May 14 to June 19, the Pleiades are not visible in the night sky (Urker zherge tusti – Pleiades are beneath the horizon). [18] It can be assumed that the Kazakh board game "Togyz kumalak" ("Nine pebbles") has a close connection with the leather bag (the "Kise") of Esepshi, as well as with the 9-day "amal" of nomads. [19] 100 Toguz kumalak ("nine pebbles") is the Kazakh name of a mancala game also known as Toguz korgool ("nine dung balls") in Kyrgyz. The number 'nine' has a high significance in the folk beliefs and mythology of Central Asian peoples. It was considered auspicious. The Kyrgyz once divided the year into 40 “weeks” (one for every Kyrgyz tribe), each with nine days. My guess: Esepshi invented this game, with "Kise" as the basis. (Compare with Figure 2. Approximate scheme "Kise" – a leather bag Esepshi for counting days, months and years.) The most interesting thing is that this game is closely related to the numbers – 81 and 82, which correspond to three “togys aiy” or three “sidereal months”: 27 days × 3 month = 81 days 27.33 days × 3 month = 82 days Goal of the game. You can win in two ways: • to be a winner, you must collect 82 balls or more for your pot • leave the opponent without moves in a situation where he has not yet scored 81 balls If the score between players is 81: 81, a draw is declared. Using 9 intercalary days in his calculations, Esepshi using the method “Togyz tasil amaly” easily determined the average value of the “togys aiy” or sidereal month in just 20 seconds less than modern science: 27 days × 28 days = 756 days + 9 days = 765 days 765 days ÷ 28 months = 27.3214286 days (Togiz tasil amaly) 1) 9 days ÷ 28 "zhuldyz ai-nakshatra" = 0.3214286 days 2) 0.32142857143 or 7 hours 42 minutes 51.4286 seconds 3) 0.321662 - 0.321429 = 0.000233 days or –0 hour 0 minutes 20.1312 seconds This simple equality was not the limit of the "arithmetic" of nomads. Esepshi could count up to a million, maybe even up to a billion, using only 21 names of numbers. (Table 1) Surprisingly, the number “21” is present in the "Urker esebi" calendar: 6 + 7 = 13 days × 21 amal = 273 days ÷ 7 days = 39 week 6 + 7 = 13 days × 21 amal = 273 days × 4 years = 1092 days or 7 days × 3 amal = 21 days × 13 months = 273 days × 4 years = 1092 days Explanation of the names of the digits: 0 (zero) – joq (literally "no"); 1 (one) is a "bar" (literally "is", now called "bir"). For example, when Esepshi said: "joktan bar", this meant – 0.1 (zero whole, one tenth); when Esepshi said: “Myn-myn” (1000 × 1000 = 1,000,000), it meant - “million”, or when he said "myn tumen" (1000 × 1000 × 1000 = 1,000,000,000) it meant – "billion", and so on. 101 However, for an ordinary and illiterate person who lived in the dark ages (who could not count all the fingers on one hand), it was difficult to understand the combination of complex numbers in "Kise". For this reason, in past centuries, very few Kazakhs knew about these equalities. Esepshi made all these calculations for the nomads of the Kazakhs, so that they could be warned about the severe and dangerous weather phenomenon in a timely manner and zhut ("death of cattle from starvation in a harsh winter"). There is much legend that the gifted Esepshi predicted the future weather conditions for the year ahead. For these valorous works the nomadic Kazakhs respected and adored Esepshi during their lifetimes; after death they were called "holy people" and buried with all honors, like rulers and kings. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Table 1. The name (atau) of 19 digits of the nomads is used to this day without change. Arabic Kazakh name English name numerals 0 Zhok (Nol) Zero 1 Bar (Bir) One 2 Eki Two 3 Ush Three 4 Tort Four 5 Bes Five 6 Alty Six 7 Zheti Seven 8 Segiz Eight 9 Togyz Nine 10 On Ten 20 Zhiyrma Twenty 30 Otyz Thirty 40 Kyryk Forty 50 Elu Fifty 60 Alpys Sixty 70 Zhetpis Seventy 80 Seksen Eighty 90 Toksan Ninety 100 Zhuz Hundred 1 000 Myn (Bir myn) One thousand 1 000 000 Myn-Myn Thousand-thousand 1 000 000 000 Myn tumen Thousand tumen Professor Marikovsky P.I. (botanist and archeoastronomer) in his book writes: The priests (Esepshi) who prepared the burial mounds, were a handful that passed their knowledge from generation to generation. Perhaps they were also representatives of the ancient people who disappeared from some kind of disaster, a people with a more developed civilization. Developing their art, they probably also influenced the development of rituals and magic. Their astronomical knowledge reflected the highest knowledge of their time, lost during social disasters. The entire history of mankind is replete with instances of the loss of ancient knowledge. The caste of priests (Esepshi), devoted to the secrets of nature, kept and protected them from outsiders, as they gave an advantage over others. [20] 102 On the territory of Kazakhstan, many generations of Esepshi built hundreds and thousands of archaeoastronomical objects (burial mounds), [1, І part] the purpose of which was only one thing – how to correctly calculate the time of nomads for different types of calendars. In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, many methods and principles of counting time and knowledge of "Esepshi" are forgotten. For more than 30 years, I have been collecting these data and knowledge about "Esepshi" literally in torn pieces. Part 1, Section 2: THE CALENDAR SYSTEMS OF THE KAZAKH PEOPLE It should be noted that the Kazakhs were not limited to only one calendar "Togys esebi." At the present time I have learned about nine types of calendars that were used by nomads and Kazakhs in different eras. Since the nomads lived in the vast expanse of the Eurasian continent, it is easy to suppose that the number of types of calendars could be even greater, because in each region the climate and weather conditions differed. This is clearly expressed in the structures and uses of 9 types of calendars. For example, in the southern regions of Kazakhstan (or Eurasia) it is convenient to use calendars whose “months” or “seasons” contain 30 or 40 days, since in these places the climate changes very quickly. In the northern regions of Kazakhstan (or Eurasia) it is convenient to use calendars, in whose months or seasons there are 90 or 120 days, since in these places the climate changes very slowly. These definitions ultimately make it easier for the reader to understand and define the goals and objectives of these nomad calendars. 1) The first type of calendar: "Urker esebi" – consisted of 10 months. Days and months were calculated in accordance with the movement of the Pleiades (heliacal sunrises and sunsets). The names "Үркер есебі" (Russian "Уркер есеби", English "Urker esebi") in the Kazakh language literally means "Urker" (Pleiades – a scattered star cluster in the constellation of Taurus) and "esep" – account, calculation, calendar). Thus the term "Urker esebi" means "Urkerdin on ailyk esebi" (Ten-month calendar of the Pleiades). 103 The history of world calendars, in addition to Urker Esebi, also knows the Etruscan calendar [21] and the ancient Roman 10-month (304 days) calendar. [22] According to the author's guess, all these three calendars are united by one circumstance. They were based on the Pleiades' heliacal sunrises and sunsets, which could be observed with the naked eye for 11 sidereal months. The Etruscans and the ancient Romans for the remaining 2 or 3 months, when the Pleiades were not visible, did not take into account the time, that is, it was simply missed. The nomads, on the contrary, continued to count the 10-month calendar further, until after 4 years the counting of the time again did not coincide with the heliacal sunrises of the Pleiades. 1. Intercalation days of nomads in the “Urker Esebi” months: a) 27 + 27 + 28 + 27 + 27 + 27 + 28 + 27 + 27 + 28 = 273 days b) 27 × 7 + 28 × 3 = 189 + 84 = 273 days c) 27.3 days × 10 togys aiy (sidereal month) = 273 days. 2. Intercalation days in 9 months of “Azamattyk esep”: a) 30 + 30 + 31 + 30 + 30 + 31 + 30 + 30 + 31 = 273 days b) 30 × 6 + 31 × 3 = 180 + 93 = 273 days c) 30.33 days × 9 azamattyk ai (civil month) = 273 days 3. Compatibility of the "Urker esebi" calendar with "Zhuldyz esebi": a) 6 + 7 = 13 days × 21 amal = 273 days ÷ 7 days = 39 week b) 6 + 7 = 13 days × 28 amal = 364 days ÷ 7 days = 52 week c) 273 days × 4 years = 1092 days ÷ 3 years = 364 days d) 27.3 days × 40 month = 1092 days ÷ 39 month = 28 days 2) The second type of calendar: "Zhuldyz Esebi", consisted of 13 months. Days and months were calculated according to the movement of the Pleiades, the Moon and the Sun, and also like “28 lunar mansions”. The names “Zhuldyz esebі” (Russian “Звездный календарь”, English “Star calendar”) literally in Kazakh language mean “Zhuldyz” (“Star”) and “esep” – accounting, calculation, calendar. The meaning of the word "Zhuldyz-Star" included individual bright stars, such as Sumbile (Sirius), Usharkar-Tarazy (Orion), Sulusary (Aldebaran), Kambardin oti "Bile of Kambar" (Regulus), constellation such as Kambar zhuldyzy (Leo), Bosaga zhuldyzy (Gemini α, β and Auriga α, β), etc., as well as the visible 5 planets of the solar system: Olpan (Mercury), Sholpan (Venus), Kyzyl zhuldyz (Mars), Sary zhuldyz (Jupiter) and Konyrkay zhuldyz (Saturn). The term “Zhuldyz esebi” is also close to the concept of 28 lunar mansions (in classical Hinduism “Nakshatra”, Chinese astronomy “Èrshí-Bā Xiù”, Arabian Manzils “Manazil al-Qamar”, Egyptian astronomy “Decans”). At the end of the year, additional days in “Zhuldyz esebi” (simple years: +1 days and leap years: 2 days) were not added, as some have done in the past [23] and now [24] [25], because “Zhuldiz 104 eseby” had close ties with “Urker esebi” and partially with “Togys esebi”. Therefore, in many popular scientific books and articles in the Kazakh language, the authors often confuse “Urker esebi”, “Zhuldiz eseby”, and “Togys esebi” with each other: a) 28 days × 13 month = 364 days (Zhuldyz esebi). b) 273 days × 4 years = 1092 days ÷ 3 years = 364 days (Urker Esebi). c) 364 - 9 = 355 days × 3 years = 1065 + 27 = 1092 days (Togys esbi). Some official documents of Kazakhstan are written in the following way: “Since 2011, from the 12th star of April, the country celebrates the Day of Science." As you can see in this sentence, the word "day" replaces the word "star" (zhuldyz). In ancient times, the Kazakhs considered the days thus, using the word "star" (zhuldyz). Now our state is trying to revive this ancient tradition. [26] On the basis of that sentence we can indicate the dates in this form. For example, for Togys esebi: “Year – the Cow, the 8th star of the 11th togys aiy of 1985 (this means: “Year – of the Cow, the Moon and the constellation Leonis. 31.XІ.1985, UT 22:30, Tue, 2446430.5 JDN 18-The day of the moon phase is on Regulus, Alpha Leonis (α Leonis – Kambardin Oti). Kazakh title 28 stars as in "Nakshatra" 1st star; Moon and Pleiades (Urker). 24.XIІ.1985, UT 16:35 W, 2446423.5 JD The 11th day of the phase of the moon (11th Togys aiy) is in the Pleiades. 2nd star; Moon and Taurus (Torpak). 25.HІІ.1985, UT 17:25, Wed, 2446424.5 JD The 12th day of the phase of the moon is on Aldebaran (Sulusary). 3rd star; Moon and Orion (Usharkar-Tarazy). 26.ХІІ.1985, UT 18:15, Thurs, 2446425.5 JD The 13th day of the phase of the moon is on Betelgeuse (Kok shakpaktyn ogy). 4th star; Moon and Gemini-Auriga (Bosaga). 27.ХІІ.1985, UT 19:05, Fri, 2446426.5 JD The 14th day of the phase of the moon is on Gemini (Bosaganyn aldy). 5th star; Moon and Gemini (Bosaga). 28.ХІІ.1985, UT 20:00, Sat, 2446427.5 JD The 15th day of the phase of the moon is on α and β Gemini (Bosaganyn tomengi eki zhuldyzy). 6th star; Moon and Cancer. 29.XIІ.1985, UT 20:50, Sun, 2446428.5 JD The 16th day of the Moon phase is on Cancer "Mosy kazan" (Tripod and cauldron). 7th star; Moon and Leo. 30.ХІІ.1985, UT 21:40, Mon, 2446429.5 JD The 17th day of the moon phase is on – μ (mu), ε (epsilon), κ (kappa) and λ (lambda) Leo: Cambardyn murty – Mustache Kambar). 8th star; Moon and Leo. 31.XII.1985, UT 22:30, Tues, 2446430.5 JD The 18th day of the moon phase is on Regulus (α Leo – Kambardin Oti) and others etc. [1], Part III, Togys esebi, pp. 479-506] 105 [* 4 stars "Bosaga" (asterism): Gemini: β Gem: Pollux – 1.16m and α Gem: Castor – 1.59m and Auriga: α Aur: Capella – 0.08m and β Aur: Mencalinan – 1.90m.] 3) The third type of calendar: The mysterious "Togys esebi" The names “Тоғыс есебі” (Russian "Тогыс есеби", English "Togys esebi") in Kazakh literally means "togys" (covering, occultation) and "esep" (account, calculation, calendar). Thus the term "Togys esebi" means "Ai (Moon) men Urkerdin (Pleiades) togysu esebi" – covering (or occultation) of the Pleiades star cluster by the Moon. This calendar was a purely agricultural calendar, with whose help the nomadic and sedentary peoples of Kazakhstan and Central Asia tried to anticipate weather changes in the harsh continental climate of Central Asia. There is no direct or indirect, oral or written evidence of the fact that according to the calendar "Togys esebi" in ancient times, pagan rites and rituals were performed. Thus it is safe to say that "Togys esebi" was never "the ancient pagan calendar of Tengri" ("The Eternal Blue Sky" of Genghis Khan), which was considered the supreme God before the advent of Islam in the 9th century. [27] Togys esebi appeared in the life of nomads as an astronomical, mathematical and logical conclusion of the two previous calendars (“Urker esebi” and “Zhuldyz esebi”). Since the 3rd part of this article is entirely devoted to the topic of Togys Esebi, we will skip important details of this unique calendar for now and proceed to: 4) The fourth type of calendar: “Togiz tarmak” (Nine offshoot) or “Togiz schilde” (Nine schilde*). Days and months were calculated in accordance with 9 months (tarmak, shilde), consisting of 40 days. [* Shilde – Chilla (translated from Farsi "forty days") – in the culture of the peoples of the countries of Central Asia and the Middle East this is a period of exhausting 40-day windless summer heat.] In Kazakhstan, “Zhaz schilde” (40 days × 5 month = 200 days) means hot summer days, and “Kys schilde” (40 days × 4 month = 160 days) means winter cold days. a) 40 days × 9 month = 360 days (“Togiz tarmak” or “Togiz schilde”). b) At the end of the year, 4, 5 and 6 days were added. The Kazakhs call these days “Konak kunder” (Guest days). 106 Note: Wonderfully preserved structure of this calendar in the form of "Kise", you can see in the Kyzylorda region, the Aral district, in the village of Tokabay, among the descendants of Esepshi Yernazarov Sagyndyk (see Figure 2). [12] 5) The fifth type of calendar: "Tort toksan* esebi" (calendar consisting of four seasons). Days and months were calculated in accordance with the four seasons of the year, consisting of 90 and 91 days. [* The word “Toksan” from Kazakh is translated as “ninety, a quarter of a year, season”.] a) 90 days × 4 "toksan" = 360 + 5 (6) “konak” (guest) days = 365 (366) days. b) 91 days × 4 “toksan” = 364 + 1-2 “konak” (guest) days = 365-366 days. Remarkably, in “Tort toksan esebi”, the seasons of the year were not divided into small months of 30 or 31 days. The calculation of days and months was considered entirely from 90-91 days. The name "Four toksan" from 90-91 days: The first toksan: “Zhas toksan” (“young toksan” – spring quarter) The second toksan: “Zhaz toksan” (literally “summer toksan” – summer quarter) The third toksane: “Terme toksan” (“harvest toksane” – autumn quarter) The fourth toksan: “Kys toksan” (literally “winter toksan” – winter quarter) Unfortunately, the principles of work and the structure of this calendar are forgotten (there are no reliable originals in the form of "Kise" of the notorious Esepshi). [28] 6) The sixth type of calendar: “Ush bunak* esebi” (Three Segment Calendar). Days and months were calculated in accordance with the 3 segments of the year, being exactly 120 days each. * The word "Bunak" from the Kazakh language is translated as "segment, section, joint." 120 days × 3 “bunak” = 360 + 5 (6) “konak” (guest) days = 365 (366) days. In "Ush Bunak Esebi", just like "Tort toksan esebi", the seasons of the year were not divided into small months of 30 or 40 days. The calculation of days and months was considered completely from 120 days. The name “Three bunacs” (Three segments) for 120 days each: The first bunak (the warm and hot period) lasts approximately from February 9 to June 9: “Kara katkak, ash ozek” or “Tuyiak turlep, koi kurler shak” (“domestic animals (sheep, cow, horse, camel) give birth, and people drink milk as much as they want ” – spring-summer months). The second bunak (a hot and cool period) lasts approximately from June 9 to October 9: “Shop kuaty basyna shygar uakyt” (“the grass becomes juicy” – summer-autumn months). The third bunak (cool and cold) lasts approximately from October 9 to February 4: “Tokty toimas, shomish keppes” (“domestic animals (sheep, cow, horse, camel) is satisfied with dried grass” – autumn-winter months). 107 Unfortunately, the use and the structure of this calendar are forgotten (there are no authentic originals in the form of the “Kise” of the notorious Esepshi). [12] 7) The seventh type of calendar: 11-year lunar-sidereal calendar According to my father, in ancient times, nomads used an 11-year lunar-sidereal calendar. It was, as it were, a continuation of the 10-month “Urker Esebi” and a prerequisite for a 12-year animal cycle. Proof of this is the "Kise" of the notorious Esepshi. It turns out that 4, 5 and 6 days (Konak Kunder – Guest Days), inserted as necessary at the end of each year, had an interesting goal. For example: 1) When 5 days are excluded from 360 days, it becomes a “simple” year of the lunar-sidereal calendar: 360 – 5 = 355 days. 2) When 4 days are excluded from 360 days, it becomes a “leap” year of the lunar-sidereal calendar: 360 – 4 = 356 days. Further, it is not difficult to calculate the mathematical equality: a) 355 days × 9 years + 356 days × 2 years = 3195 + 712 = 3907 days. b) 3907 days ÷ 11 years = 355.18182 days ÷ 13 sidereal months = 27.321678 days. During this 11-year lunar-sidereal calendar the Moon phases covering the Pleiades have a difference of a decrease of 9-10 days per year compared with the seasons of the solar year. Therefore, it was not used as an agricultural calendar. [10, 1, Part III, Togys esebi, pp. 340-348] 8) The eighth type of calendar: 11-year lunar-synodic calendar Even before the arrival of Islam in the Kazakh lands, the nomads used the 11-year lunar-synodic calendar. It was specially created to work with the previous lunar-sidereal calendar. The proof of this is again the “Kise” of the notorious Esepshi. For example: 1) When Esepshi excludes 6 days from 360 days, it becomes a simple year of the lunar-synodic calendar: 360 – 6 = 354 days. 2) When 5 days is excluded from 360 days, it becomes like a leap year of the lunar-synodic calendar: 360 – 5 = 355 days. Further, it is not difficult to calculate the mathematical equality: a) 354 days × 7 years + 355 days × 4 years = 2478 + 1420 = 3898 days b) 3898 days ÷ 11 years = 354.36363 days ÷ 12 synodic months = 29.530303 days During this 11-year lunar-synodic calendar, the Moon phases showing the “neomenia” (ancient Greek new moon) have a difference in a decrease of 10-11, even 12 days a year compared with the seasons of the solar year. For this reason, this lunar calendar was also not used as an agricultural calendar. [10, 1, Part III, Togys esebi, pp. 340-348] Depending on which calendar (No. 4, No. 5 and No. 6) he used, as necessary, Esepshi added 5 and 6 days to his 360-day year, divided by 30, 40, 90 and 120 days: a) 360 days + 5 “konak” (guest) = 365 days (simple year) b) 360 days + 6 “konak” (guest) = 366 days (leap year) 108 Under the assumption of my father and the author of this article, No.7 (lunar-sidereal calendar) and No.8 (lunar-synodic calendar) calendars had only ritual and astrological character. These calendars, as it were, were identified with the unstable life paths of people and slowly changing phenomena of the Universe. Although the principles of operation and the relationship of these calendars among themselves remain a mystery, their mathematical theory can be represented as follows: a) 355.18182 days × 33 years = 11721 + 355 = 12076 ÷ 34 years = 355.17647 days ÷ 13 sidereal month = 27.321267 days b) 365.94 days × 33 years = 12076 days (No.4, No.5 and No.6) c) 354.36363 days × 33 years = 11694 + 354 = 12048 ÷ 34 years = 354.35294 days ÷ 12 synodic month = 29.529412 days d) 365.1 days × 33 years = 12048 days (No.4, No.5 and No.6). e) 365.24242 days × 33 years = 12053 days (Omar Khayyam cycle) [10, 1, Part III, Togys esebi, pp. 340-348] My second teacher after my father, Professor Akzhan Zhaksybekuly al-Mashani (1906-1997), the reviewer of my first book, was an expert on the history of the Kazakh calendar. In 1988 he stated his positive opinion about the likely existence of an 11-year lunar calendar (with sidereal and synodic months) and a 33-year solar calendar among the nomads of the Kazakhs. [11] 9) The ninth type of calendar: "Azamattyk esep" (Civil calendar). Days and months were calculated in accordance with 12 months of the year, being exactly 30 days each. If we take into account the age, this calendar is the “youngest”. Apparently, it was compiled by the very first Kazakh intelligentsia (who received a European education) in the nineteenth century, like the Julian calendar. By the way, the Kazakhs still call the Julian calendar “Eskishe esep”, this word literally means “Old calendar” or “Eski sanat” (Old style), because on February 14, 1918 Soviet Russia and Kazakhstan switched to a new chronology style – the Gregorian calendar (“Zhanasha esep”, meaning “New Calendar”, or “Zhana Sanat – New Style”). However, it should be noted that the Kazakh intelligentsia among the people did not blindly copy the Julian or the Gregorian calendar. They came up with a harmonious and flexible calendar, as befits nomads who clearly felt the rhythm of nature and the universe for thousands of years. 30 days × 12 month = 360 + 5 (6) konak (guest) days = 365 (366) days. [29] 109 PART 2: THE TWELVE-ANIMAL CYCLE OF THE PEOPLES OF CENTRAL ASIA The chronological system of a 12-year cycle of animals is called in Kazakh “On eky zhyldyk khayuanattar musheli”, or in short “Mushel”. Mushel takes into account not only the movement of the Sun, the Moon and the Pleiades but also the movement of Jupiter, a giant planet that every 12 years (more precisely, every 11.862 years) makes one revolution around the Sun. This system came into use from time immemorial and has survived into the 21st century. The 12-year animal cycle is a chronological system common among the peoples of Central and East Asia. The years are not denoted by numerals but rather by the names of 12 animals arranged in a certain order. Within 12 years the whole range of these names passes, and from the 13th year a new cycle begins, proceeding in the same manner. For 2000 years most countries of the world with other chronological systems tried to remove the 12-year cycle of animals from its literature, official correspondence and the official calendar. Nevertheless, the 12-year animal cycle remained the basis of the Kazakh national calendar. The spread of the twelve year animal cycle is very wide. It is known to all the peoples of Central Asia and East Turkestan, from Japan to the Volga region, and from the Caucasus to Indochina. [30] The names of animals used in this system are basically the same for all nations. Variations of names in most cases are minor. The main variation of the names of these animals are: 1. Tyshkan-Mouse (rat); 2. Siyr-Cow (bull, buffalo); 3. Barys-Leopard (tiger); 4. Koyan-Hare; 5. Ulu-Snail (dragon, fish, crocodile); 6. Zhylan-Snake; 7. Zhylky-Horse; 8. Koi-Sheep; 9. Meshin-Monkey; 10. TauykHen (rooster, pheasant); 11. It-Dog; 12. Donyz-Pig (wild boar). [31] [32] Is it Possible to Switch from a 12-Year to a 13-Year Cycle of Animals in Kazakhstan? There is an oral tradition of Kazakhs living in some regions of Kazakhstan that 13 names of months, with the exception of one month (“1 togys aiy”), were indirectly called the names of the 12-year animal cycle in turn. According to my father, "1 togys aiy" was called by the name of the sacred animal of nomads – a camel (Latin Camelus, "ship of the desert"), which was not included in the 12-year animal cycle. [31] For example, the Tobol-Irtysh Tatars also included a camel in the list of the 12-year animal cycle. [33] Thus, the list of the 12-year animal cycle increases to 13 animals (28 days × 13 month = 364 days). What is remarkable is that such a change in the name of the months on the basis of "Mushel" fully corresponds to the name of the thirteen zodiacal (from the Greek Ζωδιααςςός, "animal") constellation in the ecliptic. Modern astronomers hold that the 13th constellation is Ophiuchus ”(Latin Ophiuchus) [34], which is located between the constellations of Scorpio (Latin Scorpius) and Sagittarius. (Table 2) 110 Table 2. 13 togys ayy and 13 zodiac constellation No Kazakh name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Tuie Tyshkan Siyr Barys Koyan Kok bori (ulu) Zhylan Zhylki Koi Meshin (Urker) Tauyk It Donyz English translation Camel Mouse Cow Leopard Hare Wolf (howl) Snake Horse Sheep Pleiades Hen Dog Boar Latin name Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Ophiuchus Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius Pisces 28 days in months 12.04.– 09.05. 10.05. – 06.06. 07.06. – 04.07. 05.07. – 01.08. 02.08. – 29.08. 30.08. – 26.09. 27.09. – 24.10. 25.10. – 21.11. 22.11. – 19.12. 20.12. – 16.01. 17.01. – 13.02. 14.02. – 13.03. 14.03. – 10.04. Togys months 1 togys aiy 25 togys aiy 23 togys aiy 21 togys aiy 19 togys aiy 17 togys aiy 15 togys aiy 13 togys aiy 11 togys aiy 9 togys aiy 7 togys aiy 5 togys aiy 3 togys aiy 1. As can be seen from Table 2, in the 12-year animal cycle, the name of the 5th, 9th year in “Mushele” and, respectively, in the 13-month name of animals in the calendar "Zhuldyz esebi", the name of the 6th and 10th months is also changing. In principle, nothing will change apart from the fact that in the future we will change the name of the “12 year cycle” to “13 year cycle”. Firstly, we officially introduce into circulation the favorite animal of nomads and Kazakhs – the camel (totemic name (Pir) – “Oysylkara”) in the series of cycles of the year “Mushel”. (Figure 3) Figure 3. Nomads have always considered the camel the most important member of the 12-year animal cycle. 111 Secondly, the disputes, which lasted two hundred years, will be removed: Who invented the 12-year cycle of animals: nomadic Kazakhs or Chinese? There will be no need to continue this meaningless discussion, [30] as the Kazakhs have switched to the thirteen-year cycle of animals. Nomads of Central Asia and Kazakhstan 200 years ago, even now, do not claim that thousands of years ago they invented the “12-year animal cycle” or “Mushel”. All the current controversy around the 12-year cycle of animals rises mainly from scholars of the West. Indifferent to useless disputes, nomads at this time continue to use a 12-year cycle of animals. Even the fact that the whole world believes that the "motherland" of the 12-year animal cycle – China – frankly does not bother nomads. Although many facts about the emergence of a 12-year cycle of animals indicates that it was invented by nomads, this is not said by nomads themselves but rather by independent scientists. [35] What to do, the nomad mentality is like that. We will wait until time puts everything in its place. However, there are actually some problems regarding the name of the 12-year animal cycle. Here, the current descendants of nomads cannot look calm and indifferent. This is mainly due to the fact that for many centuries the names were misinterpreted. The first controversial name in the 12-year cycle of animals is the 5th year in the cycle, the word "Ulu" (in Kazakh language) or "Snail" (literal translation). Snails – the common name of gastropods with an outer shell (Latin Gastropoda). Gastropods with a rudimentary shell or completely lost by them are called “slugs”. A reasonable question arises: how could nomads include a snail in the ranks of animals? There is a clear discrepancy here. At the end of the 19th Century N.I. Merder, a writer from Tsarist Russia (pseudonym: N. Severin, 1839-1906 [36]), because of ignorance of the subject, translated the word “Ulu” as “Snail”. Since then, confusion has reigned in the "Mushele". [29, р. 266] On what basis did we change the name "Ulu" to the word "Wolf"? 1) The predatory beast "Wolf" in the Kazakh language is called "Kaskyr", "Bori" (among the Mongols –“ Shino”). Ancient Turkic peoples called the Wolf “Kok Kurt”. "Kok" means blue, the color of the sky. The Turkic word "Kurt" is the root of the Kazakh word "Kurtu" (destroy, eliminate). That is, the blue wolf is a sacred animal for the Turkic-speaking peoples, the messenger of the God of heaven himself, Kok Tengri, who saved their tribes from destruction. [32] As is known from history, the tribe of Genghis Khan (Temirshyn-Temudzhin, 1162-1227) was called "Boritegi" (Bordzhigin). The words "Boritegi" literally means "born from a wolf." All Turkic peoples were afraid to call the totemic name "wolf" in the literal sense and imposed a taboo on this word. Kazakh pastoralists still do not use the name of this predatory animal, they simply say "it-kus", "ulyma", etc. The word "Ulyma", "Ulu" literally means "howling wolf." (Table 2) Argument (Latin Argumentum – argument, proof, conclusion) we will call a fragment of a statement containing a justification of a thought, the acceptability of which seems reasonable. For this reason, 112 the year of Ulu (Snail) in the 12-year cycle of animals can be changed to the correct word "Wolf." Other authors write about it. [37] The word "Meshin" by ordinal count is the 9th year in the 12-year cycle of animals. The name "Meshin" until recently was called the corresponding Chinese name "Monkey". However, there was never a monkey in the territories of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. 2) In the early 2000s, it turned out that the word “Mechin” was not an animal at all, but the name of a star, adored by all Kazakhs. "Having traced the evolution of this term, D.D.Dondokova comes to the conclusion that the original meaning of the word "Mushen" was "the Pleiades constellation" (kaz. Meshin, Urker, Pleiades). [38] [39] It turns out that in the 12-year cycle of animals eleven of the names are of animals, and one name belongs to the star cluster “Urker”. In my opinion, this name means something sacred to nomads, therefore this name (Meshin) should be left unchanged, and the name “monkey” should not be used. According to the "Togys eseby" calendar, approximately every 9 years the Moon disk completely covers the Pleiades. And during the next 9 years the Moon passes by (above or below) the Pleiades. 2. The 12-year animal cycle is a chronological system of nomads. The basis of this chronological system is a 3-year cycle (Tables 3, 4 and 5). Then the number "3" begins to form a simple and complex chronology: 1) 3 years × 3 cycle = 9 years × 4 cycle = 36 years × 100 cycle = 3,600 years 2) 3 years × 4 cycle = 12 years × 25 cycle = 300 years × 12 cycle = 3,600 years 3) 3 years × 10 cycle = 30 years × 10 cycle = 300 years × 12 cycle = 3,600 years, etc. Table 3. For example: The first year of Togys esebi 1 No month 1st month 2nd month 3rd month 4th month 5th month 6th month 7th month 8th month 9th month 10th month 11th month 12th month 13th month 2 Moon phases 29,53058885 27,32166155 25,11273424 22,9038069 20,69487963 18,48595232 16,27702502 14,06809771 11,85917041 9,650243099 7,441315793 5,232388487 3,023461181 3 Name of months 29,53 1 togys ai 27,32 25 togys ai 25,11 23 togys ai 22,9 21 togys ai 20,69 19 togys ai 18,48 17 togys ai 16,27 15 togys ai 14,06 13 togys ai 11,85 11 togys ai 9,64 9 togys ai 7,43 7 togys ai 5,22 5 togys ai 3,01 3 togys ai 4 5 Togys esebi 27 27 28 55 27 82 27 109 28 137 27 164 27 191 27 218 28 246 27 273 27 300 28 328 27 355 113 6 27 55 82 109 137 164 191 218 246 273 300 328 355 7 8 Zhuldyz esebi 28 28 28 56 28 84 28 112 28 140 28 168 28 196 28 224 28 252 28 280 28 308 28 336 28 364 9 28 56 84 112 140 168 196 224 252 280 308 336 364 Table 4. For example: The second year of Togys esebi 1 No month 1st month 2nd month 3rd month 4th month 5th month 6th month 7th month 8th month 9th month 10th month 11th month 12th month 13th month 2 Moon phases 0,814533875 28,13619542 25,92726812 23,71834081 21,5094135 19,3004862 17,09155889 14,88263159 12,67370428 10,46477697 8,255849668 6,046922362 3,837995056 3 Name of months 0,8 1 togys ai 28,12 25 togys ai 25,91 23 togys ai 23,7 21 togys ai 21,49 19 togys ai 19,28 17 togys ai 17,07 15 togys ai 14,86 13 togys ai 12,65 11 togys ai 10,44 9 togys ai 8,23 7 togys ai 6,02 5 togys ai 3,81 3 togys ai 4 5 Togys esebi 27 27 28 55 27 82 27 109 27 136 28 164 27 191 27 218 28 246 27 273 27 300 28 328 27 355 6 4 5 Togys esebi 27 27 27 54 28 82 27 109 27 136 28 164 27 191 27 218 28 246 27 273 27 300 27 327 28 355 27 382 6 382 410 437 464 491 519 546 573 601 628 655 683 710 7 8 Zhuldyz esebi 28 28 28 56 28 84 28 112 28 140 28 168 28 196 28 224 28 252 28 280 28 308 28 336 28 364 9 7 8 Zhuldyz esebi 28 28 28 56 28 84 28 112 28 140 28 168 28 196 28 224 28 252 28 280 28 308 28 336 28 364 9 392 420 448 476 504 532 560 588 616 644 672 700 728 Table 5. For example: The third year of Togys esebi 1 No month 1st month 2nd month 3rd month 4th month 5th month 6th month 7th month 8th month 9th month 10th month 11th month 12th month 13th month 14th month 2 Moon phases 1,62906775 28,9507293 26,74180199 24,53287469 22,32394738 20,11502007 17,90609277 15,69716546 13,48823816 11,27931085 9,070383543 6,861456237 4,652528931 2,443601625 3 Name of months 1,6 1 togys ai 28,92 27 togys ai 26,71 25 togys ai 24,5 23 togys ai 22,29 21 togys ai 20,08 19 togys ai 17,87 17 togys ai 15,66 15 togys ai 13,45 13 togys ai 11,24 11 togys ai 9,03 9 togys ai 6,82 7 togys ai 4,61 5 togys ai 2,4 3 togys ai 737 764 792 819 846 874 901 928 956 983 1010 1037 1065 1092 756 784 812 840 868 896 924 952 980 1008 1036 1064 1092 However, with regard to the chronological system of nomads of Central Asia, there is still no consensus. Different dates are given for the beginning of the epoch (chronology) of nomads, including to the point of absurdity ... to begin the era of nomads from ten thousand years before our era (Gobekli Tepe [in Turkish "Potbelly Hill"] 37°13'23 "N 38°55'21 "E). [40] But we hold a different opinion. We know that on October 4, 1583 BCE (which is the year -1582 according to astronomical year numbering) about the 17th day of the lunar cycle, the Moon exactly covered the Pleiades. This covering of the Pleiades occurred again on October 4, 1582 AD, that is, one day before the Gregorian Calendar was introduced (by Pope Gregory XIII). Now we are making formal calculations for the epoch of the nomads of Central Asia: 114 1) 1582 AD - 1583 BCE = 1582 - (-1582) years = 1582 + 1582 years = 3,164 years + 436 years = 3,600 years; 2) 2018 AD - 1583 BCE = 2018 - (-1582) years = 2018 + 1582 years = 3,600 years. From this equality it is seen that from the total amount of 3,600 years exactly 3164 years pass according to the Julian calendar, and 436 years pass according to the Gregorian calendar. The numbers 12 and 24 were of particular importance in the tribal system of both the Huns and the Turkic-speaking peoples – the traditional division into 24 genera, divided into two phratries. The Huns noted the presence of 24 elders, the Oguz-Kagan tribe was divided into 24 genera, 12 in each phratry, etc. The connection between the division into 12 (24) totemic clans and the cycle of 12 years bearing the names of animals, most of which are known as totems of the tribes belonging to the Hunnic union, is quite likely. The 12-year animal cycle originated from the first centuries BC to the first centuries AD on the territory of Central Asia among the tribes and ethnic groups that were in the stage of decomposition of primitive communal relations and the emergence of feudal class relations. Its origin is connected with the presence of the 12 (24) membered tribal system among the Turks, and totemistic views concerning most of the animals in the cycle. How did this cycle get to China? Perhaps through the population of the western provinces that came from the "northern barbarians" who settled there. From China and Kazakhstan, the 12-year animal cycle system has spread to the rest of the world. [30, pp. 64-65] 115 PART 3: TOGYS ESEBI – A UNIQUE CALENDAR OF NOMADS Background The "Togys esebi" calendar does not look like the usual lunar or lunisolar calendar. In this calendar the main object of the night sky (other than the Moon) is the Pleiades star cluster (in the Kazakh language, Urker). This calendar diverges from the classic lunar, solar and lunisolar calendars. But thousands of years ago the nomads of Central Asia did not know about them and did not even guess at them. From their point of view, they used the most appropriate calendar for their nomadic lifestyle. These “Riders of the Steppes”, who love freedom, did not obey anyone except their Kok Taniri. [41] As they say, "if you want freedom, prepare for war." Therefore, they always took with them a complete set of military weapons (“Er karuy bes karu”: saber, ax, spear, mace, bow). However, without knowing it themselves, they were simultaneously engaged in astronomical science. Apparently “Urker” and the calendar “Togys esebi” liked the nomads very much. In the oral folklore of the Kazakh people you can find many legends or parables relating to Urker. For all Kazakhs, without exception, “Urker is the elder of all the stars” (Urker zhuldyz agasy). As a child, my father often told me one interesting legend about Urker. Now I will relate this story to you (this is an excerpt from my book Kazakh National Calendar, [1], pp. 344-348). The Legend of the Moon (Ai) and Urker or How the Fourteen Robbers Destroyed World Peace According to the stories of our ancestors who lived in the sands of Kyzyl-Kum (translated from Kazakh this means “Red Sands”), Urker was once the holy flock of sheep of Qudai Tagala [42] himself (the King of Heaven, Taniri or Tengri). Usually in a flock of sheep (in the Kazakh language, otar koi), there are about 700-900 head. In fact, in the star cluster Urker there are approximately 3,000 stars. In antiquity with this flock of sheep there was a tragedy on the scale of the universe. As a result, these sheep began to be frightened by all living things in this world. Since then we have the word "Urker" from the Kazakh language, literally translated as "skittish." Approximately in this way, my father began to tell the legend, which has an important cosmological and cosmogonic significance, not only for the Kazakh people. This story took place in very, very ancient times, when Qudai Tagala lived in Sumbile (Sirius), and the evil Kafirit [43] lived in a dark cave behind the Sun. Friendly people lived happily on Zheruyk (the Promised Land, Edem, Paradise). At that time, Kudai Tagala ruled over the sky. He rightly ruled his between-heaven-and-earth faithful fourteen warriors (in the Kazakh language, on tort sarbaz). All the "zhyn" (arabic: ‫اﻟﺠﻦ‬, aljinn, jinn, djinn) [44], created from the fire without the smoke of the blue sky and the ever-green earth, obeyed them without question. But only Kafirit did not obey and resisted them constantly. Moreover, he dreamed of taking the place of Kudai Tagal. 116 The proud and envious Kafirit constantly harmed ordinary people in the Promised Land. In the end, the patience of Qudai Tagaly was finished. He ordered his fourteen warriors to seize Kafirit and bring him to him. The fourteen warriors (sarbaz) also had their grievances against Kafirit. Under the leadership of Bas Sardar (head of the group), who rode a blue horse, and Ak Sarbaz (deputy head of the group), who rode a white horse, the remaining twelve warriors went in search of Kafirit. They carefully searched all the black caves that were behind the sun. In one of the black caves they found and grabbed Kafirit, and tightly tied him up with a chain. Ak Sarbaz was especially angry with Kafirit, so he thought that the moment of truth had come. Pulling the saber from its scabbard, he says: “What do you think, is it worth spending our precious time (especially Qudai Tagala) on this scoundrel. I’d do better to cut off his head right now, ”he says to Bas Sardar, demanding permission. Looking into the eyes of the fourteen warriors, Kafirit was very frightened and fell on his knees in front of them. If I reveal to you a great secret that no other living soul knows about, will you give your word that you will leave me alive and take me to Qudai Tagala. And suddenly, like a spark, curiosity arose. What secret does Kafirit want to reveal? Why do we, the most devoted servants of Qudai Tagala, not know about it? For a moment, the fourteen warriors were confused. Overcome by curiosity, each of the fourteen warriors thought to himself: "Although he is now the condemned Kafirit, he was once a respected angel, perhaps he does not lie. Let's hear from him what secret he can tell us.” “Moreover”, said Bas Sardar for all, “Qudai Tagala ordered us to bring him in alive.” And then everyone looked straight into the eyes of Kafirit and said: “We give the honest word of a warrior (sarbaz). But if what we hear does not make sense, consider yourself a headless creature.” This is exactly what the insidious Kafirit expected. Wriggling like a snake he whispers, arousing in them more interest: “In the center of the plain, in the largest pasture, Zher uiyk, graze a flock of sheep. You can't go wrong – these sheep don't have black wool, every one of them has only white wool. Among them there is one white sheep with golden wool. Firstly, if you kill her and eat her “magic” meat, you will live forever on a green Earth. Secondly, you will become the fourteen vizier of All Heaven. Thirdly, after that, Qudai Tagala will make any decisions only after consulting with you.” The warriors of Qudai Tagala were amazed. They looked at each other, and turned to Bas Sardar. From their eyes one could understand that they were ready to go against the will of Qudai Tagala. Bas Sardar and Ak Sarbaz looked at the eyes of their twelve warriors. Seeing their agreement with their decision, they turned to Kafirit and said: “We decided to go to Zher uiyk to check the accuracy of your words. While we are checking the accuracy of your words, you will be waiting for us here. If everything is as you have told us, your fate will be decided by Kudai Tagala, we will forgive you all your sins.” Pretending to be humble, Kafirit bowed his head: "I obey. Have a happy journey, I will wait with impatience." As soon as the fourteen warriors were out of sight, Kafirit with his long nails opened the chain lock and freed himself from the chains. Satisfied with the fact that he “killed two birds with one stone”, grinning wickedly, Kafirit ran to Kara Uiyk (Black sky whirlpool). This damned place was on the outskirts of Sholpan (planet Venus), few people knew its whereabouts. The flock of sheep, told by the liar Kafirit, was in fact the “white box” (Pandora's box [45]) of Qudai Tagal, which kept all the secrets of fair control over the sky. A live sheep and golden fleece was the only key to this white box. Kafirit had long been planning to destroy a peaceful and happy 117 life in Zher uiyk. This sacred place was the center of the equality of good and evil. Kafirit was constantly thinking, “While Zher uiyk exists, I will never overcome Qudai Tagala.” The most faithful servant of Qudai Tagala, St. Kyzyr Ata, guarded the sacred place Zher uyik and the flock of sheep. Qudai Tagala gave him the ability to smell, see the silhouettes of evil spirits and monsters, even those less dangerous than Kafirit, for a distance equal to one year. The fourteen warriors did not know this, since they did not need to know. Trusting them completely, Qudai Tagala and Kyzyr-ata had no idea which catastrophe awaited everyone ahead. The fourteen sarbazov (warriors) went straight to Zher uiyk, named for its beauty among the people “Mangilik Zhasyl Zher” (Eternally Green Earth). When they approached within one-day distance of Zher uiyk, Kyzyr-Ata received an order from Qudai Tagala to arrive in Sumbile (Sirius). Kyzyr Ata again looked at the flock of sheep, turned his nose to the wind, and, subtly distinguishing all odors, looked at the horizon. He did not smell the smell of evil spirits, did not see the silhouettes of enemies. All sarbaz had the ability to hide their silhouettes from all creatures. Therefore, for Kyzyr Ata, the silhouettes of the sarbazov seemed to be ordinary dry shrubs. After that, Kyzyr Ata, with a calm soul flew away to Sumbule on a winged horse (Kanatty Pyrak). The next day, the fourteen warriors finally reached Zher uiyk. This time, it seems, Kafirit did not deceive them. Sheep in white wool, similar to each other, grazed on a green pasture. Suddenly, like a fire, one sheep was seen with a golden fleece. She looked at them from afar, frightened. Overwhelmed by the thought of what awaited them, when they will be equal in status to Qudai Tagala, Bas Sardar and Ak Sarbaz announced: “Let's arrange a ‘kokpar tartu’ (horse game of nomads). Thus we will determine which of us is the most dexterous and luckiest sarbaz.” All fourteen warriors rushed forward to grab a sheep with a golden fleece. The excited horsemen each wanted to get the one with the golden fleece. At first the herd did not suspect anything bad, they grazed on peacefully. When the sarbazi, like hungry wolves, surrounded them from all sides, the frightened sheep grouped togeher. In the middle was the sheep with the golden fleece. It was impossible to hide the glitter of gold in the sunlight. The most experienced elderly Sarbaz waited for the right moment, then attacked and deftly raised the golden sheep, and then passed it to Ak Sarbaz. Ak Sarbaz, without waiting for the rest of the warriors, hit the sheep in the heart with his knife (kezdik). For several thousand years, there was not a single black cloud in the sky of Zher uiyk. It was at that moment in the sky that everything changed dramatically. Gray clouds appeared on all sides of the horizon, approaching the zenith, they all condensed, and in the end all the sky was covered with black leaden clouds. The joyful sarbazis decided to eat the meat of the sheep, before the weather finally deteriorated. The youngest sarbaz began to display the golden skin of the sheep, hanging the body on a tree. Others lit the fire to cook the meat. When the meat was cut into pieces, a lamb with golden wool was found in the womb of a dead sheep. Seeing this, Ak Sarbaz’s eyes filled with blood. He displayed the little lamb by hanging it on a tree. Then they buried the lifeless body of the lamb. All fourteen warriors ate a full cauldron of boiled meat and drank sorpa (broth) with relish. The meat was unusually tasty. The satisfied warriors decided to take a nap under a huge tree. Just when they were beginning to fall asleep, suddenly lightning flashed in the sky, and there was a loud roar, 118 like the desperate cry of an old woman. This scared all warriors half to death. Only then did doubt begin to prevail in their hearts. What if they had been mistaken, believing the words of Kafirit. They were afraid to think what would happen to them all if this were true. After this roar, a heavy downpour began, which had never been seen before. The fourteen warriors of Qudai Tagala did not understand that these were tears of the curse of Heaven. As promised, the elderly Sarbaz received the fresh golden fleece. The cold heavy rain did not stop, only intensified. Especially the elderly Sarbaz felt that he was wet to the bone. Out of desperation, he threw the golden fleece on his back. Despite the fact that they were tormented by inner fear, the horsemen wanted to show each other their high spirits. The idea that from now on Qudai Tagala will consult with them in everything inspired their imagination. The more they were inspired by the greed for power, the more the carefree life on Zher uiyk disappeared. At each moment, the jinns and evil spirits that were between Heaven and Earth began to penetrate the bodies and souls of people. Returning along the same road as before, the fourteen warriors of Qudai Tagala could no longer recognize the former country Zher uiyk. Just one day ago, the people who met them with open arms now became sullen. People and countries that were just yesterday friends, now cursed each other because of little things. Endless clashes and bloodshed came to this promised land. Civil strife easily turned into a war. Going down to the ground from Sumbile, which was located at the far end of the Sky, Kyzyr Ata saw with horror what the fourteen warriors of Qudai Tagala had done. He immediately flew back to Sumbile. Hearing from him about the affairs of his fourteen warriors, Qudai Tagala became angry so much that Kizir Ata himself trembled because of fright. Qudai Tagala looked at the Earth blackened by sin. Far away on the horizon, invisible to the human eye, his weary fourteen warriors were walking slowly. They were divided into two groups of seven. Qudai Tagala, dividing them thus, turned them into visible stars in the sky. But Qudai Tagala in anger did not stop only with this action. He turned part of the world into a cold region with severe frosts. Just where his fourteen warriors became visible as stars. Thus, at last, the fourteen warriors achieved their eternal life in Heaven. They will spend the rest of their lives in the cold, black, still night sky. Qudai Tagala ordered Kyzyr Ata to find and bring Kafirit to him no matter what. Kyzyr Ata followed the unique smell of Kafirit. He walked around the fiery Sun and saw Kafirit, sleeping peacefully in Kara Uyyk on the outskirts of Sholpan (planet Venus). Kyzyr Ata attacked him, put shackles on him and led him to Qudai Tagala. Although Qudai Tagala was angry, he could not give the order to cut off the head of Kafirit, because Kafirit could deceive not only ordinary sinful people, but also his most faithful fourteen warriors. Now, before the restoration of a peaceful life at Zher uiyk, Qudai Tagala could not issue such an order. There was nothing left to do but to tie up Kafirit in the most visible place so that he was constantly in sight. At that moment, Qudai Tagala remembered his fourteen warriors, which he had turned into stars. He ordered Kyzyr Ate to tie Kafirit firmly to the center of the sky (Temir Kazyk – the Iron Stake). Kudai Tagala did everything so that not one eye in the Universe ever saw this center of the sky. Then, on this invisible iron stake, Kyzyr Ata tied the leash of the blue horse Bas Sardar. From that moment on, the fourteen warriors began circling around Temir Kazyk, guarding Kafirit. This time 119 Kudai Tagala did not trust even Kyzyr-Ata to keep the magic key from Temir Kazyk. He hung the key in his throne. The fourteen warriors cursed by Blue Sky and Black Earth, from that moment on, angry people began to call Ulken zheti karakshi (Big Seven Robbers) and Kishi zheti karakshi (Little Seven Robbers). Later, they were joined by other sinners who were guilty in front of Qudai Tagala. Thus, their number reached Kyryk karakshy (Forty robbers). No matter how people look at the sky, it is impossible to see either “Forty robbers” or Kafirit in the sky. Because the level of Forty Robbers is below fourteen robbers. Kafirit is not a star, it is a smokeless flame (the Aurora Borealis). Up to now this fire paints the sky with multicolored paint, enchants people with extraordinary beauty. So that no one else could attack the holy flock of sheep that provides life on the Black Earth, Qudai Tagala turned Kyzyr Ata and the holy flock of sheep into stars. And in order to separate the holy flock of sheep from fourteen robbers in the sky, Qudai Tagala created the four stars of "Bosaga" (Gemini: β Gem – Pollux and α Gem – Castor; Auriga: α Aur – Capella and β Aur – Mencalinan) as the border between them. To weigh the fate and actions of people, he created eight stars UsharkarTarazy (Orion). In order to protect people from the misfortune of “Kara uiyk”, where Kafirit lived, he created Olpan (Mercury) and Sholpan (Venus), as well as Kyzyl zhuldyz (Mars). Over time, people began to call the nine stars that form the basis of the sacred flock of sheep – “Urker” (Pleiades), and another bright star that moves behind them – “Kyzyr Ata” (Aldebaran). After all this tragic history, the formerly unchanging climate of Earth has changed. Now on the Earth, 6 months of winter and 6 months of summer alternate. Moving along the intended line (the ecliptic) Qudai Tagala – the shining Urker, moves from east to west, like the Sun (in fact, Urker is a fixed star cluster). Towards Urker, a golden fleece appears, thrown over the shoulder of an elderly robber (Alcor and Mizar). Behind him shines a golden lamb skin attached to the saddle of Ak Sarbaz. At the sight of them, Urker (a flock of sheep) unwittingly recalls Zher uiyk, and all at once begin to bleat loudly. This is very annoying and infuriates the fourteen robbers. Forgetting their sins, they blame the flock of sheep (“Because of you, we suffer forever”). They begin to shoot arrows from their bow in the direction of Urker. Many times their arrows fly over Urker and destroy the scales of Usharkar-Tarazy. To protect Urker, Bosagi, Usharkar-Tarazy – Qudai Tagala turned the former habitat of Kafirit (Kara uiyk) into a huge shield (the Moon). Over time, the arrows of fourteen robbers left many holes on the surface of Kara uiyk. People hated Kafirit, so they often said: “Ai, ai, atana lagnet-ai (eternal damnation to you).” Later, this expression was shortened and the habitat of Kafirit (Kara uiyk) was simply called “Ai” (Moon). The notorious fourteen robbers meet with Urker steadily every 27 or 28 days. Qudai Tagala made it so that during this meeting Ai (Moon) covered Urker with his body. Therefore, Urker always looks beautiful. The Moon looks variegated. Arrows from the bows of fourteen robbers made him ugly. After many centuries, our ancestor nomads, from this phenomenon of the night sky, created a unique calendar. Initially, this calendar was called Togysu. This word from the Kazakh language is literally translated as "covering" or "occultation." Then our ancestors added the word "esep" (calculation, calendar). The result was a unique calendar of nomads, Togys esebi. 120 In this lunar-stellar calendar the Moon covers Urker for 13 or 14 months. Each month consists of 27 or 28 days. Unlike a purely lunar calendar, in this calendar each month begins with a different phase of the Moon. If the days and months in the Togys eseby calendar are calculated correctly, then everyone will notice that it always accurately reflects the rhythm of the nature of the Earth and the Universe. Kafirit never sleeps. He makes extensive use of all his spellcasting talents. For many thousands of years, Kafirit inflames colored lights in that part of the sky where he is chained to Temir Kazyk. All twelve months of the year, he pretends to be warmed by the heat of this flame. Thus, wriggling like a snake, he cunningly attracts fourteen robbers to his fire. The fourteen robbers, unable to withstand the severe frost, secretly descend from the sky to the fire of Kafirit to warm themselves. Thus, Kafirit deceived thirteen of the robbers, starting with Bas Sardar. Thus, the insidious and purposeful Kafirit convinced thirteen robbers to take his side and approached the very top of the sky – Temir Kazyk. At this place of legend, my father always sighed sadly, and said: “Someday Kafirit will be able to deceive this last, fourteenth, young robber. Kafirit will break out of the chain and will be free. Then the end of the world will come. But until then our sinful world will hang on one hair of this young robber.” On the Day of Judgment, people will first of all be justly punished for the fact that they themselves, not knowing, took the side of Kafirit. For committing other unforgivable sins (the shedding of blood of people on Earth, for a crime against weak people and orphans, for the thirst for wealth, for greed, etc.). After the "end of the world" the heavenly world will change, new stars will appear, a new generation of people will appear on earth. To test them, Qudai Tagala will install Zher uiyk in the center of the Earth again. Then he will resurrect the lamb with a golden hide from under the tree of life. From this lamb will grow exactly the same sheep with a golden fleece. And then Urker finally disperses and herds of white identical sheep will return to her. When we were boys our elders often told us this parable. Usually, the legend of my father ended with these words: “Remember this legend all your life, then Kudai Tagala will have mercy on you on Judgment Day.” 121 “Togys Esebi” Rediscovered In this article the calendar of ancient nomads in Central Asia, later extended to the entire Eurasian continent, is presented fully for the first time. However, due to the complexity of its use in everyday life, this unique calendar had been forgotten, seemingly forever. But the nomads not only preserved it, they managed to adapt it to the harsh nomadic life. Fragmentary explanation and interpretation of this calendar first appeared in 1959-1966 in the books [46] [16] of the Kazakh scientist Khasen Abishev, written in Kazakh. This book is notable for the fact that in it there are no references to prior literature. At the end of the book are given the names, as well as the regions, of 82 rural residents, who provided extensive information about the astronomical knowledge of the Kazakh people. Since this book has never been translated into other languages, this unique calendar was not known to the world until recently. For the first time, “Togys esebi” became known to Western readers from a brief description in my article on the Mayan calendar. [47] Until today, various authors [48] in different sources on the topic "Togis esebi" wrote very briefly and unclearly, which led to the emergence of more questions than answers. A good example of this is a brief note by an unknown author [49] taken from the Internet: "The star calendar, based on the sidereal cycle of the Moon, in practice is used very seldom. It is also the most ancient calendar. Such a calendar under the name togys (from Kazakh togysu meaning "to intersect" [occultation]) was used by Kazakhs. The beginning of months coincides with the moment when the Moon passes the Pleiades and the names of months correlate with lunar phases. As the difference between the synodic and sidereal cycles of the Moon is about 2 days, each subsequent meeting of the Pleiades and the Moon occurs on a lunar phase that is 2 days earlier than the previous lunar phase. There is a certain relation between the names of togyses months and seasons. So, for example, in the spring such "meetings" occur on the 5th, 3rd, 1st days of a lunar month, in the winter – on the 11th, 9th and 7th days. The beginning of a year in this calendar coincides with the month when the waxing (young) Moon meets the Pleiades. This usually occurs in a period between the end of April and the beginning of May. In an ancient Kazakh star calendar there are 13 such "meetings" [occultation] in a year from which only 11 are visible. If every month contains 28 days then the duration of the year is 364 days". So that I do not waste the reader’s time, I will not discuss the errors in this passage, but rather I will provide some quotes from Section 3 of the manuscript of my book The Kazakh National Calendar [ 1], which explains the essence and principles of the "Togys esebi" calendar. First of all, the reader should be aware that Togys esebi did not appear suddenly and instantly. It was developed gradually, based on achievements and at the same time on the shortcomings of “Urker esebi” and “Zhuldyz esebi”. According to the opinion of the author, the time of its occurrence is directly related to the time when the vernal equinox point (0° Aries) was exactly on the Pleiades star cluster, namely -2329-07-15 (July 15, 2330 BCE). [49a] From those days (about 4,350 years ago) until the time of the recent Kazakhs nomads, various peoples (Sakas, Sarmatians, Huns, numerous Turkic tribes and present Turkic peoples and ethnic groups) counted each new year from the day when the thin band of the moon disk (Neomenia – Graece Νεομηνία, "new moon") [50] slowly covered the Pleiades. 122 Further, we ask you not to confuse this term with the modern astronomical term “new moon” – more properly called “dark moon”. In astronomy, the dark moon occurs when the Moon and the Sun have the same ecliptic longitude. At this time the lunar disk is not visible to the unaided eye, except when silhouetted during a solar eclipse. [51] This noble and joyful day was called by all the nomads "Ulistyn Uly kuni". This word literally translates as "Great Day of the Nomad Empire." The first day of the first month (1 togys aiy – neomenia) "Togys esebi" in those days corresponded to the month of March. This day (March 2021) today is known to the whole world as the great holiday of the east "Naw-Ruz" (translated from Persian – New Day). [52] After 4350 years, the first day of the first month (1 togys aiy) "Togys esebi" moved to the month – April. Currently, you may notice that a thin strip of the disk of the Moon (neomenia) slowly covers the Pleiades from mid-April to early May. Probably, as a sign of nostalgia for the past, the Kazakh “Esepshi” call 3 togys aiy (March) – “Zhana togys” (New covering). Since the basis of "Togys esebi" is the sidereal month, and the basis of the lunisolar calendar is the synodic month, these calendars should not be confused with each other. In other words, "Togys esebi" takes as a basis the movement of the Moon, which covers the Pleiades every 27-28 days. Therefore, its scientific name should be “lunar-stellar calendar”. But the nomads called this calendar very simply “Covering calendar” or “Occultation calendar” (both names literally translate as “Togys esebi”). You, probably, will still ask: “What is the difference between lunar-solar and lunar-stellar calendars?” Since this is a very important question that requires a comprehensive explanation of the principle of work of Togys esebi, we will completely answer this question. The Moon revolves around Earth in an elliptical orbit with a mean eccentricity of 0.0549. Thus, the Moon's center-to-center distance from Earth varies with mean values of 363,396 km at perigee to 405,504 km at apogee. The lunar orbital period with respect to the stars (sidereal month, literally “togys aiy”) is 27.32166 days (27d 07h 43m 12s). [53] [54] The most familiar lunar cycle is the synodic month (synodic month, literally "tuar ai") because it governs the well-known cycle of the Moon's phases. The Moon has no light of its own but shines by reflected sunlight. As a consequence, the geometry of its orbital position relative to the Sun and Earth determines the Moon's apparent phase. [53] The mean length of the synodic month is 29.53059 days (29d 12h 44m 03s). This is nearly 2.21 days longer than the sidereal month. (29.53 days – 27.32 days = 2.21 days) As the Moon revolves around Earth, both objects also progress in orbit around the Sun. After completing one revolution with respect to the stars, the Moon must continue a little farther along its orbit to catch up to the same position it started from relative to the Sun and Earth. This explains why the mean synodic month is longer than the sidereal month. [53] [54] In other words, the principle of operation of the Togys esebi calendar is based precisely on the difference of days of 2.21 days between the synodic and sidereal months. The calculation of the nomads was very simple: 123 1. 27.32 days ÷ 2.21 days = 12.362 tuar ai × 3 years = 37.09 tuar ai 2. 29.53 days ÷ 2.21 days = 13.362 togys ai × 3 years = 40.09 togys ai 3. 27.3 days × 40 togys ai = 1092 days ÷ 37 tuar ai = 29.5 days During the study "Togys esbi" the author of this article calculated very accurate 423 (365.2576832 days) = 435 = 436 summer cycles: 1. 27.321662 ÷ 2.209 = 12.3688 × 423 years = 5232 tuar ai = 436 years 2. 29 530581 ÷ 2,209 = 13.3688 × 423 years = 5655 togys ai = 435 years 3. 27.32 days × 5655 togys ai = 154504 days ÷ 5232 tuar ai = 29.53 days Not yet known to science this universal cycle can be called “the lunar precession”, since there is exactly 1 year difference between the lunar calendar and the stellar calendar! In turn, this principle of work of Togys esebi gives rise to two phenomena that are not found in lunar, solar and lunar-solar calendars: The first phenomenon: In accordance with the chosen principle of work in the Togys esebi calendar, each new “togys aiy” (literally “covering [occultation] the month ”) begins with a reduced new phase of the Moon, which differs from the previous phase of the moon “togys aiy” by 2 to 3 days. These diminishing phases of the moon are clearly visible in Figure 4. 124 Figure 4. Approximate Moon phases that cover the Pleiades throughout the year 27 togys month 27 togys aiy (month) These 4 types of phase of the Moon were considered as – 1 togys month from April 12 (Almaty time is 15:30) – until May 9 (Almaty time is 13:30) 29 togys aiy (month) 1 togys aiy (month) July 31 8:00 – 26 August 6:30 21 togys aiy (month) 4 July 10:00 – 30 July 8:30 23 togys aiy (month) 10 May 14:00 – 6 June 12:00 20 October 3:00 November 1:00 15 togys aiy (month) – 16 23 September 4:30 – October 3:00 17 togys aiy (month) 7 June 12:00 – 3 July 10:00 25 togys aiy (month) 20 27 August 6:30 September 4:30 19 togys aiy (month) – 22 11 January 21:30 – 6 February 14 December 23:30 – 10 17 November 1:00 – 14 19:30 January 21:30 December 23:30 9 togys aiy (month) 11 togys aiy (month) 13 togys aiy (month) 2 April 16:00 – 11 April 15:30 6 March 18:00 – 2 April 16:30 3 togys aiy (month) 5 togys aiy (month) 7 February 19:30 – 6 March 18:00 7 togys aiy (month) The second phenomenon: In the Togys esebi calendar, the corresponding “togys aylari” does not have any name in words, as in lunar, solar and lunar-solar calendars, they are numbered according to the corresponding decreasing phases of the Moon. Not to mention the ancient times, even now (21st century), suddenly, because of stupidity, we manage to replace the names 13 and 14 togys aylary (for example, with the names of animals), then such confusion will begin that even the devil himself could not unravel. Nomads knew about it well 125 and did not even try to do it. To theoretically understand the structure of the months of “togys ailars” in Togys esebi, it is enough to look at Tables 3, 4 and 5. If we look at these tables, then much can be understood about the structure and principles of work of Togys esebi. Firstly, these 3 tables are specially developed only for 3 years. These 3 years or about 1092 or 1093 days form the basis of Togys esebi. 1) 27.325 days × 40 togys ai = 1093 days 2) 28 days × 39 zhuldyz ai = 1092 days ÷ 3 years = 364 days 3) 29.54 days × 37 tuar ai = 1093 days Secondly, in these three tables you will notice that every year for 3 years approximately begins with 1 togys ai (on the first day of the phase of the moon) and ends at 3 togys ai (the third day of the phase of the moon). This is the rhythmically repeated astronomical and mathematical constancy of Togys esebi. In the middle of any of the 3 years, the phases of the moon fluctuate within 2-3 days. This is due to the fact that after each 5 togys ai, a fractional number – 0.21 days is an extra 1 day (0.21 days × 5 togys ai = 1.05 day). Nomads call this rule “Takka togaytu aiy” (accounting with odd numbers). In accordance with this rule, in Togys esebi there is never a “togys aiy with an even number”. These two phenomena and two rules are the simplest and most explainable part in the structure and principles of work of Togys esebi. However, this is only the beginning. Therefore, many Kazakhspeaking authors and researchers who write about Togys esebi limit their description with these phenomena and rules. We go further and continue to where the human mind has not gone before. The first key to the correct understanding of Togys esebi: Any person or reader who has at least some astronomical knowledge understands well that all fixed stars like Urker (Pleiades) are not always visible to the observer from the Earth. This is due to the apparent movement of the sun along the ecliptic. As the Earth orbits around the Sun over the course of the year, we observe the Sun to track out a circle around the celestial sphere (which is the sky seen as a sphere which revolves around an axis defined by the North and South Poles). This track of the Sun on the celestial sphere is called “the ecliptic”. Relative to the "fixed" stars we observe the Sun to move eastwards on the celestial sphere completing one full circuit of 360° over the year (about 365.25 days), i.e., an eastward motion of about 1° per day. The zodiac is the set of constellations on the ecliptic (i.e., those that the Sun travels through in the course of the year). The traditional twelve zodiac constellations are Aries (Kos zhuldyz), Taurus (Sulusary), Pleiades (Urker), Gemini (Bosaga), Cancer (Mosy), Leo (Kambar), Virgo (Sattary segiz), Libra (Tarazy), Scorpio (Buyi), Sagittarius (Mergen), Capricornus (Taueshki), Aquarius (Sukuigysh) and Pisces (Balyktar). [55] In the course of the year, the Sun spends six months above the celestial equator (about 21st March to about 20th September) and six months below (about 20th September to the about 21st March). It is this 23.5° tilt of the Earth's spin axis with respect to the ecliptic plane which causes the seasons. 126 For northern hemisphere observers the Sun stops moving up the celestial sphere reaching its highest point on about 21st June, i.e. at the summer (June) solstice. The word solstice means "Sun standing still". At this time the Sun is at Right Ascension 6h, Declination +23.5°. At this time northern hemisphere observers receive the maximum amount of sunlight because the Sun is highest in the sky at noon and is above the horizon for the longest period. On about 20th September, the Sun crosses the celestial equator moving southwards. This is the autumnal (September) equinox. At this time the Sun is at RA 12h, Decl. 0.0°. The Sun reaches its lowest point at the winter (December) solstice on about 21st December. At this time the Sun is at RA 18h, Decl. −23.5°. Northern hemisphere observers receive the minimum amount of sunlight at this time as the Sun is lowest in the sky at noon and is above the horizon for the shortest time. [55] The second key to the correct understanding of Togys esebi: To understand how Urker is connected with the apparent movement of the Sun along the ecliptic, I will give a very brief modern scientific definition of the Pleiades: The Pleiades is an open cluster consisting of approximately 3,000 stars at a distance of 400 light years (120 parsecs) from Earth in the constellation Taurus. It is also known as "The Seven Sisters", or the astronomical designations NGC 1432/35 and M (Messier) 45. It is among the nearest star clusters to Earth and is the cluster most obvious to the naked eye in the night sky. A colorcomposite image of the Pleiades from the Digitized Sky Survey is given in Figure 5. Figure 5. Nine bright stars of the Pleiades 127 The nine brightest stars of the Pleiades are named for the Seven Sisters of Greek mythology: Sterope, Merope, Electra, Maia, Taygeta, Celaeno, and Alcyone, along with their parents Atlas and Pleione). The name of the Urker stars in the version of my father Aliceit Kambaruly (these names of stars are associated with sheep of different ages): No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Coordinates: Greek mythology Alcyone Atlas Electra Maia Merope Taygeta Pleione Celaeno Sterope The name of the stars Urker in the Kazakh language Altyn zhundi ak saulyk Ai muyizdi ak serke Bualdyr ishinde buaz koi Kuiekti sezgen kok koshkar Kulagy tilik kunan koi Don muryndi donen koi Ak serkenin ak muyizi Toiyp algan toktyshak Kozy ertken konyr koi Right ascension: 03h 47m 24s Declination: +24° 07′ 00″ [56] Distance: 444 ly on average (136.2±1.2 pc [57] [58] [59] [60]) Apparent magnitude: (V) 1.6 Apparent dimensions: (V) 110' (arcmin) [61] The third (and main) key to the correct understanding of Togys esebi: Now we should try to understand how the visible movement of the Sun along the ecliptic and Urker is associated with the covering or occultation of the Moon (Ai): The mean inclination of the lunar orbit to the ecliptic plane is 5.145°. And any star with an ecliptic latitude of less than about 6.5 degrees may be occulted by it. There are three first magnitude stars that are sufficiently close to the ecliptic that they may be occulted by the Moon and by planets – Regulus, Spica and Antares. [62] Occultations of Aldebaran are presently only possible by the Moon, because the planets pass Aldebaran to the north. Neither planetary nor lunar occultations of Pollux are currently possible. However, in the far future, occultations of Pollux will be possible, as they were in the far past. Some deep-sky objects, such as the Pleiades, can also be occulted by the Moon. [63] [64] Modern astronomy, as well as all scientific literature [for example, 64, p. 433, Alcyone] considers only those bright stars that the Moon exactly covering (occultation) at a given time. Pleiades is not included in the list of these stars; only Alcyone is included. Since the nomads in ancient times did not have high-precision astronomical instruments (astrolabe, quadrant, armillary sphere, clock, binoculars, telescope, calculator, computer, etc.) [65], they observed the Sun in the daytime and at night the Moon and the Pleiades. However, the author 128 suspects that the nomads possessed primitive astronomical instruments in the form of earth or stone embankments. The notorious "Esepshi" left behind a lot of intangible oral heritage and a significant amount of material evidence. The territory of present-day Kazakhstan is covered with mysterious ancient kurgans (megaliths, dolmens, menhirs, cromlechs, cairns, seids, etc.). Among them, the so-called “whiskered mounds” or “lunar-solar mounds” are very often found. Many of them are still considered "sacred" (holy) places for the Kazakhs. Today in Kazakhstan there are about 35,000 architectural, archaeological and historical monuments. [66] Among them, hundreds of archaeoastronomical objects are valuable not only for domestic, but also for world science. In my book, I dedicated the first part to this topic [1, p. 78-79, 85-86], and also from the point of view of science indicated the exact coordinates of very important hundreds of objects. Any reader can view these mysterious objects from space, reducing the height to a minimum ("Google Maps" and "Google Earth" [67]). The Nine Principles of the Lunar-Stellar Calendar Togys Esebi For a complete understanding of the lunar-stellar calendar of nomads nine principles of its work must be learned. However, in some places where I describe these nine principles, if I write “Urker lies under the Earth for 40 days” or “Urker moves along the ecliptic from the east, and the Moon moves towards from the west,” etc., this does not mean that I do not know that Urker (the Pleiades) is a fixed star cluster and that it never descends into the Earth, etc. In the course of describing these principles in some places I will have to think and speak like the ancient nomads, who did not know that the Earth is round like a ball and, moreover, that it moves around the Sun. Modern and complex astronomical scientific language cannot explain the ancient Togys esebi because they speak different languages. My goal is to present nine principles in language that is understood by both scientists and nomads (though that it is very difficult). The first principle of the lunar-stellar calendar Togys esebi: During a period from 8-9 to 9-10 years (9 years on average), the Moon either completely or partially covers the Pleiades as it passes it. (Table 6) 129 Table 6. Approximate periods (1892-2050) of "Tolyk togysu" and "Alystap togysu" in the interval 8.83 – 10 years Periods Day Month Year Week UT J. Day Tolyk Alystap Tolyk Alystap Tolyk Alystap Tolyk Alystap Tolyk Alystap Tolyk Alystap Tolyk Alystap Tolyk Alystap Tolyk Alystap 10 15 17 15 17 15 4 29 27 4 31 18 10 18 13 24 25 21 January June November June November September October May March April January March November February January April September May 1892 1901 1910 1920 1929 1938 1947 1957 1966 1976 1985 1994 2003 2013 2022 2031 2040 2050 Sun. Sat. Thurs. Tues. Sun. Thurs. Sat. Wed. Sun. Sun. Thurs. Fri. Mon. Mon. Thurs. Thurs. Tues. Sat. 15:35 5:10 19:00 5:30 19:10 23:25 22:15 6:30 10:35 10:00 14:00 11:00 19:30 13:00 15:30 9:00 22:30 6:50 2412107 2415550 2418992 2422490 2425932 2429156 2432462 2435987 2439211 2442872 2446096 2449429 2452953 2456341 2459592 2462980 2466422 2469947 P. D. 3443 3442 3498 3442 3224 3306 3525 3224 3661 3224 3333 3524 3388 3251 3388 3442 3525 0 S.M. S.M. amount S.Y. S.Y. amount 126 126 128 126 118 121 129 118 134 118 122 129 124 119 124 126 129 0 27,32539683 27,31746032 27,328125 27,31746032 27,3220339 27,32231405 27,3255814 27,3220339 27,32089552 27,3220339 27,31967213 27,31782946 27,32258065 27,31932773 27,32258065 27,31746032 27,3255814 0 9,43 9,42 9,58 9,42 8,83 9,05 9,65 8,83 10 8,83 9,13 9,65 9,28 8,9 9,28 9,42 9,65 0 365,1113468 365,3927813 365,1356994 365,3927813 365,1189128 365,3038674 365,2849741 365,1189128 365,3692615 365,1189128 365,060241 365,1813472 365,0862069 365,2808989 365,0862069 365,3927813 365,2849741 0 1) Full covering of Pleiades by the Moon called in Kazakh is “Zharasyp togysu” (peaceful coverage) or “Koiyndasyp togysu” (embracing covering). In modern astronomy, this type of coverage is recognized. See Figure 6 and the animation “Covering the Pleiades by the Moon on August 23/24, 2008 in Moscow” [68]. Figure 6. Full covering of Pleiades by the Moon 130 2) Partial covering of Pleiades by the Moon in Kazakh is called “Kyrbailanyp togysu” (stretched coverage) or “Topyrak shashyp togysu” (spiteful covering). Modern astronomy does not recognize this type of coverage. See Figure 7. Figure 7. Partial covering of Pleiades by the Moon From the first principle it becomes clear that the nomads never interrupted the systematic chain of the endless covering of the Pleiades by the Moon. During an approximately 9-year period of full covering of Pleiades by the Moon, you can more or less establish the beginning of each sidereal month (togys aiy). And what about in the approximately 9-year period of partial covering of Pleiades by the Moon? How did the nomads define the beginning of the sidereal months (togys aylary) when the Moon and the Pleiades do not approach each other? From this place arises the second principle of Togys esebi. The second principle of the lunar-stellar calendar Togys esebi: To solve the problem arising from the second principle, the nomads used, according to their conviction (as earthly observers), the only "fixed" star - "Temirkazyk" (Polaris, a.k.a. the Polar Star). Polaris (α Ursa Minor, abbreviated α UMi) is the brightest star in the constellation of Ursa Minor (Right ascension 02h 31m 49.09s, Declination + 89° 15′ 50.8″). During the full and partial covering of Pleiades by the Moon, nomads determined the beginning of each new sidereal month (togys aiy), when the Moon, the Pleiades and Temirkazyk were in one line. At the present time (approximately from 2012 to 2021) we can observe the partial coverage of the Pleiades by the Moon. (Figure 8) 131 Figure 8. Moon, Pleiades and Temirkazyk are in one line. No. Date Sidereal month Covering periods Week JDN 1 02.02.2012 07 togys aiy Full covering Thu 2455959.5 2 29.02.2012 05 togys aiy Partial covering Wed 2455986.5 3 17.12.2021 11 togys aiy Partial covering Fri 2459565.5 4 13.01.2022 09 togys aiy Full covering Thu 2459592.5 What to do when the Pleiades and the Moon are not visible in the sky at night? This was an expected and very difficult question. It is from this place that the third principle arises by itself. The explanation of this principle will be somewhat lengthy due to the complexity of the question . The third principle of the lunar-stellar calendar Togys esebi: In the south-east of Kazakhstan (Almaty, 43°15'20"N 76°55'3"E), Urker (Pleiades) is not visible in the sky at night from May 10 to June 20 (about 40 days). Just on the eve of the summer solstices, the "invisible period of the Pleiades," among the nomads, was called "Urker 40 kun Zherdin astynda zhatady." This phrase literally means "Pleiades lie underground for 40 days." Even some modern Kazakh researchers wrote that at this time of the year "the Pleiades go into the southern hemisphere, so the Pleiades are not visible in the northern hemisphere." In fact, the Pleiades is a fixed star cluster, it does not go anywhere, it stands still. Then why is the Pleiades not visible at night? The answer is very simple. Please see "The first key to the correct understanding of Togys esebi” above. The zodiac is the set of constellations on the ecliptic (i.e., those that the Sun travels through in the course of the year).[55] For about 37-40 days, the Sun obscures with a powerful light not only the Pleiades but also all the stars of the Taurus constellation from the earthly observer. It is during this 40-day period that we miss two invisible coverings of the Pleiades by the Moon: The first covering of the Pleiades by the Moon occurs during a new moon (a.k.a. “dark moon”) when the Moon is not visible. It is this covering of the Pleiades by the Moon that is often accompanied by a solar eclipse. The second covering of the Pleiades by the Moon occurs during the 29th, 28th or 27th phases of the Moon. These two coverings of the Pleiades by the Moon occur on the eastern horizon before the Sun rises. In modern astronomical language, this phenomenon is called heliacal rising: "Heliacal risings occur after a star has been behind the Sun for a season and it is just returning to visibility. There is one morning, just before dawn, when the star suddenly reappears after its absence. On that day it "blinks" on for a moment just before the sunrise and just before it is then obliterated by the Sun's presence. That one special morning is called the star's heliacal rising." [69] [16] [46] I assume that the 765-day “Togiz tasil” (Nine rules) helped the nomad priest of “Esepshi” (timekeeper) to determine the first day of a continuous sidereal month (togys aiy): 27 × 28 togys ai = 756 + 9 = 765 days ÷ 28 togys ai = 27.321428571 days Apparently, in addition to the continuous physical observation of the Pleiades and the Moon, Esepshi (timekeeper) indirectly counted a continuous number of days, months and a year with the help of Togiz Tasil: 1) 355 days + 355 days + 27 + 28 = 765 days 2) 355 days + 382 days + 28 = 765 days 3) 27 days × 19 + 28 days × 9 tasil (rules) = 513 + 252 = 765 days, etc. Despite this comprehensive answer, one question remains. How did Esepshi determine the exact time of the day or night when the Moon covered the Pleiades? An interesting and at the same time intriguing question that requires a comprehensive answer concerns the fourth principle of the Togys esebi. The fourth principle of the moon-star calendar Togys esebi: Closer to spring, especially in summer or at any time of the year due to the complex movement of the Moon, covering of Pleiades by the Moon, defining the 1st day of the sidereal month (togys aiy), can occur in the morning, afternoon or evening. How and in what way did the nomads determine these coverings in the daytime? Since ancient times, mankind has known the four main phases of the moon - this is the new moon (a.k.a. dark moon), the first qu`arter, the full moon and the third quarter (also known as the last quarter). In order to maintain a correct count of days, months and years, the nomads divided the visible phases of the moon in simple years into 13, and leap years into 14 phases (See Figure 4 and Table 3, 4 and 5). Up to today the name of the phases of the moon, which takes into account all 29 or 30 days in the Kazakh language, has changed little. The following is the name of the Moon phases in the Kazakh language: 134 Tugan Ai (literally “neomenia”) – from 1 to 3 days: 1. Tugan Aydin 1 zhanasy (neomenia – new moon) 2. Tugan Aydin 2 zhanasy (neomenia – new moon) 3. Tugan Aydin 3 zhanasy (neomenia – new moon) Zhana Ai (literally “new moon”) – from 4 to 7 days: 4. Zhana Aydin 4 zhanasy ”(new moon) 5. Zhana Aydin 5 zhanasy ”(new moon) 6. Zhana Aydin 6 zhanasy ”(new moon) 7. Zhetilik Ai – Seven-day Moon (first quarter of the moon). Osushi Ai (literally "growing moon") – from the 8th to 13 days: 8. Osushi Aydin 8 zhanasy (growing Moon) 9. Osushi Aydin 9 zhanasy (growing Moon) ... 10, 11 zhanasy 12. Osushi Aydin 12 zhanasy (growing Moon) 13. On ushtik Ai – the thirteen day moon. Tolgan Ai (literally "full moon") – from the 14th to the 21st day: 14. On tortine tolgan Ai – fourteen day Moon. 15. Tolgan Aydin 13 eskisi "(full moon) 16. Tolgan Aydin 12 eskisi ”(Full Moon) ... 11, 10, 9, 8 eskisi 21. Tolgan Aydin 7 eskisi ”(Full Moon). Kemushi Ai (literally “last quarter Moon”) – from the 22nd to the 28th day: 22. Kemushi Aydin 7 eskisi (last quarter Moon) 23. Kemushi Aydin 6 eskisi (last quarter Moon) ... 5, 4, 3 eskisi 27. Kemushi Aydin 2 eskisi (last quarter Moon) 28. Kemushi Aydin 1 eskisi (last quarter Moon). Oliara * (literally "dead cut") – 29th and 30 days: 29. Aydin 1 oliarasy (astronomical new moon) 30. Aydin 2 oliarasy (astronomical new moon). * Oliara – when the Moon is not visible (the end of the old and the beginning of the new). Some readers may be puzzled. What is the connection between the covering of Pleiades by the Moon in the morning, afternoon and evening with these incomprehensible phases of the moon? However, these same readers have repeatedly seen the “white silhouette” of the Moon in the sky 135 during the day. [70, Principal and intermediate phases of the Moon] Nomads also saw this barely visible or clearly visible white silhouette of the Moon and used it to achieve their goal. From Table 3, 4 and 5, you can see the preliminary phase of the Moon and the corresponding days and months of the year when the Moon covers the Pleiades. Looking carefully at the visible phase of the moon in the morning, afternoon or evening you can easily guess when the Moon covers the Pleiades. The meaning of the Kazakh word “mezgil” or “shak” is synonymous with the Greek word “Nychthemeron” (Greek νυχθήμερον consists of two words: “Nycht” [Night] and “Hemera” [day, daytime]). [71] Unlike other ancient peoples of the world, the nomads of Central Asia divided the days (24 hours) into 18 time intervals: 24 hours ÷ 18 mezgils, shak = 1 hour and 20 minutes. The name of the time intervals of day and night ("mezgil" or "shak") in the Kazakh language: 1. A glimpse of the morning dawn 2. The advance of the morning dawn 3. The dawn or the coming of the morning 4. The sunrise 5. The sun at the height of the rope 6. Morning hours (8-9 hours of the day) 7. Midday clock (10-11 hours of the day) 8. Noon when the sun is overhead (12 o'clock in the afternoon) 9. Time after noon (13-14 hours of the day) 10. The sun is inclined to the west (15-16 hours of the day) 11. The sun approaches the western horizon (17-18 hours of the day) 12. Sunset 13. The coming of the evening 14. The arrival of evening darkness 15. Nightfall, the approach of the night 16. Midnight 17. After midnight 18. A short dark time before dawn. At the end of this description of the fourth principle, we can draw such an unexpected conclusion. As can be seen from this description, in comparison with the classical (lunar, solar and lunisolar) calendars, covering of Pleiades by the Moon can occur at any time of the day. (Table 7) Therefore, the nomads did not have a specific beginning of the time of day. However, despite this “unusual” definition of 18 hours instead of 24 hours, nomads firmly decided that the beginning of the year in 136 Togys esebi will always begin not from an astronomical new moon (oliara – May month), but from a narrow crescent of the Moon (neomenia – April month). What for? It is from this place that the explanation of the fifth principle of Togys esebi begins. Table 7. Date, hours and minutes between 1975 and 2055, defined in the 80-year cycle № Togys esebi Ordinal number of months 1 month 1 togys month 2 month 27 togys month 3 month 25 togys month 4 month 23 togys month 5 month 21 togys month 6 month 19 togys month 7 month 17 togys month 8 month 15 togys month 9 month 13 togys month 10 month 11 togys month 11 month 09 togys month 12 month 07 togys month 13 month 05 togys month 14 month 03 togys month Beginning of the togys month Almaty local time from 12 April 15:30 from 10 May 14:00 from 07 June 12:00 from 04 July 10:00 from July 31 8:00 from August 27 6:30 from 23 September 4:30 from 20 October 3:00 from 17 November 1:00 from 14 December 23:30 from 11 January 21:30 from 07 February 19:30 from 06 March 18:00 from 02 April 16:00 End of the togys month Almaty local time to 09 May 13:30 to 06 June 12:00 to 03 July 10:00 to July 30 8:30 to August 26 6:30 to 22 September 4:30 to 20 October 3:00 to 16 November 1:00 to 14 December 23:30 to 10 January 21:30 to 06 February 19:30 to 06 March 18:00 to 02 April 16:30 to 11 April 15:30 Fifth principle of the lunar-stellar calendar Togys esebi: For the role of the 1st day (Ulystyn uly kuni – 1 togys aiy) of the current year, the nomads chose the very moment when Urker still did not disappear from view for 37-40 days. These days (approximately from mid-April to 10 May), on the western horizon, under the narrow crescent of the moon, one can see a “weak” silhouette of the barely visible Pleiades. After this, Urker disappears completely and appears only after 37-40 days on the eastern horizon before the rising Sun, just on the eve of the date of the summer solstice. I deeply suspect that the great Stonehenge these days does not indicate the summer solstice, as many think. Stonehenge indicates the place of appearance (heliacal sunrise) of the Pleiades. In the future, many tourists and supporters of ancient science, who gather on the eve of June 20-22 for this event in Stonehenge, can see for themselves. When did this rule or tradition arise among the nomads? I am not completely sure, but I suppose that the nomads when they began the countdown of their era in "Urker esebi" (later "Zhuldyz esebi") in 2283 BCE – covering of Pleiades by the Moon occurred in a narrow crescent of the Moon (neomenia – March month). So, as the nomads always focused strictly on the Pleiades, they preserved this old tradition and continue each beginning of the year according to Togys Esebi (the legitimate continuation of "Urker esebi", later "Zhuldyz eseby") from the narrow crescent of the Moon (neomynia – is now April month). It is here that such an interesting astronomical paradox arises . In modern astronomy there are three interconnected concepts on which hundreds of higher minds of mankind have worked. They are: precession, nutation and equinox. According to the laws of these 137 concepts, at this point in time, the vernal equinox point passed from the constellations of Aries to the constellation Pisces. During the Gregorian calendar reform in the 16th century, the date of the spring equinox was set at 21 March. However, for some "unknown reason" at this time, this date has shifted and was set around March 20. [72] [73] [74] In brief, Pope Gregory XIII did not keep his word (an error of 1 day should have been accumulated only after 3300 years). [75] But the most important thing in this story is not this. In the northern hemisphere on March 20-21, it is definitely not yet spring. It feels as if it is still the continuation of winter. Even the Christian Easter, which was to take place around March 21, is often celebrated in April. [76] Recently, Akims (governors) of the northern regions of Kazakhstan often require that the Nauryz holiday (at the vernal equinox) be celebrated not on March 22, as it is now, but in April. [77] As we can see from the structure and principle of work, in Togys Esebi the first day of the year always occurs in late April or early May. Maybe the nomads were right? Not everyone can agree with this obvious conclusion of the author. It is their right, therefore not negotiable. I respect the opinions of all people in our planet. However, I think that those who disagree with my opinion, as the main argument says "where is all this written?" The answer to this prudent question lies in the sixth principle. The sixth principle of the lunar-stellar calendar Togys esebi: Nomads cannot be considered completely illiterate and without writing. This is evidenced by the inscription on a silver cup, found not far from Almaty, along with the Scythian "Golden Man" (6th century BC, the city of Issyk-Esik, literally "Door"). [78] Another inscription (Orkhon inscriptions) in the ancient Turkic language was deciphered only in the 20th century. [79] In addition, Kudai Tagala gave the nomads excellent memory, eloquence and improvisation. In the history of Central Asia there were many nomads who memorized a huge text that is not shorter than the text of a book (epic poem, genealogy, etc.). Draw your own conclusion: When there were so many walking “living books”, why and who needed to develop writing based on signs. However, after many tens of centuries, it is necessary to recognize that this was the main mistake of the nomads. Thus, the nomads kept all their history, culture and writing in their heads, including many numbers and tables. Thanks to this gift of the Almighty Kudai Tagal, you have the opportunity to get acquainted with the unique calendar "Togys esebi". I am saying all this so that you can understand the meaning of three important sentences which has become like a winged word or aphorism in the Kazakh language, which, as an important detail, complements the puzzle called “Togys esebi”. When we consider that the nomads did not have high-precision devices , then the observations of the night sky by the nomads can be regarded as "coarse" observations. Due to these "rough" observations, the accuracy of the "Togys esebi" calendar fluctuated within 3 days at the beginning of each month (togys ay). In part, this was facilitated by the complex and unpredictable movement of the Moon. It is believed that three epithetic names were invented by Esepshi himself: 138 1) The first day was called "Auyl uy kondy" (literally "settled next to each other" or the Moon approached the Pleiades from the east), the astronomical name "Arrival". 2) The second day was called "Togysty", "togamdasty" (covering of the Pleiades by the Moon), the astronomical name of "Coverings". 3) The third day was called "Orip shikty" (literally "a flock of sheep leaves the corral" or the Moon moves away from the Pleiades from the eastern side), the astronomical name "Opening". (Figure 9) Figure 9. Three epithetic names for covering of Pleiades by the Moon The third day was called "Orip The second day was called The first day was called "Auyl uy shikty" "Togysty" kondy" The Moon moves away from Covering of Pleiades the Pleiades from the eastern cluster by the Moon side star The Moon approached Pleiade from the west side the Thus, focusing on these three descriptions, the nomads more accurately determined the 1st day of the beginning of each sidereal month (togys aiy) in Togys esebi. Under the inside of different words and phrases, proverbs and sayings, as well as among various aphorisms of nomads, you can find real digital arithmetic. For example, the Kazakhs have a saying: “Kyrkyna shydap – kyryk birine shydamapty”. An approximate translation says: "Tolerant to forty, but not tolerable forty-first:" 1. 27.3 days × 40 togys aiy = 1092 days ÷ 3 years = 364 days 2. 27.3 days × 41 togys aiy = 1119 days ÷ 3 years = 373 days. This saying warns you that 40 togys aiy consist of the correct 3 sunny years (364 days), but 41 togys aiy consists of the wrong 3 sunny years (373 days). Thus, the most important principle appears – the rules of intercalation in “Togys esebi”. We will tell about this and another in the seventh principle. This cycle (3 years) of the appearance of the Pleiades repeats itself every year without change. This constant rule was well known to the Greeks (Hesiod: "Works and Days") [80], the Germans (The Nebra sky disk) [81] (Figure 10, there are 40 holes around the perimeter) and especially the Romans. The Romans called the Pleiades in Latin "Vergiliarum". [82] 139 Figure 10. The Nebra sky disk (there are 40 holes around the perimeter) Seventh principle of the lunar-stellar calendar Togys esebi: Before proceeding to the description of the seventh principle concerning intercalation, it is necessary to clarify one important detail. This is due to the definition of the year value which corresponds to the calendar Togys esebi. Sidereal, tropical and anomalous years – can be called an astronomical year. [83] The mean tropical year is defined as the average period of time for the ecliptic longitude of the Sun to increase by 360 degrees. [84] Since the Sun's ecliptic longitude is measured with respect to the vernal equinox, [85] the tropical year comprises a complete cycle of the seasons and therefore the the tropical year is the basis of most calendars. Due to the axial precession of the Earth, the tropical year is about 20 minutes shorter than the sidereal year. The average tropical year is approximately 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 45 seconds, using the modern definition [86] (= 365.242 19 days from 86400 SI seconds) or, more precisely, 365.242 190 402 (365 d 5 h. 48 m. 45.25 s). [87] A tropical year, like an anomalous year, can in no way form the basis of the Togys esebi calendar. because, the Pleiades star cluster is essentially a fixed star. [See references 56 to 61] 140 I do not yet know the general opinion of interested scientists, but, in my opinion, Togys Esebi is based on sidereal (stellar) year, which is the time taken for the Earth to complete one revolution of its orbit, as measured against a fixed frame of reference (such as the fixed stars, Latin sidera, singular sidus). Its average duration is 365.256363004 days (365 d 6 h 9 min 9.76 s) (at the epoch J2000.0 = January 1, 2000, 12:00:00 TT). [87, ibid.] To this bold hypothesis I was led by these equalities: 1. 314 × 365 + 119 × 366 = 114610 + 43554 = 154504 ÷ 423 = 365.2576832 days 2. 356 × 355 + 79 × 356 = 126380 + 28124 = 154504 ÷ 435 = 355.18160919 days 3. 3836 × 27 + 1819 × 28 = 103572 + 50932 = 154504 ÷ 5655 = 27.3216622 days 4. 276 × 365 + 160 × 355 = 97704 + 56800 = 154504 ÷ 436 = 354.36697248 days 5. 2456 × 29 + 2776 × 30 = 71224 + 83280 = 154504 ÷ 5232 = 29.53058104 days The difference between the sidereal year and 423 years (365.25768321513 days or 365 days 6 hours 11 minutes 3.83 seconds) is only +0.0013202 days or 1 minute, 54.066 seconds. Intercalation or embolism in chronometry [88] is the introduction of a leap day, week, or month into some lunar-stellar calendar years of “Togys esebi”. Only in this case the calendar “Togys esebi” corresponds to the seasons of the year or to covering of Pleiades by the Moon. The astronomical significance of the sidereal month, equal to 27.322 days, greatly simplifies the rules of intercalation in the lunar-stellar calendar Togys esebi: 27.322 days + 27.322 days + 27.322 days = 81.966 or 82 days. The most primitive rules of intercalation (timekeeping) for the correct alternation of months in the Togys eseby calendar can be found in the structure of the nomadic mankalny game – Togyz kumalak (Kazakhs – nine pebbles) and Toguz korgool (Kyrgyz – nine dung balls): The first option: 27 days + 1 day + 27 days + 27 days = 82 days The second option: 27 days + 27 days + 1 day + 27 days = 82 days The third option: 27 days + 27 days + 27 days + 1 day = 82 days. [19] In 2015, in East Kazakhstan, were found stone boards "Togyz kumalak" made possiby in the Stone Age. (Figure 11) Figure 11. Togyz kumalak stone boards made in the Stone Age 141 The rules of intercalation (timekeeping) of the embolismic year in the lunar-stellar calendar of Togys esebi differ from the classical (lunar, solar and lunisolar) calendars. The closest "relative" and similar in structure to Togys esebi, this is the lunisolar calendar. [89] Since the sidereal year (365.25636 days) does not have a whole series of lunar sidereal months (27.32166 days), the lunar-stellar calendar of Togys eseby should have a variable number of months in a year (about 13.3687 togys aiy). Regular years in Togys eseby have 13 months (355-356 day) , but the embolismic years (from Greek "embolismos" – inset) insert the 14th “intercalary” or “leap” or “embolismic” month (382-383 day) every second or third year. (Table 8) Inserting the intercalary month in a particular year can be defined using regular cycles, such as 3-year, 8-year, 19-year, 30year, or 423-year cycles. Table 8. The ordinal number of months and the approximate number of days in months No Togis esebi Simple years № Togis esebi Embolismic years The ordinal number The ordinal number 1 month 1 togys aiy 27 28 1 month 1 togys aiy 27 28 2 month 25 togys aiy 28 27 2 month 27 togys aiy 27 27 3 month 23 togys aiy 27 28 3 month 25 togys aiy 28 27 4 month 21 togys aiy 27 27 4 month 23 togys aiy 27 28 5 month 19 togys aiy 28 27 5 month 21 togys aiy 28 27 6 month 17 togys aiy 27 27 6 month 19 togys aiy 27 27 7 month 15 togys aiy 27 28 7 month 17 togys aiy 27 27 8 month 13 togys aiy 28 27 8 month 15 togys aiy 27 28 9 month 11 togys aiy 27 28 9 month 13 togys aiy 28 27 10 month 09 togys aiy 28 27 10 month 11 togys aiy 27 28 11 month 07 togys aiy 27 27 11 month 09 togys aiy 28 27 12 month 05 togys aiy 27 28 12 month 07 togys aiy 27 27 13 month 03 togys aiy 27 27 13 month 05 togys aiy 27 27 355* 356* 14 month 03 togys aiy 27 28 382* 383* *383 – 2015-2016, *355 – 2016-2017, *356 – 2017-2018, *382 – 2018-2019. In the lunisolar calendar, the embolismic month is usually inserted at the end of the year. This simplifies the intercalation rule. But in Togys esebi, the embolismic month is introduced at the beginning of the year, immediately after 1 togys aiy. The question arises: How did the nomads determine that the current year would be a regular (13 month) or an intercalary (14 month) year? The nomads solved this problem using three methods: 1. If the last month (3 togys aiy) of a regular year (13th month) began 5-6 days after the vernal equinox (from March 26 to April 2), then the next year will again be a regular year of 355 or 356 days. 2. If the last month (3 togys aiy) of a regular year (13th month) began 5-6 days before or after the vernal equinox (from March 16 to March 26), then the next year will be an embolismic year from 382 or 383 days. Since this second method was an important feature of Togys eseby, the notorious Esepshi called such months “Zhana togys” (literally “New covering”). The term “Zhana togys” unambiguously means “leap year” or “embolismic year”. 142 3. If the last month (3 togys aiy) of the embolismic year (the 14th month) begins 10-11 days after the vernal equinox (from April 2 to April 12) in the interval of 20-21 days, then it is considered that the rules of intercalation in Togys esebi works correctly. As a result of the correct use of these three methods of intercalation, the 1st month (1 togys aiy) of the lunar-stellar calendar Togys esebi should fluctuate in the interval from April 12 to May 9. If these three dates do not coincide with the three dates described in the three methods, then somewhere in the structure of Togys esebi an error has crept in. According to the stories of Esepshi, which have survived to this day, until May 10 of any year on the western horizon at dawn or in the evening twilight you will see the weak silhouette of the Urker (Pleiades). If the observer is lucky, you can see covering of Pleiades by the Moon the last time until Urker-Pleiades disappears from the field of view for 37-40 days. These days, looking attentively at the Urker-Pleiades visual silhouette - Esepshi made different predictions for the current year. Some of these predictions remained in the memory of the Kazakh people: 1. “Urker taska tusti” (literally “Urker fell on a stone,” that is, the western horizon is as smooth as a stone) – this year there may be a drought. It will be a dangerous year for animals and people. In such years there will be no succulent grass and harvest. 2. “Urker suga tusti” (literally “Urker fell on the water”), that is, a mirage appeared on the western horizon) – this year there will be a lot of moisture. In such years there will be a lot of rain and as a result a lot of juicy grass and harvest. This forecast especially pleases people. 3. “Urker kanga tusti” (literally “Urker fell on blood”), i.e., the whole western horizon looks like red blood) - this means that a bloody war could begin this year. Naturally, such predictions are alarming and frighten people. However, in 1723, when numerous troops of the Dzungar Khanate [90] suddenly attacked the peaceful Kazakhs (the name of this tragedy was “Aktaban Shubyryndy – Alkakol Sulama”), historians write that Zhana togys (3 togys aiy) looked exactly like that. Despite this tragedy, the Kazakhs are still alive, but the Dzungar Khanate forever disappeared into the depths of history. Despite wars, life goes on. In our case, after 37-40 days, the Urker-Pleiades reappears on the eastern horizon at dawn or dusk. I sincerely hope that the life of mankind will never end. The continuation of this topic is set forth in the next eighth principle of Togys esebi. The eighth principle of the lunar-stellar calendar Togys esebi: According to the modest calculation given in this article, the lunar-stellar calendar Togys esebi has existed for about 4,300 years. What has changed during this time? Due to the axial precession of the Earth, the tropical year is about 20 minutes shorter than the sidereal year. [86] If we translate this definition into an arithmetic language, we will see the following digital value: 1. 365.256363004 – 365.242190402 = 0.014172602 (20 min. 24.513 sec.) 2. 365.256363004 ÷ 0.014172602 = 25772 years 3. 365.242190402 ÷ 0.014172602 = 25771 years. 143 As we can see, the difference between sidereal and tropical years is one year in 25,772 years . I am surprised by one thing. Why modern astronomy complicates this simple formula: "In astronomy, axial precession is a gravity-induced, slow, and continuous change in the orientation of an astronomical body's rotational axis. In particular, it can refer to the gradual shift in the orientation of Earth's axis of rotation in a cycle of approximately 25,772 years." [91] [92] The precessional eras of each constellation, often known as Great Months, are approximately: [93] No. Constellation Year entering Year exiting Time in days 1 Taurus 4500 BC 2000 BC 2500 years / 35 days 2 Aries 2000 BC 100 BC 1900 years / 27 days 3 Pisces 100 BC AD 2700 2600 years / 37 days The history of the nomads of Central Asia is closely related to these dates. In our case (relative to Togys esebi), in approximately 4,300 years (the chronology of Togys esebi) the difference between the sidereal and tropical years is about 61 days. However, in Togys Esebi, the seasons of the year did not shift by as much as 2 months. To be honest, for me it is a big mystery? By the way, although I researched the whole complex of nomad calendars for more than 30 years, for me there are still some mysteries concerning Togys esebi. I gathered such mysterious and incomprehensible facts in the ninth principle of Togys esbi. I present these facts and state my thoughts. But my statement is not absolute truth. If I or someone else solves these riddles correctly, then the number of principles in Togys esebi may increase to 13, to 21 or to 27, etc. The ninth principle of the lunar-stellar calendar Togys esebi: In the ninth principle there are five basic riddles and their constituent sections. With the successful solution of these riddles in the future they can become one of the principles of Togys esebi. In time, probably all, these secrets will be revealed. For a start, I explain the essence of these riddles. Then I suggest an answer. I deeply suspect, and are 70% sure, that all ancient civilizations used “amal” in their calculations. Then they were forgotten or renamed as "week”. If we still have common sense and reason, we must realize this and accept it. If there is at least some tiny rational grain in this article of mine, then you can be sure that I achieved this when I myself accepted with doubt what I now ask you to accept (at least, for the sake of argument). Why did we forget our past? According to my view, all-powerful priests are guilty of this. They protected and hid their knowledge from ordinary people. When one of them suddenly died, all this knowledge went away with him. From there, as we all know, there is no way back. The only people who knew about this knowledge are the nomads and their notorious “Esepshi”, who did not hide their knowledge from the people. But today the people will not recover this knowledge until they read what the author of this article, a true representative of the ancient 144 nomads, has written. In particular, if in the future the scientific world accepts the word “amal”, I beg you not to replace this word with a Latin or Greek word. I also earnestly ask that all Kazakh terms used in this article be retained in Kazakh. The nomads deserve it. The first riddle: The key of all calendar mysteries is “amal” Thus, from year to year I began to understand the “forgotten language” not only of Togys esebi, but also other ancient calendars, such as the calendar of ancient Rome, up to the Gregorian Calendar. [94] To be honest, among all the ancient calendars I was strongly attracted by the mysterious Mayan and Aztec calendars. Although at the very beginning there was no evidence, but deep in my thoughts I felt some kind of parallel connection between the nomad calendars and the Mayan-Aztec calendars. Approximately 5 years ago, inspiration started in my thoughts and I began to clearly feel these invisible connections. When I say and write that the ancient Romans used in their calculations 7.4 days (7 days 9 hours 36 minutes), nomads 7 and 9.1 days (9 days 2 hours 24 minutes), and the Mayan-Aztecs used 7 days, 9.1 days and 18.2 days (18 days 4 hours 48 minutes), I feel a shudder of mind and amazement of readers and scholars. How is this possible!? There is nothing supernatural or incomprehensible in my words. Everything is very simple. The ancient priests did not use these "amal with a fraction" as I set out. They used it in another simple way, i.e., rounding a fraction until it reaches an integer: 1. Ancient Romans: 7.4 days × 5 "amal" = 37 days 2. 7 days × 3 “amal” + 8 days × 2 “amal” = 21 + 16 = 37 days 3. Ancient nomads: 9.1 days × 10 "amal" = 91 days 4. 7 days × 13 "amal" = 91 days ÷ 10 amal = 9.1 days 5. 9 days × 9 “amal” + 10 days = 81 + 10 = 91 days 6. 9 days × 10 "amal" + 1 days = 90 + 1 = 91 days 7. Ancient Maya: 18.2 days × 5 "amal" = 91 days 8. 18 days × 4 “amal” + 19 days = 72 + 19 = 91 days 9. 18 days × 5 "amal" + 1 days = 90 + 1 = 91 days, etc. 1. Ancient Romans: 7,4 days ≈ 7 days 9 hours 36 minutes 7.4 days × 4 amal = 29.6 days × 12 months = 355.2 days 7.4 days × 48 amal = 355.2 days ÷ 13 months = 27.323 days 7.4 days × 51 amal = 377.4 days ÷ 14 months = 26.96 days Note: In the Julian and Gregorian Calendars, 9 months (from January to September) in simple years is 273 days, and in leap years, 274 days: 31 + 28 (29) + 31 + 30 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 31 + 30 = 273 (274) days 145 27,3 (27,4) × 10 months = 273 (274) days ÷ 9 months = 30.33 (30,44) days, etc. 2. Ancient nomads and Kazakhs: 9.1 days ≈ 9 days 2 hours 24 minutes: 9.1 days × 3 amal = 27.3 days × 10 months = 273 days 9.1 days × 30 amal = 273 days ÷ 7 days = 39 weeks 9.1 days × 40 amal = 364 days ÷ 7 days = 40 weeks 9.1 days × 90 amal = 819 days ÷ 9 days = 91 weeks 27 × 28 = 756 + 9 = 765 days ÷ 28 months = 27.3214286 days (Togyz tasil), etc. 3. Ancient Maya and the Aztecs: 18.2 days ≈ 18 days 4 hours 48 minutes: 18.2 days × 20 amal = 364 days ÷ 7 days = 40 weeks 18.2 days × 45 amal = 819 days ÷ 3 years = 273 days 364 days × 5 years = 1820 days ÷ 7 years = 260 days 260 days × 4 years = 1,040 days ÷ 3 years = 346.667 days, etc. Table 9. [1] Table 9. Example of short periods (amal) of ancient Rome, nomads (Kazakhs) and Mayans and Aztecs No 7,4 day No 29,6 Ancient Rome 29,530589 Nomads Kazakhs 27,321662 No 18,2 day 3 amal 9,1 day 27,3 5 amal 91 Mayans Aztecs 9,1 4 amal 8 amal 59,2 59,061178 6 amal 54,6 54,643323 10 amal 182 18,2 12 amal 88,8 88,591767 9 amal 81,9 81,964985 15 amal 273 27,3 16 amal 118,4 118,12236 12 amal 109,2 109,28665 20 amal 364 28 20 amal 148 147,65294 15 amal 136,5 136,60831 25 amal 455 24 amal 177,6 177,18353 18 amal 163,8 163,92997 30 amal 546 28 amal 207,2 206,71412 21 amal 191,1 191,25163 35 amal 637 32 amal 236,8 236,24471 24 amal 218,4 218,57329 40 amal 728 364 36 amal 266,4 265,7753 27 amal 245,7 245,89495 45 amal 819 27,3 40 amal 296 295,30589 30 amal 273 273,21662 50 amal 910 91 44 amal 325,6 324,83648 33 amal 300,3 300,53828 55 amal 1001 48 amal 355,2 354,36707 36 amal 327,6 327,85994 60 amal 1092 48 amal 355 355,2 39 amal 354,9 355,1816 65 amal 1183 99 amal 377 732,6 40 amal 364 364 70 amal 1274 147 amal 355 1087,8 78 amal 709,8 355 75 amal 1365 198 amal 378 1465,2 120 amal 1092 382 80 amal 1456 146 27,3-28 364 The second riddle: Why are “Months of two brothers” needed? What role does “Eki agaiyndy ailar” (“Months in pairs” or literally “Months of two brothers”) play in Togys esebi? We briefly explain the essence of the issue. As we already know, the number of days in a months of Togys esebi is either 27 or 28. Contrasted with Togys esebi, in the lunar calendar the months consist of 29 and 30 days. In the Julian and Gregorian Calendars the months consist of 28, 29, 30 and 31 days. If we take the entire range of nomad calendars, then the months in the "Togyz tarmak" calendar consist of 40 days, the "Tort toksan" calendar consists of 90 days, the "Ush bunak" calendar contains 120 days, etc. [12] [95] [96] [97] For this reason, some months of the lunar calendar (29-30 days) or the solar calendar (28-31 days) correspond to two months of Togys esebi. For example, 1) 1-28 – continuation 29- and onwards; 2) 1-29 – continuation 30- and onwards; 3) the beginning in the 1st month before 1 – continuation 229 – 30- and further; 4) the beginning in the 1st month before 1 – continuation 2-30 – 31- and further; 5) the beginning in the 1st month to 2 – continuation 3-30 – 31- and further; 4) the beginning in the 1st month to 2 – continuation 3-31, etc. Such months the nomads called "Eki agayindy ailar" ("Months in pairs" or literally "Months of two brothers"). As a clear example of what has been said, we can give a concrete example: 1. In 2019, 1 togys aiy begins on May 6 and ends on June 1 2. In 2019, 25 togys aiy begins June 2 and ends June 28 3. In 2019, 23 togys aiy begins on June 29 and ends on July 26 In the above example, "Eki agayindy ailar" is June 2 and 29. But for some reason, our ancestors forgot (or we forgot) to tell us why we need these "months of two brothers". Usually, in 80-90% of cases, on the eve or on the day when the covering of Pleiades by the Moon occurs, it is not only local weather that is getting worse. The same weather change occurs throughout Eurasia or partially in the northern hemisphere. I have often noticed this climate phenomenon on international TV channels. However, why this happens and what precedes it, not only I, but probably nobody, knows. This is not mysticism or superstition. This change was felt by all living things (people, animals and plants) without exception. We sincerely hope that scholars studying the subject of “covering, occultation” [98] will pay attention to these riddles. If the world's climatologists and meteorologists begin to compare covering of Pleiades by the Moon dates with archived meteorological service [99] forecasts, they will be surprised that I am not exaggerating. But I noticed something strange several times. If the weather worsens in the 1st month of "Eki agaiyndy ailar", then in the 2nd month of "Eki agaiyndy ailar" this does not happen. Why, I again do not know! 147 The third riddle: Why is “precession” going faster? The constellation "Leo" is called by Kazakhs "Kambar zhuldyzy”. After the end of the Pleiades covering, in 6-7 days the Moon covers the constellation “Leo”. The Kazakhs call this covering “Ai men Kambardin togysy” (literally “covering of Kambar by the Moon”). The heaviest and worst of the worst covering of the current year is considered “Akpan men Kambardin togysy” (literally “covering Akpan and Kambar”). These are 9 togys aiy. This togys ayi corresponds to the end of January and the beginning of February. Usually, when the Moon approaches the star Regulus (α Leonis, Kambardin Oti [Bile Kambar]) the Kazakhs do not embark on a journey. However, in all materials relating to Togys esebi, it is written that 9 togys aiy correspond to the end of January and the beginning of February. On the date indicated here at this time corresponds to 7 togys aiy. This togys aiy corresponds to dates from January 20 to February 16. The Kazakhs called this period of the year “Zhuannyn zhiniskerip, zhinishkenin uziletin kezi”. This literally means, “Thick fat becomes thin, and thin will break like a thread.” In the semantic meaning, it means, “The rich man becomes poor, and the poor remains nothing.” Naturally, the question arises: How in such a short time (about 300-400 years) did the season of the year shift by almost a whole month consisting of 28 days? According to the modern scientific definition, for such an offset of the month approximately 1976 years should have passed: 28 days ÷ 0.014172602 = 1975.64 years. The fourth riddle: Is there a connection between the "barrow" and "calendars"? In the endless Kazakh steppes, where there is no living soul, there are many strange barrows (korgan, oba, tobe) of various types and forms. Usually these barrows (korgan) are located on mountain ranges, elevated or hilly terrain. It seems to me that the so-called “moustached” or “lunisolar barrow” resemble the usual form of the celestial “analemma” [100], but painted on the ground. For clarity, I will give the geographical coordinates of some of these barrow. You can view them online using “Google Maps” and “Google Earth”. [67] I immediately warn readers that these barrows are thousands of years old, so they are barely visible: 50°02'29.97” N, 66°20'47.22" E (near the village of Shieli) 50°20'04.38” N, 65°31'48.82" E (near the village of Amangeldi) 51°21'37.46” N, 64°01'16.93" E (near the village of N,auryzym) 50°22'09.71” N, 66°08'29.39" E (near the town of Arkalyk) 51°06'23.52” N, 65°24'19.29" E (near the village of Aksai) 50°05'37.74” N, 65°15'17.79" E (near the village of Tort Con) 50°05'27.51” N, 65°28'35.92" E (near the village of Agashkol) 148 51°33'53.10” N, 58°41'11.31" E (Russia, Novoaktyubinsk). However, this mound was built not by Russians, but by nomads, etc. And also in the Kazakh steppes recently found futuristic forms of barrow (geoglyph), the purpose of which is still unknown. But since these barrows occupy vast areas, the nomads obviously did not build these barrows for entertainment. 1. Urpek swastika from three horns: GPS: 50°06'09.82"N 65°21'40.90"E (142 m. × 219 m. × 230 m.), Kostanay region, Amankeldy district, village Urpek. 2. Ushtogay square: GPS: 50 ° 49'58.48 "N 65 ° 19'34.70" E (290 m. × 294 m.), Kostanay region, Amankeldy district, village Ushtogai. 3. Kaiyndi square with five rings: GPS: 50 ° 01'39.28 "N 65 ° 59'57.34" E (219 m. × 224 m.), Kostanay region, Arkalyk district, village Kaiyndy. [102] The mounds (geoglyph) “Ustyurt Arrows”, the length of each of which is about 900-1000 meters, look even stranger. The author of this article found, between coordinates 45 °33'19.69 N, 56 °46'18.71 E to 45°28'16.16 N, 58°9'8.50" E, about 40 such arrows and about 10 more strange forms of the mound (geoglyphs). ([1] pp. 78-79) Of the hundreds of such barrows, I single out three, which are clearly associated with the “Urker esebi” and “Zhuldyz esebi” and “Togys esebi” calendars. 1. Double barrow concerning “Urker Esebi” and “Zhuldyz Esebi” (GPS: 50°05'03,52"N 65°13'13,44"E): In the western side of the "lunar-solar korgan" there are 10 earthen barrows. These barrows stretching from the north-east to the south-west side, clearly indicate 10 sidereal months in Urker esebi: 27 × 7 + 28 × 3 = 189 + 84 = 273 ÷ 10 sidereal month = 27.3 days. In the northern hemisphere, covering of Pleiades by the Moon usually occurs on the southwest side. Apparently the unknown “Esepshi” who built this ancient mound was considered holy. Because a whole graveyard appeared near his grave. To bury a deceased person near holy people is an ancient tradition of the Kazakhs. By the way, near the cemetery you can still see about 8 barrows. This indicates the total number of years in the “Urker esebi” and “Zhuldyz esebi” cycles: 273 days × 8 years = 2184 days ÷ 6 years “Zhuldyz esebi” = 364 days. Probably from this place begins the long winding history of nomad calendars! 2. Barrow “Togys esebi” (GPS: 51°08'40,07"N 65°20'47,73"E): Unlike the previous barrow “Urker esebi” and “Zhuldyz esebi”, in this unusual barrow earthen mounds begin right from the western reference point of the “lunar-solar barrow”. In this barrow, earthen mounds also extend from the north-east to the south-west side. Where covering of Pleiades by the Moon usually takes place. In this barrow, the earthen mound does not consist of 10 barrows, but as many as 15 barrows. Usually in “Togys esebi” in regular years there are 13 months (togys aiy), and embolismic years there are 14 months (togys aiy). Where did 1 extra mound come from? 149 The unknown “Esepshi” who built this mound knew the structure and working principles of “Togys esebi” very well. In fact, in Togis esebi there are not only 13 or 14 phases of the moon, but there are 15 phases of the moon hidden from prying eyes. For example, after 1 togys aiy (neomenia), the 29th phase of the moon can follow. However, in the rules of Togys esebi never indicates 29 togys aiy, because somewhere in the middle of this year, 1 or 2 phases of the moon disappear unnoticed. Therefore, after 1 togys aiy there should always be 27 togys aiy or 25 togys aiy so that there will always be 13 or 14 months in that year. If we include 29 togys aiy this year, then there will be 15 months in a year or 410 days. Then such a calendar destroys the entire calendar cycle. Thousands of years ago this unknown Esepshi knew about this rule well. Even this Esepshi knew well that approximately every 9 years the "full" and "partial" covering of the Pleiades by the Moon changes places in the sky. Proof of this can be seen in the form of 9 mounds forming a closed ring (see the eastern part of the barrow). Barrow "37 warriors" (GPS: 48°25'48.20"N 74°27'30.84"E): This barrow has another name “Corpetai korgany” (the name of the mountain where this mound is located). The most important thing is not the name, but the sum of 37 figures. An exquisite view of this ancient barrow can be seen from these photos. [101] As we know from this article, the ancient version of “Togys esebi” had a 3-year cycle: 27.3 days × 40 togys aiy = 1092 days ÷ 37 tuar ai* = 29.51 days 28 days × 39 zhuldyz aiy = 1092 days ÷ 7 days = 156 weeks * 37 Tuar Ay is 37 synodic months. During the year when the Pleiades were not visible in the night sky (37-40 days) or when covering the Pleiades on the Moon occurred below the horizon, the nomads determined the exact beginning of each month using the lunar synodic months. Every menhir, every stone in this barrow had a special role of its own. If in the future in the barrow “37 warriors”, scientific research will be carried out from an archaeoastronomic point of view, perhaps we will understand the lunar theory of the nomads better. But, despite several archaeological excavations having been performed in this mound in different periods, many of the rules of conducting complex mathematics of the nomads have disappeared forever. The fifth riddle: the intellect of a mature scientist, with the formation of elementary school In ancient times, even the most advanced priests (Esepshi) could count only up to a hundred, maybe up to a thousand. They knew only the basic arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. I suspect that they are unlikely to have mastered the division of a column of fractional numbers written in binary, ternary, octal, hexadecimal and any other number system. However, despite this truth, something strange is happening in the world. Scientists armed with powerful telescopes and computers, are trying to unravel the most primitive calendar of the Maya and Aztec. This is similar to attaching to a horse-drawn cart the engine of a "Ford" or a "Mercedes". Sometimes I am afraid to ask myself, do we understand what we are doing? 150 All the facts written on the saved Maya codex show that the Maya people used three types of calendars in their daily lives: 1st type. 260 day calendar of eclipses of the Sun and the Moon: 260 days × 4 years = 1040 days ÷ 3 years = 346.66667 days. 2nd type. 819 day lunar sidereal calendar: 27.3 days × 30 sidereal month = 819 days. 3rd type. 364 day calendar (most likely a star calendar): 260 days × 7 years = 1820 days ÷ 5 years = 364 days 819 days × 4 years = 3276 days ÷ 9 years = 364 days To understand all this, you do not need to come up with complex formulas. It is enough to know the basic arithmetic operations consisting of "+" "-" "×" "÷". And that's all, nothing more is required! There are hundreds or thousands of materials on the Internet concerning the Mayan calendars. When you start reading these materials, your hair stands on end. These materials have such complex formulas that even the Maya priests did not dream of. If any reader or scientist is going to explore the nomad calendars, I ask only one thing. Remember, you are not going to study the "theory of relativity" or the "nuclear physics" of the ancient nomads. You will study the primitive ancient calendars of nomads. You do not need to be a genius who can only create complex formulas. Have "the intellect of a mature scientist, with the instruction of elementary school." Only then will the riddles of nomad calendars be opened. While I am alive, I will not allow anyone to spoil the history and culture of my holy ancestors! I wrote this article specifically not in scientific language, but in a free style. Because the chosen topic (nomad calendars) is very complicated. In addition, earlier on this topic, no one wrote. If I had written this complex topic in an even more complex scientific language, there would not have been so many readers. Worse, many readers would not have understood anything from what was written. For this reason, I specifically chose a free writing style. When many readers are already more or less familiar with the theory of the Kazakh national calendar, it is time to demonstrate it in practice. As I wrote at the beginning of my article, an Australian scientist who worked at the University of Derby (UK), Peter J. Meyer, made a great contribution to familiarizing the scientific world with the nomad calendars. Thank you so much for this noble cause. Kazakh people will always remember this merit. Fascinated with nomad calendars, the scientist Peter J. Meyer in a short time made full-fledged Windows software for conversion between Togys esebi dates and dates in the Gregorian Calendar – see https://www.hermetic.ch/knc/knc.htm. Below I will acquaint my readers with the software component “Kazakh Nomad Calendar 3.2”, associated with specific dates “Togys esebi”. 151 Below are 12 tables showing the 12-year cycle of nomad animals. This time span covers from 2008 to 2020. I will answer your preliminary questions related after reading these tables. 1. What is “Years and months in cycle 474”? 1) 12 years × 474 cycle = 5688 years – 2018 = 3670 BC 2) 3670 BC – This is the formal 1st year of the chronology of nomads. Note: in this program, «Kazakh Nomad Calendar 3.2», the time period starts from 1600 AD. To view these specific dates, for a small fee you need to buy a license from the author of the program Peter J. Meyer. I assure you it's worth it ... 2. In the second column, the name of the animal of the 9th year is changed from «Monkey» to the word «Meshin» (Urker – Pleiades). 3. The last 9th column shows the phases of the moon that correspond to “togys aylary” (4th column “Name of the month”). In columns 4 and 9 you can see one astronomical riddle in Togys esebi: 1) Any new year (1 togys aiy) on Togys esebi begins approximately from the phase of the moon corresponding to 1-3 days; 2) Any last year (3 togys aiy) on Togys esebi begins approximately from the phase of the moon corresponding to 3-5 days; 4. The value indicated in the remaining columns, I think, is clearly understood by the readers. The only thing missing in these tables is the indication of hours and minutes when covering the Pleiades by the Moon. Over time, this problem will be solved. For now, enjoy how the nomad calendar really works (Table 10-33). Years and Months in Cycle 474 (Table 10-21) Number of months in this cycle: 160 Number of days in this cycle: 4372 Average number of days per month: 27.325 Should be close to 27.322 * * * Years and Months in Cycle 475 (Table 22-33) Number of months in this cycle: 160 Number of days in this cycle: 4371 Average number of days per month: 27.319 Should be close to 27.322 152 Table 10. Years and months in cycle 474 (Mouse) 1 Year 2 3 Animal Month name number 01 Mouse 01 01 Mouse 02 01 Mouse 03 01 Mouse 04 01 Mouse 05 01 Mouse 06 01 Mouse 07 01 Mouse 08 01 Mouse 09 01 Mouse 10 01 Mouse 11 01 Mouse 12 01 Mouse 13 Number of days in year Mouse: 4 Month name 1 togys 25 togys 23 togys 21 togys 19 togys 17 togys 15 togys 13 togys 11 togys 9 togys 7 togys 5 togys 3 togys 5 Number of days 28 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 28 27 27 27 28 356 6 Gregorian date 2008-05-06 2008-06-03 2008-06-30 2008-07-27 2008-08-24 2008-09-20 2008-10-17 2008-11-14 2008-12-11 2009-01-08 2009-02-04 2009-03-03 2009-03-30 7 Day of week 8 JDN Tuesday Tuesday Monday Sunday Sunday Saturday Friday Friday Thursday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday 2,454,593 2,454,621 2,454,648 2,454,675 2,454,703 2,454,730 2,454,757 2,454,785 2,454,812 2,454,840 2,454,867 2,454,894 2,454,921 9 Age of Moon 1.0 days 28.4 days 26.5 days 24.6 days 22.5 days 20.3 days 18.1 days 15.9 days 13.6 days 11.3 days 8.8 days 6.3 days 3.9 days Table 11. Years and months in cycle 474 (Cow) Animal Month Year name number 02 Cow 01 02 Cow 02 02 Cow 03 02 Cow 04 02 Cow 05 02 Cow 06 02 Cow 07 02 Cow 08 02 Cow 09 02 Cow 10 02 Cow 11 02 Cow 12 02 Cow 13 Number of days in year Cow: Month name 1 togys 25 togys 23 togys 21 togys 19 togys 17 togys 15 togys 13 togys 11 togys 9 togys 7 togys 5 togys 3 togys Number of days 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 28 27 27 355 Gregorian date 2009-04-27 2009-05-24 2009-06-20 2009-07-18 2009-08-14 2009-09-10 2009-10-08 2009-11-04 2009-12-01 2009-12-29 2010-01-25 2010-02-22 2010-03-21 Day of week JDN Monday Sunday Saturday Saturday Friday Thursday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Tuesday Monday Monday Sunday 2,454,949 2,454,976 2,455,003 2,455,031 2,455,058 2,455,085 2,455,113 2,455,140 2,455,167 2,455,195 2,455,222 2,455,250 2,455,277 Age of Moon 1.7 days 29.1 days 27.2 days 25.3 days 23.3 days 21.3 days 19.1 days 17.0 days 14.8 days 12.6 days 10.2 days 7.7 days 5.1 days Table 12. Years and months in cycle 474 (Leopard) Animal Month number Year name 03 Leopard 01 03 Leopard 02 03 Leopard 03 03 Leopard 04 03 Leopard 05 03 Leopard 06 03 Leopard 07 03 Leopard 08 03 Leopard 09 03 Leopard 10 03 Leopard 11 03 Leopard 12 03 Leopard 13 03 Leopard 14 Number of days in year Leopard: Month name 1 togys 27 togys 25 togys 23 togys 21 togys 19 togys 17 togys 15 togys 13 togys 11 togys 9 togys 7 togys 5 togys 3 togys Number of days 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 27 382 Gregorian date 2010-04-17 2010-05-14 2010-06-11 2010-07-08 2010-08-04 2010-09-01 2010-09-28 2010-10-25 2010-11-22 2010-12-19 2011-01-15 2011-02-12 2011-03-11 2011-04-07 153 Day of week JDN Saturday Friday Friday Thursday Wednesday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Monday Sunday Saturday Saturday Friday Thursday 2,455,304 2,455,331 2,455,359 2,455,386 2,455,413 2,455,441 2,455,468 2,455,495 2,455,523 2,455,550 2,455,577 2,455,605 2,455,632 2,455,659 Age of Moon 2.7 days 0.5 days 27.9 days 25.9 days 23.9 days 21.9 days 19.8 days 17.7 days 15.6 days 13.4 days 11.2 days 8.8 days 6.3 days 3.8 days Table 13. Years and months in cycle 474 (Hare) Year Animal Month name number 04 Hare 01 04 Hare 02 04 Hare 03 04 Hare 04 04 Hare 05 04 Hare 06 04 Hare 07 04 Hare 08 04 Hare 09 04 Hare 10 04 Hare 11 04 Hare 12 04 Hare 13 Number of days in year Hare: Month name 1 togys 25 togys 23 togys 21 togys 19 togys 17 togys 15 togys 13 togys 11 togys 9 togys 7 togys 5 togys 3 togys Number of days 28 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 27 28 27 27 355 Gregorian date 2011-05-04 2011-06-01 2011-06-28 2011-07-25 2011-08-22 2011-09-18 2011-10-15 2011-11-12 2011-12-09 2012-01-05 2012-02-01 2012-02-29 2012-03-27 Day of week JDN Wednesday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Monday Sunday Saturday Saturday Friday Thursday Wednesday Wednesday Tuesday 2,455,686 2,455,714 2,455,741 2,455,768 2,455,796 2,455,823 2,455,850 2,455,878 2,455,905 2,455,932 2,455,959 2,455,987 2,456,014 Gregorian date 2012-04-23 2012-05-21 2012-06-17 2012-07-14 2012-08-11 2012-09-07 2012-10-04 2012-10-31 2012-11-28 2012-12-25 2013-01-21 2013-02-18 2013-03-17 Day of week JDN Monday Monday Sunday Saturday Saturday Friday Thursday Wednesday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Monday Sunday 2,456,041 2,456,069 2,456,096 2,456,123 2,456,151 2,456,178 2,456,205 2,456,232 2,456,260 2,456,287 2,456,314 2,456,342 2,456,369 Gregorian date 2013-04-13 2013-05-11 2013-06-07 2013-07-04 2013-07-31 2013-08-28 2013-09-24 2013-10-21 2013-11-18 2013-12-15 2014-01-11 2014-02-07 2014-03-07 2014-04-03 Day of week JDN Saturday Saturday Friday Thursday Wednesday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Monday Sunday Saturday Friday Friday Thursday 2,456,396 2,456,424 2,456,451 2,456,478 2,456,505 2,456,533 2,456,560 2,456,587 2,456,615 2,456,642 2,456,669 2,456,696 2,456,724 2,456,751 Age of Moon 1.4 days 28.7 days 26.4 days 24.3 days 22.2 days 20.2 days 18.1 days 16.0 days 13.8 days 11.6 days 9.4 days 7.1 days 4.8 days Table 14. Years and months in cycle 474 (Wolf) Year Animal Month name number 05 Wolf 01 05 Wolf 02 05 Wolf 03 05 Wolf 04 05 Wolf 05 05 Wolf 06 05 Wolf 07 05 Wolf 08 05 Wolf 09 05 Wolf 10 05 Wolf 11 05 Wolf 12 05 Wolf 13 Number of days in year Wolf: Month name 1 togys 25 togys 23 togys 21 togys 19 togys 17 togys 15 togys 13 togys 11 togys 9 togys 7 togys 5 togys 3 togys Number of days 28 27 27 28 27 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 355 Age of Moon 2.3 days 29.6 days 27.2 days 24.8 days 22.6 days 20.4 days 18.3 days 16.2 days 14.0 days 11.9 days 9.7 days 7.5 days 5.3 days Table 15. Years and months in cycle 474 (Snake) Animal Month number Year name 06 Snake 01 06 Snake 02 06 Snake 03 06 Snake 04 06 Snake 05 06 Snake 06 06 Snake 07 06 Snake 08 06 Snake 09 06 Snake 10 06 Snake 11 06 Snake 12 06 Snake 13 06 Snake 14 Number of days in year Snake: Month name 1 togys 27 togys 25 togys 23 togys 21 togys 19 togys 17 togys 15 togys 13 togys 11 togys 9 togys 7 togys 5 togys 3 togys Number of days 28 27 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 27 28 27 28 383 154 Age of Moon 3.1 days 0.8 days 28.0 days 25.6 days 23.3 days 21.0 days 18.7 days 16.5 days 14.4 days 12.2 days 9.9 days 7.8 days 5.7 days 3.6 days Table 16. Years and months in cycle 474 (Horse) Year Animal Month name number 07 Horse 01 07 Horse 02 07 Horse 03 07 Horse 04 07 Horse 05 07 Horse 06 07 Horse 07 07 Horse 08 07 Horse 09 07 Horse 10 07 Horse 11 07 Horse 12 07 Horse 13 Number of days in year Horse: Month name 1 togys 25 togys 23 togys 21 togys 19 togys 17 togys 15 togys 13 togys 11 togys 9 togys 7 togys 5 togys 3 togys Number of days 27 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 27 355 Gregorian date 2014-05-01 2014-05-28 2014-06-24 2014-07-21 2014-08-18 2014-09-14 2014-10-11 2014-11-08 2014-12-05 2015-01-01 2015-01-29 2015-02-25 2015-03-24 Day of week JDN Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Monday Sunday Saturday Saturday Friday Thursday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday 2,456,779 2,456,806 2,456,833 2,456,860 2,456,888 2,456,915 2,456,942 2,456,970 2,456,997 2,457,024 2,457,052 2,457,079 2,457,106 Gregorian date 2015-04-21 2015-05-18 2015-06-14 2015-07-12 2015-08-08 2015-09-04 2015-10-01 2015-10-29 2015-11-25 2015-12-23 2016-01-19 2016-02-15 2016-03-13 2016-04-10 Day of week JDN Tuesday Monday Sunday Sunday Saturday Friday Thursday Thursday Wednesday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Sunday Sunday 2,457,134 2,457,161 2,457,188 2,457,216 2,457,243 2,457,270 2,457,297 2,457,325 2,457,352 2,457,380 2,457,407 2,457,434 2,457,461 2,457,489 Gregorian date 2016-05-07 2016-06-04 2016-07-01 2016-07-28 2016-08-25 2016-09-21 2016-10-18 2016-11-15 2016-12-12 2017-01-09 2017-02-05 2017-03-04 2017-03-31 Day of week JDN Saturday Saturday Friday Thursday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Tuesday Monday Monday Sunday Saturday Friday 2,457,516 2,457,544 2,457,571 2,457,598 2,457,626 2,457,653 2,457,680 2,457,708 2,457,735 2,457,763 2,457,790 2,457,817 2,457,844 Age of Moon 1.5 days 28.8 days 26.6 days 24.2 days 21.9 days 19.6 days 17.3 days 15.0 days 12.8 days 10.5 days 8.3 days 6.1 days 4.0 days Table 17. Years and months in cycle 474 (Sheep) Animal Month Year name number 08 Sheep 01 08 Sheep 02 08 Sheep 03 08 Sheep 04 08 Sheep 05 08 Sheep 06 08 Sheep 07 08 Sheep 08 08 Sheep 09 08 Sheep 10 08 Sheep 11 08 Sheep 12 08 Sheep 13 08 Sheep 14 Number of days in year Sheep: Month name 1 togys 27 togys 25 togys 23 togys 21 togys 19 togys 17 togys 15 togys 13 togys 11 togys 9 togys 7 togys 5 togys 3 togys Number of days 27 27 28 27 27 27 28 27 28 27 27 27 28 27 382 Age of Moon 2.1 days 0.1 days 27.4 days 25.3 days 23.0 days 20.7 days 18.4 days 16.1 days 13.9 days 11.5 days 9.2 days 6.9 days 4.7 days 2.6 days Table 18. Years and months in cycle 474 (Meshin) Year Animal Month name number 09 Meshin 01 09 Meshin 02 09 Meshin 03 09 Meshin 04 09 Meshin 05 09 Meshin 06 09 Meshin 07 09 Meshin 08 09 Meshin 09 09 Meshin 10 09 Meshin 11 09 Meshin 12 09 Meshin 13 Number of days in year Meshin: Month name 1 togys 25 togys 23 togys 21 togys 19 togys 17 togys 15 togys 13 togys 11 togys 9 togys 7 togys 5 togys 3 togys Number of days 28 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 28 27 27 27 28 355 155 Age of Moon 0.7 days 28.2 days 26.2 days 24.2 days 22.0 days 19.7 days 17.5 days 15.2 days 12.9 days 10.5 days 8.0 days 5.7 days 3.4 days Table 19. Years and months in cycle 474 (Hen) Year Animal Month name number 10 Hen 01 10 Hen 02 10 Hen 03 10 Hen 04 10 Hen 05 10 Hen 06 10 Hen 07 10 Hen 08 10 Hen 09 10 Hen 10 10 Hen 11 10 Hen 12 10 Hen 13 Number of days in year Hen: Month name 1 togys 25 togys 23 togys 21 togys 19 togys 17 togys 15 togys 13 togys 11 togys 9 togys 7 togys 5 togys 3 togys Number of days 27 28 27 27 27 28 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 355 Gregorian date 2017-04-28 2017-05-25 2017-06-22 2017-07-19 2017-08-15 2017-09-11 2017-10-09 2017-11-05 2017-12-03 2017-12-30 2018-01-26 2018-02-23 2018-03-22 Day of week JDN Friday Thursday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Monday Sunday Sunday Saturday Friday Friday Thursday 2,457,872 2,457,899 2,457,927 2,457,954 2,457,981 2,458,008 2,458,036 2,458,063 2,458,091 2,458,118 2,458,145 2,458,173 2,458,200 Gregorian date 2018-04-18 2018-05-15 2018-06-12 2018-07-09 2018-08-06 2018-09-02 2018-09-29 2018-10-26 2018-11-23 2018-12-20 2019-01-17 2019-02-13 2019-03-12 2019-04-08 Day of week JDN Wednesday Tuesday Tuesday Monday Monday Sunday Saturday Friday Friday Thursday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday 2,458,227 2,458,254 2,458,282 2,458,309 2,458,337 2,458,364 2,458,391 2,458,418 2,458,446 2,458,473 2,458,501 2,458,528 2,458,555 2,458,582 Gregorian date 2019-05-06 2019-06-02 2019-06-29 2019-07-27 2019-08-23 2019-09-19 2019-10-17 2019-11-13 2019-12-10 2020-01-07 2020-02-03 2020-03-01 2020-03-29 Day of week JDN Monday Sunday Saturday Saturday Friday Thursday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Tuesday Monday Sunday Sunday 2,458,610 2,458,637 2,458,664 2,458,692 2,458,719 2,458,746 2,458,774 2,458,801 2,458,828 2,458,856 2,458,883 2,458,910 2,458,938 Age of Moon 1.4 days 28.9 days 27.0 days 25.1 days 23.0 days 20.9 days 18.7 days 16.5 days 14.3 days 11.9 days 9.5 days 7.0 days 4.5 days Table 20. Years and months in cycle 474 (Dog) Animal Month Year name number 11 Dog 01 11 Dog 02 11 Dog 03 11 Dog 04 11 Dog 05 11 Dog 06 11 Dog 07 11 Dog 08 11 Dog 09 11 Dog 10 11 Dog 11 11 Dog 12 11 Dog 13 11 Dog 14 Number of days in year Dog: Month name 1 togys 27 togys 25 togys 23 togys 21 togys 19 togys 17 togys 15 togys 13 togys 11 togys 9 togys 7 togys 5 togys 3 togys Number of days 27 28 27 28 27 27 27 28 27 28 27 27 27 28 383 Age of Moon 2.3 days 0.2 days 27.7 days 25.7 days 23.8 days 21.8 days 19.7 days 17.5 days 15.4 days 13.2 days 10.8 days 8.4 days 5.8 days 3.4 days Table 21. Years and months in cycle 474 (Boar) Year Animal Month name number 12 Boar 01 12 Boar 02 12 Boar 03 12 Boar 04 12 Boar 05 12 Boar 06 12 Boar 07 12 Boar 08 12 Boar 09 12 Boar 10 12 Boar 11 12 Boar 12 12 Boar 13 Number of days in year Boar: Month name 1 togys 25 togys 23 togys 21 togys 19 togys 17 togys 15 togys 13 togys 11 togys 9 togys 7 togys 5 togys 3 togys Number of days 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 355 156 Age of Moon 1.1 days 28.4 days 26.3 days 24.3 days 22.3 days 20.3 days 18.2 days 16.1 days 13.9 days 11.7 days 9.4 days 7.0 days 4.5 days Table 22. Years and months in cycle 475 (Mouse) 1 Year 2 3 Animal Month name number 01 Mouse 01 01 Mouse 02 01 Mouse 03 01 Mouse 04 01 Mouse 05 01 Mouse 06 01 Mouse 07 01 Mouse 08 01 Mouse 09 01 Mouse 10 01 Mouse 11 01 Mouse 12 01 Mouse 13 Number of days in year Mouse: 4 Month name 1 togys 25 togys 23 togys 21 togys 19 togys 17 togys 15 togys 13 togys 11 togys 9 togys 7 togys 5 togys 3 togys 5 Number of days 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 355 6 Gregorian date 2020-04-25 2020-05-22 2020-06-19 2020-07-16 2020-08-12 2020-09-09 2020-10-06 2020-11-02 2020-11-29 2020-12-27 2021-01-23 2021-02-19 2021-03-19 7 Day of week 8 JDN Saturday Friday Friday Thursday Wednesday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Sunday Sunday Saturday Friday Friday 2,458,965 2,458,992 2,459,020 2,459,047 2,459,074 2,459,102 2,459,129 2,459,156 2,459,183 2,459,211 2,459,238 2,459,265 2,459,293 9 Age of Moon 2.1 days 29.3 days 27.0 days 24.8 days 22.7 days 20.7 days 18.6 days 16.5 days 14.4 days 12.2 days 10.0 days 7.8 days 5.5 days Table 23. Years and months in cycle 475 (Cow) Animal Month Year name number 02 Cow 01 02 Cow 02 02 Cow 03 02 Cow 04 02 Cow 05 02 Cow 06 02 Cow 07 02 Cow 08 02 Cow 09 02 Cow 10 02 Cow 11 02 Cow 12 02 Cow 13 02 Cow 14 Number of days in year Cow: Month name 1 togys 27 togys 25 togys 23 togys 21 togys 19 togys 17 togys 15 togys 13 togys 11 togys 9 togys 7 togys 5 togys 3 togys Number of days 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 27 28 27 382 Gregorian date 2021-04-15 2021-05-12 2021-06-08 2021-07-06 2021-08-02 2021-08-29 2021-09-26 2021-10-23 2021-11-19 2021-12-17 2022-01-13 2022-02-09 2022-03-08 2022-04-05 Day of week JDN Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Tuesday Monday Sunday Sunday Saturday Friday Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Tuesday 2,459,320 2,459,347 2,459,374 2,459,402 2,459,429 2,459,456 2,459,484 2,459,511 2,459,538 2,459,566 2,459,593 2,459,620 2,459,647 2,459,675 Age of Moon 3.1 days 0.6 days 27.9 days 25.5 days 23.2 days 21.0 days 18.9 days 16.8 days 14.6 days 12.5 days 10.3 days 8.1 days 6.0 days 3.8 days Table 24. Years and months in cycle 475 (Leopard) Animal Month number Year name 03 Leopard 01 03 Leopard 02 03 Leopard 03 03 Leopard 04 03 Leopard 05 03 Leopard 06 03 Leopard 07 03 Leopard 08 03 Leopard 09 03 Leopard 10 03 Leopard 11 03 Leopard 12 03 Leopard 13 Number of days in year Leopard: Month name 1 togys 25 togys 23 togys 21 togys 19 togys 17 togys 15 togys 13 togys 11 togys 9 togys 7 togys 5 togys 3 togys Number of days 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 27 28 27 355 Gregorian date 2022-05-02 2022-05-29 2022-06-26 2022-07-23 2022-08-19 2022-09-16 2022-10-13 2022-11-09 2022-12-07 2023-01-03 2023-01-30 2023-02-26 2023-03-26 157 Day of week JDN Monday Sunday Sunday Saturday Friday Friday Thursday Wednesday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Sunday Sunday 2,459,702 2,459,729 2,459,757 2,459,784 2,459,811 2,459,839 2,459,866 2,459,893 2,459,921 2,459,948 2,459,975 2,460,002 2,460,030 Age of Moon 1.5 days 28.8 days 26.4 days 24.0 days 21.7 days 19.5 days 17.3 days 15.1 days 12.9 days 10.6 days 8.4 days 6.3 days 4.3 days Table 25. Years and months in cycle 475 (Hare) Year Animal Month name number 04 Hare 01 04 Hare 02 04 Hare 03 04 Hare 04 04 Hare 05 04 Hare 06 04 Hare 07 04 Hare 08 04 Hare 09 04 Hare 10 04 Hare 11 04 Hare 12 04 Hare 13 04 Hare 14 Number of days in year Hare: Month name 1 togys 27 togys 25 togys 23 togys 21 togys 19 togys 17 togys 15 togys 13 togys 11 togys 9 togys 7 togys 5 togys 3 togys Number of days 28 27 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 28 383 Gregorian date 2023-04-22 2023-05-20 2023-06-16 2023-07-13 2023-08-09 2023-09-06 2023-10-03 2023-10-30 2023-11-27 2023-12-24 2024-01-20 2024-02-17 2024-03-15 2024-04-11 Day of week JDN Saturday Saturday Friday Thursday Wednesday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Monday Sunday Saturday Saturday Friday Thursday 2,460,057 2,460,085 2,460,112 2,460,139 2,460,166 2,460,194 2,460,221 2,460,248 2,460,276 2,460,303 2,460,330 2,460,358 2,460,385 2,460,412 Gregorian date 2024-05-09 2024-06-05 2024-07-02 2024-07-30 2024-08-26 2024-09-22 2024-10-20 2024-11-16 2024-12-13 2025-01-10 2025-02-06 2025-03-05 2025-04-02 Day of week JDN Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Tuesday Monday Sunday Sunday Saturday Friday Friday Thursday Wednesday Wednesday 2,460,440 2,460,467 2,460,494 2,460,522 2,460,549 2,460,576 2,460,604 2,460,631 2,460,658 2,460,686 2,460,713 2,460,740 2,460,768 Gregorian date 2025-04-29 2025-05-26 2025-06-23 2025-07-20 2025-08-16 2025-09-13 2025-10-10 2025-11-06 2025-12-04 2025-12-31 2026-01-28 2026-02-24 2026-03-23 Day of week JDN Tuesday Monday Monday Sunday Saturday Saturday Friday Thursday Thursday Wednesday Wednesday Tuesday Monday 2,460,795 2,460,822 2,460,850 2,460,877 2,460,904 2,460,932 2,460,959 2,460,986 2,461,014 2,461,041 2,461,069 2,461,096 2,461,123 Age of Moon 2.2 days 0.1 days 27.4 days 25.1 days 22.7 days 20.4 days 18.1 days 15.9 days 13.6 days 11.3 days 9.1 days 6.9 days 4.8 days 2.8 days Table 26. Years and months in cycle 475 (Wolf) Year Animal Month name number 05 Wolf 01 05 Wolf 02 05 Wolf 03 05 Wolf 04 05 Wolf 05 05 Wolf 06 05 Wolf 07 05 Wolf 08 05 Wolf 09 05 Wolf 10 05 Wolf 11 05 Wolf 12 05 Wolf 13 Number of days in year Wolf: Month name 1 togys 25 togys 23 togys 21 togys 19 togys 17 togys 15 togys 13 togys 11 togys 9 togys 7 togys 5 togys 3 togys Number of days 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 355 Age of Moon 0.8 days 28.2 days 26.1 days 23.9 days 21.7 days 19.4 days 17.1 days 14.8 days 12.5 days 10.1 days 7.8 days 5.5 days 3.4 days Table 27. Years and months in cycle 475 (Snake) Animal Month number Year name 06 Snake 01 06 Snake 02 06 Snake 03 06 Snake 04 06 Snake 05 06 Snake 06 06 Snake 07 06 Snake 08 06 Snake 09 06 Snake 10 06 Snake 11 06 Snake 12 06 Snake 13 Number of days in year Snake: Month name 1 togys 25 togys 23 togys 21 togys 19 togys 17 togys 15 togys 13 togys 11 togys 9 togys 7 togys 5 togys 3 togys Number of days 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 28 27 27 27 355 158 Age of Moon 1.5 days 28.9 days 27.0 days 25.0 days 22.9 days 20.7 days 18.4 days 16.1 days 13.8 days 11.5 days 9.1 days 6.6 days 4.3 days Table 28. Years and months in cycle 475 (Horse) Year Animal Month name number 07 Horse 01 07 Horse 02 07 Horse 03 07 Horse 04 07 Horse 05 07 Horse 06 07 Horse 07 07 Horse 08 07 Horse 09 07 Horse 10 07 Horse 11 07 Horse 12 07 Horse 13 07 Horse 14 Number of days in year Horse: Month name 1 togys 27 togys 25 togys 23 togys 21 togys 19 togys 17 togys 15 togys 13 togys 11 togys 9 togys 7 togys 5 togys 3 togys Number of days 28 27 28 27 27 27 28 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 383 Gregorian date 2026-04-19 2026-05-17 2026-06-13 2026-07-11 2026-08-07 2026-09-03 2026-09-30 2026-10-28 2026-11-24 2026-12-22 2027-01-18 2027-02-14 2027-03-14 2027-04-10 Day of week JDN Sunday Sunday Saturday Saturday Friday Thursday Wednesday Wednesday Tuesday Tuesday Monday Sunday Sunday Saturday 2,461,150 2,461,178 2,461,205 2,461,233 2,461,260 2,461,287 2,461,314 2,461,342 2,461,369 2,461,397 2,461,424 2,461,451 2,461,479 2,461,506 Gregorian date 2027-05-07 2027-06-04 2027-07-01 2027-07-28 2027-08-25 2027-09-21 2027-10-18 2027-11-15 2027-12-12 2028-01-08 2028-02-05 2028-03-03 2028-03-30 Day of week JDN Friday Friday Thursday Wednesday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Monday Sunday Saturday Saturday Friday Thursday 2,461,533 2,461,561 2,461,588 2,461,615 2,461,643 2,461,670 2,461,697 2,461,725 2,461,752 2,461,779 2,461,807 2,461,834 2,461,861 Gregorian date 2028-04-27 2028-05-24 2028-06-20 2028-07-18 2028-08-14 2028-09-10 2028-10-07 2028-11-04 2028-12-01 2028-12-28 2029-01-25 2029-02-21 2029-03-20 Day of week Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Tuesday Monday Sunday Saturday Saturday Friday Thursday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Age of Moon 2.2 days 0.3 days 27.7 days 25.8 days 23.9 days 21.8 days 19.6 days 17.4 days 15.2 days 12.9 days 10.5 days 8.0 days 5.5 days 3.2 days Table 29. Years and months in cycle 475 (Sheep) Animal Month Year name number 08 Sheep 01 08 Sheep 02 08 Sheep 03 08 Sheep 04 08 Sheep 05 08 Sheep 06 08 Sheep 07 08 Sheep 08 08 Sheep 09 08 Sheep 10 08 Sheep 11 08 Sheep 12 08 Sheep 13 Number of days in year Sheep: Month name 1 togys 25 togys 23 togys 21 togys 19 togys 17 togys 15 togys 13 togys 11 togys 9 togys 7 togys 5 togys 3 togys Number of days 28 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 28 356 Age of Moon 1.0 days 28.4 days 26.5 days 24.6 days 22.6 days 20.5 days 18.3 days 16.2 days 14.0 days 11.8 days 9.4 days 6.9 days 4.3 days Table 30. Years and months in cycle 475 (Meshin) Year Animal Month name number 09 Meshin 01 09 Meshin 02 09 Meshin 03 09 Meshin 04 09 Meshin 05 09 Meshin 06 09 Meshin 07 09 Meshin 08 09 Meshin 09 09 Meshin 10 09 Meshin 11 09 Meshin 12 09 Meshin 13 Number of days in year Meshin: Month name 1 togys 25 togys 23 togys 21 togys 19 togys 17 togys 15 togys 13 togys 11 togys 9 togys 7 togys 5 togys 3 togys Number of days 27 27 28 27 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 28 355 159 JDN 2,461,889 2,461,916 2,461,943 2,461,971 2,461,998 2,462,025 2,462,052 2,462,080 2,462,107 2,462,134 2,462,162 2,462,189 2,462,216 Age of Moon 1.9 days 29.2 days 27.1 days 25.1 days 23.1 days 21.0 days 18.9 days 16.8 days 14.7 days 12.5 days 10.3 days 7.9 days 5.5 days Table 31. Years and months in cycle 475 (Hen) Year Animal Month name number 10 Hen 01 10 Hen 02 10 Hen 03 10 Hen 04 10 Hen 05 10 Hen 06 10 Hen 07 10 Hen 08 10 Hen 09 10 Hen 10 10 Hen 11 10 Hen 12 10 Hen 13 10 Hen 14 Number of days in year Hen: Month name 1 togys 27 togys 25 togys 23 togys 21 togys 19 togys 17 togys 15 togys 13 togys 11 togys 9 togys 7 togys 5 togys 3 togys Number of days 27 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 382 Gregorian date 2029-04-17 2029-05-14 2029-06-10 2029-07-07 2029-08-04 2029-08-31 2029-09-27 2029-10-25 2029-11-21 2029-12-18 2030-01-15 2030-02-11 2030-03-10 2030-04-07 Day of week JDN Tuesday Monday Sunday Saturday Saturday Friday Thursday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Tuesday Monday Sunday Sunday 2,462,244 2,462,271 2,462,298 2,462,325 2,462,353 2,462,380 2,462,407 2,462,435 2,462,462 2,462,489 2,462,517 2,462,544 2,462,571 2,462,599 Gregorian date 2030-05-04 2030-05-31 2030-06-27 2030-07-25 2030-08-21 2030-09-17 2030-10-15 2030-11-11 2030-12-08 2031-01-04 2031-02-01 2031-02-28 2031-03-27 Day of week JDN Saturday Friday Thursday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Tuesday Monday Sunday Saturday Saturday Friday Thursday 2,462,626 2,462,653 2,462,680 2,462,708 2,462,735 2,462,762 2,462,790 2,462,817 2,462,844 2,462,871 2,462,899 2,462,926 2,462,953 Gregorian date 2031-04-24 2031-05-21 2031-06-17 2031-07-14 2031-08-11 2031-09-07 2031-10-04 2031-11-01 2031-11-28 2031-12-25 2032-01-22 2032-02-18 2032-03-16 Day of week JDN Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Monday Sunday Saturday Saturday Friday Thursday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday 2,462,981 2,463,008 2,463,035 2,463,062 2,463,090 2,463,117 2,463,144 2,463,172 2,463,199 2,463,226 2,463,254 2,463,281 2,463,308 Age of Moon 3.0 days 0.6 days 27.8 days 25.6 days 23.4 days 21.3 days 19.3 days 17.2 days 15.0 days 12.9 days 10.7 days 8.5 days 6.2 days 3.9 days Table 32. Years and months in cycle 475 (Dog) Animal Month Year name number 11 Dog 01 11 Dog 02 11 Dog 03 11 Dog 04 11 Dog 05 11 Dog 06 11 Dog 07 11 Dog 08 11 Dog 09 11 Dog 10 11 Dog 11 11 Dog 12 11 Dog 13 Number of days in year Dog: Month name 1 togys 25 togys 23 togys 21 togys 19 togys 17 togys 15 togys 13 togys 11 togys 9 togys 7 togys 5 togys 3 togys Number of days 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 27 28 27 27 28 355 Age of Moon 1.5 days 28.7 days 26.3 days 23.9 days 21.7 days 19.5 days 17.4 days 15.3 days 13.1 days 10.9 days 8.7 days 6.6 days 4.4 days Table 33. Years and months in cycle 475 (Boar) Year Animal Month name number 12 Boar 01 12 Boar 02 12 Boar 03 12 Boar 04 12 Boar 05 12 Boar 06 12 Boar 07 12 Boar 08 12 Boar 09 12 Boar 10 12 Boar 11 12 Boar 12 12 Boar 13 Number of days in year Boar: Month name 1 togys 25 togys 23 togys 21 togys 19 togys 17 togys 15 togys 13 togys 11 togys 9 togys 7 togys 5 togys 3 togys Number of days 27 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 28 27 27 28 355 160 Age of Moon 2.2 days 29.5 days 27.2 days 24.8 days 22.4 days 20.1 days 17.9 days 15.7 days 13.5 days 11.2 days 9.0 days 6.9 days 4.8 days CONCLUSION In this article I could not include all the details and materials which reveal the whole essence of the calendars of the nomads and Togys esebi. But in my book [1] (unfortunately at present only in the Kazakh language) there is a more complete answer to all the questions that should arise after reading this article. This simple and forgotten agricultural calendar of nomads “Togys esebi” may surprise the world in more than one way, because there is some natural purity in it that the modern world has lost for a long time. In ancient times, people had not only intelligence, but also the instinct for preserving themselves and the world around us. Ancient nomads avoided greed and wisely used their natural resources. Because they were afraid of the wrath of Mother Nature, their minds always told them, if you take more than you need, it will be disastrous for you. To take something extra, they always asked Mother Nature to give permission. Therefore they often wandered through the expanses of the Eurasian continent, so that, on their return, the nature of these places would be fully restored. Of course in those days there was the same greed for wealth, lust for power, hatred for others, etc., as now. But these negative vices of humanity had a limit beyond which it was impossible to transgress. Unfortunately, all this is now in the past. The current generation of people and nomads often shows how they selfishly love wealth and power. For this, they are ready to sacrifice everything that Mother Earth has given them. I will not go into details, but the current generation of nomads, along with the rest of humanity, has reached bottom (or perhaps not yet). An intelligent look into the past will help us rise up again. 161 Bibliography 1. Kambar K.A., Kazakh National Calendar, Astana, 1985-2018, 824 pages, in Kazakh language. Publication is expected in 2019. 2. Rajib, Mukherjee, “Mayan Astronomy: The Scientific Achievements of an Ancient Civilization”, April 24, 2014 3. Diego de Landa (transl. William Gates), 1937 (1978), “Yucatan Before and After the Conquest”. An English translation of Landa's “Relación”. 4. Elizabeth Hill Boone, Walter Mignolo (1994), “Writing without words: alternative literacies in Mesoamerica and the Andes”, Duke University Press. 5. "O Códice de Dresden". World Digital Library. 1200–1250: https://www.wdl.org/pt/item/11621/ 6. “Kazakh culture and national traditions, Kazakh dwellings”: https://kazakhstan.orexca.com/kazakhstan_culture5.shtml 7. Otrar or Utrar (Kazakh: Отырар); also called Farab: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrar 8. “Soviet Union: Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, Famine in Kazakhstan of 1932-33”: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan 9. Simon Ertz (2005), "The Kazakh Catastrophe and Stalin's Order of Priorities, 1929-1933: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives" (PDF). Stanford's Student Journal of Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies 10. 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Source: “Hesiod's Works and Days”: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora%27s_box 46. Khasen Abishev, " Khalyk astronomiyasy" (People's astronomy), Almaty, publishing house "Kazmembaspa", 1959, p. 114 47. Kaldarkhan Aliseituly Kambar., "New look at the Modern Codification of the Mayan Calendar", April 17, 2018: https://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud/maya/Mayan_Calendar_New_Look.pdf and https://www.academia.edu/ 48. "HeritageNet – Kazakhstan", National Knowledge: http://www.heritagenet.unesco.kz/kz/content/duhov_culture/people_znan/znania.htm 49. The star calendar (unknown author): http://doclecture.net/1-7470.html 163 49a. Stellarium planetarium software, Version 0.18.2 50. Universal English-Russian dictionary "neomenia": https://universal_en_ru.academic.ru/1676099/neomenia 51. The New Moon (a.k.a. Dark Moon) is the first lunar phase, when the Moon and Sun have the same ecliptic longitude: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_moon 52. Nowruz (Persian: ‫ﻧﻮروز‬ Nowruz, [nouˈɾuːz], literally "new day"): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz 53. ECLIPSES AND THE MOON'S ORBIT, Fred Espenak & NASA's GSFC: https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/moonorbit.html 54. Types of months in astronomy: https://everipedia.org/wiki/Month/, https://wiki2.org/en/Month#Types_of_months_in_astronomy 55. The Ecliptic: the Sun's Annual Path on the Celestial Sphere: http://community.dur.ac.uk/john.lucey/users/solar_year.html 56. "Cl Melotte 22". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 200704-20. 57. F. Van Leeuwen, "Parallaxes and proper motions for 20 open clusters as based on the new Hipparcos catalogue", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2009, 497 (1): 209–242. arXiv:0902.1039. Bibcode:2009A&A...497..209V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811382. 58. Daniel J. Majaess et al., "Deep Infrared ZAMS Fits to Benchmark Open Clusters Hosting delta Scuti Stars", 2001, arXiv:1102.1705 [astro-ph.GA]. 59. S. M. Percival, et al., "The distance to the Pleiades. Main sequence fitting in the near infrared". Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2005, 429 (3): 887–894. arXiv:astro-ph/0409362. Bibcode:2005A&A...429..887P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041694. 60. N. Zwahlen et al., "A purely geometric distance to the binary star Atlas, a member of the Pleiades". Astronomy and Astrophysics Letters, 2004, 425 (3): L45. arXiv:astro-ph/0408430. Bibcode:2004A&A...425L..45Z. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200400062. 61. Open Cluster M45 , type 'c', in Taurus: http://www.messier.seds.org/m/m045.html 62. Occultations by the Moon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occultation 63. Occultations of bright stars by planets from the year 0 to 4000: http://www.pierpaoloricci.it/dati/occpiastelle_eng.htm 64. G.P.Können and J. Meeus, Occultation series of five stars: http://adsbit.harvard.edu/full/seri/JBAA./0082//0000433.000.html 65. List of astronomical instruments: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical_instruments 66. A map of sacral objects will be created in Kazakhstan: https://primeminister.kz/ru/news/all/vkazahstane-budet-sozdana-karta-sakralnih-obektov-14551 67. Google Maps and Google Earth: https://www.google.com/earth/desktop/ 68. Covering of the Pleiades by the Moon on August 23/24, 2008 in Moscow: http://www.astroalert.su/2008/04/13/occultpleiades20080823/ 69. Heliacal rising: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliacal_rising, Show Me a Dawn, or "Heliacal," Rising: http://solar-center.stanford.edu/AO/dawn-rising.html 70. Phases of the Moon, Principal and intermediate phases of the Moon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_phase 71. Nychthemeron (night and day): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nychthemeron 72. Precession: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precession 73. Equinox: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinox 74. March Equinox - Equal Day and Night, Nearly: https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/marchequinox.html 75. Inter Gravissimas Issued by Pope Gregory XIII, February 24, 1581/2: http://www.bluewaterarts.com/calendar/NewInterGravissimas.htm 76. Table of dates of Easter 2001–2025 (in Gregorian dates): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter 164 77. Akim of Pavlodar region B. Bakauov proposed to transfer the holiday of Nauryz from March 22 to the following April: https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/prazdnik-nauryiz-predlojiliperenesti-na-aprel-312553/ 78. Issyk kurgan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issyk_kurgan 79. Orkhon inscriptions: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkhon_inscriptions 80. Hesiod: "Works And Days", translated by Hugh G. Evelyn-White [1914]: http://www.sacredtexts.com/cla/hesiod/works.htm 81. "Nebra Sky Disc", UNESCO memory of the World, 2013: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebra_sky_disk The Nebra Sky Disk And The Pleiades., by Ancient Code: https://www.ancient-code.com/nebrasky-disk-pleiades/ 82. Marcus Terenti Varro for Agriculture (LacusCurtius – Varro On Agriculture – Book I): https://www.loebclassics.com/view/varro-agriculture/1934/pb_LCL283.165.xml; Vergiliae and Sidus Vergiliarum: http://www.constellationsofwords.com/stars/pleiades.html. 83. Sidereal, tropical, and anomalistic years (astronomical year): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year 84. G. E. Richards, E. G., Calendars, 2013. In S. E. Urban & P. K. Seidelmann (Eds.), Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac (3rd ed.). Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books. p. 586. 85. "Longitude, ecliptic" and "dynamical equinox", 2018. In "Glossary", The Astronomical Almanac Online. United States Naval Observatory. 86. Astronomical Almanac for the Year 2011, Washington and Taunton: U.S. Government Printing Office and the U.K. Hydrographic Office. 2009. p. M18 (Glossary). 87. International Earth Rotation and Reference System Service, 2010. IERS EOP PC Useful constants: http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/models/constants.html 88. Intercalation (timekeeping): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping) 89. Lunisolar calendar: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar 90. The Dzungar Khanate, also written as the Zunghar Khanate, was an Oirat khanate on the Eurasian Steppe: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate 91. Axial precession: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_precession 92. C. Y. Hohenkerk et al., "Celestial Reference Systems", in P. K. Seidelmann (ed.) Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. Sausalito: University Science Books. p. 99. 93. Kaler, James B. (2002). The ever-changing sky: a guide to the celestial sphere (Reprint), Cambridge University Press. p. 152. ISBN 978-0521499187. 94. S.I. Seleshnikov, History of the calendar and chronology, Popular science literature, history, chronology., USSR, Moscow, Science .: 1970. 224 p. (2nd ed.: 1972; 3rd ed .: 1977), p. 62 95. B. A. Kuftin, “Calendar and primitive astronomy of the Kyrgyz-Kazakh people”, Ethnographic Review, 1916, No.3. 96. People's knowledge of Kazakhs in the study of Kh.A.Arginbaev: https://articlekz.com/article/7198. In Russian. 97. N. A. Alimbai, et al., Traditional culture of life support of the Kazakhs: Essays on theory and history, Almaty, Gylym Publishing House, 1998. 98. International Occultation Timing Association (IOTA): http://www.lunaroccultations.com/iota/iotandx.htm or http://www.occultations.org/ 99. List of meteorology institutions: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteorology_institutions 100. Astronomical "Analemma": https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analemma 101. Steppe Geoglyphs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe_Geoglyphs 102. The observatory of the ancients. Mound 37 warriors. Boris Rezvantsev, photo: https://ru.35photo.pro/photo_1324777/ 165 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar Definition and establishment of Chronology of Turkic-speaking peoples and kazakhs Copyright 2018 Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published 15 December 2018 Introduction Recently an article by the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev “Seven Facets of the Great Steppe” (November 21, 2018) was published. [1] This historical and at the same time interesting article of the President begins literally with the following lines: Space is the measure of all things, time is the measure of all events. When the horizons of space and time merge, national history begins. And this is not just a beautiful aphorism... In other words, space and time are the material boundaries in which humanity and the society created by it develops through its incarnations. In this brief article we will talk about the reflection of space and time relative to the history of nomads, as well as in their calendar systems. As we all know, from a scientific point of view, the properties of space include length, unity of discontinuity and continuity. The properties of time are duration, non-repeatability, irreversibility. Our president, as usual, accurately conveys the thoughts of all the Kazakhs "where are we from and who are we in general?". This question I asked myself hundreds of times as a mere mortal. In the end, my children ask me this question. Similarly, in childhood I asked these questions to my father more than once. Today I want to express my opinion on this issue and share my thoughts with my readers from 48 countries of the world in “Academia.edu”. [2] PART 1: Unknown Relations between the Kushan Empire and the Kazakhs There were many nomadic empires in the history of Eurasia or in general in the northern hemisphere of the Earth. Judging by different sources, 13 nomadic empires appeared and faded in the territories of Kazakhstan and Central Asia: 1. Cimmerian Empire ([perhaps pra-kimak] 1300 BC – 714-626 BC); 2. The Empire of the Scythians (from the XI century BC – II century AD); 3. The Empire of the Sarmatians (6th century BC – 4th century BC); 4. Empire of the Xiongnu (between the 3rd century BC – AD 460); 5. The Kushan Empire (beginning of the 1st century AD – 225 AD); 6. Empire Xianbei (from 156 to 234 AD); 7. The Empire of the Ephtalites or the White Huns (5th century AD – half of the 6th century AD); 8. Empire of the Huns (mid-4th century – 447 and 453 AD); 9. Ruran Kaganate (from the end of the 4th century AD – VI century AD); 10. Turkic (Göktürks) kaganat (546 AD – 734 AD); 11. Uygur Khaganate (mid-VIII century AD – IX century AD); 12. The Mongol Empire (1206 – 1368 AD); 13. Timurid Empire (1370 AD – 1506 AD); [3] [4] [5] 14. The Kazakh Khanate or the Kazakh Horde (1456-1465 AD and to this day). [6] [7] 166 If we compare these empires with a broken mirror, then we can assume that their fragments are scattered throughout Kazakhstan and still barely shines in the sunlight. It is from this point of view that one can explain the tolerance of the Kazakh people to other (about 100) peoples and national minorities living side by side on one common territory. This proves that the Kazakhs not only remember their past history, but also respectfully treat those people who were once representatives of the above nomadic empire. If someone from Western scientists wants to explore the mysterious soul of the nomads, we ask them to come to Kazakhstan, while such as globalism, the Internet, market relations and other harmful "viruses" have not completely spoiled the nomads. It can be considered that the Saka-Scythian, Sarmatian-Hun, Kushan, and Turkic-Mongolian empires are a link in one chain. The history of all nomadic empires in ancient times was written in Greek, Chinese, Persian, Hindi and other languages. Therefore, naturally, their history is considered the most incomprehensible and full of contradictions. As they say, nomadic horsemen could always conquer new territories with a powerful force, but they never managed to write their history and chronology in an understandable language. The word "Nomad" in the Kazakh language is spoken and spelled as "Koshpendi". The root of this word is “kosh”, that is, “nomadize, lead a nomadic way of life”. From this point of view, I am particularly interested in the Kushan Empire. [8] Its very name, beginning with the word "kush" (kosh-nomad), tells me that this empire was really founded by nomads. However, unfortunately, the chroniclers of this empire were originally Greeks, then Sogdians and partly Chinese. Thus, the names of the rulers of the Kushan Empire changed beyond recognition (Heraios, Kujula Kadfiz, Wima Takto, Kanishka the Great, Vasishka, Huvishka and others). However, in these names one can distinguish some Turkic-Kazakh words and roots. For example, the founder of the Kushan empire, the emperor "Gereyos" in Kazakh, sounds like "Kerey." Currently, the tribal alliance of the Kazakhs have a tribe "Kerey" (Orta zhuz). And also one of the founders of the Kazakh horde in the XV century AD name is "Kerey Khan", [9] i.e. “ Heraios – Kerey” is the name of a person. There is surely something in common between these names that links the patterns of the event. After that, how can you say that history does not repeat ... Another name of the ruler "Kanishka" in the Kazakh language literally sounds like "Kanishken". Literally, this word translates as "blood drinker." In a semantic sense, this word means “to exterminate your enemies to the end.” The third name “Takto” is literally translated as “On the throne” and others. [10] The geographical area "Karakorum" (GPS: 47°12'3.91"N 102°50'35.17"E, in the Kazakh language "Black Old Cemetery") from where the Kushan Empire went on their military campaigns, in the later centuries became the center of the Turkic and Mongolian empires (1220-1260). Since our article considers the history and linguistics of nomads in part, we will leave the study of these facts to specialists. As an expert, we will consider the calendar and chronological system of nomads and the problems arising from these concepts. 167 Studying the Eurasian continent, the stars surrounding it and their movement, the nomads learned to measure space and time, developed methods and invented tools to measure them. They allowed them to observe the uneven rotation of the Earth, study the movements of celestial bodies: the sun, planets, stars and their clusters (Urker-Pleiades), determine the time and duration of events that occurred on the Eurasian continent thousands of years ago. The reference system of long periods of time in which a certain order of reference of days in a year is established and the epoch from which the count of years is kept is indicated is called a calendar. Currently, the only and undeniable chronology and nomad calendar exist very far from Kazakhstan. But since the Kazakh land was within these empires, the chronology and calendar under consideration literally concerns the Kazakhs. In the above-mentioned article of the President of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev, as one of the distinctive aspects (facets) of the Great Steppe, the animal style is given: “Our ancestors lived in complete harmony with the outside world and considered themselves an inseparable part of nature. This key principle of being formed the worldview and values of the peoples of the Great Steppe. The ancient inhabitants of Kazakhstan had a highly developed culture – they had their own writing and mythology." To be convinced of this, you do not need to be a genius. Animal style – reflected in the twelve-year animal cycle of nomads. It is this amazing cycle that will be our main theme. PART 2: The key to the chronological secret of nomads is in the Orkhon inscriptions. Chronology (from Latin chronologia, from Ancient Greek χρόνος, chrónos, "time"; and -λογία, logia) is the science of arranging events in their order of occurrence in time. [11] It is also "the determination of the actual temporal sequence of past events". [12] Historical (technical) chronology is a special historical discipline that studies the counting systems and calendars of different nations and states, and helps to establish the dates of historical events and the time of the creation of historical sources. [13] Approximately 40 km north of the famous Karakorum, Kultegin's tombstone was discovered (GPS: 47°33'38.83»N 102°50'27.06»E). This tombstone has two inscriptions, one small and one large. And another inscription Tonyukok was found on the banks of the Selenga. [14] [15] Big inscription in honor of Kultegin 53 (13) Kultegin passed away (lit.: 'flew away to Tengri') on the seventeenth day of the Sheep Year. We held (his) funeral on the twenty-seventh day of the ninth month. We finished his mausoleum, the statues and paintings, and his inscription stone on the twenty-seventh day of the seventh month, in the Monkey Year. Kultegin was at age of forty-seven. The Tuyyun Elteber brought all of these sculptors and painters. [16] Three things can be clearly understood in this inscription from a large stella: 1. At that time, the Turkic (Kokturk-Göktürks) Khaganate confidently used a twelve-year animal cycle (Year of the Sheep, Year of the Bichin-Mechin- Meshin-Pleiades), that is, they kept systematic records of the years in the cycles; 168 2. Years in cycles were divided into months (ninth month, seventh month); 3. The months of the year had a certain number of days (the seventeenth day, the twenty-seventh day); All these fundamental structures of a full-fledged calendar proves that nomads were not at all “savages” or “barbarians”, as many scientists think. All this, of course, is good news for the present descendants of those nomads who wrote these inscriptions. However, there is one discrepancy in these ancient datings. This problem concerns the twelve year animal cycle. For the rulers and ordinary subjects of the Turkic (Kokturk) Kaganate, this dating is quite understandable. Therefore, they did not consider it necessary to specify the sequence number of this cycle. Is it possible that such a principle of time synchronization did not exist in those days in the Turkic kaganate? This question can be answered categorically – no! Without the registration number of the 12-year cycle, after about 60-70 years, the Turkic (Kokturk) kaganate would have started to get confused in its chronology. Therefore, I assume that linguists have lost sight of a very important detail. They cannot be blamed for this omission, because they are not experts in this field. Among those who do not understand this question, the question may arise: why do we need to number each 12 year cycle of animals? Well, let's try to answer this naive and at the same time important question in detail. First, we must not forget that our nomadic twelve-year animal cycle is “firmly attached” to Christian chronology. Therefore, the “zero year” in the 12-year cycle always starts from the 9th year (Bichin-Mechin-Meshin-Pleiades). For this reason, when we calculate the 12-year cycle, we must always add the number 9. Secondly, when we establish our native (and not alien, like Christian chronology) nomadic chronology, in which the “zero year” begins with the Year of the Mouse, it will no longer be necessary to add the number “9”. Thirdly, according to the preliminary assumption of the author of this article, our ancestors left us this native nomadic chronology in encrypted form on the large stella of Kultegin. And this nomadic chronology is about 2700 years older than Christian chronology. To be clear to all readers, I will explain my arguments in order. Exactly in the form in which the large Stella of Kultegin stands, may not at all belong to the Turkic (Kokturk) kaganate. It may well belong, for example, to some Gunsku, Scythian or Kushan ruler. And no one can prove otherwise. Because dating in the tombstone of Kultegin, figuratively speaking, refers to «floating dating.» In short, we must not forget that in the times of the Scythians, the Huns, or the Kushan Empire, there was also the Year of the Sheep, the year of the BichinMechin-Meshin-Pleiades. Is not it? In this regard, a reasonable question arises. The discoverers of Kultegin's tombstones – N.М. Yadrintsev (1842-1894), V.L. Thomsen (Denmark. Vilhelm Ludwig Peter Thomsen, 1842-1927), S. E. Malov (1880-1957) and others for what reasons decided that the year of the Sheep in this stela corresponds to 731, and the year of Bechin-Mechin-Meshin- Pleiades corresponds to 732 AD? Where did they get (or see) the chronological date (zero year) of the Turkic (Kokturk) kaganate? 169 For example, 719, and also 743 AD or 734 BC, corresponds to the year – Sheep. Similarly, the year 720, as well as 744 AD or 733 BC – Corresponds to the year Bichin-Mechin-Meshin-Pleiades. However, these last two datings from BC belong to the empire of the Cimmerians (the very first empire of the nomads [pra-Kimak]). It is these paradoxical date correspondences that I call «floating dates.» Thus, all the characters in the tombstone of Kultegin can be rulers of the Cimmerian Empire. I repeat once again, all this cannot be taken verbatim, I say all this as an example. PART 3: Is it possible to restore the ancient chronology of nomads? However, in this place we are all surprised and pondered over one pressing issue. How such a civilized empire (Kokturk Kaganate) could make such an omission in an important matter. Here comes another thought: «maybe the linguists have translated something wrong.» All the same, between these two events (the construction of the stella and its decoding) more than a thousand years passed. And here we pay attention not to the complete translation of the text from the tombstone, but to the text itself, written in runic letters, and its transcription. We instinctively know that any dating of a document occurs at the end of the text. Thus several times carefully read the most recent 53 (13) paragraph. Literally in the last lines themselves we find the numbers «forty» and «seven.» Linguists translated this sentence as “Kultegin died forty-seven years old” (Figure 1: “Kültegin özi qïrq (forty) artuq jiti (seven) yašïn boltït”). Figure 1. Fragment (53 (13) paragraphs) of a large (stella) inscription in honor of Kultegin. Since the ancient Turkic language is more or less similar to Kazakh, I naturally have this question. What does the word “artuq” mean after the number “forty” and the word “yašïn” after the number “seven”? For example, on the aforementioned stella, the number “seventeen” is spelled “jeti jegirmeke” literally “seven twenty”, but the number “twenty seven” is written “jeti otuz” literally “seven thirty”. If we follow this rule, then the number “forty seven” should have been written as “jeti elu” literally “seven fifty”? Of course, I am not a linguist and not an expert in deciphering ancient runic letters. Therefore, I could be wrong. However, one thought to spin in my head and does not give me rest. And what if the number «forty» means the ordinal number of a set of large cycles at that time combined from several small 12 year cycles. For clarity of the chosen topic, we present all the cycles that are formed on the basis of the 12-year cycle: 170 1). 12 years × 2 cycles = 24 years; 2). 12 years × 3 cycles = 36 years; 3). 12 years × 4 cycles = 48 years; 4). 12 years × 5 cycles = 60 years; 5). 12 years × 6 cycles = 72 years; 6). 12 years × 7 cycle = 84 years; 7). 12 years × 8 cycles = 96 years; 8). 12 years × 10 cycles = 120 years; 9). 12 years × 25 cycles = 300 years, etc. For example, in his article on the 12-year cycle, I.V.Zakharova assumes the existence of a 24-year cycle both among the Huns and among the Turkic peoples, as well as among the Oguz-Kagan tribe. [17] As we all know, the ancient and modern Chinese use a 60-year cycle based on a 12-year cycle. [18] However, the 84-year cycle (the “Kultegin” cycle) is the most interesting among all the cycles and the suitable cycle for our goal. This cycle almost exactly corresponds to the orbital (sidereal) rotation period of the 7th planet of the solar system – Uranus, consisting of 84.0205 years. [19] According to astronomers, with a clear dark sky at the time of the opposition of Uranus with the Sun, it is visible with the naked eye. As for acute vision, our nomadic ancestors always differed from other peoples. [20] Suppose if nomads used this 84-year cycle of “Kultegin” in everyday life, then everything would fall into place: 1. 84 years × 40 cycle = 3360 years; 2. 12 years × 6 cycle = 72 years + 8 years (Year of the Sheep) = 80 years; 3. 3360 years + 80 years = 3440 years; 4. 3440 years – 731 years AD = 2709 BC (year Mouse – zero year); 5. 12 years × 6 = 72 years + 9 years (year of the Bichin-Pleiades) = 81 years; 6. 3360 years + 81 years = 3441 years. 7. 3441 years – 732 years AD = 2709 BC (year Mouse – zero year); The above chronology of nomads (Kokturk Kaganat) can be called a “tied date” to its chronological foundations. What this chronology of nomads looks like can be clearly seen in fragmentary form in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4. If all Turkic-speaking peoples and countries unanimously accept this chronology, then this actual topic can be considered closed. I sincerely hope that the descendants of those ancient nomads this time will show keen interest and solidarity in this vital matter. Another important point in these inscriptions from the large Stella of Kultegin is undoubtedly months and days. Through them we can find out, in those ancient times, what calendar did the Turkic (Kokturk) kaganat use? If we take the word «ai» (literally «month») after the digital (seven 171 and nine) designation of months as «togys ai», then these months can be considered as «7 togys ai» and «9 togys ai». If we consider that the days in the months on a large stela in two places do not exceed 27 days, then we can assume that the Turkic (Kokturk) kaganate in its vast territory officially used the unique calendar “Togys esebi”, in which the days in the months does not exceed 27-28 days. Based on these statements, it is then not difficult to establish the day of death and the day the erection (completion) of the large Stella Kultegin. However, in this place should especially warn readers and scholars. The fact is that according to the rule of the lunar-stellar calendar, Togys Esebi – the new year of nomads (“Ulystyn uly kuni”) begins after the vernal equinox (“Nauryz”). In this regard, the current year (for example, the year – Sheep: 3440 or year – Dogs: 4727) nomads partially covers two years of Christian chronology (year – Sheep: 731-732 years or year – Dogs: 2018-2019 yy.). In addition, the months (ai) that we want to establish (9 togys aiy and 7 togys aiy) are not located at the beginning of the year, but at the end of the year. On the structure and nine principles of the lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi”, and also why we replaced two animals in the 12-year animal cycle [1) the old name “Ulu”, the new name “Wolf”; 2) the old name «Monkey», the new name «Meshin-Pleiades»] and other answers to the questions of concern can already be found on the Internet. [21] [22] 1. Incorrect chronology of the day of death and the funeral of Kultegin: 1) Year – the Horses, January 21, 731, Sunday, JDN 1988075,5, UT 13:00 / +08 / 21:00 local time – 9 togys aiy begins; 2). Year – the Horses, February 6, 731, Tuesday, JDN 1988091.5 – 17th day 9 togys aiy – the day of Kultegin's death; 3). Year – the Horses, February 16, 731, Friday, JDN 1988101.5 – 27th day 9 togys aiy – the day of Kultegin's funeral. 2. The correct chronology of the day of death and the funeral of Kultegin: 1) Year – Sheep, January 11, 732, Friday, JDN 1988430.5, UT 13:40 / +08 / 21:40 local time – 9 toggys aiy begins; 2). Year – Sheep, January 27, 732, Sunday, JDN 1988446.5, – 17th day 9 thogys aiy – the day of Kultegin's death; 3). Year – Sheep, February 6, 732, Wednesday, JDN 1988456.5, – 27th day 9 togys aiy – the day of Kultegin's funeral. 3. Incorrect chronology of the day of the construction or completion of the large Stella Kultegin: 1) Year – Sheep, February 8, 732, Friday, JDN 1988458.5, UT 11:40 / +08 / 19:40 local time – 7 togys aiy begins; 172 2). Year – Sheep, March 5, 732, Wednesday, JDN 1988484.5 – 27th day 7 togys aiy – of the construction or completion of the large Stella Kultegin. 4. The correct chronology of the day of construction or completion of the large stella Kultegin: 1) Meshin-Pleiades Year, January 28, 733, Wednesday, JDN 1988813.5, UT 12:20 / +08 / 20:20 local time – 7 togys aiy begins; 2). Meshin-Pleiades Year, February 23, 733, Monday, JDN 1988839.5 – 27th day 7 togys aiy – the day of construction or completion of the great stella Kultegin. PART 4: The age of the 12-year animal cycle may be at least 5,000 or 10,000 years old! The President of Kazakhstan N.Nazarbayev in his above-mentioned article, another distinguishing feature (facet) of the Great Steppe, calls the smelting of various metals nomads: “Ancient metallurgy of the Great steppe: The invention of methods for producing metals opened a new historical era and forever changed the course of human development. The Kazakh land, rich in diverse metal ores, also became one of the first centres of establishment of metallurgy. The centres of mining production and smelting of bronze, copper, lead, iron, silver and gold, and the manufacture of sheet iron arose in the ancient antiquity on the lands of Central, Northern and Eastern Kazakhstan.” In 1957, during the excavation of the medieval settlement Baba Ata (Sozak District, South Kazakhstan Region), a bronze, round shape, rather massive in weight, much larger in size, was found. In its center there is a square hole. Its surface is highly oxidized and is covered with rough tubercles on both sides. After cleaning the discoid object from corrosion, which was formed on it due to the centuries-old stay in the ground, it became possible to establish the exact dimensions, weight and study its surface. Item diameter 3.8 cm. The distance from the edge to the central, square shape, hole 1.5 cm, hole diameter 8 mm, thickness 3 mm. (Figure 2) Figure 2. A coin-like calendar found in the medieval settlement Baba Ata (1957, SouthKazakhstan). First side Second side 173 Silhouette images of a string of animals are clearly visible on both sides. The order of images of animals on this subject is very close to the system denoting the number of 12-year animal cycle. At the same time, if the first ten listed animals are directly at the edge of the calendar, the images of the last two are given rather indistinctly and are similar to the image of a mouse, a cow, a tiger on the right side of a square hole. The images of a mouse, a cow, a tiger, a hare, a dragon, a horse, a monkey, a chicken are most clearly executed... No matter who you are, even an inexperienced person can see that this artifact is very ancient. Apparently, this obvious truth could not be refuted even by an archaeologist who was inclined towards the communist spirit. According to the ideological definition of scientific communism, then the Kazakhs were considered a nation that has no past. Despite this, at the end of this article, the author T.N. Sinegova [23] concludes that the resident of the ancient settlement Baba-Ata may be the master who prepared this coin-like calendar. As a tribute to the old tradition of nomadic ancestors, the National Bank of Kazakhstan, [24] starting in 2011, has been issuing collectible coins called the Oriental Calendar every year. (Figure 3) Figure 3. Collectible coins of the National Bank of Kazakhstan "Oriental calendar" Hare – 2011 Snail – 2012 Snake – 2013 Horse – 2014 Sheep – 2015 Meshin – 2016 Chicken – 2017 Dog – 2018 However, instead of the monkey, I personally see the “snow man” (yeti), and someone else claims that he sees a mammoth. And what do you see dear reader? If suddenly our state decides to conduct a radiocarbon analysis of this product, it may turn out that this medallion was made ... 5 or 10 thousand years ago. Then the entire scientific world, including the current sole owner of the 12-year animal cycle, the Chinese will be forced to admit that the 12year animal cycle was invented by nomads. Exactly the same bronze “coin” with a square hole in the center, in 2002 was put up for sale by the Bishkek antiquark, which was purchased on the Osh market from a resident of the Naryn region. [25] In this regard, the question arises: where is the original of that same coin-like calendar found in Baba Ata? 174 Conclusion During the short time of independence of Kazakhstan (1991), at the initiative of President N.Nazarbayev, a great work was done to restore the spiritual and public consciousness of the Kazakh people. In 2004, in the framework of the Cultural Heritage Program, the country updated historical and cultural monuments and objects in Kazakhstan. In 2013, within the framework of the program “People in the stream of history”, Kazakh scientists periodically collected and studied documents about our history from the most advanced archives of the world. At this stage of the story, the Kazakh people are moving forward within the framework of Elbasy’s article “Course towards the future: modernization of Kazakhstan’s identity.” (12 April 2017). However, for a long period of time, the chronology and calendars of the Kazakhs remained a mystery. In the 19th century, Russian and foreign researchers wrote about the existence of several types of calendars among the nomads. Due to ignorance of the language and other reasons, nomads themselves could not describe these calendars. The author of this article took more than 30 years to carry out this mission. To date, a voluminous scientific work called "The Kazakh National Calendar" (in the Kazakh language) is fully ready for publication. The publication of this book is expected in 2019. In addition, short drafts of scientific articles on the chronology and calendars of the Kazakhs were prepared for a foreign audience. Most importantly, for the first time in the history of Kazakhstan, software was developed for converting dates in the Kazakh nomad calendar to dates in the Gregorian calendar. At this period, scientists from many countries got acquainted with the projects of scientific articles on chronology and calendars of the Kazakhs. At the time of writing this article (December 15, 2018, 11 hours and 25 minutes), analytical data on the Academia.edu website showed the following data: Unique visitors-321, Article downloads-306, Views-702, Cities of the world-224, Universities of the world-113, Job titles-34, Traffic sources-16, Read pages-3360, World countries-48, of which: United States- 362, Mexico-56, Netherlands-42, Canada-39, France-18, Italy-16, India-14, Switzerland-14, United Kingdom-14, Germany-22, Spain-11 and others (the numbers indicate the number of people, countries and cities, etc.). Every day this number increases ... Description of the columns of the table (1 through 2 [BC]), reflecting the chronology of nomads: 1. Sequence numbers of years in the chronology of nomads; 2. Consolidated serial numbers of the 84-year cycle (artuq) in the chronology of nomads; 3. The name of the 84-year cycle is “artuq” in the chronology of nomads; 4. Consolidated sequence numbers of the 12-year cycle (yašïn) in the chronology of nomads; 5. The name of the 12-year cycle is “yašïn” in the chronology of nomads; 6. Sequence numbers of the 12-year cycle in the chronology of nomads; 7. The name of the 12-year animal cycle in the chronology of nomads. 175 8. Sequence numbers of years in Christian chronology (astronomical count of time); 9. Sequence numbers of years in Christian chronology (historical count of time); Table 1. (Chronology of nomads: 2709-2708 BC [0 artuq] – 2698-2697 BC [1 yašïn]); 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 7 Mouse Cow Bars Hare Wolf Snake Horse Sheep Meshin Hen Dog Pig 8 -2708 – -2707 -2707 – -2706 -2706 – -2705 -2705 – -2704 -2704 – -2703 -2703 – -2702 -2702 – -2701 -2701 – -2700 -2700 – -2699 -2699 – -2698 -2698 – -2697 -2697 – -2696 9 2709 – 2708 2708 – 2707 2707 – 2706 2706 – 2705 2705 – 2704 2704 – 2703 2703 – 2702 2702 – 2701 2701 – 2700 2700 – 2699 2699 – 2698 2698 – 2697 Table 2. (Chronology of nomads: 9-8 BC [32 artuq] – 3-4 AD [2 yašïn]); 1 2701 2702 2703 2704 2705 2706 2707 2708 2709 2710 2711 2712 2 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 3 artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 7 Mouse Cow Bars Hare Wolf Snake Horse Sheep Meshin Hen Dog Pig 8 -8 – -7 -7 – -6 -6 – -5 -5 – -4 -4 – -3 -3 – -2 -2 – -1 -1 – 0 0–1 1–2 2–3 3–4 9 9–8 8–7 7–6 6–5 5–4 4–3 3–2 2–1 1–1 1–2 2–3 3–4 Description of the columns of the table (3 through 4 [AD]), reflecting the chronology of nomads: 1. Sequence numbers of years in the chronology of nomads; 2. Consolidated serial numbers of the 84-year cycle (artuq) in the chronology of nomads; 3. The name of the 84-year cycle is “artuq” in the chronology of nomads; 4. Consolidated sequence numbers of the 12-year cycle (yašïn) in the chronology of nomads; 5. The name of the 12-year cycle is “yašïn” in the chronology of nomads; 176 6. Sequence numbers of the 12-year cycle in the chronology of nomads; 7. The name of the 12-year animal cycle in the chronology of nomads. 8. Sequence numbers of years in Christian chronology (astronomical count of time); 9. Sequence numbers of years in Christian chronology (historical count of time); Table 3. (Chronology of nomads: AD 724-725 [40 artuq] – AD 735-736 [7 yašïn]); 1 3433 3434 3435 3436 3437 3438 3439 3440 3441 3442 3443 3444 2 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 3 artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq 4 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 7 Mouse Cow Bars Hare Wolf Snake Horse Sheep Meshin Hen Dog Pig 8 724-725 725-726 726-727 727-728 728-729 729-730 730-731 731-732 732-733 733-734 734-735 735-736 9 724-725 725-726 726-727 727-728 728-729 729-730 730-731 731-732 732-733 733-734 734-735 735-736 Table 4. (Chronology of nomads: 2008-2009 AD [56 artuq] – 2019-2020 AD [2 yašïn]); 1 4717 4718 4719 4720 4721 4722 4723 4724 4725 4726 4727 4728 2 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 3 artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 7 Mouse Cow Bars Hare Wolf Snake Horse Sheep Meshin Hen Dog Pig 177 8 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 2019-2020 9 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 2019-2020 Bibliography 1. Article of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev “Seven Facets of the Great Steppe”: http://www.akorda.kz/en/events/article-of-the-president-of-the-republic-of-kazakhstannursultan-nazarbayev-seven-facets-of-the-great-steppe 2. Academia.edu is an American social networking website for academics: https://independent.academia.edu/KaldarhanKambar 3. Amitai, Reuven; Biran, Michal (editors). Mongols, Turks, and others: Eurasian nomads and the sedentary world (Brill's Inner Asian Library, 11). Leiden: Brill, 2005 (ISBN 90-04-14096-4). 4. Grousset, Rene. The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia, Naomi Walford, (tr.), New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1970. 5. Kradin, Nikolay. Nomadic Empires: Origins, Rise, Decline. In Nomadic Pathways in Social Evolution. Ed. by N.N. Kradin, Dmitri Bondarenko, and T. Barfield (p. 73-87). Moscow: Center for Civilizational Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2003. 6. Kazakh Khanate – 550th anniversary: http://e-history.kz. 7. The Kazakh Khanate or the Kazakh Horde: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate 8. Masson, V. M. "The Forgotten Kushan Empire: New Discoveries at Zar-Tepe." Archaeology, vol. 37, No. 1, 1984, pp. 32-37. www.jstor.org/stable/41728802. 9. Kerei Khan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerei_Khan 10. Kushan Empire: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire 11. Chronology – Хронология: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology, https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Хронология 12. Richards, E. G. (1998). Mapping Time: The Calendar and History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 12-13. ISBN 0-19-286205-7. 13. Bickerman E. J. Chronology of the ancient world. Middle East and Antiquity / Trans. from English I. M. Steblin-Kamensky. – M .: Science, 1975. 14. Big inscription in honor of Kül-Tegin: http://greylib.align.ru/540/bolshaya-nadpis-v-chest-kyultegina.html 15. Orkhon inscriptions: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkhon_inscriptions 16. TÜRIK BITIG Language Committee of Ministry of Culture and Infrmation of Kazakhstan: http://bitig.org/?lang=e&m=1&mod=1&oid=15&tid=1 17. Zakharova I.V., Twelve-year animal cycle among the peoples of Central Asia., Article. Published in the 8th volume of works of the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR "New Materials on the Ancient and Medieval History of Kazakhstan" (A., 1960). 32-65 p. 18. Chinese 60 Year Cyclic Calendar: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_zodiac 19. Munsell, Kirk (14 May 2007). "NASA: Solar System Exploration: Planets: Uranus: Facts & Figures". NASA., https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus 20. Tsybulsky V.V., Lunisolar calendar of East Asian countries with translation to the dates of the European calendar (from 1 to 2019 AD) / USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oriental Studies, M .: Nauka. The main editors of Eastern literature, 1988, pp. 3-5. 21. The Kazakh Nomad Calendar. Software for converting between dates in the Kazakh Nomad Calendar and dates in the Gregorian Calendar: https://www.hermetic.ch/knc/knc.htm 22. Kazakh National Calendar (PDF file) – Everything you wanted to know about the ancient Kazakh Nomad Moon-Pleiades (Lunar-stellar) Calendar but didn't know who to ask: https://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud.htm#others or https://independent.academia.edu/KaldarhanKambar 23. Sinegova T.N. Coin-like calendar. New materials on archeology and ethnography of Kazakhstan \\ Proceedings of the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. Archeology. – Almaty, 1961. V. 12., - pp.41-47 24. Catalog/Collectible coins/Gold coins/Oriental calendar: https://nationalbank.kz/?docid=49&cat_id=38&switch=russian 25. Alexander Kamyshev, Lecturer at the KRSU, “Evening Bishkek” No. 66 (7990), Friday, April 5, 2002 178 CHAPTER 3 Why did the ancient peoples choose not 365, but 364 days a year? Copyright 2018 Kaldarkhan Alyceituly Kambar First published Dec 19, 2018 December 16-17 are holy days for all Kazakhstanis. 27 years ago (1991) these days, Kazakhstan proclaimed its “Independence”. To be free from an ideology alien to you is wonderful. During the reign of the Communists of the USSR, people like the Kazakhs had good and bad moments. However, after so many years, it is very difficult to describe what can be called bad or good in the USSR. Exactly the same situation has arisen today in front of us. I mean today's topic. In the past tense (from November 2 to December 15, 2018) I received six letters from my readers. Among these letters were both approving and critical letters. For ethical reasons, I will not publish the text of these letters, since one of my readers sent me serious objections to this in the mail. Since one letter (Mr. M.A.Hook) was published publicly on his website, I decided to publish it publicly. Third letter: Thursday, November 29, 2018 M.A.Hook This paper interested me deeply, as it is even older than the one I have spent decades researching. I posted comments on my web site (http://qumrancalendar.com/to-kaldarhan-a-kambar/) because this venue does not support graphics. You will find it among the blog posts at http://QumranCalendar.com. Here is the text. Be safe and well. To Kaldarhan A. Kambar In response to your article entitled "KAZAKH NATIONAL CALENDAR By Kaldarhan A. Kambar" posted on Academia.com, there are great similarities between this calendar and the Hebrew sun-based calendar in use before King Solomon introduced the moon-based calendar, which probably occurred about the same time as this model was modified as a result of Queen Semiramis of the first building of Babylon and the first empire that covered all the territory from the Euphrates to the Indus Rivers, including all the "...stans", which she imposed on all her holdings. Since you are already familiar with intercalations and the irregularities of the orbits of the solar system bodies, that subject will be assumed rather than addressed. The primary focus will be on the contents of the leather bag, which was very familiar to me due to its similarities to the "peg-board" versions of the sun-based calendar as found in the caves of Qumran in Israel and found on many kitchen walls of the people. (A full description can be found at http://qumrancalendar.com/thequmran-jubilee-calendar/, if you are interested in more detail. 179 Here is a graphic of this peg-board. Here is a commented screen print of the contents of the leather bag. This calendar goes all the way back to before the great flood, when there were only 288 days in earth's year, then was updated with additions and intercalations as the earth's characteristics changed. It is actually older than the Hebrew Jubilee calendar, which was only designed after the flood, when earth had been knocked into its present orbit, changing the Zodiac to its present configuration. (A descriptive color booklet describing the present-day configuration can be downloaded free of charge from the link in the middle of this page for your convenience http://qumrancalendar.com/free-downloads/) There is no charge for anything on my web site, so feel free to rummage around among the items there. 180 At one time earth had a calendar of 12 months of 50 days each with a week containing only 5 days and no days considered special except the 50th, which was reserved for a harvest festival. You may find remnants of that calendar in the circles as well. Be safe and well. Almost five letters of six letters from my readers directly or indirectly refer to the value of the year, consisting of 360, 364 and 365 days. The ancient Mayan-Aztecs, [1] nomads of Central Asia, [2] the peoples of Qumran, [3] contrary to our modern ideas about astronomy, the number of days per year was defined as 364 days. What is it? Are they mocking our minds or do we not understand something? The first thought that comes to mind, perhaps, at that time in the solar year was indeed – 364 days. But modern omnipotent astronomy categorically denies this possibility. According to advanced astronomers, in those days the average solar year was about 365.25 days or 365 days 6 hours. And all this is not discussed! With people like us who are trying to establish the truth, either ancient peoples or modern astronomy play a cruel joke. At the moment we have two truths on the same topic. Figuratively speaking, this situation is similar to the story of "Brexit". Britain has its own truth, while the European Union has its own truth. In spite of everything, both sides want to prove their truth. But we all know that truth is always only one, like Almighty God! In this tiny article, I can hardly establish my truth. But I will try to do it with all my might, no matter what. But I, within the limits of logic and reason, will try to establish the truth, which belongs not to me, nor to another. A simple and natural truth that is understood by all. Let the readers not think that I want to bring chaos into the already established and established traditions of modern astronomy. Personally, I often have a question regarding 364 days a year. Why other researchers do not see this question, I do not know. Sometimes I also try to get past this 181 question, closing my eyes like others. However, he stands in front of me, like a huge mountain cliff. Does not allow to pass by this question. I am also not pleased when some researchers grin at me when it comes to "364 days." I try to explain to them the essence of this question, but they continue to grin further. It all started with my article on the Mayan calendar. I had the courage to calculate a completely different, shorter cycle (1820 days), different from the main, longer cycle (18980 days): 1. My short cycle: 364 days × 5 years = 1820 days ÷ 7 years = 260 days; 2. The main cycle: 365 days × 52 years = 18980 days ÷ 73 years = 260 days; Based on my calculations, I made my own version of the Mayan Table of Long Count units. Table 1. Table of Long Count units (author's [Kambar] version) 1 2 3 4 Long Count Long Count Days Approximate Solar unit period Years 1 K'in 1 1 Winal 18.2 K'in 18.2 18.2 = 18d. 4h. 48m. 1 Tun 20 Winal 364 1 1 K'atun 20 Tun 7,280 20 1 B'ak'tun 20 K'atun 145,600 400 1 Piktun 20 B'ak'tun 2,912,000 8,000 1 Kalabtun 20 Piktun 58,240,000 160,000 1 K'inchiltun 20 Kalabtun 1,164,800,000 3,200,000 1 Alautun 20 K'inchiltun 23,296,000,000 64,000,000 In this table I took 364 days (the number of days in a year) as the basis of calculation. As you can see, all further digits have a rounded limb, ending in zeros. [1, ibid] Modern Mayan researchers took 360 days (the number of days per year) as the basis for the Mayan long accounts table. As you can see, in the 4th column all further digits do not have a rounded limb ending in zeros. In my opinion, the Maya omnipotent priests would never allow such a mess. Table 2. Table of Long Count units (Modern science) 1 2 3 Long Count Long Count Days unit period 1 K'in 1 1 Winal 20 K'in 20 1 Tun 18 Winal 360 1 K'atun 20 Tun 7,200 1 B'ak'tun 20 K'atun 144,000 1 Piktun 20 B'ak'tun 2,880,000 1 Kalabtun 20 Piktun 57,600,000 1 K'inchiltun 20 Kalabtun 1,152,000,000 1 Alautun 20 K'inchiltun 23,040,000,000 182 4 Approximate Solar Years 1 20 394 7,885 157,704 3,154,071 63,081,429 Visually, it seems that the 360 days should have merged perfectly with the Mayan chronology. But as we see, the Maya chronology does not accept the value of 360 days as a foreign body. [4] [5] For some reason, in Table 2, modern Maya researchers took as a basis not 365 days (the number of days per year), but a shorter one – 360 days. I am certainly not a telepath, I have never been to Yucatan, but let me guess. In this stella Maya two figures appear "18" and "20". And there must be somewhere else the number "5". They should be – 4. What do these numbers mean? In Table 1 (my version), opposite to “1 Winal” I indicated the figure of 18.2 or 18 days 4 hours 48 minutes. These figures when the article was published and now knocks many readers out of their tracks. They think “Mayan priests couldn’t use watches in those dark times?” I deeply suspect that the priests and the Maya people, like nomadic Kazakhs, divided the day into 18 or 20 parts. (nychthemeron – night and day). [6] I will say even more. If the names of these 18 days (calendar “Haab”) or 20 days (calendar “Tzolkin”) turn out to be “nychthemeron – night and day” or Mayan “amal” (short periods), I would not be surprised. However, the Mayan priests used these numbers in a different way: 18.2 days × 5 “amal” = 91 days × 4 “season” = 364 days. They took this simple and understandable formula as the basis when they built the Kukulkan pyramid (GPS: 20°40′58,4″N 88°34′7,0″W) [7] “Each of the pyramid's four sides has 91 steps which, when added together and including the temple platform on top as the final "step", produces a total of 365 steps (which is equal to the number of days of the Haab' year).” [8] But I categorically disagree with this statement. If the Mayan priests wanted to point out the Haab 365 days a year, they would easily add one more step. But they did not. Instead, they spent incredible strength and resources to build a separate building on top of the pyramid. A reasonable question arises: for what are such costs and why? According to my assumption, the Mayan priests knew very well that in the future they would face a catastrophe and the next generation after them would forget all the knowledge of Maya. Therefore, they spared neither strength, nor means, nor resources so that the new generation would not forget about them. They made countless buildings in the form of clues about their knowledge. Modern researchers have not yet come close to this knowledge, on the contrary, they are moving away from them. Many secrets hide the pyramids of the Moon (GPS: 19°42'3.57"N 98°50'38.12"W) [9] and the Sun (GPS: 19°41'32.60"N 98°50'36.93"W) [10] in Teotihuacan. A small quadrangular building at the top of the pyramid of Kukulkan plays an important role, combining four fractional numbers: 9 days × 10 “amal” = 90 days ÷ 5 “amal” = 18 days. 90 + 1 day = 91 days. 9.1 days × 10 “amal” = 91 days ÷ 5 “amal” = 18.2 days. 91 × 4 = 364 days. All the facts written on the saved Maya codex show that the Maya people used three types of calendars in their daily lives: 1st type. 260 day calendar of eclipses of the Sun and the Moon: 260 days × 4 years = 1040 days ÷ 3 years = 346.66667 days. 2nd type. 819 day lunar sidereal calendar: 27.3 days × 30 sidereal month = 819 days. 183 3rd type. 364 day calendar (most likely a star calendar): 260 days × 7 years = 1820 days ÷ 5 years = 364 days ÷ 4 days = 91 "amal" 819 days × 4 years = 3276 days ÷ 9 years = 364 days ÷ 7 days = 52 "amal" Now consider the opinion of Mr. Sid Hollander (1 and 5 letter) that I am biased towards the 364 day of the year: “December 9, 2018: I understand that the table changed at 147 years because YOU CHANGED them because you wanted to”. I do not want to be in the role of Baron Munchhausen, [11] who claimed that he went to the Moon in a cannonball or, contrary to all laws, set May 32 in the calendar. In my reply, I just indicated the resulting digital algorithm. I hope in the future Mr. Sid Hollander will not accuse me of inventing these figures. Information for those who do not understand: like many things in nature, numbers do not obey us, on the contrary, we obey numbers. I will repeat this table (Table 1) with a detailed description once again in Excel, but in short form. You can also repeat this table on your laptop or computer if you know simple formulas, such as "=A1-Enter"; "+A1+1-Enter"; "Ctrl-C"; "Shift-Page Down-Enter", etc. In accordance with Table 1, I suspect that Mayan priests set a tropical year value of 365.24137931 or 365 days 5 hours 47 minutes 35.1724 seconds, based on a 29-year period, using the “amal” rule – 9 and 18 days. I can be blamed for all sins, but I will never believe that the Mayan priests determined the value of a tropical year as 365.24220305 days, based on the “mythical” 1508 year period invented by “visionaries” by mathematicians: 365 days × 1508 years = 550420 days ÷ 1507 years = 365.24220305 days. You can imagine the motionlessly seated Mayan priest on the astronomical tower for 1508 years! I am still looking for and cannot find information in books and on the Internet about how origin or who invented mathematical equality, which is taken on the basis of all calculations of the Mayan calendars: 365 days × 52 years = 18980 days ÷ 73 years = 260 days. If someone knows this information, please email me: kaldarhan79@yandex.kz. In the conclusion of the article I want to say about one important conclusion. Mayan researchers for another 100 years can deny and argue that the Mayan calendar was 360 or 365 days. It is their right. But now they will see everywhere and in their calculations this “unfamiliar” 364 days. Because from today they have learned the truth, and this will accompany them until they once reconcile with the truth. But this day I probably will not see. Because people do not live so long ... 184 Bibliography 1. New look at the modern codification of the Mayan calendar https://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud/maya/Mayan_Calendar_New_Look.pdf or https://independent.academia.edu/KaldarhanKambar 2. Kazakh National Calendar (PDF file) – Everything you wanted to know about the ancient Kazakh Nomad Moon-Pleiades (Lunar-stellar) Calendar but didn't know who to ask: https://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud.htm#others or https://independent.academia.edu/KaldarhanKambar 3. Qumran calendrical texts: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qumran_calendrical_texts 4. Maya calendar: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar 5. Mesoamerican Long Count https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar calendar: 6. Nychthemeron (night and day): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nychthemeron 7. El Castillo, Chichen Itza https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Castillo,_Chichen_Itza (Temple of Kukulcan): 8. Milbrath, Susan (1999). Star Gods of the Maya: Astronomy in Art, Folklore, and Calendars. The Linda Schele series in Maya and pre-Columbian studies. Austin: University of Texas Press. 9. Pyramid of the Moon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_the_Moon 10. Pyramid of the Sun: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_the_Sun 11. Baron Munchausen: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Munchausen 185 Table 1. The 364-day Mayan calendar, which changes only in the 147th year, and other details regarding "Amal" 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 № Day total Year 364 Day total Year 365.2422 Year 364 Difference days Ammal 9 days 1 1 364 Year of 365.2422 days 1 year Tropical value of the year 365 Tropical value of the year 365 № 1 Year of 365.2422 days 1 year 364 days 365 364 1 days 9 Amal 9.1 days 9,1 Amal 18 days 18 Amal 18.2 days 18,2 2 1461 4 year 365,25 2 4 1456 4 year 364 days 1461 1456 5 days 18 18,2 36 36,4 3 1826 5 year 365,2 3 5 1820 5 year 364 days 1826 1820 6 days 27 27,3 54 54,6 4 3287 9 year 365,2222222 4 9 3276 9 year 364 days 3287 3276 11 days 36 36,4 72 72,8 5 4748 13 year 365,2307692 5 13 4732 13 year 364 days 4748 4732 16 days 45 45,5 90 91 6 6209 17 year 365,2352941 6 17 6188 17 year 364 days 6209 6188 21 days 54 54,6 108 109,2 7 7670 21 year 365,2380952 7 21 7644 21 year 364 days 7670 7644 26 days 63 63,7 126 127,4 8 9131 25 year 365,24 8 25 9100 25 year 364 days 9131 9100 31 days 72 72,8 144 145,6 9 10592 29 year 365,2413793 9 29 10556 29 year 364 days 10592 10556 36 days 81 81,9 162 163,8 10 12053 33 year 365,2424242 10 33 12012 33 year 364 days 12053 12012 41 days 90 91 180 182 11 22645 62 year 365,2419355 11 62 22568 62 year 364 days 22645 22568 77 days 99 100,1 198 200,2 12 25567 70 year 365,2428571 12 70 25480 70 year 364 days 25567 25480 87 days 108 109,2 216 218,4 13 34698 95 year 365,2421053 13 95 34580 95 year 364 days 34698 34580 118 days 117 118,3 234 236,6 14 37620 103 year 365,2427184 14 103 37492 103 year 364 days 37620 37492 128 days 126 127,4 252 254,8 15 39081 107 year 365,2429907 15 107 38948 107 year 364 days 39081 38948 133 days 135 136,5 270 273 16 43829 120 year 365,2416667 16 120 43680 120 year 364 days 43829 43680 149 days 144 145,6 288 291,2 17 46751 128 year 365,2421875 17 128 46592 128 year 364 days 46751 46592 159 days 153 154,7 306 309,4 18 49673 136 year 365,2426471 18 136 49504 136 year 364 days 49673 49504 169 days 162 163,8 324 327,6 19 53691 147 year 365,244898 19 147 53508 147 year 364 days 53691 53508 183 days 171 172,9 342 345,8 20 54056 148 year 365,2432432 20 148 53872 147 year 366,4761905 54056 53872 184 days 180 182 360 364 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar 1 part: Nomads, their idea of time and space (Universe) Copyright 2018 Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published 7 December 2018 Introduction A lot of materials have been written about the nomads of Central Asia. Many of these entries look so exotic that you just want to plunge into nomadic life. However, this is not the case. Living in the lifeless steppes of Central Asia for years and decades is not the filming of the documentary films “On Survival” with the participation of Bear Grylls, Edward Stafford, Hazen Audel, Cody Landin, Dave Canterbury and others. Where the nomads used to live comfortably, now not only Europeans, but also the sedentary descendants of the ancient nomads simply cannot survive. But among these materials there are single quotes and phrases, reflecting the real state of affairs relating to nomads. More information about these distinctive qualities of nomads is written in the manuscript book of the author of this article. The following are true quotes from scientists and only one story from my book. [1] Among Central Asian nomads, interest in astronomical observations was largely due to their way of life. Each nomad family had its own yurt (kiiz ui), [2] the dome of which remained open during a certain part of the year, and the dome poles (literally “shanyrak”) were a good guide for observing the movement of the Moon, stars, and planets at night. Later, in the Middle Ages, with the development of culture, the poles of the dome of the yurt were also used as a kind of watch dial. [3] Thus, each yurt was a kind of family "planetarium", thanks to which observations of the stars were accumulated and passed down from generation to generation. In addition, as scientists have repeatedly noted, the nomads had excellent innate vision. For example, the famous explorer and traveler in the north of Siberia, Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel (1796-1870), noted this quality among the Yakuts: “ One middle-aged Yakut assured Lieutenant PF Anzhu (1796-1869), head of the Ust-Yansk expedition, that he happened to see one big bluish star 187 (Jupiter) swallowing other, smaller stars and spitting them out. Thus, this Siberian could observe the eclipse of Jupiter’s satellites with simple eyes.” [4] P.S.Chikhachev personally observed such pictures of extraordinary visual acuity of nomads of Central Asia during a trip to Altai in 1842. [5] [6] My father Aliseit also had an extraordinary visual acuity. However, around 1995, I saw another person who also had sharp eyesight. It was Alaidar kazhy Amreev from the "Tore" clan. He was a direct descendant of Az-Zhanibek Khan, who formed the Kazakh Horde in the 15th century (naturally, he was a direct descendant of Genghis Khan). The two of us went from the city of Shymkent to Taraz. Near the mountain Tulkibas we stopped to rest for a while. It was night and clear sky. Suddenly, he turned my attention to the Urker (Pleiades) star cluster and said: "I clearly see the 10-12 stars of the Urker." I naturally did not believe it, then he took a stick and drew the silhouette of these stars. In addition, he said that just below the bright star (Alcyone) there are indistinguishable small stars. He further said that “Kus zholy” (Milky Way) is not a cloud, it consists of very small stars, but a gray cloud is present in the Usharkar-Taraza (Orion) belt, and also said that he sometimes sees Sholpan (Venus ) like the crescent Moon, etc. 1. A small tour of the mysterious soul of nomads A severe nomadic life that lasted for millennia taught the nomads and Kazakhs to be pragmatists. Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that began in the United States around 1870. Pragmatist – a man who is guided by practical considerations. If the philosophers of this trend begin to study the culture and history, life and behavior of nomads in Central Asia, they should be surprised to notice that this philosophy has existed for thousands of years. [7] In the nomadic life there is nothing superfluous, everything is thought out and done in advance. For example, all household utensils of an ordinary nomad should never exceed 350-400 kg. The bulk of the load is – felt yurt. [2] If the main load exceeds 500 kg, then the camel will tire, even worse, he can die from fatigue and overload on a long road, with an average duration of 500 or 1000 km. This migration was called "Kosh". Hence the word "nomad" (literally "koshpendi"). For reasons of safety on the road, nomads migrated from one place to another, usually with their relatives. The calculation was very simple. If you migrate with other people who are not your relatives, they will definitely leave you on the road if your camel dies. Naturally your relatives will never leave you in trouble. Therefore, the Kazakhs have a strongly developed feeling of “tuyskandyk” (literally “relatives”). Thousands of years before Genghis Khan and several hundred years after Genghis Khan, large nomadic troops were formed on the basis of appropriate kinship. In order to save their relatives, the nomads stood to the end and without hesitation sacrificed themselves. This was the main secret of the success of the nomads in numerous battles, where they so often emerged victorious. Therefore, each nomad knows his genology or ancestry (literally "shezhire") by heart. [8] However, Stalin's forced collectivization in the 1930s (socialism) and Kazakhstan’s transition to a market economy in the 1990s (capitalism) of the last century gradually began to force out this amazing feeling (tysykandyk, shezhire, etc.) from the nomadic consciousness and subconscious. But immediately the ancient pragmatism [9] and the subconscious tradition of self-preservation of the nomadic Kazakhs worked automatically. The so-called “toi” (literally “feast, celebration”) throughout the country has increased several times. 188 The list of these holidays is huge, I will confine myself only to fifteen: Shildehana toi, Besikke salar toi, Tusau keser toi, Sundet toi, Atka miner toi, Tilashar toi, Mektep bitiru toiy, Askerge shakyru toiy, Askerden oralu toiy, Kyz uzatu toiy, Kelin tusiru toiy, Kursak toi, Maslihat toi, Mushel toi, Saban toi, [10] etc. Only relatives and close people participate in these feasts. Since I myself also conducted the "toi", I will tell you in confidence that the profit from the gifts does not cover the expenses spent on that. I think many Kazakhs agree with me, but no one is going to stop or change the rules of “toi”. We are pleased that we have seen our relatives alive and healthy and treated them to their fill. Financial losses from the "toi" Kazakhs do not consider ... This event (toi) nomads can be compared with local festivals in European and American towns and villages, taking place on different occasions. There is only one difference: only relatives gather for “toi”, and strangers who are not connected with family ties are going to the festival. Kazakhs have the concept of "Relative" probably the most sacred after the word "Mother". If any readers are interested in other questions concerning the life, culture and history of nomads, I will be happy to answer within the limits of accumulated knowledge and competence. Further, as a descendant of nomads, I am going to set forth our understanding of the world around us. In general, everything related to astronomy and calendars. Probably in these questions I will not be mistaken, since I have studied these questions and problems all my adult life. 2. Time and calendar is an eternal attracting theme Nomads and Kazakhs paid attention to the world around us, day and night, not from the point of view of science, but from the point of view of a pragmatic person. This is clearly expressed in the Kazakh name of our galaxy. The term Milky Way is a translation of the Latin via lactea, from the Greek γαλαξίας κύκλος (galaxías kýklos, "milky circle"). [11] [12] [13] The Kazakhs call our galaxy "Kus zholy" (the Bird Road). According to old-timers, migratory birds fly at night along a line along our galaxy, so it was called "Kus Zholy". According to them, in the fall and spring, "Kus Zholy" is located strictly from north to south. Its northern side looks narrow, and the southern part is flat. His limb is forked like a snake's tongue. In winter, at dusk, it looks curved. Some nomads even managed to navigate the "Kus zholy" on their long journeys. [14] 189 Since ancient times in the countries of Central Asia, in drawing up calendars, great importance was attached to the periodicity of motion of the Pleiades (Urker), the Sun (Kun), the Moon (Ai), Venus (Sholpan), Jupiter (Esekkyrgan), Saturn (Konyrkay zhuldyz) and others. [1] The approach and selection of the calendar by the peoples that have disappeared and the peoples who are now living on Earth are completely different. Having carefully studied the calendar of a certain people in Eurasia or in America, in Africa or Europe, at the end of the study you will learn everything about this people, even what you did not want to know. A calendar is a magic mirror of a people, which shows everything about this people. Therefore, people never run out of interest in their own and others' calendars. To check the accuracy of my words, try to write the word «Calendar» in any browser (Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera, Yandex, Rambler). In seconds, hundreds (if not thousands) of printed materials on this topic appear on the computer monitor. It seems we all know about the calendar, but at the same time we notice that we do not all know. That's probably why everyone (from schoolchildren to academicians) loves to write and read this topic. In turn, each of us wants to supplement this topic with something unusual and harmonious words. I myself have loved this topic since childhood. And I still read various books on astronomy and the calendar. Over time, accumulated their own knowledge underlined by personal opinion. I read Stephen Hawking’s books with interest until he said, «There is no God there.» I stopped reading his books and he soon died. This sounds blasphemous and unethical, but our opinions are divided. In my heart since childhood, there was “God,” and it remains as long as my heart beats like a stopwatch. And what is interesting, He does not bother me to study science. On the contrary, it seems to me that He shows me the right path in science. I, as a copy of my father, live in opposites. He was an ardent communist, he loved Stalin with all his heart, although this Stalin sent him to certain death more than once. But all this atheistic ideology did not prevent him from being a passionate Muslim. Is it possible to find in the world or imagine a person in whose heart Allah and Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin found a place. You can say anything, but the father lived with it and died. Father and mother raised us (four sons) in the Muslim spirit and traditions. Yes, I and in childhood and now fear the wrath of God. I even treat ants with respect. We are all God's creation despite our height and weight. We can mock God in this world as much as we want, but the last word will be his. In fact, I am not going to protect God and preach religion. God does not need my protection. Because he is God! Despite my belief in God, I am not a creationist. I do not deny the achievement of the human mind in science. I will be in this opinion until one day the person himself wants to replace God. I once in a dream was on the edge of the universe. Looked from high on the stars and the cloud. All the stars were built in a checkerboard pattern, smooth and beautiful. I wanted to stand there forever, but it was very terribly cold. I finally realized that we (the people) would never be there. No matter how much we try, we will never be allowed in there. We see only distorted sky patterns from Earth. To understand this, in a clean piece of paper, make even holes staggered. Then try to crumple the paper. Then look at this crumpled paper from below through the light. In this crumpled paper you see scattered and crookedly located stars. We only see this. 190 This reflection is not only stars, it is a reflection of our mind. The stars do not look crooked and crumpled like paper, it’s our minds and consciousness that look like that. Over time, as we become intelligent beings, the stars will straighten up before our eyes. I stood there and thought. Around the deathly silence. God raised me there and wanted to show me something very important for me, maybe for humanity. When my body was completely numb from the extreme cold, I suddenly understood why I was standing here. There is no time and there has never been it in the universe and in the mighty space. Time can exist only where sounds are heard. For example, the murmur of the water of a spring, the singing of a bird, howling of a wolf, the fierce buzz of a storm, etc. God did not think and did not invent time. Time exists only on Earth. We invented it ourselves to find out the seasons of the year and to divide these seasons of the year into months and weeks. And as a result, people became his hostages. The universe was not born, did not come from anywhere, it was when we were born, and it will be when we die, our mind does not reach its beginning or end. Time is an eternal topic, ancestors wrote about it before us, now we write about it and our children will write about it in the future. Thus, this topic is impossible to finish. For thousands of years, mankind has been trying to create parallels between the universe and time. We wanted them to go next to each other. However, Kazakh wisdom says “Birge tumak bar bolsa da, birge olmek zhok”. In a literal sense, this means "You can be born on the same day, but you cannot die on the same day." I have the feeling that the universe and time have long lost each other, as it usually happens in our life, and leave each other to fend for themselves in a huge space. We and the “calendar” created by us is attached to time. However, this node is so weak that we started to get lost inside time. Because of this, there were many calendars, which sometimes do not manage to dock with each other. [15] Some peoples chose the movement of the Moon as the basis of the calendar, the main part of the people chose the movement of the Sun. My ancestors nomads chose for some reason the Urker (Pleiades) fixed star cluster and tied the movement of the Moon and the Sun to it. What came out of it, I think, is described in detail in my article “The Kazakh National Calendar”. [16] To understand the purpose and meaning of this moon-stellar calendar "Togys eseby" readers will need some time. [17] This is not some kind of new calendar invented by the author of the article, he was familiar to many ancient peoples, where the foot of the nomads of Central Asia went. But this type of calendar was not understood and was soon rejected by the ancient peoples leading a sedentary lifestyle. As the nomadic civilization itself disappeared with time, this unique calendar for many centuries and millennia lay under the ruins of the nomadic empire. Therefore, it was not easy to give a second life to this calendar, since the descendants of the ancient nomads forgot their past history and became sedentary peoples themselves. To revive this calendar helped modern scientific and technological achievement in the field of astronomy. And at the same time, I think this unique calendar “Togys esebi” will help modern astronomy to correct some of its actions from the point of view of a correct understanding of a complex process - precession, nutation, equinox and, of course, covering and occultation of fixed stars by the Moon. As in ordinary life, "I am for you, you are for me." (To be continued...) 191 Bibliography 01. Kambar K.A., Kazakh National Calendar, Astana, 1985-2018, 824 pages, in Kazakh language, in handwritten form. 02. Kazakh culture and national traditions, https://kazakhstan.orexca.com/kazakhstan_culture5.shtml Kazakh dwellings: 03. V.L. Egorova, N.L. Zhukovskaya in the book: “Types of traditional rural dwellings of the peoples of Southeast, East and Central Asia”, Ch. 10. Dwelling of the population of the Mongolian People's Republic. M., 1979, p. 204-205. 04. Wrangel F.P. Journey along the northern shores of Siberia and the Arctic Sea. 1820-1824 M., 1948, p. 318 05. Chikhachev P. Journey to the Eastern Altai. M., 1974, p. 336-337 06. Tsybulsky V.V., Lunisolar calendar of East Asian countries with translation to the dates of the European calendar (from 1 to 2019 AD) / USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oriental Studies, M .: Nauka. The main editors of Eastern literature, 1988, pp. 3-5. 07. Pragmatism (First published Sat Aug 16, 2008; substantive revision Mon Oct 7, 2013): https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pragmatism/ 08. Genghis Khan's genealogy "The Secret History of the Mongols", "Altyn Dafter" (Golden Book); Family tree of Genghis Khan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Genghis_Khan https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols 09. Peirce, C. S. (1878), "How to Make Our Ideas Clear", Popular Science Monthly, v. 12, 286– 302. Reprinted often, including Collected Papers v. 5, paragraphs 388–410 and Essential Peirce v. 1, 124–41. See end of §II for the pragmatic maxim. See third and fourth paragraphs in §IV for the discoverability of truth and the real by sufficient investigation. 10. Toi, meiram, mereke: https://sozdik.kz/ru/dictionary/translate/kk/ru/той/ 11. Harper, Douglas. "Galaxy". Online Etymology Dictionary. 2012. 12. Jankowski, Connie (2010). Pioneers of Light and Sound. Compass Point Books. p. 6. 13. Schiller, Jon (2010). Big Bang & Black Holes. CreateSpace. p. 163 14. Khasen Abishev., "Aspan syry" (Secrets of the Sky), A., publishing house "Kazakhstan", 1962 and 1966, pp. 205-218 15. List of calendars: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_calendars 16. Kazakh National Calendar (PDF file) – Everything you wanted to know about the ancient Kazakh Nomad Moon-Pleiades (Lunar-stellar) Calendar but didn't know who to ask: https://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud.htm#others 17. The Kazakh Nomad Calendar. Software for converting between dates in the Kazakh Nomad Calendar and dates in the Gregorian Calendar: https://www.hermetic.ch/knc/knc.htm 192 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar 2 part: Nomads, their idea of time and space (Universe) Copyright 2018 Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published 27 December 2018 Nomads chose not the past is not the future, they lived in the "golden mean" I ask my readers not to confuse my word "golden mean" with "golden section" (Latin: Sectio aurea) or "divine section" (Latin: Sectio divina), [1] and especially not to be confused with the corresponding Fibonacci numbers. [2] These concepts and numbers have no connection with this article. However, many people write that this concept and numbers have contributed to many discoveries and breakthroughs in science. [3] Definition: “In mathematics, two quantities are in the golden ratio if their ratio is the same as the ratio of their sum to the larger of the two quantities. It is an irrational number with a value of or its approximate value is 1.6180339887”. [4] I do not argue with this statement. And at the same time, I will give you very good advice, which never failed me. Before you create something new that should happen in the future, go to the museum, look into your past. Sometimes these dusty "old things" in the shelves of exhibits often help the emergence of new ideas. Once this shabby “old thing” was considered an innovation for its era, and your new idea will also find its place in the museum after some time. All this wisdom of life is clearly reflected in two words of the Kazakhs "Biz de sizdei bolgamyz, siz de bizdei bolasyz". In the literal and semantic translation of this word there are no differences: "We were like you, you too will be the same as we are." As we see, in our life there is neither past nor future, it consists only of continuous random, planned and natural chains of events. The reader probably wonders why I am saying all this and what I mean. Even before birth (it would be more correct - before the creation) of man, God created not "the word" (as many think and say), but "number." The word - is like plasticine, it can be changed, created in any form we desire. Try to make such a “focus” with numbers. For example, 2 + 2 = 5. If you start to prove that you are right in this equality, you will turn from a normal person into an “idiot” instantly. Thus, you can “joke” as much as you like with words, but joking with numbers is fraught with danger for all of humanity, primarily for science. The number is the purest and most untouchable creation of God. My dear readers are probably even more confused. What is this topic: "past and future", "words and numbers." What is the connection between them? 193 Chapter 1. "Mushel zhas" – the so-called "golden mean" of nomads Nomads who had a special understanding of the world around them created thousands and thousands of years ago – a 12-year animal cycle. [5] Then they assigned the names of animals that were considered "sacred" to each year from the 12-year cycle. At the beginning, the idea was very simple, like this old world of ours. To count years without past and without future in an indivisible form. Thus, the nomads lived in the thick of things, adhering to the “Altyn aralyk” (the golden mean) of the world. The millennial tradition of nomads (and Kazakhs) primarily considers the 12-year animal cycle with a proportionate age periods of human life. This every 12 year period of a person’s life is called a “Mushel zhas”. [6] The semantic translation of this word roughly means "the transition from one period of life to another." The peculiarity of the "Mushel zhas" is such that a person born in a certain year the "Mushel zhas" (for example, the year of the Dog), after 13 years (the 1st mushel) automatically switches to the next year (for example, the year of the Pig). According to the rules of "Mushel zhas", a person reincarnates, as it were, and transfers to his permanent image of an animal in the 12-year cycle of animals and remains on this image until the end of his life. All these “rebirth” and “reincarnation” in "Mushel zhas", in ancient times had some kind of magical astrological meaning. It was these passions for astrology, blind superstition and much arrogance that ultimately destroyed "Mushel zhas". I deeply suspect that the constant movement and re-naming of the names of animals in the 12-year animal cycle took place at the whim and by order of the rulers and countless khans of nomadic empires. For example, do you think a “great” ruler or a khan of nomads would like to turn from a mighty Barca (leopard) into a cowardly Hare, etc. Astrologers and priests remained only to silently obey the insane decrees and orders of the rulers. What a fool to ask the ruler not to change the rules and the names of animals in "Mushel zhas" and remain without a head on his shoulders. What happened in past centuries, I hope in the future will not happen again. Some remnants of astrological forecasts of past centuries and faith in the superstition "Mushel zhas" are still preserved. For example, when moving from one to the second "Mushel zhas", nomads usually distribute favorite clothes to their close relatives or friends. From the birth of a child * to one year (the so-called “zero” year) was not part of the “mushel”, since it was not known in the harsh nomadic life of whether the child would survive or not. Therefore, in the 1st mushel of human life there was always 13 years (1 + 12 = 13). Further, to the «mushel» always added 12 years unchanged (13 + 12 = 25 + 12 = 37 + 12 = 49 + 12 = 61 + 12 = 73 + 12 = 85, etc.). * Nomads did not share the sex of the child, whether it is a boy or a girl. Because of the girls also went skillful warriors. An example of this is “Hanshaiym Tomiris” (the queen of Sak-Scythians), who chopped off the head of the Persian king Cyrus. [7] Before decisive battles in past centuries, in which life or death was at stake, young girls fought on a par with men. There was a case when the girls cut off their breasts so that they would not interfere during the battle. [8] During the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945), two Kazakh girls "Asians", Manshuk Mametova [9] and Aliya Moldagulova, [10] received the highest award of the USSR posthumously. In 1986, during the “December event,” [11] I saw with my own eyes how young Kazakh girls stood in the same row 194 with the guys against the attacking armed Soviet soldiers. It is better not to disturb the spirit of "Amazon", sleeping in the blood of Kazakh girls ... However, Kazakh women knew their place in life and did not consider it a shame to occupy their rightful place after men. For this reason, the "Mushel zhas", consisting of 12 years, is called by the male sign: 1st mushel: from 2nd to 13th year – bala sarbaz (young warrior); 2nd mushel: from 13 to 25 years old – zhigit sarbaz (strong warrior); 3rd mushel: from 25 to 37 years old – tis kakkan sarbaz (experienced warrior); 4th mushel: from 37 to 49 years old – kara sakal (black beard); 5th mushel: from 49 to 61 years old – ak sakal (white beard); 6th mushel: from 61 to 73 years old – kumis sakal (silver beard); 7th mushel: from 73 to 85 years old – altyn sakal (golden beard), etc. For example, in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, nomads (and Kazakhs) defined their age strictly according to “mushel zhas”. The rules for the definition of "mushel zhas" are very simple. For example, if a Kazakh nomad says: “I was born in the year of the Hare, six years have passed since I crossed the threshold of the fifth mushel”, then find out that this Kazakh nomad is 55 years old (1 + 48 + 6 = 55)” . However, in these calculations, the "Mushel zhas" in the 12-year cycle of animals has one big "But." 101 years ago (February 14, 1918), [12] the Kazakh nomads, like the rest of the world, adopted the Christian chronology, which begins with the birth of Christ (1st year of our era), and the Catholic Gregorian calendar, in which the new year begins on January 1. Thus, 201 years ago a nomad who said that he was born in the year of the Hare, knew for sure that he was born after March 22 (Nauryz is the new year of the nomads). Thus, after 100 years in one Christian year, nomads get incomplete two years. For example, who were born before March 22 – it is believed that he was born in the year of Barça, and who was born after March 22 – it is believed that he was born in the year of Hare. On this occasion, many relatives, friends and acquaintances have been asking me about the question of how to correctly read “Mushel zhas”. Since no nomad state is going to cancel the “Gregorian calendar” and return to its national calendar, today I want to answer the question of my relatives and other people, from a scientific point of view, using Table 1 as an example. 195 Table 1. The introductory chronological table "Mushel zhas", calculated for a period of 120 years (1917-2037) Mushel year Jylan-Snake Zhylky-Horse Koy-Sheep Mechin-Mechin Tauyk-Hen It-Dog Doniz-Pig Tyshkan-Mouse Siyr-Cow Barys-Leopard Koyan-Hare Bory-Wolf Jylan-Snake Zhylky-Horse Koy-Sheep Mechin-Mechin Tauyk-Hen It-Dog Doniz-Pig Tyshkan-Mouse Siyr-Cow Barys-Leopard Koyan-Hare Bory-Wolf Jylan-Snake Mushel 0 mushel 1 mushel 1 mushel 1 mushel 1 mushel 1 mushel 1 mushel 1 mushel 1 mushel 1 mushel 1 mushel 1 mushel 1 mushel 2 mushel 2 mushel 2 mushel 2 mushel 2 mushel 2 mushel 2 mushel 2 mushel 2 mushel 2 mushel 2 mushel 2 mushel № 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Gregorian calendar from 3/22/1917 to 3/21/1918 from 3/22/1918 to 3/21/1919 from 3/22/1919 to 3/21/1920 from 3/22/1920 to 3/21/1921 from 3/22/1921 to 3/21/1922 from 3/22/1922 to 3/21/1923 from 3/22/1923 to 3/21/1924 from 3/22/1924 to 3/21/1925 from 3/22/1925 to 3/21/1926 from 3/22/1926 to 3/21/1927 from 3/22/1927 to 3/21/1928 from 3/22/1928 to 3/21/1929 from 3/22/1929 to 3/21/1930 from 3/22/1930 to 3/21/1931 from 3/22/1931 to 3/21/1932 from 3/22/1932 to 3/21/1933 from 3/22/1933 to 3/21/1934 from 3/22/1934 to 3/21/1935 from 3/22/1935 to 3/21/1936 from 3/22/1936 to 3/21/1937 from 3/22/1937 to 3/21/1938 from 3/22/1938 to 3/21/1939 from 3/22/1939 to 3/21/1940 from 3/22/1940 to 3/21/1941 from 3/22/1941 to 3/21/1942 Mushel ---------3 mushel 3 mushel 3 mushel 3 mushel 3 mushel 3 mushel 3 mushel 3 mushel 3 mushel 3 mushel 3 mushel 3 mushel 4 mushel 4 mushel 4 mushel 4 mushel 4 mushel 4 mushel 4 mushel 4 mushel 4 mushel 4 mushel 4 mushel 4 mushel № --26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Gregorian -------------1942-1943 1943-1944 1944-1945 1945-1946 1946-1947 1947-1948 1948-1949 1949-1950 1950-1951 1951-1952 1952-1953 1953-1954 1954-1955 1955-1956 1956-1957 1957-1958 1958-1959 1959-1960 1960-1961 1961-1962 1962-1963 1963-1964 1964-1965 1965-1966 Mushel ---------5 mushel 5 mushel 5 mushel 5 mushel 5 mushel 5 mushel 5 mushel 5 mushel 5 mushel 5 mushel 5 mushel 5 mushel 6 mushel 6 mushel 6 mushel 6 mushel 6 mushel 6 mushel 6 mushel 6 mushel 6 mushel 6 mushel 6 mushel 6 mushel 196 № --50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 Gregorian -------------1966-1967 1967-1968 1968-1969 1969-1970 1970-1971 1971-1972 1972-1973 1973-1974 1974-1975 1975-1976 1976-1977 1977-1978 1978-1979 1979-1980 1980-1981 1981-1982 1982-1983 1983-1984 1984-1985 1985-1986 1986-1987 1987-1988 1988-1989 1989-1990 Mushel ---------7 mushel 7 mushel 7 mushel 7 mushel 7 mushel 7 mushel 7 mushel 7 mushel 7 mushel 7 mushel 7 mushel 7 mushel 8 mushel 8 mushel 8 mushel 8 mushel 8 mushel 8 mushel 8 mushel 8 mushel 8 mushel 8 mushel 8 mushel 8 mushel № --74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 Gregorian -------------1990-1991 1991-1992 1992-1993 1993-1994 1994-1995 1995-1996 1996-1997 1997-1998 1998-1999 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 Mushel ---------9 mushel 9 mushel 9 mushel 9 mushel 9 mushel 9 mushel 9 mushel 9 mushel 9 mushel 9 mushel 9 mushel 9 mushel 10 mushel 10 mushel 10 mushel 10 mushel 10 mushel 10 mushel 10 mushel 10 mushel 10 mushel 10 mushel 10 mushel 10 mushel № --98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 Gregorian -------------2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 2019-2020 2020-2021 2021-2022 2022-2023 2023-2024 2024-2025 2025-2026 2026-2027 2027-2028 2028-2029 2029-2030 2030-2031 2031-2032 2032-2033 2033-2034 2034-2035 2035-2036 2036-2037 2037-2038 In this table, the chronology of "Mushel zhas" begins with the date (1917-1918), from which all the confusion began, i.e. two names of the year of the mushel in one year according to the Gregorian calendar. As we can see, this chronological table “Mushel zhas” is designed for 120 years or 10 “Mushel zhas” (12 × 10 = 120: 1917-2037). Who was born in the year of the Snake, this table without any change shows all possible "Mushel zhas" with a period of 12 years. If a person was born in 1946 (after March 22), then in 1959 he will reach 1 "Mushel zhas" (13 years), in 1971 he will be at the dawn of forces (2 "Mushel zhas" – 25 years), in 1983 he will already 3 "Mushel zhas" (37 years old), in 1995 he will be 4 "Mushel zhas" (49 years old), in 2007 – 5 "Mushel zhas" (61 years), in 2019 he will reach 6 "Mushel zhas" (73 years). Nomads consider the 6 "Mushel zhas" or 73 years to be the most dangerous period of life. For example, the Mongol nomads after the 72nd year of life jump immediately to the 74th year. If a nomad slips past the 73rd year of life without disease and without incident, it is believed that he managed to deceive a harsh fate. To check the validity of the definition of "Mushel zhas" you can use the ordinal number of years specified opposite each year: 103 – 30 = 73. As we can see from Table 1, the "Mushel zhas" seems to be a ship floating in time. Unlike other nations, nomads do not seek the meaning of life from the past and the future. Thousand-year history has taught them to live only in the present time. A new ruler or a khan will come – all old rules are canceled, a new rule begins and a new time begins. The whole world around them begins to change rapidly. And this chaos continues until one day everything starts again ... No matter how many people study these stories, it is still impossible to find a beginning or end in this life process. Because there is no logical conclusion of what was started or completed. Figuratively speaking, the life process of the nomads can be compared with a huge tornado, which sow devastation and death everywhere, and then disappear as suddenly as it began. For this reason, the Western world for so long could not understand the train of thought, logic and mentality (mysterious soul) of the nomads. As a result, for many centuries, especially at the suggestion of Tsarist Russia and Europeans, the whole world called nomads savages, ignoramuses and all other negative qualities. However, it should be noted that yet this eternal process of nomadic life has its own meaning and wisdom. From this endless chaos, nomadic intellectuals of "Akyn-Zhyrau" (improvisers, singers and storytellers) created numerous epics, legends, parables, etc. "Akyn-Zhyrau" after themselves left so many folklore works, many of which are lost forever. Miraculously preserved of them (between the 15th and 20th centuries) in 1984 saw the light entitled “Bes gasyr zhyrlaidy” (Five centuries narrate) in 3 volumes. [13] It is in this place of the article, I sit and leaf through this book and think: “What nation in the world can boast of such a rich past and gifted literary language”? Chapter 2. Nomads could guess that the earth is round ... A friend of mine, a Western scientist, once asked me: "Nomads (Kazakhs) when they knew that the Earth was round?". Isn't it true, the question is interesting and intriguing. But about this, before this question, I thought and reflected many times. I cannot say in the affirmative, but hypothetically I admit the idea that nomads thousands of years ago suggested that the Earth was not flat, but round. Assumption 1. Daytime: When nomads walk slowly through endless steppes for several days or several months in a row, where there is neither a hill nor a mountain, they see that they are surrounded only by an ideal circle. To make sure that this is a circle, and not a square, it was enough to look clockwise or counterclockwise at the horizon without taking your eyes off. Your eyes again and again return to the place where you began to follow in a circle. And what is interesting, it seemed to the nomad observer that this circle was constantly hanging in the air. They drove first forward, and then back thousands and thousands of kilometers, and this picture never changed. The nomads from this simple observation did not make any mathematical constant similar to the Archimedes' constant (π ≈ 3.14159 ... the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle). [14] And who knows, experienced priests of nomads (Esepshi), may have drawn conclusions from what they saw, but no one asked about this from them. For this reason, they left a lot of mysterious circles in the form of a ring in the Kazakh steppes. These rings can be found in the form of a barrow (Figure 1. Ring Bestamak consisting of 25 barrow: GPS 50°22'06,09"N 66°09'00,59"E) or as a petroglyph (Figure 2. Tamgaly: GPS 43°48'12"N 75°32'06"E). [15] Especially in Figure 2, “a” it seems to me that “Esepshi” tries to show not only the round Earth, but the entire planetary model of the Solar System. Figure 1. Ring Bestamak consisting of 25 barrow (178 meter × 150 meter) 198 Figure 2. Mysterious petroglyph drawings in Tamgaly Assumption 2. Nighttime: At full moon, a nomad looks into the night sky and sees that the moon is round like an inflated ball, as well as tiny, but also round planets Sholpan (Venus), Kyzyl zhuldyz (Mars), Esekkyrgan (Jupiter), bright stars, such as Sumbile (Sirius) and others also hang in the "air". It is very hard to believe that the advanced Esepshi at least once in his life did not admit the thought that the Earth, like these stars, is as round as a ball. The only difference is that the Earth is round – horizontally, and the celestial bodies are round – vertically. But, alas, my hypothesis has no written confirmation. Therefore, modern science will never confirm that the nomads have guessed that the earth is round and that it moves in its orbit around the sun. Chapter 3. Stars – shows the way and help create a calendar In the northeast of Italy is located one of the most beautiful cities in Europe – Venice. According to a study by some historians, this city was founded by rural refugees who fled from successive waves of the German and Hun invasions. [16] As you guessed, the Huns are nomads of Central Asia. I am not going to glorify the Huns here again. Although all the same it is worth noting that the Huns were catalysts for new ideas for Europe. A reasonable question arises, how did the gun wars from Asia calmly reach Europe? After all, the distance between them is at least 6-7 thousand kilometers. Some ancient European nations had the feeling that these centaur horsemen descend from the sky. The answer is one, all the mystery lies in the stars, most likely it is Urker (Pleiades). It is here that I cannot but remember the sky disk from Nebra, found not far from the city of Nebra, Saxony-Anhalt, in Germany. "The Nebra sky disk is a bronze disk of around 30 centimeters (12 in) diameter and a 199 weight of 2.2 kilograms (4.9 lb), with a blue-green patina and inlaid with gold symbols. Figure 3. In June 2013 it was included in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register and termed "one of the most important archaeological finds of the twentieth century." [17] Thus, this disc became “purely European”, and European scientists began to decipher the stars on this disc and, as always, started a race in search of sensations. At first, scientists estimated his age at 18,000 years, and then "descended" to 3,600 years, and so on. [18] Figure 3. The Nebra sky disk: lunar-stellar calendar and GPS navigator at the same time When I look at the photo "sky disk from Nebra", I see the structure and principles of the moonstellar calendar "Togys esebi" of nomads of Central Asia. To be unsubstantiated, let's understand together. 200 Assumption 1. What does 39 or 40 holes mean around a bronze disk? If any reader reads my article in Academia.edu entitled KAZAKH NATIONAL CALENDAR (full text), then he knows that the astronomical basis of the lunar star calendar “Togys eseby” consists of exactly 39 or 40 sidereal months: 1. 28 days × 39 months = 1092 days ÷ 3 years = 364 days; 2. 27.3 days × 40 months = 1092 days ÷ 37 months = 29.5 days; 3. 13 months + 13 months + 14 months = 40 months from 27.3 days; 4. 13 months + 13 months + 13 months = 39 months from 28 days. Assumption 2. What does the Ai (Moon) and Urker (Pleiades) figures inside the bronze disk mean? In these drawings of the night sky, I see the usual pattern of coverage (occultation) of the Pleiades by the Moon in different phases. If we consider that during one stellar year, the Moon covers the Pleiades in 13 or 14 different phases, one can easily guess that the various phases of the moon (new moon and full moon) are drawn in the bronze disk. Thus, the scientists' assumption that the Sun and the “boats of the dead”, etc., are reflected on this disk, can be completely refuted. Assumption 3. What is the difference between the golden semi-curved bands on the right and left (absent), as well as in the lower part of the disk from the phases of the Moon? 1) In the northern hemisphere, on the continent of Eurasia (Europe), coverage (occultation) of the Pleiades by the Moon occurs in the southern part of the sky. Therefore, on the southern side of the bronze disk there is no golden semicircular strip resembling a “boat”. 2) In the opposite lower part of the bronze disk (northern side of the horizon) there is a small golden semicircular strip. When the entire covering (occultation) of the Pleiades by the Moon occurs opposite the fixed north pole (Ursa Major and Ursa Minor consisting of 14 stars), the alternation of months (togys aiy) equal to 27 and 28 days will always be correct. 3) On the right side of the bronze disk (western side of the horizon) there is a large golden semicircular strip. In the lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi”, the 1st month (1 togys aiy) of a star year always begins with the narrow crescent of the moon (neomenia) that appears in the western part of the sky. This important event always occurs after the vernal equinox. After this, Urker (Pleiades) disappears from the night sky for 37-40 days. At this time, the powerful Sunlight obscures the weak light of Urker, as well as other bright stars of the constellation Taurus. 4) On the left side of the bronze disk (eastern side of the horizon) there was a large golden semicircular band. At the moment, this golden plate has fallen off from the bronze disk, but its blackened place from corrosion and time is clearly visible. It is on this side of the horizon, after 3740 days, on the eve of the summer solstice, Urker appears. On the eve or after the Urker heliacal rise, [19] a covering (occultation) of the Pleiades by the Moon occurs in 27 or 25 phases. Then 201 within 11 months (23, 21, 19, 17, 15, 13, 11, 9, 7, 5 and 3 togys ailary) there is a regular covering (occultation) of the Pleiades by the Moon, etc. Assumption 4. What role did 39 or 40 holes play around the perimeter of the bronze disk? 1) As we already know, the invisible spring-summer period of Urker (Pleiades) is approximately 37-40 days; 2) And also within 39-40 sidereal months, about 3 stellar years of 364 days pass. The current purpose of these holes can be safely compared with matrices (cells) in modern computers. With the help of these holes, the ancient priests of the “Germans” counted 37-40 days, when Urker was not visible in the night sky, and also 39-40 sidereal months in the “eternal” recurring 3-year cycle. According to my assumption, for this purpose a flexible thin cord from horse, cow or lamb skins was used. Every day (when they considered the 37-40 day period) or every sidereal month (when they considered a year consisting of 39-40 sidereal months), the priest filled the hole with a thin leather cord. I deeply suspect that this bronze disk, in addition to the calendar, also served as the GPS navigator of antiquity connecting the “country road” thousands of kilometers long with the necessary reference stars. Thus, the sky disk from Nebra can be attributed to the most ancient computer, which appeared thousands of years before the "Antikythera mechanism". [20] Figure 4. The Antikythera Mechanism also had a connection with the Pleiades. 202 Who invented this wonderful bronze disk, nomads or sedentary peoples living in the territory of present-day Germany, the question remains open. Postscriptum: God knows everything, and we know nothing. Up to this point, I did not even think that the Ministry of Culture and Sports of the Republic of Kazakhstan would refuse to publish my book “The Kazakh National Calendar” in 2019. But, alas, it happened. Therefore, in the future, I do not know whether it will be ethically correct to publish excerpts from my handwritten book. I am an optimist in life and I know for sure that the refusal decision of Kazakh officials, as well as some "good" people who are considered to be "honored cultural workers of the republic" (who contributed to this decision) does not mean the general opinion of the Kazakh people. If any interested domestic or foreign publisher wants to publish my book, I am ready to cooperate with this publishing house with pleasure. My works in the electronic version in PDF format (in the Kazakh language) can be seen in the Academia.edu website. But about the translation of this book into other languages (for example, into English) is complicated by the fact that it is almost impossible to find highly specialized professional translators. Therefore, I try as much as possible to translate the most interesting places of my book into English on my own. From the extended statistics in Academia.edu, I feel that almost all of my English-speaking readers do not like my translations. However, I believe that my "clumsy" translations are better than nothing. Thus, the continuation of my article follows ... 203 Bibliography 01. Golden ratio: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio 02. Fibonacci number: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number 03. The golden ratio: how it works, May 2, 2018: http://dostoyanieplaneti.ru/5412-zolotoe-sechenie-kak-ehto-rabotaet 04. On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS): https://oeis.org/A001622 05. Kazakh National Calendar (PDF file) – Everything you wanted to know about the ancient Kazakh Nomad MoonPleiades (Lunar-stellar) Calendar but didn't know who to ask: https://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud.htm#others or https://independent.academia.edu/KaldarhanKambar 06. Zakharova I.V., Twelve-year animal cycle among the peoples of Central Asia., Article. Published in the 8th volume of works of the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR "New Materials on the Ancient and Medieval History of Kazakhstan" (A., 1960). 32-65 p. 07. Tomyris: The Massagetean warrior-queen who may have killed Cyrus the Great, Nov 5, 2016 Marija Georgievska, https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/11/05/tomyris-the-massagetean-warrior-queen-who-may-have-killed-cyrus-thegreat/ 08. Amazon (girls without breasts): 09. Manshuk Zhiengalievna Mametova https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manshuk_Mametova 10. Aliya Nurmuhametqyzy Moldagulova https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya_Moldagulova 11. The Jeltoqsan or "December" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeltoqsan of (23 October (25 1986 October were riots 1922 – 1925 – that took 15 14 October 1943): January 1944): place in Alma-Ata: 12. February 14, 1918 Soviet Russia switched to a new style of chronology: https://tiina.livejournal.com/8110264.html 13. Bes gasyr zhyrlaydy (Five centuries of narration), Compiled by: M.Magauin, M.Baidildaev. I-III volume. - Almaty. "Zhazushy" publishing house, 1984 and 1985. 14. Archimedes' constant π: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_constant 15. Petroglyphs within the Archaeological Landscape of Tamgaly © UNESCO: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1145 16. Bosio, Luciano. Le origini di Venezia. Novara: Istituto Geografico De Agostini. Brown, Horatio, Venice, chapter 8 of Cambridge Modern History vol. I The Renaissance (1902) 17. Nebra sky disk: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebra_sky_disk, http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-andinformation/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-heritagepage-6/nebra-sky-disc/ 18. The Sky Disc of Nebra – Bronze https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/arqueologia/nebra_disk.htm Age 19. Heliacal rising: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliacal_rising 20. Antikythera mechanism: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism 204 Sky Disc Deciphered: By Kaldarhan A. Kambar My "primitive-nomadic" view of the future of our civilization Copyright 2019 Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published February 01, 2019 Planet Earth was not created by humans, but by Almighty God "in just six days." Therefore, it belongs to all mankind. When the German philosopher Karl Heinrich Marx (1818-1883) in just 6 months (August 1858 – January 1859) wrote the book “A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy” (Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie), [1] he probably did not even expect that his words will be taken seriously. However, 60 years after the publication of this book – Eastern Europe and poor Central Asia burned with a bright flame of the ideas of communism, devouring millions of innocent people. About 70 years for millions of Soviet people K. Marx and F. Engels (1820-1895) replaced God, and Lenin and Stalin replaced the prophets. Then many Kazakh boys were proud that their name was MELS (Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin). Praise be to Allah that all this is now in the past... By the will of Allah, I lived from birth to adulthood behind the “iron-concrete” curtains of socialism. Those who have not lived in this huge camp called “USSR” will never understand what was good in it and what was bad. Any “system of society” created by the hands of the same people as you, leaves you with such ambivalent feelings. We still can not understand the "spoiled and tender" Europe and America with their strange mentality, and they do not understand us, who have long lived inside the high fences. In the past 30 years there is no such high fence, but the skeleton of the foundation is still felt. They fear us, and we fear them. There is mutual friction. As a result, Putin is scaring the world with his new and new missiles, while the western hemisphere is trying to block off all possible financial-monetary oxygen to them. This is not normal, in theory it should not be. A wise Kazakh proverb says: "Eki koshkar suzisse, arasynda shybyn oledi". This proverb literally translates as: "If two rams are butted with the help of horns, the fly remaining in the middle of them will die." And what would you do with the "nomads" who remained between two fires. We want to live in friendship with Russian Ivan and American John. To support one of them in this great confrontation is like writing a death sentence for yourself. The main misfortune of mankind – the greed, bloodthirstiness and propensity to debauchery. Since these three negative qualities of a person cannot be removed through surgical intervention or personal re-education, it is useless and impossible to ban these three qualities that devour our civilization from the inside. There is an eternal question-dilemma “What Is to Be Done?” [2] ... One thing is clear, like the day – we need to live on. War can not last forever, someday it stop. Because the “dogs of war” does not live long, they devour each other, then the world will be restored until the next birth of an even larger “bloodthirsty dog of war”. 205 Central Asia has been a field of endless wars and battles for thousands and thousands of years. The nomadic peoples, dispersed and tortured by the war, eventually united as a "Kazakh nation." Among us there are all the descendants of those mighty nomads who wanted to conquer the whole world. Finally, we current descendants realized what our ancestors could not understand. We must live in peace... What did the aforementioned Marx do? Marx simplified the classification of societies or different stages of human history in: 1. Primitive communal; 2. Slaveholding; 3. Feudal; 4. Capitalist; 5. Communist scene. [3] But hopes for "communism" were not justified. Soviet people eventually overthrew socialism and the idea of communism. Since then, about 30 years have passed. However, the faces of the "former" Soviet people show that their hopes for a better life have not been fulfilled again. The paradox of human society is that at this stage in the world there are all five of these classifications. Perhaps no one can deny that in the Amazon jungle and elsewhere on the planet there is a primitive communal system, there are illegal criminal circles that are engaged in slavery, sell people to feudal lords and capitalists. The idea of communism has not disappeared, mutated with capitalism, the Communists very well govern in China. To be honest, not only the “former Soviet people”, but all people on the planet who honestly work and enrich the group of billionaires and corrupt officials, are disappointed with the justice of this world. In short, for 99 percent of the inhabitants of this planet, this whole life has become unbearable. To verify this, it is not necessary to conduct an expensive study of this problem. It is enough to watch the world's famous TV channels, where the “freedom of speech” and the opinion of pluralism miraculously survived. I am very afraid that some madman again did not write "A spectre is haunting Europe – the spectre of communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre". [4] My knees are shaking, I pray to Allah, so that all "past nightmares" will not repeat again and again and so indefinitely. There are more questions than answers. The truth is somewhere nearby or the truth is somewhere there. But no one knows this truth and no one can explain it. Whether we want it or not, all the “capitalized” people are already waiting for the next stage of human history. About 7 billion people are waiting for changes in society and in our civilization as a whole. All of humanity comes to this option as the inevitable “brexit” in the English version of the script. It seems we are all waiting for something supernatural that we usually call a "miracle." However, one thing is clear – God does not descend from heaven to put everything in its place. Because He is not human-like as we all think. It is very large, but we still do not see it. But he sees us very clearly. Almighty God created man in such a way that his mind knew no bounds when studying the physique of humans and animals, the human society of the Earth, the Solar System and the Universe. For thousands and thousands of years, man has been tirelessly engaged with these permitted research. During this period, accumulated a huge baggage of knowledge. However, we must not forget that God does not allow us to create a living being like you and me. God is not afraid that we will replace him in the “divine providence,” God is worried that we will destroy ourselves prematurely. How to understand this and what do I mean? We have already learned how to create different types of animals, even learned how to create genetically modified people. [5] But we have forgotten that a human being cannot give “creatures” 206 created by him – consciousness (reason). [6] These “creatures” in the literal sense of the word are “zombies” who do not control their actions. They can eat human meat and drink its blood. Then it turns out that American horror films about "zombies" [7] are not far from the truth! What do all these words have to do with the problem of our civilization? It is directly related in the sense that when drafting any global project, it must be taken into account that humanity is still developing spontaneously, without any agreement between them. All this chaos in human society will stop only when we finally realize that we have not created this Earth, our consciousness did not appear by itself, it was presented to us, so that we understand that there is a “Creator” in this huge universe. The progressive-minded scientists have always been and remain the eternal and tireless engine of any civilization. But unfortunately, most modern scientists are atheists and do not recognize either God or the devil. However, the German theoretical physicist Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (18581947) was a member of the Lutheran Church in Germany. Belief in God did not prevent him from discovery of energy quanta and receiving the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. [8] Information that at the end of his life A. Einstein adopted Islam and became a Muslim, is very controversial. [9] I was born in a Muslim family, from childhood I studied our world, in the end I consciously converted to Islam and now I perform namaz (as-salyat) five times a day. Always soberly looking through all the details of my life and work through the prism of “Allah”. I do not urge others to do the same, because not everyone is destined to do so ... Modern civilization humanity is accustomed to measure everything by Earth standards. When I say “everything” this applies to science, economics, politics and everything else that concerns a person. This is understandable, because there was no alternative measure, similar to the Earth one. I mean other planets on which there are intelligent beings like you and me. But I do not suspect, I know for sure that the highest minds from the Universe are watching us. By earthly standards, they have been watching us for a very long time. But for them it is not a very big time, as it seems to us. What I write next will be like the delirium of a drunk or vague mind of a drug addict who has just taken a large dose of heroin. But as a decent Muslim I do not accept both. However, my naive dream of the world around us at the level of children's thinking will either shake our everyday consciousness, or make you angry causing a smile or a fitful laugh. Despite this, I decided to express my thoughts out loud. In any case, after a while “all” things that concern us personally, directly or indirectly, will change for humanity. When this long-awaited moment comes for the Earthlings depends on how we perceive all this. Let's start with how humanity loves to standardize all things around it. In science, this is called – the standard of measure and weights, in the economy – the stock exchange and capital, in politics – etiquette, etc. All this is correct, without it there will be chaos in the world. Our only drawback is that we do not try to modify and develop them. We are very afraid that we will lose control over these things. However, in the history of mankind, we have many times witnessed how this tradition in science, economics and politics is destroyed all the same and chaos follows. In such difficult times in science there is a degradation, in the economy comes a crisis, and in politics it is even worse – war begins. All this is to blame for the underdevelopment of human consciousness. On Earth, the idea of a "Planetary Scale Consciousness" has not yet matured. In theory, the world should not be ruled by 207 250 presidents as it is happening now, but only one “Consciousness” of all humanity. Then there will be no degradation, crises and wars on Earth. How can this be done? What I say next will sound like utopia. But less utopian, for example, that 7 billion people will be saved in the future, moving to Mars or other planets. This is an illusion and it will never happen. Earth is the only planet that we have. If we devastate it as we do now, and as dinosaurs once did, we will die out like dinosaurs. To avoid this, what should we do? All 7 billion people should line up in one row forming the "spine" of a large "Consciousness" along the globe. This great caravan of humanity should start from South America, then continue through North America, then through the Bering Strait to Eurasia and should end in Africa. This “spine” should be kept in the middle of all continents, since in the future all coastal areas closer to the oceans may be under water. Because, we all see how Mother Earth, in order to wash off the “parasites”, slowly warms a huge amount of water. The length of this "spine" will be approximately 34,410 km. The length of this “spine” is: 1) 2651 km. – South America; 2) 3180 km. – South America; 3) 2943 km. – Central America; 4) 2784 km. – North America; 5) 4437 km. – North America; 6) 117 km. – Bering Strait; 7) 5108 km. – Eurasia; 8) 3594 km. – Eurasia; 9) 1,470 km. – Eurasia; 10) 3359 km. – Africa; 11) 4757 km. – Africa. [10] The initial width of this “spine” can be approximately from 1 to 5 km along its entire length. Over time, as the Earth’s population increases in this “spine”, “ribs” may appear. Figure 1. The flexible "spine" of a large "Consciousness" of our civilization on the world map (something like this, but in a slightly different way it is possible to connect all continents of the Earth) The economic, political and other benefits of this global project are enormous, but the most important thing is that all people in the world will feel that they are all in the same boat. Since the boat is only one, people will treat it carefully and carefully. For example, about 100 nationalities and ethnic groups live in Kazakhstan. [11] Contrary to all forecasts, in our country there is no war. 208 Because the people of Kazakhstan do not see any sense in rocking the “boat” in which everything floats in the vast ocean. All developed countries needlessly and uselessly defend themselves against the invasion of migrants. On the contrary, they need to rejoice that new and fresh blood is being poured into their aging blood in their veins. If you look at history, then you will see that all the geniuses and wise men of mankind were born from such a fresh blood displacement. The above-mentioned balance of tolerance in Kazakhstan is based on the wisdom of our President Nursultan Nazarbayev, transmitted by the gene of our nomadic ancestors. In the future, all of humanity can learn to the problem of tolerance from Kazakhstan, which is turning into a miniature experimental platform. In about 50 years, and maybe earlier, I think, humanity will be ready for such an experiment. Because circumstances around the world will make us take such a step. Thus, we must give Mother Earth, who fed us and defended millions of years, time to recover from the diseases that we infected while being an unreasonable child. I see no other way but this. Bibliography 01. A Contribution to the Critique of Political https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Contribution_to_the_Critique_of_Political_Economy 02. What Is to Be Done? (novel), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F_(novel) Nikolai Economy: Chernyshevsky: 03. Marx’s Sociology Theory of Class Struggle: http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/sociology/marxs-sociology-theory-of-class-struggle/43763 04. The Communist Manifesto: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto 05. Chinese authorities confirmed the birth of two children with edited genes, January 21, 2019: https://hybridtechcar.com/2019/01/21/chinese-authorities-confirmed-the-birth-of-two-childrenwith-edited-genes/ 06. Consciousness: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness 07. Zombie: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie 08. Max Karl Ernst Ludwig https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck Planck (1858-1947), Religious views: 09. Rizwan Niaz Raiyan, Jun 22 2017, Did Einstein really become a Muslim? https://www.quora.com/Did-Einstein-really-become-a-Muslim 10. Google Earth Online: explore the world: https://googleearthonline.blogspot.com/ 11. Demographics of Kazakhstan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Kazakhstan 209 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar A new idea for the "World Calendar" can be found in the "strange" calculations of ancient civilizations Copyright 2019 Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published Jan. 29, 2019 About my vision of the "World Calendar" When we all say “time” and “calendar”, I see such a depressing picture. On planet Earth, there are basically three types of calendars that are “privatized” by existing religions. 1) Islam – the lunar calendar; 2) Christianity – the solar calendar; 3) Judaism and Buddhism – lunar-solar calendar. In addition to them, there are still dozens of subspecies of these calendars. In the last 33 years, I have completely restored and put into operation the most ancient and fourth type of the calendar of mankind – the lunar-stellar calendar (Togys esebi). [1] [2] If any of the readers read these articles, they probably noticed that this calendar is indeed a calendar created by the hands of nomadic peoples, which does not belong to any religion. As we all know, in the mid-twentieth century, the atheistic solar calendar could not be made the “World Calendar”. [3] Because then the opinion and millennial dogmas of world religions were not taken into account. This is not about the "seven-day week", as described about the failure of the calendar reform in 1954. The whole point is that the Moon and the Pleiades are no less important than the Sun relative to the time in the calendar. If humanity really wants to switch to the "World Calendar" that suits all religions and all people on the planet, then a completely different approach is needed in this problem. The future “World Calendar” should be universal, allowing all religions and people to remain in their “privatized” calendars. How to understand it or how to do it? In my view, such a “World Calendar” should consist only of a number. For example, take the number – 4,240,549,272,960,000 (four quadrillion two hundred forty trillion five hundred forty nine billion two hundred seventy two million nine hundred sixty thousand) calculated by me. 1 and 2 table. This long number allows humanity to keep track of time in seconds. We show this for clarity in the example. Modern astronomy has determined the value of the tropical year at 365.242190402 days or 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 45.25 seconds. [4] Next, we make a simple calculation: 210 Table 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 81 84 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100 104 108 112 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 126 132 138 144 150 156 162 168 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 112 119 126 133 140 147 154 161 168 175 182 189 196 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160 168 176 184 192 200 208 216 224 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 108 117 126 135 144 153 162 171 180 189 198 207 216 225 234 243 252 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 110 121 132 143 154 165 176 187 198 209 220 231 242 253 264 275 286 297 308 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180 192 204 216 228 240 252 264 276 288 300 312 324 336 13 26 39 52 65 78 91 104 117 130 143 156 169 182 195 208 221 234 247 260 273 286 299 312 325 338 351 364 14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112 126 140 154 168 182 196 210 224 238 252 266 280 294 308 322 336 350 364 378 392 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300 315 330 345 360 375 390 405 420 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240 256 272 288 304 320 336 352 368 384 400 416 432 448 17 34 51 68 85 102 119 136 153 170 187 204 221 238 255 272 289 306 323 340 357 374 391 408 425 442 459 476 18 36 54 72 90 108 126 144 162 180 198 216 234 252 270 288 306 324 342 360 378 396 414 432 450 468 486 504 19 38 57 76 95 114 133 152 171 190 209 228 247 266 285 304 323 342 361 380 399 418 437 456 475 494 513 532 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 21 42 63 84 105 126 147 168 189 210 231 252 273 294 315 336 357 378 399 420 441 462 483 504 525 546 567 588 22 44 66 88 110 132 154 176 198 220 242 264 286 308 330 352 374 396 418 440 462 484 506 528 550 572 594 616 23 46 69 92 115 138 161 184 207 230 253 276 299 322 345 368 391 414 437 460 483 506 529 552 575 598 621 644 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288 312 336 360 384 408 432 456 480 504 528 552 576 600 624 648 672 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 26 52 78 104 130 156 182 208 234 260 286 312 338 364 390 416 442 468 494 520 546 572 598 624 650 676 702 728 27 54 81 108 135 162 189 216 243 270 297 324 351 378 405 432 459 486 513 540 567 594 621 648 675 702 729 756 28 56 84 112 140 168 196 224 252 280 308 336 364 392 420 448 476 504 532 560 588 616 644 672 700 728 756 784 Table 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 102 105 108 111 114 117 120 123 126 129 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100 104 108 112 116 120 124 128 132 136 140 144 148 152 156 160 164 168 172 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 126 132 138 144 150 156 162 168 174 180 186 192 198 204 210 216 222 228 234 240 246 252 258 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 112 119 126 133 140 147 154 161 168 175 182 189 196 203 210 217 224 231 238 245 252 259 266 273 280 287 294 301 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160 168 176 184 192 200 208 216 224 232 240 248 256 264 272 280 288 296 304 312 320 328 336 344 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 108 117 126 135 144 153 162 171 180 189 198 207 216 225 234 243 252 261 270 279 288 297 306 315 324 333 342 351 360 369 378 387 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 110 121 132 143 154 165 176 187 198 209 220 231 242 253 264 275 286 297 308 319 330 341 352 363 374 385 396 407 418 429 440 451 462 473 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180 192 204 216 228 240 252 264 276 288 300 312 324 336 348 360 372 384 396 408 420 432 444 456 468 480 492 504 516 13 26 39 52 65 78 91 104 117 130 143 156 169 182 195 208 221 234 247 260 273 286 299 312 325 338 351 364 377 390 403 416 429 442 455 468 481 494 507 520 533 546 559 14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112 126 140 154 168 182 196 210 224 238 252 266 280 294 308 322 336 350 364 378 392 406 420 434 448 462 476 490 504 518 532 546 560 574 588 602 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300 315 330 345 360 375 390 405 420 435 450 465 480 495 510 525 540 555 570 585 600 615 630 645 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240 256 272 288 304 320 336 352 368 384 400 416 432 448 464 480 496 512 528 544 560 576 592 608 624 640 656 672 688 17 34 51 68 85 102 119 136 153 170 187 204 221 238 255 272 289 306 323 340 357 374 391 408 425 442 459 476 493 510 527 544 561 578 595 612 629 646 663 680 697 714 731 18 36 54 72 90 108 126 144 162 180 198 216 234 252 270 288 306 324 342 360 378 396 414 432 450 468 486 504 522 540 558 576 594 612 630 648 666 684 702 720 738 756 774 19 38 57 76 95 114 133 152 171 190 209 228 247 266 285 304 323 342 361 380 399 418 437 456 475 494 513 532 551 570 589 608 627 646 665 684 703 722 741 760 779 798 817 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 740 760 780 800 820 840 860 21 42 63 84 105 126 147 168 189 210 231 252 273 294 315 336 357 378 399 420 441 462 483 504 525 546 567 588 609 630 651 672 693 714 735 756 777 798 819 840 861 882 903 22 44 66 88 110 132 154 176 198 220 242 264 286 308 330 352 374 396 418 440 462 484 506 528 550 572 594 616 638 660 682 704 726 748 770 792 814 836 858 880 902 924 946 23 46 69 92 115 138 161 184 207 230 253 276 299 322 345 368 391 414 437 460 483 506 529 552 575 598 621 644 667 690 713 736 759 782 805 828 851 874 897 920 943 966 989 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288 312 336 360 384 408 432 456 480 504 528 552 576 600 624 648 672 696 720 744 768 792 816 840 864 888 912 936 960 984 1008 1032 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 725 750 775 800 825 850 875 900 925 950 975 1000 1025 1050 1075 26 52 78 104 130 156 182 208 234 260 286 312 338 364 390 416 442 468 494 520 546 572 598 624 650 676 702 728 754 780 806 832 858 884 910 936 962 988 1014 1040 1066 1092 1118 27 54 81 108 135 162 189 216 243 270 297 324 351 378 405 432 459 486 513 540 567 594 621 648 675 702 729 756 783 810 837 864 891 918 945 972 999 1026 1053 1080 1107 1134 1161 28 56 84 112 140 168 196 224 252 280 308 336 364 392 420 448 476 504 532 560 588 616 644 672 700 728 756 784 812 840 868 896 924 952 980 1008 1036 1064 1092 1120 1148 1176 1204 29 58 87 116 145 174 203 232 261 290 319 348 377 406 435 464 493 522 551 580 609 638 667 696 725 754 783 812 841 870 899 928 957 986 1015 1044 1073 1102 1131 1160 1189 1218 1247 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600 630 660 690 720 750 780 810 840 870 900 930 960 990 1020 1050 1080 1110 1140 1170 1200 1230 1260 1290 31 62 93 124 155 186 217 248 279 310 341 372 403 434 465 496 527 558 589 620 651 682 713 744 775 806 837 868 899 930 961 992 1023 1054 1085 1116 1147 1178 1209 1240 1271 1302 1333 32 64 96 128 160 192 224 256 288 320 352 384 416 448 480 512 544 576 608 640 672 704 736 768 800 832 864 896 928 960 992 1024 1056 1088 1120 1152 1184 1216 1248 1280 1312 1344 1376 33 66 99 132 165 198 231 264 297 330 363 396 429 462 495 528 561 594 627 660 693 726 759 792 825 858 891 924 957 990 1023 1056 1089 1122 1155 1188 1221 1254 1287 1320 1353 1386 1419 34 68 102 136 170 204 238 272 306 340 374 408 442 476 510 544 578 612 646 680 714 748 782 816 850 884 918 952 986 1020 1054 1088 1122 1156 1190 1224 1258 1292 1326 1360 1394 1428 1462 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350 385 420 455 490 525 560 595 630 665 700 735 770 805 840 875 910 945 980 1015 1050 1085 1120 1155 1190 1225 1260 1295 1330 1365 1400 1435 1470 1505 36 72 108 144 180 216 252 288 324 360 396 432 468 504 540 576 612 648 684 720 756 792 828 864 900 936 972 1008 1044 1080 1116 1152 1188 1224 1260 1296 1332 1368 1404 1440 1476 1512 1548 37 74 111 148 185 222 259 296 333 370 407 444 481 518 555 592 629 666 703 740 777 814 851 888 925 962 999 1036 1073 1110 1147 1184 1221 1258 1295 1332 1369 1406 1443 1480 1517 1554 1591 38 76 114 152 190 228 266 304 342 380 418 456 494 532 570 608 646 684 722 760 798 836 874 912 950 988 1026 1064 1102 1140 1178 1216 1254 1292 1330 1368 1406 1444 1482 1520 1558 1596 1634 39 78 117 156 195 234 273 312 351 390 429 468 507 546 585 624 663 702 741 780 819 858 897 936 975 1014 1053 1092 1131 1170 1209 1248 1287 1326 1365 1404 1443 1482 1521 1560 1599 1638 1677 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640 680 720 760 800 840 880 920 960 1000 1040 1080 1120 1160 1200 1240 1280 1320 1360 1400 1440 1480 1520 1560 1600 1640 1680 1720 41 82 123 164 205 246 287 328 369 410 451 492 533 574 615 656 697 738 779 820 861 902 943 984 1025 1066 1107 1148 1189 1230 1271 1312 1353 1394 1435 1476 1517 1558 1599 1640 1681 1722 1763 42 84 126 168 210 252 294 336 378 420 462 504 546 588 630 672 714 756 798 840 882 924 966 1008 1050 1092 1134 1176 1218 1260 1302 1344 1386 1428 1470 1512 1554 1596 1638 1680 1722 1764 1806 43 86 129 172 215 258 301 344 387 430 473 516 559 602 645 688 731 774 817 860 903 946 989 1032 1075 1118 1161 1204 1247 1290 1333 1376 1419 1462 1505 1548 1591 1634 1677 1720 1763 1806 1849 212 The first advantage of this huge number (4,240,549,272,960,000): 1) 365.242190402 × 86400 seconds SI = 31,556,925.2507328 seconds; 2) 4,240,549,272,960,000 ÷ 31,556,925.2507328 = 134,377,770.9415 year. As we can see, the result stuns everyone. Even if you count the time in seconds, this number provides the exact time for 134 377 771 (one hundred thirty four million three hundred seventy seven thousand seven hundred seventy one) years. The second advantage of this huge number (4,240,549,272,960,000): This huge number without remainder is divided into almost all the numbers that are needed for all types of calendars, except 365 and 365.25 days etc. To be convinced of this, the computer program for working with spreadsheets “Microsoft Office Excel” used by all of us should not work with “Decimal number system”, [5] but “Hexadecimal number system”. [6] Since our modern world is experiencing the ubiquitous “digital boom”, in the near future, the entire computer system of the world will be forced to switch to the “hexadecimal number system”. Only then the third advantage of this huge number (4,240,549,272,960,000) will come to light. With the help of this huge number, the future of mankind can reconstruct the fact of the occurrence or disappearance of dinosaurs. [7] And also the fact of whether the human race was at that time or not. And all these past stories can be calculated by minutes and seconds. However, the current generation of humanity is not ripe to this level. Therefore, these huge numbers in our time, no one needs and no one is interested. Ancient people lived in their ancient world. They measured their time by the movement of the Moon, the Sun and the Pleiades. Their untouched world, not spoiled by temptation, allowed them to use the most accurate calendar. They could not even imagine that in the future their descendants would try to determine time with an accuracy of up to the yottasecond (1024 s Ys) [8] using an atomic clock. [9] Worse, their descendants will try to "fix" the most accurate and reliable natural calendar. Many ancient peoples (Qumran community, Mayan-Aztecs, nomads of Central Asia) used the 364day calendar in their daily lives. And at the end of the year they did not add 1 day in simple years, 2 days in leap years. Modern man will certainly say, but this is not correct. Every year the mistake will be – 1 day, in 30 years – a month, in 364 days – a year. In ancient times, "advanced" people (priests, timekeepers, nomads "Esepshi" and others) from different civilizations also knew that the year alternated for 365 and 366 days in turn. But they acted very wisely and did what was convenient for them. Thus, they defined 364 days as the Earth Year. The number of 364, compared with 365 and 366 days, is divided into many numbers without a remainder: 1) 366 days without remainder divided, only 1, 2, 3, 6, 61, 122, 183 days; 2) 365 days without remainder divided, only by 1, 5, 73 days; 3) 364 days without balance for 1, 2, 4, 7, 13, 14, 26, 28, 52, 91, 182 days. 213 The ancient self-taught scientists had no right to miss such a chance, because they did not have the opportunity to operate with numbers that have a fractional number. What did they do with the number of 364 days? Modern astronomy has determined the value of the tropical year at 365.242190402 days or 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 45.25 seconds. [4] Next, we make a simple calculation: 1. 365.242190402 days ÷ 364 days = 1.003412611 days or 1 day 0 hours 4 minutes 54.8496 seconds. 2. 1.003412611 days × 293 days = 293.999895023 days. Thus, after the 293rd day it follows as usual not the 294th day, but the 295th day. In the 364-day annual calculation, the same thing happens: 364 × 294 year = 107016 days ÷ 293 = 365.2423208191 days. I believe that the ancient lunar and lunar-solar calendars could be created according to this arithmetic: 107016 days ÷ 3624 synodic month = 29.529801325 days. However, besides this, there are other assumptions by the author. Ancient civilizations lived in their continent, between them were not like now a global connection (globalization). Therefore, each ancient civilization in different ways added this “sliding day” (293, 294 and 295 days) similar to a snake to its calendar system. Nomads of Central Asia added this “rolling day” every 273 days. In their calendar system immediately after 273 days, the 275th day began. However, after every fourth of the 273-day years, "sliding days" were not set ... In order to understand how this system of “leap days” (sliding day) works, we will carefully look at the structure of the "Urker esebi" nomadic calendar (Pleiades Calendar). 1. 91 + 91 = 182 + 91 = 273 + 91 = 364 ÷ 13 months = 28 ÷ 4 = 7 days. 2. 364 days × 3 year = 1092 days ÷ 4 year = 273 days. 3. 28 days × 39 months = 1092 days ÷ 40 months = 27.3 days. 4. 364 × 294 year = 107016 days ÷ 98 = 1092 days. 5. 273 × 392 year = 107016 days ÷ 3920 sidereal month = 27.3 days. 6. 28 days × 3822 month = 107016 days ÷ 3917 togys aiy = 27.321 days. As we can see from the upper equality, years were considered according to the convenient structure of 273 and 364 days, but after the 293rd year the 294th year did not follow. The counting of days began again from the 1st day not from the 295th year, but from the 294th year. Thus, the 364-day "X" year disappears imperceptibly by itself: 214 1.003412611 days × 273 days = 273.93164281 (274) days; 1.003412611 days × 546 days = 547.86328561 (548) days; 1.003412611 days × 819 days = 821.79492841 (822) days; 1.003412611 days × 1092 days = 1095.726571 (1095) ÷ 3 years = 365 days. As we see from the upper equality, the self-regulating “exact time mechanism” is included in the structure of the 364-day calendar. If the priests of the nomads "Esepshi" were wrong in the calendar systems of days, it was "corrected" by the Moon, which regularly covered (occultation) the Pleiades star cluster every 27.3 days. The Mayan-Aztec people who lived in Central America liked to watch the eclipses of the Sun and the Moon. Therefore, along with the 364-day year, they chose a 260-day year: 364 × 5 year = 1820 days ÷ 7 year = 260 days × 4 year = 1040 days ÷ 3 year = 346.667 days. I am pretty sure that the Mayan-Aztec priests also used "sliding days" as a snake instead of a leap year. 1.003412611 days × 260 days = 260.88727886 (261) days; 1.003412611 days × 520 days = 521.77455772 (522) days; 1.003412611 days × 780 days = 782.66183658 (783) days; 1.003412611 days × 1040 days = 1043.549115 (1044) days; 1.003412611 days × 1300 days = 1304.436394 (1304) days; 1.003412611 days × 1560 days = 1565.323673 (1565) days; 1.003412611 days × 1820 days = 1826.210952 (1826) days ÷ 5 years = 365,2 days. At the same time, along with the 260-day year, the Mayan-Aztec priests could use “sliding days” in the 819-day year: 1.003412611 days × 819 days = 821.79492841 (822) days; 1.003412611 days × 1638 days = 1643.589857 (1644) days; 1.003412611 days × 2457 days = 2465.384785 (2465) days; 1.003412611 days × 3276 days = 3287.179714 (3287) days ÷ 9 years = 365.222 days. Why were these “sliding days” needed for ancient peoples? Thanks to these “sliding days”, ancient peoples had the opportunity to consider years convenient in all respects as 364 days. And it can also be associated with sidereal time [10] and axial precession. [11] 215 In the future, when we hear or read news about the 364-day year of an unknown civilization, we must remember that this 364-day year is a full-fledged 365-day year. In principle, in the future, mankind could create a “World Calendar” [3] as our ancestors did. Since 364 days are divided without a balance by 1, 2, 4, 7, 13, 14, 26, 28, 52, 91, 182 days, we will have more opportunity to choose the necessary numbers for the week, month, quarter. A brief background of the "World Calendar" About two or three thousand years ago, maybe earlier, the population of Europe for the first time saw nomadic horsemen from Central Asia. Representatives of the white race were surprised to learn that other people live in this world, differing in skin color and eye shape. In addition, these seemingly wild riders (centaur-barbarians) spoke to each other not with a gesture or hissing, like scattered sounds. They spoke quite in clear language, who understood each other with the floor of the word. However, they were not going to learn languages or understand what they want from each other. There was no time, since both sides immediately took up arms, and soon the war became a gesture of communication between them. Although innocent people died in this war, the warriors from both sides were captured and turned into slaves, no one could even think that this was the beginning of the "globalization of the world." Over time, these single swallows of globalization turned into a whole flock of different birds, among which were predatory and ordinary non-predatory "useful" birds. For example, Dionysius Exiguus (470-544 AD), the “Scythian monk” [12] who invented the “Christian chronology” in the 6th century, was the representative of the latter. Kazakhs consider themselves descendants of Scythians [13] (in the Kazakh language – Sak, Sakh), [14] who lived before our era on the territory of Central Asia (Big Scythia). Therefore, in the name "ka-zakh" the last syllable sounds like "zakhsakh". According to world history, there are three ancient Saka (Scythian) tribes: "The Sakā paradraya – the western Scythians (European Scythians) or Sarmatians. Both the Sakā tigraxaudā and Sakā haumavargā are thought to be located in Central Asia east of the Caspian Sea." [15] When the Russian Empire in the 19th century called the Kazakhs "Kyrgyz-Kaysak", I think, without knowing it, they were closer to the truth. The word "Kai-Sak" literally translates as "from what kind or tribe of Sakas." However, in the early twentieth century, the Kazakh bourgeois intelligentsia considered this word insulting to the Kazakh nation. And after the establishment of the Soviet power (1920-1925), the word "Kirghiz-Kaysak" was replaced by the word "Kazakh." [16] However, Kazakhs to this day ask an unfamiliar Kazakh in the first place “Kai elsin” or “Kai kazaksyn”? This word literally translates as "from what kind or tribe of the Kazakhs." Modern historians write that the invasion of nomads stopped firearms, invented by Europeans in the 14-15 century. It definitely does not reflect the truth. The influx of nomads towards Europe was stopped by a completely different circumstance. Due to the constant and uncontrolled migration to the European part of the vast continent, too many “settled” nomads have gathered. Former blood relatives increasingly began to face in battles. Over time, the instinct of selfpreservation at the gene level of nomads automatically worked. Thus the migration of nomads to Europe ended. But the "hybrid" form of globalization continued ... 216 Whether we like it or not, in the 21st century, “hybrid-technological” globalization, filled with WWW and the Internet, is embracing more and more new territories without a bloody war. Someone in “black masks” plays an incomprehensible game with the mind and consciousness of man. How it all ends is unclear. Reckless hot words in social networks caused a fire in the Arab world, and it looks like it is heading towards Europe. I mean the influx of migrants to Europe and America, as well as the movement of "yellow vests" in France and other countries. It's nothing you can do. This is the law of the boomerang, which is constantly returned to the one who threw it. At all times, the existence of man, countless bloody wars have occurred not only on the Eurasian continent. Twice our world burned with the infernal flame of war. Several tens of millions of people died. Several hundred thousand barrels of blood and thousands of liters of tears spilled. And all in vain and meaningless. The population of great Eurasia and of the whole world always aspired to peace and, surprisingly, reached it with the help of wars. Many of us think and believe that this will always be the case. At heart, I believe that billions of civilizations scattered throughout the universe do not live as we used to. Of course, among them there are the same exoplanets, like the Earth, which continues to burn with the fire of civil war. When a person fights with foreign creatures, this is a great earth war, but when a person fights with the same person as himself, this is a civil “disgusting” war. I see dreams that repeat from time to time again and again. For some reason, these dreams scare me. Suddenly, an armada of alien ships appears from the horizon. They sparkle and do not resemble each other. People stand on the ground and wonder how the ancient Europeans, who for the first time saw so many nomadic horsemen (centaur-barbarians). Huge ships from the unknown super-planet with a hyper-mind are not at all afraid of us. All our super and hyper weapons that we praise are children's toys for them. Because we know only four fundamental forces in the Universe (electromagnetism, strong and weak nuclear force and gravity), and these creatures possess them and other forces that we never dreamed of. They can easily change the composition of the oxygen we breathe. If this really happens not in a dream, but in fact, we can assume that the beginning of the end of our civilization has begun. The allotted time for our planet is over. We must free the Earth for another race that will inhabit it until a certain time. In the past, the Earth was liberated by other races for us. Higher intelligence placed its hopes on us. And where to go 7 billion people? What do you think, who needs people like us, who simply spent the allotted "golden" time. We will stay here and our bodies will return to the soil, water to water, iron to iron, phosphorus to phosphorus. Thus, we will replenish those resources that have been stupidly squandered. Of course, the reader can accuse me that all this is fiction and the flesh of my imagination. But none of them can see my dreams instead of me. These endless nightmares, which should be in the future, are still continuing in my dreams ... Super-planets with a hyper-mind could interfere thousands of times in our affairs on planet Earth and change the course of events for the better. But they do the same thing when we do not get involved in quarrels between our neighbors. They are waiting for us to finally understand that war 217 and murder are bad, bad is to steal someone else’s, it is bad to live in wealth when the same person as you is hungry or sleeping on the street, etc. It seems to us that all this is an eternal undecidable theme of philosophy and of all mankind. But these super-planets have reached this progress with a hyper-mind. The only question is, how do we achieve this level? Hence the question – how much time will we need and how to measure this time correctly ... Any person (or all of humanity) has an instinct for self-preservation. This quality of a person is somehow closely related to time. Starting with the vanished Maya civilization (Aztecs, Incas and others) before the Qumran [17] community living before our era, and then starting from 1745 (Georgian calendar – pancronometer) [18] until 1954 AD [3] – humanity is trying to change its time. [19] By the word "time" I mean "calendar." If we ask a question to professionals or random people “Why do we need to change the calendar?” then I’m almost sure that we’re unlikely to get a clear answer. However, those who wish to change the “Gregorian calendar” to the “World calendar” can be found in the 21st century, despite the ban imposed in the 20th century (These concerns played a role in the United States government's decision at the United Nations in 1955 not to recommend further study [20]). People are always in a hurry somewhere, and there is no time to look or think whether we are following the time correctly. Therefore, before discussing our calendar, we briefly describe its history, structure and principles of work. Originally was – Julian calendar. [21] Usually all historians investigating the calendar, indicates that in it the value of the year was equal to 365.25 days (365 days 6 hours). From here it is easy to calculate that its periodic repetition was at least 28 years and not more than 700 years: 28 years × 25 cycles = 700 years. 365.25 × 28 years = 10227 × 25 cycle = 255675 days ÷ 7 days = 36525 weeks. 365.242857143 × 700 years = 255670 days ÷ 7 days = 36524 weeks + 2 days. Apparently, due to the residual division (+ 2 days) relative to the week (7 days), it was impossible to accept its later centuries as the tropical solar calendar. In the 16th century, instead of the 700-year cycle, Pope Gregory XIII introduced the 400-year-old tropical solar calendar: 365.2425 days × 400 years = 146097 days ÷ 7 days = 20871 weeks. This 400 year period is divided into centuries consisting of 100 years. Years – are divided into 4 quarters of 90-92 days, as well as 12 months, consisting of 28-31 days. Months – February consists of 4 seven-day weeks, in other months 4 weeks +1, + 2, or + 3 days. Day – consists of 24 hours, 1440 minutes and 86400 seconds. Over the past 437 years (1582-2019) almost all of humanity lives according to this “boring” arithmetic. The most important thing in this calendar is the lack of “harmony with nature and the universe,” on which any sane person strives. [22] Of these incompatible and contradictory with each other meaning it is impossible to make a harmonious structure of the "World Calendar". If you delve into this story, then you will see that the idea of introducing the Gregorian calendar was to ensure that the spring equinox or Easter always falls on March 21st. However, in the last decade, the spring equinox constantly comes on March 20, [23] and for some unknown reason, 218 Christian Easter often falls not in March, but in April. [24] Is it really that everything changed in 400 years, instead of the promised 3300 years (the time of the appearance of the 1 day error). But I haven’t yet seen any international astronomers or religious ministers dealing with this problem ... If you look from the outside, it seems that all the authors of the new projects of the "World Calendar" crave glory and want to distinguish themselves with their intellect. Since about 2008, I have been participating in the calendar discussion forum (East Carolina University Calendar discussion List [190 recipients]). [25] There were almost no days when international public authors and numerous unknown authors of world calendars did not discuss the calendar issue. What worries these people or what do they want? It seems to me that they are driven by the instinct of self-preservation. They feel that we have the wrong time, but they don’t know how to make it right. One glance is enough to make sure that these "reformers of time" make the same mistakes as the previous reformers. What do new “reformers of time” offer instead of old? Almost nothing, all the same picture. All disputes are due to how to distribute 365 days within a year. The structure of the year is divided from 12 to 19 months, months from 28 to 35 days, etc. We must honestly admit that we all lack fundamental changes in the measurement of time. Surprisingly, disappeared civilizations dealt with this problem in ancient times. In comparison with them and with all of us, the ancient Maya priests were more creative. According to my assumption, the Mayan priests knew for sure that time changes every 400 years. Therefore, they created a huge temporary matrix of numbers, the so-called "Long Count periods". Nevertheless, to consider the basis of these amazing “Long Count Periods” as 360 days is a blasphemous insult to the universal intelligence and intelligence of Mayan priests. [26] If the figures “18” and “20” are present in these or other stone stellae, this is definitely not 360 days (18 × 20 = 360). These numbers mean either the 18.2 day “amal” or the 1820 day cycle. I wrote about this in detail in my article. [27] Compared to the Gregorian calendar, from the Mayan calendar you can create not only an elegant calendar, but also a whole complex of calendar systems intertwined with each other. Harmonious “small year” consists of 260 days (Tzolkin), “big year” (Haab) consists of 364 days. In the aggregate, these year values (260 and 364) for 400 years more accurately and comprehensively show lunar and solar eclipses, sidereal and anomalistic lunar months: 1. 145600 days ÷ 400 “Haab” year = 364 days; 2. 145600 days ÷ 560 “Tzolkin” year = 260 days; 3. 145600 days ÷ 420 draconic year = 346.667 days; 4. 145600 days ÷ 5333 sidereal month = 27.30170636 days; 5. 145600 days ÷ 5284 anomalistic month = 27.55488266 days; 6. 145600 days ÷ 80 cycles = 1820 days (÷ 5 = 364; ÷ 7 = 260); 7. 145600 days ÷ 140 cycles = 1040 days (÷ 3 = 346.667 days). 219 In turn, this 400 year cycle increases exponentially and with time all the missing details the Mayan calendar disappears by itself. This is what I call the highest skill and creative approach in solving all the problems of time. [27, ibid.] Compared to Maya, Aztec, Inca and others, religion, superstition, prejudice, associated with the mentality of different nations and races that have a thousand-year history, have driven our entire civilization into coal. We can’t get out of this “bewitched” corner and circle. For a long time I tried to get out of this "captivity of absurdities." Whether I succeeded or not, judge for yourself. Infinite numbers without which we can not live a single second, in fact, created by God himself specifically for our planet Earth. (Tables 1 and 2) In other exoplanets there are completely different dimensions and these dimensions are not called “number” or “numbers”. They have a different name ... "Long Count periods" of Maya begin with a small number of 260 and 364 days. Then, every 400 years (145600 days), these numbers increase exponentially. In the "Long Count periods" Maya we see the beginning, but we can not see the end. This chain of numbers is based on their philosophy that "the universe has a beginning, but there is no end." The nomads of Central Asia have a different philosophy. This can be expressed by a catch phrase that every Kazakh knows: "Elu zhylda – el zhana, zhuz zhylda – kazan". The meaning of this phrase can translate something like this: "Every fifty years, the country (the world) is renewed, and in a hundred years everything ends." According to this philosophy, all creation created by God "has a beginning and an end." Nothing in this world can last forever. This concept is closely related to the pragmatism of the nomads described in the 1st part of this article. According to the philosophical concept of nomadic ancestors, I have been searching for such a whole universal number for a long time. In the 90s of the last century, I started searching using a simple calculator, and in 2010 - using Microsoft Office Excel 2007. These searches ended only in 2017, again with a calculator in hand. You are not in a hurry to smile and think “when there is a computer, why did you need a calculator?”. As a result of this calculation, we found that modern "Microsoft Office Excel 2010", used by all of us and working on the basis of the "decimal number system" (uses the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 ) [5] is not suitable not only for the "hexadecimal number system", [6] and for the "duodecimal number system". [28] In a word, the "decimal number system" seems to show a correctly calculated number, but when rechecking it turns out that “Microsoft Office Excel 2010” has several incorrect results. For example, the duodecimal number 268 713 244 800 in the whole calculation (from 12 to 360) is divided by a divisor with a residue on the number 324 (584 residue) and 348 (608 residue). However, in fact, the numbers 204, 228, and 276 are divided into the same divisor with the residues 48, 36, and 12, respectively, "secretly" from prying eyes. These errors can only be detected using a calculator. For the whole basis of calculation, I chose the “Twelve-year animal cycle” of the Kazakhs and the whole Turkic-speaking people. First, I looked for a common divider for the “12-year animal cycle” 220 before the 30th cycle, inclusive: 1-12, 2-24, 3-36, 4-48, 5-60, 6-72, 7-84, 8-96, 9-108, 10-120, 11132, 12-144, 13-156, 14-168, 15-180, 16-192, 17-204, 18-216, 19-228, 20-240, 21-252, 22-264, 23276, 24-288, 25-300, 26-312, 27-324, 28-336, 29-348, 30-360. A Latin proverb says: “Qui quaerit, repent” (he who seeks will always find). And we found the only integral sum figure, which is completely divisible by all the years of the “12-year animal cycle” with no residue, with the exception of the 29th row of table 2. This was a huge number of digits 10,601,373,182,400. This number is taken as the basis of Tables 1 and 2. Some readers think that this is easy, let them try to find a divider that can be divided into many numbers without a residue. I am a little ashamed of the fact that I exaggerated a bit the possibilities and cultural identity of the nomads. Some readers probably smiled sarcastically many times and thought: “If the nomads are so cool, then why their present descendants “hang out” with their achievements at the very end of the list of developed countries of the world". [29] Please note that this is not a general, but still a list of developed countries of the world. However, I am not competent to answer this question, there are leaders of nomad countries, all questions to them. I am just a "little man" who can be crushed by chance like a bug. Our past is history, and our future is a political labyrinth. In this labyrinth there is a door with the inscription “Entrance”, but the almighty God forgot to put the door with the inscription “Exit”. Therefore, not only the nomads, but the whole of our planet, cannot find a way "Exit". I can safely say one thing: in fact, “something went wrong” with the descendants of humanity ... Sorry, a little distracted. My favorite topic is Philosophy, Theology, Astronomy, Physics, Archeology, Archeoastronomy, Architecture, Calendar, Geography, Climatology, History, Literature, Journalism, Poetry, Arithmetic, Mathematics, secrets of prime numbers and other fields. These professions and interests that are incompatible with each other, in the end, did not allow me to study only one sphere of science. As a result of not self-determination of adherence to any science, I still do not have a single scientific degree of any particular science. If I'm not mistaken, people like me are called “selftaught”. In my opinion, self-taught do not become, they are born and die as self-taught. Thus, all the ancient scholars of "self-taught", whose circle of interests was more than mine. They roamed like nomads and collected knowledge to “feed” modern science and sedentary scientists. 221 Universal map of the Solar system (Universe) in numbers My ancestors nomads were content with their primitive calendars and with what their eyes could see (the Moon, the Sun, the Pleiades, the Polar Star, and of course our galaxy Kus Zholy-the Milky Way). And not only they, even in 1900, the British physicist William Thomson the Lord Kelvin, (1824-1907) was pleased with the science of his time, saying the phrase: "There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now. All that remains is more and more precise measurement." [30] But soon everything changed. The era of Albert Einstein began with his great "Theory of Relativity" ... Just recently (1/16/2009) CERN announced plans to create a particle accelerator (Future Circular Collider – FCC), which is four times more (from 80 to 100 km) than the Large Hadron Collider (The budget of 7.5 billion €, about $ 9 billion or £ 6.19 billion as of June 2010) – LHC (27 km). If such a project is adopted, it will take about 20 years to create, and it will cost about 24 billion euros (27 billion dollars). [31] This amount is equal to all gold and foreign exchange reserves or all the money available in any of the five countries located in Central Asia. The question arises: why should Europe spend such a huge amount of money on a “bubble”, from which it is unknown whether there will be a benefit or not? However, until today, science has justified all the investments and brought the entire Western world ahead of the planet of all. How will this time, time will tell ... According to the laws of physics, the Universe experiences four fundamental forces: electromagnetism, strong nuclear force, weak interaction (or weak nuclear force), and gravity. Of course, it all started with the Big Bang. It is necessary to study its consequences: Higgs boson, small particles, dark energy, dark matter, black holes, string theory, time arrow, parallel universes, matter against antimatter, a strange sphere of electrons, photons and other fundamental particles of quantum mechanics are of course necessary. Is there order in this chaos? What is outside the standard model? Does the light in the universe emit sound waves? Can singularities form without an event horizon? And if they can exist, then Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity will need a revision, because it breaks down when systems are too close to a singularity. [32] According to the statements of modern physicists, the fate of the universe depends on this. Ordinary people usually did not have enough time to read and understand all this innovation of physics. In the future, time is unlikely to be enough, since our “time” has become behaving strangely. Seconds, minutes, hours, days, months and years, like thousands of years ago, are ticking exactly and equally. But it seems to us that your majesty "time" is too in a hurry. It seems to all of us that 52 weeks in a year is only 52 days. I would call this phenomenon the most difficult puzzle number one. If I go into all the details, this article will be long and boring. Sometimes in order to achieve something, you have to sacrifice something. Therefore, I try to write briefly so as not to take precious time from readers. From this action, of course, in the first place the details of the subject suffer, but additional information can be obtained from the sources that I quote. In contrast to the learned physicists who chase ghostly numbers, I, like my nomadic ancestors, prefer to compose simple and comprehensible numbers. [33] In this article I will continue the topic 222 begun in the article «On the Mayan Calendar» (2017). [27] I chose to count the numbers from 1 to 28 number vertically and horizontally. (Table 1). We looked at table 1, nothing complicated, everything is clear. Prime numbers are increasing exponentially. What's next? These numbers are not controlled by me and I can’t influence their arrangement in this plane. The numbers are subject only to God. I just simply calculated the total divisor of the numbers consisting of 4,240,549,272,960,000 (four quadrillion two hundred forty trillion five hundred forty nine billion two hundred seventy two million nine hundred sixty thousand) [34] seconds, minutes, hours, days. Where did this numbers come from? Empirical numbers associated with the creation of the Universe: 1. 0.0517645174921875 – peace and quiet in the Universe; 2. 1.03529034984375 – “Big Bang” in the Universe; 3. 20.705806996875 – 1st day in the Universe; 4. 414.1161399375 – 2nd day in the Universe; 5. 8 282.32279875 – 3rd day in the Universe; 6. 165 646.455975 – 4th day in the Universe; 7. 3 312 929.1195 – 5th day in the Universe; 8. 66 258 582.39 – 6th day in the Universe; 9. 1 325 171 647.8 –7th day in the Universe; 10. 26 503 432 956 – 8th day in the Universe; 11. 530 068 659 120 – 9th day in the Universe; 12. 10 601 373 182 400 – 10th day in the Universe; 13. 212 027 463 648 000 – 11th day in the Universe; 14. 4 240 549 272 960 000 – 12th day in the Universe; 15. 84 810 985 459 200 000 – 13th day in the Universe; 16. 1 696 219 709 184 000 000 – 14th day in the Universe; 17. 33 924 394 183 600 000 000 – 15th day in the Universe; 18. 678 487 883 673 600 000 000 – 16th day in the Universe; 19. 1,3569757673472E + 22 – 17th day in the Universe, etc. I chose among these numbers – 4 240 549 272 960 000 not specifically. At the next number (84 810 985 459 200 000) the possibility of “Microsoft Office Excel” is running out. Any programmer is 223 well aware of this reason. Further calculation must be done in supercomputers. And I have no such opportunity. Now we turn our attention to table 1. The number – 4 240 549 272 960 000 is divided without a residue into all these figures, except the numbers painted in brown. These are the very numbers that are divided with the remainder (that is, with a fraction) by a number – 4,240,549,272,960,000. Note: inside the square 28 × 28 such numbers with a fraction is exactly – 28. You say, “Oh, great, what's next, what's the secret of these numbers?” See Table 2. In fact, I expanded this square to 60 × 60. However, I placed in table 2 only a square of up to 43 × 43. In this table 2, all numbers that are marked in brown and red are divided by the number – 4 240 549 272 960 000 with the remainder, i.e. with a fraction. The most interesting in this table 2 is on the left side at the top. 1. First, consider this schematic table as the Solar system: 1) As you can see, the number "289" is in the center. This is the Sun. 2) The number "361" – the planet Mercury (without orbit). 3) The numbers "196, 294, 441 and 294" – the planet Venus and its orbit. 4) The number "529" – planet Earth (without orbit). 5) The numbers "169, 338, 676 and 338" are the planet Mars and its orbit. 6) The numbers "243, 486, 729, 486 and 243" are the planet Jupiter and its orbit. For some reason, its orbit is in the form of a semicircle or even beyond the scope of the Solar system. 7) The numbers "49, 98, 147, 196, 392, 588, 784, 588, 392, 196, 147 and 98" are the planet Saturn and its orbit. These six planets of the solar system can be seen with the unaided eye. And surprisingly, the number – 4 240 549 272 960 000 is divided without a balance into the first 6 rows of numbers. As we can see, the orbits (red) from the 7th planet (Uranus), the 8th planet (Neptune) to the 11th planet Solar systems are strongly intertwined and everything goes beyond the Solar system. In a large table of up to 60 × 60, which does not fit on a sheet of format A-4, the number of planets in the Solar system is 16 units, etc. 2. Now consider this schematic table as Universe: 1) As you can see, the number "289" is in the center. This is the place where the "Big Bang" took place. 2) The number "361" is the first unknown galaxy in which "Life" can exist after the "Big Bang". 3) The numbers "196, 294, 441, and 294" are the 1st ring after the "Big Bang". 224 4) The number "529" is the second galaxy in which "Life" can exist (maybe this is our "Milky Way" galaxy). 5) The numbers "169, 338, 676 and 338" are the 2nd ring after the "Big Bang". 6) The numbers "243, 486, 729, 486 and 243" are the third semicircular ring after the "Big Bang". 7) The numbers "49, 98, 147, 196, 392, 588, 784, 588, 392, 196, 147 and 98" are the fourth ring after the "Big Bang". 3. On the right side of Table 2 (red rings) we see that the Universe expands after the “Big Bang”. To see the scale of the expansion of the Universe, it is necessary to continue the calculations and expand the boundaries of the square until we stumble into "emptiness", etc. 4. These numbers in Table 2 can be used as the celestial coordinates of the solar system, surrounded by asteroid belts or the entire universe surrounded by countless galaxies, etc. 5. What do these single numbers with fractions mean? According to my assumption, it could be those “black holes, small particles, dark energy, dark matter” that modern physics are chasing after. There are 43 × 43 more questions in this square than answers. However, I can say one thing for sure – we are surrounded by the number consisting of 28. Starting from the 29th, our world tightly closes the curtain. Bibliography 01. Kazakh National Calendar: Part 3: Togys esebi – a unique calendar of Nomads (By Kaldarhan A. Kambar): https://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud/knc/Kazakh%20National%20Calendar.pdf https://www.academia.edu/37941274/KAZAKH_NATIONAL_CALENDAR_full_text_ 02. Kazakh Nomad Calendar (By Peter J. Meyer): https://www.hermetic.ch/knc/knc.htm 03. World Calendar: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Calendar 04. Useful Constants (Tropical year): http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/models/constants.html#rotation 05. Decimal: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal 06. Hexadecimal: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal 07. Dinosaur: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur 08. Second: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second 09. International Atomic Time: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Time 10. Sidereal time: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_time 11. Axial precession: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_precession 12. Dionysius Exiguus: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus 13. Scythia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythia 14. Saka: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saka 225 15. J.M.Cook (6 June 1985). "The Rise of the Achaemenids and Establishment of Their Empire". In Ilya Gershevitch. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press; Reissue edition. pp. 253-255. 16. Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan 17. Qumran community: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qumran Qumran cal-r: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qumran_calendrical_texts 18. Hugh Jones (professor) [Georgian https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Jones_(professor) Calendar (Pancronometer)]: 19. Calendar reform: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_reform 20. Your Washington Review by Congressman Jerry Ford, For Release 5 May 1955, From page 11 of an online collection of Box D1 of the Gerald R. Ford Congressional Papers at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. 21. Julian calendar: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar 22. Gregorian calendar: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar 23. Equinox: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinox 24. Easter: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter 25. CALNDR-L is an unmoderated email forum for discussion of social, historical and philosophical dimensions of Calendars and Time Reckoning: http://calndr-l.10958.n7.nabble.com/Calndr-L-f2i3080.html 26. Mesoamerican calendars (Mayan, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars Aztec and Incan calendar): 27. New look at the modern codification of the Mayan calendar, By Kaldarkhan A. Kambar: https://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud/maya/Mayan_Calendar_New_Look.pdf https://independent.academia.edu/KaldarhanKambar 28. Duodecimal: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodecimal 29. Developed country: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country 30. William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (Pronouncements https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin later proven to be false): 31. Live Science, Physicists Want to Build an Even More Powerful Atom Smasher at CERN: https://www.livescience.com/64518-cern-future-circular-collider.html?utm_source=notification 32. By Natalie Wolchover and Jesse Emspak, February 27, 2017, The 18 Biggest Unsolved Mysteries in Physics, Do naked singularities exist? https://www.livescience.com/34052-unsolved-mysteries-physics.html 33. Number: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number 34. Numbers To Words: https://lingojam.com/NumbersToWords; https://www.number2words.com/ 226 My explanations and note to readers When I wrote this (first published on February 18, 2019) and other articles, I was very sick. I was afraid that I won’t have time to finish what I started. It was not a midlife crisis. For the first time, I felt that your life could end at any time. I was in a hurry and wanted to finish my thoughts in time. Instead, my thoughts got confused, continuous repetitions of facts began. This condition can be described as if I was sleeping hard and could not wake up, although I wanted to. I had to do something to correct these repetitions of thoughts and facts. Gathering all the remaining forces into a fist and a brain, I sorted out my thoughts and set them out in the article “Military mysteries and moral pillars of Nomads” (First published May 22, 2019). This physical and mental effort of the body completely destroyed my health. Although I was still trying to write something new about nomads, my thoughts no longer belonged to me. This state of mind and body lasted until the beginning of July, until I received treatment from traditional healers. However, I kept all these notes so that in the future it would remind me of these hard days and months for me. It seems to me now that at this time I communicated with the dead spirits of my ancestors. I did not obey them and wanted to write everything in my own way. They kept trying to fix me. Now I will be careful when I am going to write something related to the stories of nomads. But readers in these entries may find something useful for themselves. By Kaldarhan A. Kambar 1 part: The mysterious soul of the nomads Copyright 2019 Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published February 18, 2019 Introduction The ancient era of nomads began very early, even earlier than the scientific world usually thinks. Then there was no sign of the first "cluster" of human civilization. The earth was empty, in some places the volcanoes were still raging, the current terrestrial relief was slowly forming. The few groups of nomads, consisting of women and men, slowly moved across the continents, moving only forward. The more they moved, the more they gained valuable knowledge about the Earth, as well as the wisdom of life. The healthiest and purposeful nomads went ahead, and the sick and tired among them remained half way. The nomads who had gone ahead were looking for “Zher uiyk” (literally – the Promised Land). The nomads who remained in the middle of the long road were satisfied with what they had. The first group of nomads wanted to find the finished “Zher uiyk”, and the second group preferred to create the “Promised Land” with their own hands. Since then, it has been tens of thousands, and perhaps millions of years. But the stratification of human society remained unchanged. Our world is still divided into nomads and sedentary people. The third type of community of people does not exist. Therefore, we often speak without realizing the meaning of the word "old as the world." 227 "Kazakh" (Qazaq) is the name of a multinational country, the land area of which occupies the 9th place in the world. The previously unknown country is known to the world for its rich mineral resources and oil. Just recently, she became famous for her boxers (G.Golovkin, D.Eleusinov and others, who recognize only knockdown or knockout), and also singer Dimash Kudaibergen, who has a unique voice in six octaves. People from different countries instinctively feel that such gifted talents are simply not born out of the blue. There must be some prerequisites for this. Every year interest in this country is growing all over the world, but there is still no information about Kazakhs except for the “boring” scientific and official news. My readers from 70 countries of the world mainly consist of the countries of both America, Europe and the former CIS. [1] In the first two articles on this topic, I noticed that Americans and Europeans are interested in any information about the nomads of Central Asia, written not in a scientific, but in an accessible and understandable language. For this reason, I am not trying to overload my articles with heavy scientific words, I try to express as much as possible in clear and simple language. It is very hard, but I try my best. So please do not criticize me for this. Where did the Kazakh people come from or how was it formed? In my opinion, the ancient book of Mirza Muhammad Haidar, Dughlati "Tarikh-i-Rashidi" (15421546) is undoubtedly the primary source on this question. [2] In this book there is a separate chapter (XXXIII. Report on the Kazakhs and his sultans: the origin of their name and their end), dedicated to this topic. [3] The whole irony of history is that the Kazakhs, who were considered to have disappeared at that time, then as a "phoenix" revived and ultimately occupy the entire territory that once belonged to Genghis Khan's eldest son – Juchi Khan. [4] In our time, the powerful Mughal empire, which in ancient times seemed to be an eternal empire, has disappeared forever. The capital of this empire stretched to India was the city of Yangi (New Capital). Now it is a provincial city – Taraz [5] belonging to the Kazakh Republic. The ancient tribe – Douglat (Dulat), where the historian Mirza Mohammed Haydar was from, is now part of the Kazakh people. Apparently the English liked this book very much, as they gave some selections from this book in the form of a parable. "On meeting, Kasim Khan [6] approached and said: "We are men of the desert, and here there is nothing in the way of riches or formalities. Our most costly possessions are our horses, our favourite food their flesh, our most enjoyable drink their milk and the products of it. In our country are no gardens or buildings. Our chief recreation is inspecting our herds. Therefore let us go and amuse ourselves with looking at the droves of horses, and thus spend a short time together." When they came to where these were, he examined them all, and said: "I have two horses which are worth the whole herd." These two were then brought forward; (and the Khan used to say that never in his life had he seen such beautiful animals as these two). Then Kasim Khan resumed: "We men of the desert depend for our lives upon our horses; and [personally] I put my trust in no others than these two. [I could not bear to part with either of them.] But you are my esteemed guest, so I beg you to accept whichever of them appears to you the better, and to leave the other for me." Having examined the points of each, the Khan chose one which was called Ughan Turuk; and truly such another horse was never seen. Kasim Khan then selected several others from his droves, and gave them to the Khan. He next offered the Khan a cup of the spirit kimiz, saying: "This is one of our forms of hospitality, and I shall esteem it a great favour if you will drink it." Now the Khan, a short time before this, had renounced all intoxicating liquors; so he excused himself, saying: "I have 228 foresworn such things as this: how can I break my vow?" To which Kasim Khan replied: "I have already told you that our favourite beverage is mare's milk and its products, and of these this [kimiz] is the pleasantest. If you do not accept what I now offer you, I am totally at a loss to know what to give you in its place, in performance of the duties of hospitality. Years must elapse before such an honourable guest as yourself again enters the house of your humble host; and now I am incapable of entertaining you. How can I make reparation for this?" So saying he hung down his head with shame, and marks of sorrow appeared upon his face. Thereupon, for his host's sake, the Khan drank the spirit to the dregs, to the great joy of Kasim Khan. Festivities then began, and during twenty days they continued to indulge together in quaffing cups of the spirit kimiz. The summer was just drawing to a close, and the Kazak set out, by Kasim Khan's orders, for winter quarters. Kasim Khan said: "To go and attack the Shaibani, at this time, would involve great difficulties. Men of the desert do not think of winter at this season [without orders]. It is impossible. An expedition is not to be thought of at this time." He then dismissed his army; and with the utmost courtesy and regard, he bade the Khan farewell. He himself returned to his capital, while the Khan, much pleased with Kasim Khan, returned to Andijan. It was then autumn. A learned man, to commemorate these events, discovered the chronogram: Ashti-i-Kazak (Deshti-i-Kazak), or "Peace with the Kazak" [919 A.H., 1513 A.D.] [Ü]" [3] Kasym Khan (1445-1521) was the son of Zhanibek Khan (1418-1480, a descendant of Juchi Khan), [7] who created the Kazakh Khanate in 1456-1465. Kasym Khan was the most powerful Khan of the Kazakhs of all time. Under his rule, only the number of Kazakh military reached a million people (thousands of thousands). On the basis of “Yassa” of Genghis Khan, he wrote the constitutional law for all Kazakhs “Kasym khannyn Kaska zholy”. He united all Kazakh tribes over the flag of the Kazakh Horde (Alty Alash). 229 When in the nineteenth century the English wrote “Kazak,” they meant Kazakhs or, in a holistic way, “Kazakh people.” What does the word "Kazakh" mean? Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlati in his 2nd book (Chapter XXXIII) writes this: “The rebellious aspirants to the throne, led by their leaders, as well as nomadic detachments who were separated from their sovereigns and fought with them, were called Kazaks”. [2] In 1456 or 1465, Zhanibek and Kerey "sultans" came out against the bloodthirsty then-Abulhayyr Khan and took about 100 thousand nomads to the Chui valley. But the troops sent by Abulhair Khan against Zhanibek and Kerey refused to fight them, because the relatives of yesterday did not want to shed blood. Soon the nomads offended by their khans from all sides of Eurasia rushed to the Kazakh Horde. Thus, continuous "natural selection" has occurred over the past 550 years. [8] It is important to remember that the core of the Kazakh people is the descendants of those warriors who initially fought on the side of Genghis Khan, and then on the side of his descendants. After all this, when we say "Kazakh people", we mean many nations, according to the will of fate, united into one people. This historical process can be compared with the process of manufacturing "Damascus steel" [9] from sets of plates, which contributes to obtaining a sharp sword with beautiful patterns. Thanks to these voluntary associations of nomadic tribes, which once had its own state sovereignty, the Kazakh people are rich in epos, traditions and various rites. According to the ancient wisdom of the nomads, when the different blood of different nations shifts, talented people are often born. Nowadays, what our ancestors nomads said is happening. In Eurasia, there is another Slavic name "Kazak". And who are they? In English-language literature, they are not called "Kazaks", but "Cossack": «The origins of the first Cossacks are disputed, though the 1710 Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk claimed Khazar origin.[nb 2] The emergence of Cossacks is dated to the 14th or 15th centuries, when two connected groups emerged, the Zaporozhian Sich of the Dnieper and the Don Cossack Host.[nb 3]». [10] The Khazars [11] (Persian: ‫ﺧﺰر‬, Azerbaijani: Xәzәrlәr; Turkish: Hazarlar; Bashkir: Хазарлар; Tatar: Хәзәрләр, Xäzärlär; Hebrew: ‫כוזרים‬, Kuzarim; [12] Xazar; Ukrainian: Хоза́ри, Khozáry; Russian: Хаза́ры, Khazáry; Hungarian: Kazárok; Greek: Χάζαροι, Házaroi; Latin: Gazari [13] [14] /Gasani [15] [16]) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people with a confederation of Turkic-speaking tribes that in the late 6th century CE established a major commercial empire covering the southeastern section of modern European Russia. [17] The Khazars created what for its duration was the most powerful polity to emerge from the break-up of the Western Turkic Khaganate. [18] Although the historians of the world see Jewish origin in the Khazar root, and the controversy about this is still ongoing, after the collapse of this empire, many Khazars became Kazakhs. [10] And these Kazakh Khazars do not even realize that they are Jews. I think and hope that many readers from this passage of the article already have some idea of who the Kazakhs are. Kazakhstan is a very young state that received its independence only about 30 years ago. But its roots are very ancient and deeply gnawed into the ground. To feel this, it is enough to look through its historical pages and see what this people went through. This nation has always been and remains the great treasure of human wisdom. In the continuation of this article, I will try to disclose its strengths and weaknesses. 230 Bibliography 01. Commonwealth of Independent States: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States 02. The Tarikh-i-Rashidi: A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia; An English Version, Dughlát Muhammad Haidar, Editor: N. Elias, Translation: Sir Edward Denison Ross, Publisher S. Low, Marston and Company, 1895, Original owner: New York Public Library, Digitized 12 Oct 2007, Total pages: 663 03. Selections from the Tarikh-i-Rashidi by Mirza Muhammad Haidar, Dughlat [Taken from A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia Being the Tarikh-i-Rashidi of Mirza Muhammad Haidar, Dughlat. Ed. N. Elias; tr. E. Denison Ross. 2nd ed. (London: Curzon, 1898)] 04. Juchi (the eldest son of Genghis Khan): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochi 05. Taraz: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraz 06. Kasym Khan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasym_Khan 07. Janibek Khan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janibek_Khan 08. Kazakh Khanate: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate 09. Damascus steel: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_steel 10. Cossacks: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossacks 11. Khazars: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazars 12. Luttwak, Edward N. (2009). The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03519-5., p. 152 13. Meserve, Margaret (2009). Empires of Islam in Renaissance Historical Thought. Harvard Historical Series. 158. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02656-8., p. 294, n.164. 14. Golden, Peter B. (2007b). "The Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism". In Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai,, Haggai; Róna-Tas, András. The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Handbook of Oriental Studies. 17. BRILL. pp. 123–161. ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2., p. 139.'The Gazari are, presumably, the Khazars, though this term or the Kozary of the perhaps near contemporary Vita Constantini . . could have reflected any of a number of peoples within Khazaria.' 15. Golden, Peter B. (2001a). "Nomads in the Sedentary World: The Case of Pre-Chinggisid Rus' and Georgia". In Khazanov, Anatoly M.; Wink, Andre. Nomads in the Sedentary World. Curzon-IIAS Asian studies series. Routledge. pp. 24–74. ISBN 978-0-7007-1369-1., p. 33.'Somewhat later, however, in a letter to the Byzantine Emperor Basil I, dated to 871, Louis the German, clearly taking exception to what had apparently become Byzantine usage, declares that 'we have not found that the leader of the Avars, or Khazars (Gasanorum),' 16. Petrukhin, Vladimir (2007). "Khazaria and Rus': An Examination of their Historical Relations". In Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai,, Haggai; Róna-Tas, András. The World of the Khazars:New Perspectives. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies. 17. BRILL. pp. 245–268. ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2., p. 255 17. "Khazar people". Encyclopedia Britannica., https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khazar 18. Sneath, David (2007). The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51167-4., p. 25. 231 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar 2 part: The mysterious soul of the nomads Copyright 2019 Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published February 21, 2019 2. Good always wins hatred When I write the word "nomad", probably the rigorous image of a rider with a sword in his hands flashes before the eyes of readers. “Wild people with a wild morality” thinks many readers, having read books such as “The Cruel Age” by Kalashnikov Isaya Kalistratovich. The nomadic way of life seems cruel and alien to those who are used to living in one place all their lives. Nomadic tribes, accustomed to freedom, seized new lands and went only forward, no matter what. They could destroy an entire people, destroy any country, they were accustomed to constant danger, but for some reason "military success" often accompanied them. You will say "this is outrageous, where God is looking, why are nomads so lucky?" I will tell one interesting story from life. In turn, you are trying by all means to deny the truth of this story. And let's see in the end what will be your own conclusion. The following is a story about a Kazakh named Zhangali, captured by the Germans in 1941. About 10 thousand captured Soviet soldiers working in the quarry. The Germans shot exhausted soldiers on the spot if he could not lift a heavy stone. On one of these difficult days, all prisoners are built on a parade ground. One high-ranking German points his finger at the prisoner, and the soldiers pull him out of the crowd. All prisoners think "they will shoot these." Suddenly this German stopped in front of Zhangali and looked at him intently and asked "Kazakhsyn ba?" (Are you Kazakh?). His brain refuses to believe what he heard. Zhangali feverishly thinks how a highranking German officer can speak Kazakh? At this moment, the officer repeats to him: “Sen Kazakhsyn ba, zhok pa?” (Are you Kazakh or not?). February 19, 2019: http://qasym.kz/akmyrzanyn-amanaty-nemese-kajyrymdyfashist/?utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fzen.yandex.com 232 This time Zhangali replies: “I, I, Kazakhpyn, kishi zhuzbin” (Yes, yes, I am Kazakh, from the younger zhuz). He nods to another junior officer. This officer pushes him forward. Thus going 12 Kazakhs. The Germans will take them to the bathhouse, give them clean clothes, and feed them very well during the week. In a week they will be taken to another city. Then these surprised 12 Kazakhs will be delivered to a beautiful building. In the large office they will be met by that high-ranking German. He smiles and speaks in pure Kazakh: "Gigitter, torime shygyndar" (guys sit in a place of honor) and points to the chairs. Suddenly this German says: “Karatorgay anin kim biledi?”. (Who can sing the Karathorgay song? ”[Songbird, lat. Sturnus vulgaris]). Since this song was popular, all 12 Kazakhs in turn sang this song. And here 12 Kazakhs ask a question to this German: “Agay, siz kim bolasyz?” (Uncle, who are you?). Thoughtful and agitated German will tell this story in the Kazakh language: Once there was a German lad named Waldemar at the beginning of the ХХ century. During World War I, he was captured by the Russians. The Russians put him in prison in the harsh Siberia. Soon the Russian Tsar Nicholas II was defeated by his people and all German prisoners were released from the prison. Unfortunately, Waldemar was ill and waited for his death in the prison hospital. At this time, a Kazakh old man named Akmyrza went to prison and asked the head of the prison to give him Valdemar. They willingly gave him away, since he had only a short time to live. Akmyrza brought him to the Kazakh village of Karasu, where Kazakh nomads lived. Nomads heal him with the help of “kymyz” (horse milk), and soon Waldemar fully recovers. Kazakhs will call it "Baldamer" and within a year Waldemar will fully master the Kazakh language. Akmyrza will make Valdemar his "adopted son". In Soviet times, Waldemar teaches German at school. But it soon became clear that fascist Germany would attack the USSR. Akmyrza gives all his gold to make a passport for Valdemar so that he can go to Germany. All plans of Akmyrza come true successfully, and Waldemar returns to the city of Dresden. At farewell Valdemar asks Akmyrza: “How can I thank you for all this good deeds?” Akmyrza answers him: “Wherever you are, do good things to the Kazakhs, help them.” Soon, Waldemar took a high military post in Nazi Germany. 1941 begins the merciless war between the USSR and Germany. For the rest of the war, this 12 Kazakhs works under the personal supervision of Valdemar. At the end of the war, all these 12 Kazakhs were invited by Waldemar and sadly says: “We lost this war. Soon there will be the Soviet Army. If they grab you, they will judge you harshly. I made passports for you. My people will take you to Italy. There now is the US Army. If you are captured by the Americans, you will not be convicted”. Thus, grandfather Zhangali will return to his Aral region alive and healthy. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, grandfather Zhangali confesses to one teacher and schoolchildren that these were the happiest days in his life. I took this interesting story from a short article entitled “The Story of Akmyrza or the Story of a Good Fascist” (February 19, 2019). If from the readers someone helps to establish the identity of this German, I will be grateful. 233 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar 3 part: The mysterious soul of the nomads Copyright 2019 Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published February 24, 2019 3. The starry heavens above me and the moral law within me... When I say nomads, I will often refer to the current Kazakhs, who have united many representatives of the ancient nomads into their arms. It is believed that the word "Kazakh" appeared only in the XV century, according to the information of the book by Mirza Mohammed Haydar Dulati "Tarih-iRashidi". However, in my opinion, the ancient people constituting the main backbone of the current Kazakhs lived in ancient times. I found interesting information about this people in the book of one of the founding fathers of synology, Nikita Yakovlevich Bichurin (1777-1853). [1] He is known under the monastic name Hyacinth or Iakinf. [2] He was born to a family of half-Russian halfChuvash (Turkic people) father and Russian mother. He studied in the Kazan seminary. Unfortunately, I did not find the text of this book in English on the Internet. Therefore, I will quote excerpts from this book in my translation. "I. Hackyans, Hagas [Kyrgyz]. Hagas is an ancient Gyangun state. Hagas possession once constituted the western limits of the Huns. Population stretched to several hundred thousand. Residents are generally tall, with red hair, a ruddy face and blue eyes. There were less men (often died in the war) than women. Men wore rings in their ears. They are very proud and persistent in battle. The brave ones tattoo their arms for themselves, and women, when married, tattoo their necks. The atmosphere is very cold, even the large rivers half freeze in winter. They grow millet, barley, wheat and Himalayan barley. Flour grind hand mills. Wheat is sown in the third and harvested in the ninth lunar month. By the way, this book [1] contains interesting information about the Hagas calendars: "The first month of the year is called Maoshi ai. The word "Mao" from the Chinese language is translated as the Pleiades star cluster. Ai means month. Three months is a quarter of a year. Years are counted as twelve characters. For example, the year in the sign "Yin" is called the year "Tiger (Bars)". Judging by the record of the chronicler of the Tan dynasty, we see that at that time the Chinese did not know yet - the twelve-year animal cycle of the nomadic Hagas. We clearly see that at that time the Chinese in the 60-year cycle (12 × 5 = 60) used only signs: 01. Symbol – Tyshkan (Mouse) – sign: 子 zĭ (rat 鼠 shŭ) 02. Symbol – Siyr (Cow) – sign: 丑 chŏu (bull 牛 niú) 03. Symbol – Bars (Tiger) – sign: 寅 yín (tiger 虎 hŭ) 04. Symbol – Koian (Hare) – sign: 卯 măo (rabbit 兔 tù) 05. Symbol – Ulu (Wolf) – sign: 辰 chén (dragon 龍 lóng) 234 06. Symbol – Zhylan (Snake) – sign: 巳 sì (snake 蛇 shé) 07. Symbol – Zhylky (Horse) – sign: 午 wŭ (horse 馬 mă) 08. Symbol – Koi (Sheep) – sign: 未 wèi (sheep 羊 yáng) 09. Symbol – Maoshi-Mechin (Pleiades) – sign: 申 shēn (monkey hóu) 10. Symbol – Tauyk (Chicken) – sign: 酉 yŏu (rooster 鷄 jī) 11. Symbol – It (Dog) – sign: 戌 xū (dog 狗 gŏu) 12. Symbol – Donyz (Pig) – sign: 亥 hài (pig 猪 zhū) If the Chinese really came up with a 12-year animal cycle, then the words “mao” (Pleiades) would correspond not to the 9th year in the cycle, but to the 4th year according to signs. [3] [4] The intoxicating drink is prepared from fermented ground millet. Kazakhs living in rural areas, still makes this drink and it is called – Boza. Horses are dense and tall. The best are those who strongly fight. There are camels and cows; but more cows and sheep. There is gold, iron, tin. They make a weapon extremely sharp. In war, they use bows with arrows and go with their banners. Horsemen cover their arms and legs with wooden shields. On the shoulders impose a round shield, which could protect from the point of arrows and sabers. Their khan or king is called Azho. He has his own banner. Others are called the names of generations (in Kazakh "ru-taipa"). The house consists of a tent covered with felt, and is called Midichzhi (in Kazakh language – kiiz ui). The army is recruited from all generations. Officials are divided into six categories: ministers, commanders, rulers, subordinators, leaders and dagani (darkhan). Without exception, everyone eats meat and drinks mare's milk (kymyz). A sacrifice to the spirits (in Kazakh – aruak) is brought to the open field. There is no specific time for sacrifices. Shamans are called Gan [Kan – blood]. During a marriage, the rich give a hundred or a thousand heads of horses and sheep. At funerals do not scratch their faces. They just wrap the body of the deceased in three rows and cry. Then the body is burned, the bones collected will be buried a year later. In winter, they live in tree-covered huts. Their writing and language are completely similar to hoihu-uigurs. Their laws are very strict. - The warrior or commander who produced the confusion before the battle; - An official who has not fulfilled the ambassadorial position in the best way (in the Kazakh language – elshi); - adviser who submitted unreasonable advice to the Khan (in Kazakh language - kenesshi); - and for any theft (in the Kazakh language – urlykshy); such people are sentenced to beheading whoever is. If the thief has a father, his head should hang around his father's neck, and he must wear it to death. (Extracted from the Than (Tang) Dynasty History). 235 According to my assumption, the code of laws "Zhasak" (Yassa – the order of restoration), [5] created by Genghis Khan, is a more "civilized" version of this ancient law of the nomads. Starting from the XIII century to the XVI century in the Eurasian space, the nation "Mongol" was equal to the modern word "American". This can be seen or verified from the partially formulated (restored) law of Yassa. 15. No subject of the empire may take a Mongol for servant or slave. Every man, except in rare cases, must join the army. [5] In this constitutional law of Genghis Khan, the "purity" of the moral laws of nomads that lasted thousands of years was strictly observed. An adulterer is to be put to death without any regard as to whether he is married or not. {alMakrizi} The Yasa prescribes these rules: to love one another, not to commit adultery, not to steal, not to give false witness, not to be a traitor, and to respect old people and beggars. Whoever violates these commands is put to death. {Mahak'ia] Here are the laws of God which they call Iasax which were given to them [g288]: first, that they love one another; second, that they not commit adultery; not steal; not bear false witness; not betray anyone; and that they honor the aged and the poor. And should perpetrators of such crimes be found among them, they should be killed." {Grigor of Akanc} 25. Whoever is guilty of sodomy is also to be put to death [al-Makrizi] 26. Urinating in water or ashes is punishable by death. [al-Makrizi] How the world has changed to no recognition. In the modern world, for adultery, sodomy, homosexuality and other vices, which destroys our civilization from within, is not only not punished, but encouraged. More and more gay parades and other depravities take place in the world. For this moral and ethical lawlessness in the future (maybe very soon), humanity will pay a very high price. The danger of the moral decay of our civilization was the main theme that the German philosopher Immanuel Kant saw. The Critique of Practical Reason (Kritik der praktischen Vernunft) is the second of Immanuel Kant's three critiques, published in 1788. It follows on from Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and deals with his moral philosophy. [6] “Two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing admiration and awe, the more often and steadily we reflect upon them: the starry heavens above me and the moral law within me. I do not seek or conjecture either of them as if they were veiled obscurities or extravagances beyond the horizon of my vision; I see them before me and connect them immediately with the consciousness of my existence.” Immanuel Kant, Critique of Practical Reason. [7] Genghis Khan was born a pagan and died a pagan. However, this did not prevent him from being tolerated by all religions that existed in his time. He was not only a bloodthirsty tyrant, he was a shrewd ruler. The code of laws "Zhasak" (Yassa) began with these lines: 1. "It is ordered to believe that there is only one God, creator of heaven and earth, who alone gives life and death, riches and poverty as pleases Him—and who has over everything an absolute power, 236 a different version states that there was liberty to worship God in whatever way suitable (Plantagenet Somerset Fry). 2. He [Chingis-Khan] ordered that all religions were to be respected and that no preference was to be shown to any of them. All this he commanded in order that it might be agreeable to Heaven. {alMakrizi} Many domestic and foreign scholars wonder: why the nomadic Kazakhs did not accept paganism (Kok Taniri), nor Buddhism, nor Christianity, but converted to Islam? The content of the ancient laws of nomads and “Yassa” of Genghis Khan was similar to the Shariyat set of laws, based on the holy book of the Quran. All of them sought to achieve moral and ethical purity and a special role was allocated to moral laws. These laws clearly and clearly showed “what can be done” and “what cannot be done”. Everything is short and very clear. If you violate these laws, consider yourself a headless creature. Therefore, the nomadic Kazakhs after the reign of Genghis Khan began to convert to Islam and became Muslims. Although even in those times and now many Kazakhs did not pray 5 times a day (as-salad-namaz), but instinctively with all their hearts they observe these “mixed” laws among themselves. In the past 500 years, three constitutional laws have been adopted by the nomadic Kazakhs. The first two laws were written on the basis of the ancient laws of nomads and "Yass" of Genghis Khan. The third law was written on the basis of partly “Yassa” of Genghis Khan and partly Sufi “Shariyat” (moderate Islam). Unfortunately, the texts of these three laws of the Kazakhs were saved in the oral version as “Yassa” of Genghis Khan. Therefore, over time, these laws are intermingled with each other and have reached our days only in one version. [8] 237 1) The first law was adopted during the reign of the notorious Kasym Khan (reigned: 1511-1521), therefore, it was called “Kasym Khannyn – Kaska Zholy” (The great law of Kasim Khan); [9] 2) The second law was adopted during the reign of Esim Khan (reigned: 1598-1645), therefore it was called “Esim Khannyn – eski Zholy” (Old Law Yesim Khan); [10] 2) The third law was adopted during the reign of Tauke Khan (reigned: 1680-1715), therefore it was called “Az-Taukenin – zheti zhargysy” (Seven set of laws of St. Tauke Khan); [11] On the basis of these ancient laws, the mentality (in the Kazakh language - Kasiet) of the Kazakh people was gradually formed. For thousands of years, many enemies have tried to erase from the face and from the heart of the Kazakhs this most intimate wealth of the Kazakhs – Kasiet. All our enemies thought that this time the “Kazakh people” would definitely disappear from the face of the earth. But alas, all attempts were in vain. The Kazakhs, like the phoenix bird, at first turned into real ash, and then from this ash they revived again more beautifully, even stronger than the previous, proud bird. Therefore, the Kazakhs are called “a nation that has died 1000 times, but a revived 1001st time” (Men – Kazakhpyn, Myn olip, myn tirilgen). [12] Bibliography 01. N.Y. Bichurin (Iakinf), Collection of information about the peoples who lived in Central Asia in ancient times. // T. I. M.-L .: 1950. 382 p. 02. Hyacinth, Iakinf: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyacinth_(Bichurin) 03. Chinese calendar: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_calendar 04. Sexagenary cycle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle 05. Yassa – a code of law created by Genghis Khan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa 06. Critique of Practical Reason: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_of_Practical_Reason 07. Philosophers about Creativity: https://geniusrevive.com/en/philosophers-about-creativity/ 08. Kaldarkhan Kambar, Seven Code of Laws of Az-Tauke Khan (Az-Taukenin zhety zhargysy), magazine "Zheti zhargy" (in Kazakh language), 1998, No. 6, Almaty 09. Kasym Khan (reigned: 1511-1521): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasym_Khan 10. Esim Khan (reigned: 1598-1645): http://atababa.kz/en/history/read/Esim_khan/ 11. Tauke Khan (reigned: 1680-1715): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauke_Khan 12. Zhuban Moldagaliyev, poet, Men – Kazakhpyn (I am – Kazakh): http://bilim-all.kz/olen/1846 238 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar 4 part: The mysterious soul of the nomads Copyright 2019 Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published March 5, 2019 Unwritten rules and laws of nomads I honestly did not know that my humble article would attract so much attention. Over the past week, my last three articles were read by representatives of 80 countries of the world. It makes me write a continuation of this article responsibly, objectively and honestly. In the first part of the article I should have explained to the readers the essence of the title of the article. I think it is not too late to correct my mistake. The word "The mysterious soul of the nomads" in Kazakh language sounds like "Koshpendilerdin zhumbak zhan-duniesi". If you really take up this topic, you could write a whole book. But I do not have time for this. Since childhood, I have loved to write shortly, but clearly. And that's it... The reader probably wonders why I often use the word "Genghis Khan". After all, he was born and raised in Mongolia and died there. All these arguments are true. However, all his military campaigns initially went on the territory of Kazakhstan, and then moved deep to the west. Over time, his innumerable military (sarbazy) strongly mixed with the local peoples of Kazakhstan and they remained in the territories of Kazakhstan and Central Asia. Almost all known clans and tribes now living in Kazakhstan, about 800 years ago constituted the backbone of his army. All known Khans of the Kazakhs up to the XIX century (the last of them Kenesary Khan who fought against tsarist Russia) were exclusively direct descendants of Genghis Khan. Therefore, my articles on the topic of nomads are not complete without the name of Genghis Khan (1162-1227), [1] Zhoshy Khan (1182-1227) [2] and Altyn Orda (Golden Horde, 1259-1396). [3] Thanks to these names of people and the empire created by them, the Kazakh Horde (Kazakh Khanate) [4] in the 15th century and the current Republic of Kazakhstan (1991) [5] appeared on the pages of world history. In the literal sense of the word, these historical periods were "cruel centuries" that did not spare anyone, including the nomads themselves in the first place. But, despite this cruel morality, where did the "merciful" nomads come from in relation to completely unknown people with an alien morality? I mean the second part of my article (Good always wins hatred) when a Kazakh nomad elder saves a German and at the same time a future fascist. I will briefly tell on this topic the story that happened between Zhoshy Khan and Genghis Khan: "Certain incidences hint towards the fact that Jochi was of a kinder disposition than Genghis Khan, though the adjective “kind” must be interpreted by the standards of his times and milieu because Jochi had had his share of indulgence in massacres of civilians. On one occasion Jochi pleaded with his father to spare the life of a son of an enemy chief who had been taken captive and who happened to be a great archer. Jochi argued that such a great archer could be an asset to the Mongol army. Genghis Khan brushed aside this argument and had the captive executed.” All known and unknown Kazakh Khans (direct descendants of Genghis Khan) were brought up and became the leaders of the future nation of "Kazakhs" in submission and in the spirit of Zhoshi Khan 239 and his sons who ruled Altyn Orda more than 100 years. All these circumstances ultimately brought up the Kazakh nation, as merciless to their enemies and at the same time merciful to everything in a reasonable limit. For evidence, go far is not necessary. Those who attacked and fought the Kazakh nation subsequently disappeared forever from the face of history (the Great Mughal Empire, [6] Kalmyks [7] and Zhongary [8]). That is why the Kazakh wisdom says: "The Kazakhs have a defender of "Kie" in the Blue Sky" (Kazakhtyn Kok aspanda korgaushy "Kiesi" bar). Currently, Kazakhstan occupies almost the entire territory that belonged to Zhoshi Khan in the 13th century (it occupies 9th place in the world by area). Thus, it can be assumed that “the great and sacred spirit of Genghis Khan” does not reside in Mongolia, but in Kazakhstan. Kok Taniri – Kudai Tagala so decided, and no one can disturb him in this. The fact that I will write further can be called "nomadic catechismis". [9] These unwritten rules and laws of nomads accustomed them to strict discipline, gave them strength and at the same time presented a danger if their enemies found out about these rules and laws. Therefore, these rules and laws were never written on paper (for example, “Yassa” [10] of Genghis Khan), they were transmitted orally, so as not to transmit the secrets of the fighting spirit of the nomads to the enemies. These secrets are stored in the brain of a nomad. Of course, the nomad's brain can be pulled out of his head, but what is written there is impossible to read. A vivid example of this can be cited "The Catechism of a Jew in the USSR", written in 1946. This text entry immediately became public and is now known to all. There are conflicting information about this. The Jewish nation refutes these records, but ordinary people are angry that they have read offensive words in this catechism. [11] If the Jewish people as nomads would have memorized these records orally, nothing would have happened ... Although the unwritten rules and laws of nomads are harsh, they are humane with respect to other people and the nation. Basically, according to these rules and laws, nomads themselves are subject to severe punishment. From here follows the main thesis-principle: “Punish your own hard so that others are afraid.” It would be correct to say if I write that these rules and laws were transferred to the nomads through mother’s milk (literally “Ananyn Ak suti”). Approximately five years after the birth of a child, the rigid upbringing of a father or grandfather began, if there was none, the leader of this tribe was engaged in this business. In the end, at the age of fifteen, a disciplined warrior grew up, who knows no mercy for his enemies. Thus, for several thousand years, nomads kept the world in fear. They did not know the obstacles. If they were blocked by someone, they destroyed them to the last person. Sedentary nations, accustomed to debauchery and dishonor, fled from them in order to save their soul. But no matter where they hid, they still caught up with them and left thousands of lifeless bodies to the crows and wild animals. It often happened that a handful of nomadic horsemen defeated warriors armed to the teeth and outnumbering them. From the side it seemed that the nomads with their horses acted so skillfully and harmoniously, as if they were a single whole. Therefore, in antiquity, the Greeks in their mythologies called them - centaurs (half-man and half-horse)*. According to the legends, the Greek hero Heracles (Hercules) [12] had two friends of the centaur Foul and Chiron. [13] 240 * A centaur (Greek: kένταυρος, kéntauros, Latin: centaurus), or occasionally hippocentaur, is a mythological creature with the upper body of a human and the lower body and legs of a horse. Enemies defeated by nomads wondered what or who controls the nomads and where did they get such fighting spirit? This question is open to this day. Thousands of works were written about this, which took the whole lake of ink. But sedentary peoples still did not understand the secret of the success of the nomads. To understand this, they had to be born nomads. But they cannot understand that even they would have been born nomads, they would have become nomads. Why today I am going to write about the rules or laws that the nomads kept secret for centuries and thousands of years? After the publication of these records, will not the nomads or their way of life become vulnerable? I think no. These records will benefit not only the descendants of the nomads, if properly listened more closely, there will be benefits to all of humanity. Times have changed not in favor of the nomads. The powerful cavalry of the nomads of Genghis Khan during the first or second world war could be stopped by only one platoon of soldiers, armed with a PM M1910 machine gun (Maxim's machine gun model 1910) or the German MG 42 (Maschinengewehr 42). [14] Especially in the 21st century, I watch with horror as modern descendants of nomads die morally decaying before our eyes and without any war, nomadic civilization very quickly disappears from the face of the earth. The legendary nomads, who coexisted for several thousand years, approached the dangerous line, having crossed them we can lose everything and there will be no way back. After 30-50 years, no one will need these records, since there will not be a single nomad on Earth. These my notes in the form of “SOS” can be compared with a medical procedure, when a dying person is directly thrust into the heart of a huge syringe needle and injected adrenaline. [15] After that, the sick person either dies or survives. There is no third way: "sink or swim." From time immemorial, the leaders of nomads brought up not only children, but also older ones, according to the ancient traditions of their ancestors. Usually it was an oral dictum. To a stranger, all these oral dictums seemed to be nonsense. But in reality, for this «nonsense», many fools have parted with their lives. And so, let’s try to write these unwritten laws of nomads. For this, I had to read a lot and hear the stories of old men, and then analyze what they saw and heard. This would be useful not only for Europeans who want to learn unwritten laws, but also for the descendants of nomads who lose the «spirit» of nomads every day. Before turning to the records, I will tell the most guarded military secret of the nomads. Why and how were nomads and their horses physical strong and resilient? The whole secret lies in the thick tail (Kuiryk may) of the lamb. Each warrior in the military campaign recruited more "Kuiryk may" to feed themselves and ... feed their horse when they went non-stop. A well-fed horse that fed on raw “Kuiryk May” did not require any hay or feed, except water. Thus, the nomads moved so fast that, in turn, sedentary peoples thought that they fell on their exhausted and weary head from the sky. 241 The correctness of my words can be checked at home. Pour the water into the metal dish, place in it "Kuiryk may" the size of two fingers. Put the pot on an open fire and when it boils, throw edible herbs, berries and mushrooms, i.e. all that you find at hand in field conditions. You get high-calorie food that the ancient nomads and Genghis Khan's wars ate during military campaigns. And also partially, what I wrote, can be seen in the film “ARAVT – The Ten Soldiers of Chinggis Khaan”. [16] Moral pillars that hold the nomadic mentality of the Kazakhs I cannot fully assert the rule written below as the most faithful and call it the absolute truth. But as a descendant of nomads, I feel inspired, since my knowledge in this area suggests that all the spiritual support of nomads consisted of several pillars. Then from these pillars appear numerous branches, mutually complementing and revealing the essence of these pillars. First, I will call these pillars of nomads and give short comments so that the reader can understand the meaning of these terms: 1. The very first sacred "pillar" of nomads – Kasiet: Currently, the word "Kasiet" literally translates as "natural feature; dignity; positive quality". But in antiquity and until recently, the word “kasiet” was the most deeply meaningful word, showing the essence and soul of a nomad. Therefore, the Kazakhs translate the word "kasietti" as "sacred", and the word "kasietziz" is translated as the most offensive, with dire consequences for the nomad who uttered this word and the offended nomad. The scientific definition of the word "Kasiet" nomads: Kasiet is a deep cultural structure of nomads, historically and socially rooted in the consciousness and behavior of many generations of nomadic peoples, uniting different historical epochs in the development of national culture. The most loyal creature for a nomad was not a dog or a cat, but his battle horse, on which he traveled across continents and fought with enemies. Therefore, the Kazakhs still say: "Adam Zhylky minezdes" (literally, "Man and a horse has one character trait"). Thus, when the ancient Greeks described nomads as a “centaur”, [13] they were not far from the truth. The Kazakh word “minez” literally translates as “morality; character” and is almost synonymous with the word “kasiet”. 2. The second sacred "pillar" of nomads – Tuyskandyk: Tuyskandyk – literally translated as "relative or family ties." When a male child is born in a nomad family, everything was done to ensure that he had a full two conditions. It was not wealth and luxury as many think. It was assumed that this child had its own tribe along the line of the father (Oz Zhurty) and a full-fledged tribe along the line of the mother (Nagashi Zhurty). Only in this case, this child masters the so-called “nomad's kasiet”. When this child grows up, he married a girl who also had two full living conditions (Oz Zhurty and Nagashi Zhurty). Thus, this young nomad (zhigit) had a third condition for life (Kaiyn zhurty). As we see, the Kazakh proverb saying “Zhigittin ush zhurty (Oz Zhurty, Nagashi Zhurty and Kaiyn zhurty) bolady” is taken from life. The notion of “tuyskandyk” nomads is based on these three pillars (Oz Zhurty, Nagashi Zhurty and Kaiyn zhurty). Tuyskandyk is usually reflected in the tribal (genealogical) tree of the tribe (taipa-ru) of this nomad. Each nomad must know his family tree for at least seven generations. If a nomad knows his “tek” 242 (ancestry), it will be easier for him to navigate in life, and he will always know his place in this constantly changing world. The concept and meaning of the word “Tuyskandyk” (a close relative), which I wrote about last time, is a close synonym for the word “tektilik”. For example, among the Kazakhs, all the descendants of Genghis Khan are considered “tekti tukim” (literally “from the famous clan”, the Kazakhs usually call them “aksuiek, tore”). One example of this statement of mine is the book Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur (1603-1663), The Genealogical Tree of the Türks (Shajare-i Türk). [17] The word “shadzhar-e” in the Kazakh language is called “shezhire” (literally the “chronicle of the generation” of a certain clan or tribe) and occupies a special place in the life of the Kazakhs. Any prudent nomad should not marry a girl of her own kind, if at least seven generations have passed between a boy and a girl. This rule allowed the Kazakh nomads to keep their tribe clean at the "gene" level. The guy and the girl who violated this rule in a state of irrepressible love (mahabbat) to each other, in ancient times indulged in death without hesitation. However, over the past hundred years, under the influence of socialism-communism, as well as thanks to Western culture, this rule has not been regulated by anyone, therefore incest* is currently taking place between close relatives. * Incest (lat. Incestus – "criminal, sinful"), incest – the sexual relationship between close blood relatives. 3. The third sacred "pillar" of nomads – Imandylyk: Imandylyk – faith in one God (Kok Taniri, Kudai Tagala, Allah Tagala) and his prophets. And also to honor the name of the holy people (aulie-ambiye) and their spirits (aruak), who helped the nomads in different cruel times not to disappear from the page of history and united the nomads in everything. All known and unknown Kazakh khans, as well as all Kazakhs, without exception, at the direction of Ozi Bek Khan (1282-1341), professed Islam through the prism of Kul Kozha Ahmet Yassaui's (1093-1166) [18] Sufism and partially Bakhauiddin Nakshpandiya (1318-1389) [19] [20] (southern part of Kazakhstan). Sultan Mohammed Öz Beg, better known as Uzbeg or Ozbeg (1282–1341, reign 1313–1341), was the longest-reigning khan of the Golden Horde, under whose rule the state reached its zenith. He was succeeded by his son Jani Beg (Zhanibek). [21] “Khan Öz Beg urged the Mongol elite to convert to Islam, but at the same time, he preserved the lives of Christians and pagans such as Russians, Circassians, Alans, Finno-Ugric people, and Crimean Greeks as long as they continued to pay the “jizyah” in subjection to Islamic rule. From Öz Beg onwards, the khans of the Golden Horde were all Muslim”. [22] Even the most stupid person was afraid to say three words: “Kasietsiz” (man or tribe that violated the nomad's holy morals), “Teksiz” (a person or tribe who does not have Oz Zhurty, Nagashi Zhurty and Kaiyn Zhurty) and “Imansyz” (a person or a tribe who violated faith in Almighty God, an oath (Kalima-shahadat) in the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him), desecration with the words aulie-ambie and aruak). 243 The violation of one of these three pillars by a nomad or a group of nomads was considered the greatest sin that cannot be washed away even by the river of blood after decapitation. Therefore, when one of the nomads or a whole nomadic tribe (ru-taipa) was accused of one of these sins, either the “righteous” or “sinners” should have remained in this life. The battle lasted until the last man gave his soul to his ancestors, only a child survived, whose height did not exceed the wheel of an ordinary cart. In connection with these tough rules, a popular Kazakh saying “Baska bale tilden” appeared (If you do not control the language, you will lose your head). 4. The fourth sacred "pillar" of nomads – Ata Meken: Ata Meken (Fatherland) is the native land where your ancestors grew and you yourself. You must protect him like the apple of the eye. If the enemy kicked you out of the Ata Meken, this is not a very big trouble. You or your relatives will fight, not sparing your lives, until Ata Meken returns to you again. The biggest shame is when your relatives will expel you from Ata Meken for your negative misconduct. Hence the second word “Kie” (literally “shrine, patron”), which complements the meaning of the word “Kasiet”. The Kazakhs believe that if you sold the Ata Meken land to foreigners or if you were afraid to protect it, you will be cursed forever by the holiness of Ata Meken (Ata mekennin kiesi urady). 5. The fifth sacred "pillar" of nomads – Kara shanyrak: Kara shanyrak (literally “a wooden circle in the form of a cross on the top of a yurt, a chimney of a yurt”) is the home of ancestors and their direct descendants, a respected and revered home. If a nomad is forced to leave "Ata Meken" due to the attack of enemies, he should not leave "Kara Shanyrak" to enemies. In such difficult moments, the nomad takes with him "Kara Shanyrak" and sets fire to the rest of the yurt so that he does not get to the enemies in general. 6. The sixth sacred "pillar" of nomads – Ananyn ak suti: Ananyn ak suti (literally “White sacred milk of mother”) is the most precious meaning of life in a nomad's soul, even if it is a bloodthirsty tyrant. Umai Ana – the most ancient female deity of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples, ranked second after Tengri. [23] This indicates that, all the same in the history of the formation of nomads, there was a period of matriarchy. Even now, adult nomads do not abandon their mothers and fathers, settling nearby. Usually, the youngest son in the family takes care of elderly parents. And older brothers and sisters help him (younger) in everything so that their parents feel good. The name “Ana” (Mother) and “Besik” (“Cradle”) are closely related. 7. The seventh sacred "pillar" of nomads – Besik: Besik (literally “Cradle”) is considered the next holy subject of nomads, after "Kara Shanyrak". Since in the Kazakh steppe there were endless wars with the Chinese, with the Kalmaks, with the 244 Zhungars, a lot of the male population died in battles. Therefore, the nomads rejoiced at each child born, as a future warrior who would protect his homeland from enemies. When there were not enough men for the war, young girls nomads entered an unequal battle. Therefore, the nomads did not make a distinction on the sex of the child. In the Kazakh family, you can see a very old "Besik" on which grandfather lay, and now in it lies the "great-grandchildren." The enemies of the nomads also knew what “Kara shanyrak” and “Besik” for nomads meant. Therefore, in order to break the spirit of the nomads, they first of all tried to take these relics with them. Thus, when the husband fought in an unequal battle with enemies for the sake of saving “Kara shanyrak”, his wife fought with her husband for the salvation of “Besik”. Defending their shrines "Kara Shanyrak" and "Besik" from enemies, thousands and thousands of nomads died. Their children saw all these tragic pictures with their own eyes and knew for what they could die without even thinking about the consequences. 8. The eighth sacred “pillar” of nomads – Dombyra: Dombyra is the most important musical instrument of nomads and truly is the Spirit of the Great Steppe. Dombyra is a history of nomads. Through centuries and milleniums it brings memory about first pages of nomad’s history. Dombyra witnessed many historical events that played a key role in the fate of the nomads. [24] In essence, nomads are emotional and temperamental people. But despite this, the men quietly listen to the music of the dombra, but does not dance to his melody. This is considered an insult to the sacred spirit of the dead ancestors in battle, who gave his life for us to continue to live. 9. The ninth sacred "pillar" of nomads – Kara kazan: Kara kazan (literally "black kazan" or "bulk pot") was inherited from father to son. Kara kazan in the life of nomads meant a satisfying life. Therefore, it is not passed on to strangers. Deliberate damage, theft of someone else's "Kara kazan" was strictly punished. The loss of the owners of their "Kara kazan" was considered a bad omen. As you can see, all these rules and laws, the morals of the nomads that I write are written not just with ink, but with the blood of nomads. There are many more rules in the form of a phrase that are tabooed. I will write about this and other nomadic concepts in the next article. 245 Bibliography 01. Family tree of Genghis Khan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Genghis_Khan 02. Zhoshy khan (Jochi): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochi 03. Golden Horde: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde 04. Kazakh Khanate: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate 05. Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan 06. Mughal Empire: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire 07. Kalmyks: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmyks 08. Oirats-Dzungar: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oirats 09. Catechism: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechism 10. Yassa – a code of law created by Genghis Khan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa 11. Catechism of the Jew in the USSR: http://antimatrix.org/Convert/Books/Platonov/Zagadka_Sionskih_Protocolov/Catechism_of_a_Sovi et_Jew_En.htm 12. Heracles (Hercules): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles 13. Centaur, hippocentaur: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaur 14. List of common World War II infantry https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_World_War_II_infantry_weapons weapons: 15. Adrenaline: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenaline 16. ARAVT – The Ten Soldiers of Chinggis Khaan: https://sarmovie.com/aravt-the-ten-soldiers-ofchinggis-khaan-download 17. Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur (Shajare-i Türk): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Ghazi_Bahadur 18. Ahmad Yasawi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Yasawi 19. Naqshbandi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqshbandi 20. Baha-ud-Din Din_Naqshband_Bukhari Naqshband Bukhari: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha-ud- 21. Öz Beg Khan (Ozi bek Khan): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Öz_Beg_Khan 22. Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties: a Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University Press, 1996, ISBN: 0-231-10714-5, pg. 253 23. List of Turkic mythological figures: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkic_mythological_figures 24. What is dombyra? June 30, 2007: https://kazmus.wordpress.com/2007/06/30/what-is-dombyra/ 246 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar 5 part: The mysterious soul of the nomads Copyright 2019 Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published March 5, 2019 “Malym Zhanimnyn Sadakasy, Zhanim Arymnyn Sadakasy” (literally translated as “I will give my wealth to save my life, but I will give my life for the honor”). The elders of the Kazakhs say that these words were uttered by the Great Kasym Khan (1445-1521) [1] and until the last day of his life he was faithful to his oath. He was a very wise and brave nomad. In the military offensive, he fought like a mad lion, side by side with simple sarbaz (soldiers) in the front ranks. In the soul of the nomads, it was calm when their Khan did not hide behind their backs, but fought with the enemies along with them. [2] At that time, the main enemy of the Kazakhs was Shaibani Khan (1451-1510), [3] who were trying to revive the Amir-Temir empire (1336-1405). [4] However, this was not destined by the will of Kudai Tagala. Ultimately, he lost the war to the Kazakhs. [5] After these victories, not only the Kazakhs, but also other peoples of the neighboring countries respected Kasim Khan and took Kazakh citizenship. Thus, he formed in the Kazakh steppe a huge nomadic state, comparable to the empire, from which neighboring China, tsarist Russia and others were wary. The reader in this place thinks, was it really so smooth and orderly in favor of the nomadic Kazakhs? Did the Kazakhs and the nomadic peoples of Central Asia have any difficulties? Subsequent Kazakh Khans tried to be like Kasim Khan in everything. Some rulers of the Kazakhs from the descendants of Genghis Khan such as Buydash Khan (1533-1534), Khaknazar Khan (1538-1580), Tauekel Khan (1582-1598), Esim Khan (1598-1628), Salkam Zhangir Khan (16281652), Az-Tauke Khan (1680-1718), Abylay Khan (1771-1781) succeeded in this. [6] [7] Kazakh people remember them and honor their sacred spirit. However, some worthless and cruel khans (they were also descendants of Genghis Khan) were not lucky to be the rulers of the Kazakhs. The people turned away from them and soon forgot about the existence of such khans. Since they were descendants of the Great Genghis Khan, I will not write their names in this article. Many Kazakh khans died in battles. Among them, I especially want to mention Togym Khan. "Hijra: 18 Safar 944, Yaum al-Zhumaa, Miladi: July 27, 1537, Friday. In the San Tash region (Kordai mountain pass in southern Kazakhstan), the head of the Kazakh-Kyrgyz army, Toghim Khan and his 9 sons, as well as all of his 37 vizier with all sarbazami (soldiers) died in an unequal battle with the Oirat-Zhongars. Thus, while the Kazakhs came to their senses, the Kazakh Horde existed without the Khan." [5] May their soul be in eternal rest in heaven. This is really a bold act, comparable to the fact that the presidents of the warring countries are killed in hand-to-hand combat, with all their ministers and military commanders. Currently, there is a confrontation between Bashar Assad (Syria) and the leader of the Islamic State Al-Baghdadi, as 247 well as Nicholas Madura (Venezuela) and Juan Guaydo. Many more countries are waiting for their turn. These confrontations are not resolved by peaceful means. They could fight in a deserted place, so as not to torment their people with war and innocent deaths. Is it possible in the modern world? Of course not. The time of exploits has changed. Now there is only "paper war" between the leaders of the countries. They are not ashamed to hide behind the backs of the soldiers and to be indifferent to the suffering of their people. All modern wars, in principle, can be solved in a couple of days, if the leaders of the countries fight like in the good old days one-on-one. Only in this case, any country will be governed by "folk knights" like Togym Khan and Richard the Lion Heart (11571199). [8] Since for the throne and for your people you will have to die in a fair fight, the omnipresent cowards and villains, as well as helpless and fragile women will not claim power. Truth does not like lies. Truth is a straight thing, he does not know pity. He speaks the whole truth, whatever it is, no matter how hard it is for the ear, for the heart and for the brain, and that says it all. But a lie opposite is sweet, pleasant to the ears, heart and brain. Soothes and gives a pleasant peace. Hence the conclusion: the truth belongs to God (Allah Tagala ‫هللا‬or Kuday Tagala), [9] and the lie to Satan (Iblis). [10] At all times they fought with each other. Strength in truth, he always conquers lies, even hopeless situations. Truth does not happen on both sides of the barricades, it is only one. To see the truth, you need to turn on the flashlight in the eyes, in the ears, in the heart and in the brain at full power ... I will tell you further, from my point of view, as it seems to me, the naked truth about the nomads and about their past history, no matter what. And the subjects of the current global empire with nuclear weapons (USA, Russia, China, India and others) will also think a little about their future when their empire ceases to exist. There is nothing eternal in this universe and in our world. Everything has its beginning and end. Further follows distemper. As for the blasphemous, cruel and unpleasant words (I think this is true), what I said are living witnesses – these are the current nomads who have gone through all this. Now I will tell about it ... The biggest problem for the nomadic peoples of that time was internal strife and war among the descendants of Genghis Khan. As usually happens in life, it seemed to all the descendants of Genghis Khan, if he personally rises to the throne, to unite the scattered nomads and restore the former Great Empire of Genghis Khan again. However, it was megalomania. The time allotted for this empire is over, new empires were born and time began to move along a different course. But none of the nomads wanted to hear and understand this, much less put up with this will of Quday Tagaly (Almighty God in terms of nomads). Thus, there was an endless and merciless civil war from the XIV-XV centuries to destroy each other in the nomadic empire for hundreds and hundreds of years. All the nomads fought against all and did not even understand what they were doing. As always, ordinary people suffered. Not all nomads were bloodthirsty and fools. Many did not want to be "cannon fodder" in the hands of bloodthirsty tyrants. The prudent and war-torn group of nomads (about 100,000 people) led by Kerey (1424-1473) [11] and Zhanibek Sultans (1428-1480) [12] fled from Abylhayir Khan (1412-1468). [13] Abulhayr Khan and his covetous entourage, who were eager for power, called this group of nomads "Kazakhs" according to the law of that time (M.H.Dulati's explanation, "Tarihi-Rashidi": a group of 248 people who refuse to obey their Khan). In fact, all these three high-ranking officials (aksuiek - white bone) were descendants of Zhoshy Khan (the eldest son of Genghis Khan), i.e. they were relatives. The aforementioned noble Kasim Khan was the son of Zhanibek Sultan (later became Khan), and Shaibani Khan was the son of Abylhaiyr Khan. This "blood" feud between the descendants of Genghis Khan lasted almost 200 years. Ultimately, in this civil war, both sides of Genghis Khan’s descendants lost. However, ordinary citizens of present-day Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz, Uzbeks and Turkmen who are not related to Genghis Khan and his descendants, won this civil war. As can be seen from the map of the world, these peoples remained on the site of the former territory of the great empire of Genghis Khan. And all the descendants of Genghis Khan dissolved as water among these peoples. Here is one example of life: The real descendant of Genghis Khan from the clan – Tore (Chingizid), a descendant of Aishuak Khan*, [14] who ruled Kishi Zhuz (Younger zhuz) of Kazakhs, sits and works with me in the office. There are a lot of such examples and they (Tore – Chingizid) no longer have the ambitions of their ancestors. Basically, they choose peaceful professions not related to war. * Khan Aishuak (1720-1810) was the Khan of the Small Zhuz (1797-1805), he was the son of the Kazakh Khan Abilhair (1718-1748). Not only the descendants of Genghis Khan, but ordinary nomads were tired of endless and senseless war in the steppes. Today's nomads have finally understood what a person needs in order to live peacefully, at the cost of huge losses in human reserves and an economic lag from the developed countries of the world. One truth is clear – Quday Tagala very cruelly and inhumanly experimented with the nomads. The goal of these experiments was probably for the rest of humanity to understand "what is good and what is bad." However, one circumstance really worries the nomads in this story. At this stage of the story, Kuday Tagala and Satan firmly decided to deceive the sedentary peoples and every day play a cruel joke with them, as they once played with the nomads. Now I hope that the reader understands "where horns grow from." Once we (nomads) were the same as you – fools, and over time you (sedentary) will also become wiser as we are now. Life goes on, time will tell how this whole story ends ... All of humanity at the moment do not know what they want, but they instinctively search for their roots, lost thousands and thousands of years ago. From the subconscious, the unknown “Voice” tells them that the cure for their decaying and dying gene is in a nomadic mentality. Of course, they will resist my words, that this is not so, it is just interesting for them to study nomads and their wild mentality, etc. Who will really need it, I will write a prescription medicine below that can heal our sick mind and spirit. Unfortunately, nowadays even the descendants of those nomads who, until recently, led a healthy lifestyle, suffer from this disease. I will present only the facts that I have read many times at different times and still read from different sources. I analyzed these facts through my vision of the problem and therefore its content is very different from known sources. I write directly and honestly, maybe in an emotional outburst, I write a little extra words, which angered decent readers who are not accustomed to reading such words. But the truth – like a needle, it can not be hidden on the clothes, covering our body. He will constantly tingle us, causing unbearable and penetrating pain... 249 ... In this interesting place of the article I was a little distracted by mathematics, astronomy, and I almost forgot to continue this topic further. Honestly and there was nothing to write about. And now it appeared. A terrible tragedy occurred with one small family on the outskirts of Astana, stirring the whole of Kazakhstan. February 4, 2019 during a fire, five tiny girls from a poor family were burned alive in a fire. They were 13-year-old Albina, 11-year-old Alina, 6-year-old Karina, 4year-old Madina and 3-month-old Sabina (Bakhyt). [15] Reading information about them on the Internet, WhatsApp, [16] Instagram, [17] I involuntarily cried, since I myself am the father of five children (four sons and a daughter, the youngest of them is only two years old). Thus, in just one night, the life of the German Muslim Eugene and the Kazakh Zhanymgul, the parents of these five children, turned upside down./- Of course, all Kazakhstanis help them, but no one can give them back their daughters. The Kazakh wisdom says: "Su tubinde zhatkan tas – zhel tolkytsa shygady, oi tubinde zhatkan soz – sher tolkytsa shygady". Literally, this wisdom translates: "Stones from the depths of the sea come out when a storm arises, the right words come out when tragedy happens." This tragedy excited me to the depths of my soul, and there was a desire to write a sequel about the mysterious soul of the nomads. We all love children, but for Kazakhs, children are “everything” in the literal sense of the word. Nomads never allowed, despite everything, to count the number of children. This was considered the worst sign of ignorance and a bad omen. Another Kazakh wisdom reads: “Kudai berse kop demeniz, bermese zhok demeniz”. This word literally translates as "If God gives many children, never say that too much, and if he does not give children, never say no children." According to history, “one of the most cruel laws of Rome concerning Roman children was that fathers could even kill their children without violating Roman law. This practice changed only in the first century of our era.” [18] During the Jahiliyat (before Islam), the ancient Arabs buried living a newborn girl, due to the fact that when she grow up, disgrace her father, marrying another man. Holy Quran, 81st surah " at-Takwir ": "8th ayat: When the girl, buried alive, is asked: 9th ayat: For what crime was she killed?" [19] Nomads cared for even a premature baby, despite their gender. The tiny child was placed in her father's “tymak” (fur headdress) and hung on the wall of the yurt (a round house of wood and felt). According to the father, many children survived after such a procedure. It is because of such a special mentality of the nomads that the Kazakh people took the death of these five angel girls too close to their hearts. Over the past two years, 39 families, including 91 Kazakh children returned to Kazakhstan from Syria and Iraq, where the war is going on. Fathers and mothers of many children died in this war. [20] Although this is not a war of nomads, "soldiers of fortune" is everywhere, including among the Kazakhs. They say that resourceful and hardy Kazakhs fight well in Syria. The Kazakh (Kipchak) sultan Beybarys (1223-1277, Al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn Baybars al-Bunduqdārī), who ruled Egypt, was also a "soldier of fortune." Someone in life has more luck, someone has less luck. Nothing can be done about this, the warlike genes of nomads make themselves known at all times. The word "gene" in the Kazakh language was called "kan" (blood) for thousands of years, and now it is also called without change. Nomads may not be strong in science, politics, economics, but they are strong in spirit. This is thanks to the nomadic genes. "High morale of nomads" how can it depend on a gene? 250 Nomads sacredly honored their genes and in order to preserve it in its pure form, no sensible nomad would marry a girl of her own kind, until the difference is seven knees. In turn, I want to ask a couple of incomprehensible (dead-end) questions for me to American readers. Not only me, but not a single Kazakh can understand how, in broad daylight, in the United States, an armed person enters school and shoots children at close range. These tragedies are so often repeated in the United States (they began in 1840 and continue), and each time the hair stands on end. [22] Why, in order to save children, it is impossible to restrict or completely ban the sale of military weapons? Our university lecturers said that when the novel “Abai Zholy” [23] of the great Kazakh writer Mukhtar Auezov [24] was translated into English, English translators were puzzled. They could not find the exact words, it would seem among the richest English language, conveying the meaning of Kazakh words (To the problem of translating the realities in M.Auezov’s novel “Abai Zholy” into Russian and English). [25] I can’t judge about other nations, but in reality the nomadic Kazakhs have many words that cannot be translated into other languages. One of these words is called “Ainalaiyn”. This word for nomads replaces all words of politeness like “please, thank you”, etc. Kazakhs with this word in the first turn appeals to small children and adolescents. Even anxious, emotional Kazakh calms down when the word “Ainalaiyn, koi, tynyshtal” is pronounced (literally “My dear, stop, calm down”)! A talented Kazakh singer, Dimash, who went to the second stage of the "Best in the World" show in the USA, is the surname "Kudaibergen". Literally, this word is translated as "Given by God." As we all see, he justifies his name "Dinmuhamed" (Dimash) and last name "Kudaibergen". [25] Nomads divided the world around us into two parts. The inner world was called “Kok aspan Kara Zher” (Eternal blue sky and the Fertile Earth), and the outer world was called “Zher-Zhahan” (Earth-Universe). The “eternal blue sky” consisted of the Sun during the day and the Moon at night. All the stars in the sky and the ruler of all these heavens – Kudai, Tanir (God) were related to the concept of “Zhahan”. Time on Earth was associated with all these concepts. However, the nomads themselves, under the influence of the “omnipotent globalization”, recently began to lose three of the most sacred “pillars” (in the Kazakh language “Tireuish”) of their ancestors, on the basis of which they lived thousands and thousands of years. I wrote about these three main pillars in the 4th part of my article. This is a "kasiet" (mentality), a "tuyskandyk" (kinship) and "imandylyk" (faith). 251 Bibliography 01. Kasym Khan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasym_Khan 02. The manuscript "Tarikh-Safavi", written in ancient Persian by Persian historians. 03. Timur (Tamerlan): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur 04. Muhammad Shaybani: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Shaybani 05. M.Magauin. The primer of the Kazakh history (Kazakh tarihynyn alippesi, Kazakhtyn kone tarihy), - Almaty: “Zhalyn”, 1993 06. Kazakh Khanate: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate 07. List of Kazakh khans: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kazakh_khans 08. Richard the Lionheart: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England 09. Allah: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah 10. Iblis: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iblis 11. Kerei Khan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerei_Khan 12. Janibek Khan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janibek_Khan 13. Abu'l-Khayr Khan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu'l-Khayr Khan 14. Aishuak Khan, 22 Января 2010: http://lenta.inform.kz/ru/aishuak-khan_a2230231 15. Hundreds Bid Farewell To Five Girls Killed In Astana Fire, Amid Anger At https://www.rferl.org/a/hundreds-bid-farewell-to-five-girls-killed-in-astana-home-fire/29752066.html Authorities: 16. WhatsApp Messenger: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp 17. Instagram: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram 18. Children of Ancient Rome: http://www.legendsandchronicles.com/ancient-civilizations/ancient-rome/children-ofancient-rome/ 19. Quran in english: Clear, Pure, Easy to Read, https://www.clearquran.com/downloads/quran-in-english-clearquran.pdf Translated by Talal Itani: 20. 2019-01-08: Kazakhstan rehabilitating children recently returned from Syria, Iraq: http://central.asianews.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2019/01/08/feature-01 21. Baibars (1223-1277, Al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn Baybars al-Bunduqdārī): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibars 22. List of school shootings in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_school_shootings_in_the_United_States the United States: 23. Mukhtar Auezov. The path of Abai. // Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty: "Zhazushi", 2009. 24. Mukhtar Auezov: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhtar_Auezov 25. To the problem of translating the realities in M.Auezov’s novel “Abai Zholy” into Russian and English: https://articlekz.com/article/6436 26. Dimash Kudaibergen: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimash_Kudaibergen 252 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar Nomads were the object of god's experiment Copyright 2019 Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published March 5, 2019 Introduction Nomads divided the world around us into two parts. The inner world was called “Kok aspan Kara Zher” (Eternal blue sky and the Fertile Earth), and the outer world was called “Zher-Zhahan” (Earth-Universe). The “eternal blue sky” consisted of the Sun during the day and the Moon at night. All the stars in the sky and the ruler of all these heavens – Kudai, Tanir (God) were related to the concept of “Zhahan”. Time on Earth was associated with all these concepts. However, the nomads themselves, under the influence of the “omnipotent globalization”, recently began to lose three of the most sacred “pillars” (in the Kazakh language “Tireuish”) of their ancestors, on the basis of which they lived thousands and thousands of years. I wrote about these three pillars in my last article called “Military mysteries and moral pillars”. This is a "kasiet" (mentality), a "tuyskandyk" (kinship) and "imandylyk" (faith). Advanced science has calculated that, on average, a human [1] is physically weaker than an animal comparable in size to him about 4-5 times. Man is so weak that he is not adapted to survival, even in ordinary life. But the question arises, why then are we still alive, and the beasts stronger than us disappear from the face of the Earth? The answer is known to all. We are endowed with reason, and animals only by instinct. Thus, our mind and our friend and at the same time our enemy ... But despite these arguments, it still seems to us that everything in the world happens spontaneously, without the intervention of God. In any case, purely empirical data allows us to think in this way. We also see that there is no logical chain in the life and in the history of human civilization. 253 Everything happens by itself, not as we want. Even it seems to us that in wars wins is not the one who is really right, but the one who is stronger and more cunning. All mankind since the time of its creation has been in confusion, including me. What are we doing on this Earth, who are we at all, and what awaits us ahead? These questions were asked thousands and thousands of years ago, but there is still no intelligible answers. When at the other end of the world some people philosophized, at the opposite end of the world a group of nomads acted as suggested by their mind and animal instinct. They deeply nachikhal all our and your thoughts about the meaning of life, the truth of things and the world around us. They saw what their eyes saw and heard what their ears heard. Their instinct was still not destroyed by the mind, so they cannot be called savages or barbarians. They relied only on their intuitions and instincts. They longed for life and in order to live, they were ready to go even the end of the world. They did just that. Therefore, we call them nomads. Years passed one by one. Old nomads died of old age, they were replaced by young nomads, educated in the spirit of their ancestors. But they didn’t know and couldn’t know that God decided to experiment with them. The purpose and objectives of the experiment and the sad result In fact, they were the first Prometheus [2] of humanity who served the advancement of human civilization. They went forward to new continents, plundered, destroyed sedentary peoples, forced them to defend themselves, to build strong fortresses. Thus, after the “Great Flood in the time of Noah” (Nuh paygambar – the prophet Noah), [3] human civilization began to move and spin like a rusty flywheel in an internal combustion engine. [4] Ancient nomads and Kazakhs believe that “the ship Nuh paygambar” (Nuh paygambar kemesi) after the great flood stopped not in Ararat (Armenia) as modern science believes, but in Mount Kazygurt (height of 1768 m.) in southern Kazakhstan. In connection with this legend, there is a very, very ancient saying among the Kazakhs "Basynda Kazygurttyn keme kalgan" (literally from the Kazakh language translated as "At the top of Kazygurt lies the ship of Noah"). [5] The nomads did not even realize that destroying everything old gives rise to a new civilization process. Wounded nomads in battle or sick and fugitives remained among the sedentary peoples, they taught them how to fight the enemies correctly. With the advent of nomadic horsemen, life has become more interesting and at the same time more dangerous. Deep in the eastern part of the Eurasian continent (Central Asia), new empires appeared on the site of the old empires. To protect itself from unpredictable nomads, ancient China (Qin Dynasty 221207 BC) built a dividing wall almost 9000 km long (total length – 21.2 thousand km), later called the "Great Chinese Wall". [6] However, the formidable nomads were naive as children. For four thousand years, about 25 Chinese dynasties [7] set up nomads against each other and ruled them. However, when Genghis Khan became the Great Khan of the nomads, all the intrigues of the Chinese did not work, and soon his descendants ruled the Chinese for about a hundred years. [8] Despite his cruelty and ambition, Genghis Khan can probably be called Prometheus in the middle ages of mankind. From the terrible sound of his cavalry and the roar of dying soldiers, the sleeping Eurasian continent woke up and began to trade the caravan route with each other. Genghis Khan 254 and his descendants guaranteed the safety of the property of the caravan. The progressive process of humanity went uphill. What was, then passed... But everything in this world has an end. Genghis Khan died, and then his glorious sons, grandchildren and great-grandchildren. The biggest problem for the nomadic peoples of that time was internal strife and war among the descendants of Genghis Khan. As usually happens in life, it seemed to all the descendants of Genghis Khan, if he personally rises to the throne, to unite the scattered nomads and restore the former Great Empire of Genghis Khan again. However, it was megalomania. The time allotted for this empire, unfortunately, has passed. New settled empires were born and developed with other weapons, cannons and muskets and peculiar manners. New time began to move in a completely different way. But none of the descendants of Genghis Khan wanted to hear and understand this, much less to tolerate the will of Kuday Tagaly (Almighty God from the point of view of the nomads). For this disobedience, they were punished very severely. In Central Asia, in the XIV-XV centuries, there was an endless and merciless civil war for the destruction of each other. It lasted for hundreds and hundreds of years. All the nomads fought against all and did not even understand what they were doing. As always, ordinary people suffered. Not all nomads were bloodthirsty and fools. Many did not want to be "cannon fodder" in the hands of bloodthirsty tyrants. The prudent and war-torn group of nomads (about 100,000 people) led by Kerey (1424-1473) [9] and Zhanibek Sultans (1428-1480) [10] fled from Abylhayir Khan (1412-1468). [11] Abulhayr Khan and his covetous entourage, who were eager for power, called this group of nomads "Kazakhs" according to the law of that time (M.H.Dulati's explanation, "Tarihi-Rashidi": a group of people who refuse to obey their Khan). In fact, all these three high-ranking officials (aksuiek - white bone) were descendants of Zhoshy Khan (the eldest son of Genghis Khan), i.e. they were relatives. The aforementioned noble Kasim Khan was the son of Zhanibek Sultan (later became Khan), and Shaibani Khan was the son of Abylhaiyr Khan. This "blood" feud between the descendants of Genghis Khan lasted almost 200 years. Ultimately, in this civil war, both sides of Genghis Khan’s descendants lost. However, ordinary citizens of present-day Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz, Uzbeks and Turkmen who are not related to Genghis Khan and his descendants, won this civil war. As can be seen from the map of the world, these peoples remained on the site of the former territory of the great empire of Genghis Khan. And all the descendants of Genghis Khan dissolved as water among these peoples. Here is one example of life: The real descendant of Genghis Khan from the clan – Tore (Chingizid), a descendant of Aishuak Khan*, [12] who ruled Kishi Zhuz (Younger zhuz) of Kazakhs, sits and works with me in the office. There are a lot of such examples and they (Tore – Chingizid) no longer have the ambitions of their ancestors. Basically, they choose peaceful professions not related to war. * Khan Aishuak (1720-1810) was the Khan of the Small Zhuz (1797-1805), he was the son of the Kazakh Khan Abilhair (1718-1748). Not only the descendants of Genghis Khan, but ordinary nomads were tired of endless and senseless war in the steppes. Today's nomads have finally understood what a person needs in order to live peacefully, at the cost of huge losses in human reserves and an economic lag from the developed countries of the world. One truth is clear – Quday Tagala very cruelly and inhumanly experimented 255 with the nomads. The goal of these experiments was probably for the rest of humanity to understand "what is good and what is bad." However, one circumstance really worries and even scares the nomads in this story. At this stage of the story, Kuday Tagala and Satan firmly decided to deceive the sedentary peoples and every day play a cruel joke with them, as they once played with the nomads. Now I hope that the reader understands "where horns grow from." Once we (nomads) were the same as you – fools, and over time you (sedentary) will also become wiser as we are now. Life goes on, time will tell how this whole story ends ... All of humanity at the moment do not know what they want, but they instinctively search for their roots, lost thousands and thousands of years ago. From the subconscious, the unknown “Voice” tells them that the cure for their decaying and dying gene is in a nomadic mentality. Of course, they will resist my words, that this is not so, it is just interesting for them to study nomads and their wild mentality, etc. Who really needs this, I wrote in a previous article (“Military mysteries and moral pillars”), from my point of view, a recipe that can heal a sick mind and a decomposing spirit of humanity. Unfortunately, nowadays even the descendants of those nomads who, until recently, led a healthy lifestyle, suffer from this disease. The above article I presented only the facts that I read many times at different times and still read from different sources. I analyzed these facts through my vision of the problem and therefore its content is very different from known sources. I write directly and honestly, maybe in an emotional outburst, I write a little extra words, which angered decent readers who are not accustomed to reading such words. But the truth – like a needle, it can not be hidden on the clothes, covering our body. He will constantly tingle us, causing unbearable and penetrating pain... ... In this interesting place of the article I was a little distracted by mathematics, astronomy, and I almost forgot to continue this topic further. Honestly and there was nothing to write about. And now it appeared. A terrible tragedy occurred with one small family on the outskirts of Astana, stirring the whole of Kazakhstan. February 4, 2019 during a fire, five tiny girls from a poor family were burned alive in a fire. They were 13-year-old Albina, 11-year-old Alina, 6-year-old Karina, 4year-old Madina and 3-month-old Sabina (Bakhyt). [13] Reading information about them on the Internet, WhatsApp, [14] Instagram, [15] I involuntarily cried, since I myself am the father of five children (four sons and a daughter, the youngest of them is only two years old). Thus, in just one night, the life of the German Muslim Eugene and the Kazakh Zhanymgul, the parents of these five children, turned upside down./- Of course, all Kazakhstanis help them, but no one can give them back their daughters. The Kazakh wisdom says: "Su tubinde zhatkan tas – zhel tolkytsa shygady, oi tubinde zhatkan soz – sher tolkytsa shygady". Literally, this wisdom translates: "Stones from the depths of the sea come out when a storm arises, the right words come out when tragedy happens." This tragedy excited me to the depths of my soul, and there was a desire to write a sequel about the mysterious soul of the nomads. We all love children, but for Kazakhs, children are “everything” in the literal sense of the word. Nomads never allowed, despite everything, to count the number of children. This was considered the worst sign of ignorance and a bad omen. Another Kazakh wisdom reads: “Kudai berse kop 256 demeniz, bermese zhok demeniz”. This word literally translates as "If God gives many children, never say that too much, and if he does not give children, never say no children." According to history, “one of the most cruel laws of Rome concerning Roman children was that fathers could even kill their children without violating Roman law. This practice changed only in the first century of our era.” [16] During the Jahiliyat (before Islam), the ancient Arabs buried living a newborn girl, due to the fact that when she grow up, disgrace her father, marrying another man. Holy Quran, 81st surah " at-Takwir ": "8th ayat: When the girl, buried alive, is asked: 9th ayat: For what crime was she killed?" [17] Nomads cared for even a premature baby, despite their gender. The tiny child was placed in her father's “tymak” (fur headdress) and hung on the wall of the yurt (a round house of wood and felt). According to the father, many children survived after such a procedure. It is because of such a special mentality of the nomads that the Kazakh people took the death of these five angel girls too close to their hearts. Over the past two years, 39 families, including 91 Kazakh children returned to Kazakhstan from Syria and Iraq, where the war is going on. Fathers and mothers of many children died in this war. [18] Although this is not a war of nomads, "soldiers of fortune" is everywhere, including among the Kazakhs. They say that resourceful and hardy Kazakhs fight well in Syria. The Kazakh (Kipchak) sultan Beybarys (1223-1277, Al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn Baybars al-Bunduqdārī), who ruled Egypt, was also a "soldier of fortune." [19] Someone in life has more luck, someone has less luck. Nothing can be done about this, the warlike genes of nomads make themselves known at all times. The word "gene" in the Kazakh language was called "kan" (blood) for thousands of years, and now it is also called without change. Nomads may not be strong in science, politics, economics, but they are strong in spirit. This is thanks to the nomadic genes. "High morale of nomads" how can it depend on a gene? Nomads sacredly honored their genes and in order to preserve it in its pure form, no sensible nomad would marry a girl of her own kind, until the difference is seven knees. In turn, I want to ask a couple of incomprehensible (dead-end) questions for me to American readers. Not only me, but not a single Kazakh can understand how, in broad daylight, in the United States, an armed person enters school and shoots children at close range. These tragedies are so often repeated in the United States (they began in 1840 and continue), and each time the hair stands on end. [20] Why, in order to save children, it is impossible to restrict or completely ban the sale of military weapons? Our university lecturers said that when the novel “Abai Zholy” [21] of the great Kazakh writer Mukhtar Auezov [22] was translated into English, English translators were puzzled. They could not find the exact words, it would seem among the richest English language, conveying the meaning of Kazakh words (To the problem of translating the realities in M.Auezov’s novel “Abai Zholy” into Russian and English). [23] I can’t judge about other nations, but in reality the nomadic Kazakhs have many words that cannot be translated into other languages. One of these words is called “Ainalaiyn”. This word for nomads replaces all words of politeness like “please, thank you”, etc. Kazakhs with this word in the first turn appeals to small children and adolescents. Even anxious, emotional Kazakh calms down when the word “Ainalaiyn, koi, tynyshtal” is pronounced (literally “My dear, stop, calm down”)! 257 I think this is exactly what our modern civilization needs. Our common home Earth or the so-called "internal combustion engine" [5] is too overheated, a reboot is necessary. Because the word "nuclear rocket" in the media and on the Internet began to write so often. If they accidentally or intentionally launch into the sky, then a catastrophe really cannot be avoided by all of us. Usually, if the “weapon” hangs on the wall of the stage, then at the end of the performance he will definitely shoot ... Bibliography 1. Human: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human 2. Prometheus: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus 3. Great Flood of Noah: https://orthodoxwiki.org/Great_Flood_of_Noah 4. The legend of the mountain Kazygurt, October 19, 2015, Source: https://e-history.kz/en/publications/view/1489 5. Internal combustion engine: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine 6. Great Wall of China: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China 7. Dynasties in Chinese history: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history 8. Yuan dynasty: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty 9. Kerei Khan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerei_Khan 10. Janibek Khan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janibek_Khan 11. Abu'l-Khayr Khan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu'l-Khayr Khan 12. Aishuak Khan, 22 Января 2010: http://lenta.inform.kz/ru/aishuak-khan_a2230231 13. Hundreds Bid Farewell To Five Girls Killed In Astana Fire, Amid Anger At https://www.rferl.org/a/hundreds-bid-farewell-to-five-girls-killed-in-astana-home-fire/29752066.html Authorities: 14. WhatsApp Messenger: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp 15. Instagram: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram 16. Children of Ancient Rome: http://www.legendsandchronicles.com/ancient-civilizations/ancient-rome/children-ofancient-rome/ 17. Quran in english: Clear, Pure, Easy to Read, https://www.clearquran.com/downloads/quran-in-english-clearquran.pdf Translated by Talal Itani: 18. 2019-01-08: Kazakhstan rehabilitating children recently returned from Syria, Iraq: http://central.asianews.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2019/01/08/feature-01 19. Baibars (1223-1277, Al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn Baybars al-Bunduqdārī): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibars 20. List of school shootings in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_school_shootings_in_the_United_States the United States: 21. Mukhtar Auezov. The path of Abai. // Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty: "Zhazushi", 2009. 22. Mukhtar Auezov: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhtar_Auezov 23. To the problem of translating the realities in M.Auezov’s novel “Abai Zholy” into Russian and English: https://articlekz.com/article/6436 258 CHAPTER 4 Military mysteries and moral pillars of Nomads Copyright 2019 Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published May 22, 2019 Introduction I honestly did not know that my humble article would attract so much attention. Over the past week, my last three articles were read by representatives of 80 countries of the world. It makes me write a continuation of this article responsibly, objectively and honestly. In the first part of the article I should have explained to the readers the essence of the title of the article. I think it is not too late to correct my mistake. The word "The mysterious soul of the nomads" in Kazakh language sounds like "Koshpendilerdin zhumbak zhan-duniesi". If you really take up this topic, you could write a whole book. But I do not have time for this. Since childhood, I have loved to write shortly, and that's it... I will tell you further, from my point of view, as it seems to me, the naked truth about the nomads and about their past history, no matter what. And the subjects of the current global empire with 259 nuclear weapons (USA, Russia, China, India and others) will also think a little about their future when their empire ceases to exist. There is nothing eternal in this universe and in our world. Everything has its beginning and end. Further follows distemper. As for the blasphemous, cruel and unpleasant words (I think this is true), what I said are living witnesses – these are the current nomads who have gone through all this. Now I will tell about it ... “Malym Zhanimnyn Sadakasy, Zhanim Arymnyn Sadakasy” (literally translated as “I will give my wealth to save my life, but I will give my life for the honor”). The elders of the Kazakhs say that these words were uttered by the Great Kasym Khan (1445-1521) [1] and until the last day of his life he was faithful to his oath. He was a very wise and brave nomad. In the military offensive, he fought like a mad lion, side by side with simple sarbaz (soldiers) in the front ranks. In the soul of the nomads, it was calm when their Khan did not hide behind their backs, but fought with the enemies along with them. [2] At that time, the main enemy of the Kazakhs was Shaibani Khan (1451-1510), [3] who were trying to revive the Amir-Temir empire (1336-1405). [4] However, this was not destined by the will of Kudai Tagala. Ultimately, he lost the war to the Kazakhs. [5] After these victories, not only the Kazakhs, but also other peoples of the neighboring countries respected Kasim Khan and took Kazakh citizenship. Thus, he formed in the Kazakh steppe a huge nomadic state, comparable to the empire, from which neighboring China, tsarist Russia and others were wary. The reader in this place thinks, was it really so smooth and orderly in favor of the nomadic Kazakhs? Did the Kazakhs and the nomadic peoples of Central Asia have any difficulties? Subsequent Kazakh Khans tried to be like Kasim Khan in everything. Some rulers of the Kazakhs from the descendants of Genghis Khan such as Buydash Khan (1533-1534), Khaknazar Khan (1538-1580), Tauekel Khan (1582-1598), Esim Khan (1598-1628), Salkam Zhangir Khan (16281652), Az-Tauke Khan (1680-1718), Abylay Khan (1771-1781) succeeded in this. [6] [7] Kazakh people remember them and honor their sacred spirit. However, some worthless and cruel khans (they were also descendants of Genghis Khan) were not lucky to be the rulers of the Kazakhs. The people turned away from them and soon forgot about the existence of such khans. Since they were descendants of the Great Genghis Khan, I will not write their names in this article. Many Kazakh khans died in battles. Among them, I especially want to mention Togym Khan. "Hijra: 18 Safar 944, Yaum al-Zhumaa, Miladi: July 27, 1537, Friday. In the San Tash region (Kordai mountain pass in southern Kazakhstan), the head of the Kazakh-Kyrgyz army, Toghim Khan and his 9 sons, as well as all of his 37 vizier with all sarbazami (soldiers) died in an unequal battle with the Oirat-Zhongars. Thus, while the Kazakhs came to their senses, the Kazakh Horde existed without the Khan." [5] May their soul be in eternal rest in heaven. This is really a bold act, comparable to the fact that the presidents of the warring countries are killed in hand-to-hand combat, with all their ministers and military commanders. Currently, there is a confrontation between Bashar Assad (Syria) and the leader of the Islamic State Al-Baghdadi, as well as Nicholas Madura (Venezuela) and Juan Guaydo. Many more countries are waiting for their 260 turn. These confrontations are not resolved by peaceful means. They could fight in a deserted place, so as not to torment their people with war and innocent deaths. Is it possible in the modern world? Of course not. The time of exploits has changed. Now there is only "paper war" between the leaders of the countries. They are not ashamed to hide behind the backs of the soldiers and to be indifferent to the suffering of their people. All modern wars, in principle, can be solved in a couple of days, if the leaders of the countries fight like in the good old days one-on-one. Only in this case, any country will be governed by "folk knights" like Togym Khan and Richard the Lion Heart (11571199). [8] Since for the throne and for your people you will have to die in a fair fight, the omnipresent cowards and villains, as well as helpless and fragile women will not claim power. Truth does not like lies. Truth is a straight thing, he does not know pity. He speaks the whole truth, whatever it is, no matter how hard it is for the ear, for the heart and for the brain, and that says it all. But a lie opposite is sweet, pleasant to the ears, heart and brain. Soothes and gives a pleasant peace. Hence the conclusion: the truth belongs to God (Allah Tagala ‫هللا‬or Kuday Tagala), [9] and the lie to Satan (Iblis). [10] At all times they fought with each other. Strength in truth, he always conquers lies, even hopeless situations. Truth does not happen on both sides of the barricades, it is only one. To see the truth, you need to turn on the flashlight in the eyes, in the ears, in the heart and in the brain at full power ... The reader probably wonders why I often use the word "Genghis Khan". After all, he was born and raised in Mongolia and died there. All these arguments are true. However, all his military campaigns initially went on the territory of Kazakhstan, and then moved deep to the west. Over time, his innumerable military (sarbazy) strongly mixed with the local peoples of Kazakhstan and they remained in the territories of Kazakhstan and Central Asia. Almost all known clans and tribes now living in Kazakhstan, about 800 years ago constituted the backbone of his army. All known Khans of the Kazakhs up to the XIX century (the last of them Kenesary Khan who fought against tsarist Russia) were exclusively direct descendants of Genghis Khan. Therefore, my articles on the topic of nomads are not complete without the name of Genghis Khan (1162-1227), [11] Zhoshy Khan (1182-1227) [12] and Altyn Orda (Golden Horde, 1259-1396). [13] Thanks to these names of people and the empire created by them, the Kazakh Horde (Kazakh Khanate) [14] in the 15th century and the current Republic of Kazakhstan (1991) [15] appeared on the pages of world history. In the literal sense of the word, these historical periods were "cruel centuries" that did not spare anyone, including the nomads themselves in the first place. But, despite this cruel morality, where did the "merciful" nomads come from in relation to completely unknown people with an alien morality? I mean the second part of my article (Good always wins hatred) when a Kazakh nomad elder saves a German and at the same time a future fascist. I will briefly tell on this topic the story that happened between Zhoshy Khan and Genghis Khan: "Certain incidences hint towards the fact that Jochi was of a kinder disposition than Genghis Khan, though the adjective “kind” must be interpreted by the standards of his times and milieu because Jochi had had his share of indulgence in massacres of civilians. On one occasion Jochi pleaded with his father to spare the life of a son of an enemy chief who had been taken captive and who happened to be a great archer. Jochi argued that such a great archer could be an asset to the Mongol army. Genghis Khan brushed aside this argument and had the captive executed.” 261 All known and unknown Kazakh Khans (direct descendants of Genghis Khan) were brought up and became the leaders of the future nation of "Kazakhs" in submission and in the spirit of Zhoshi Khan and his sons who ruled Altyn Orda more than 100 years. All these circumstances ultimately brought up the Kazakh nation, as merciless to their enemies and at the same time merciful to everything in a reasonable limit. For evidence, go far is not necessary. Those who attacked and fought the Kazakh nation subsequently disappeared forever from the face of history (the Great Mughal Empire, [16] Kalmyks [17] and Zhongary [18]). That is why the Kazakh wisdom says: "The Kazakhs have a defender of "Kie" in the Blue Sky" (Kazakhtyn Kok aspanda korgaushy "Kiesi" bar). Currently, Kazakhstan occupies almost the entire territory that belonged to Zhoshi Khan in the 13th century (it occupies 9th place in the world by area). Thus, it can be assumed that “the great and sacred spirit of Genghis Khan” does not reside in Mongolia, but in Kazakhstan. Kok Taniri – Kudai Tagala so decided, and no one can disturb him in this. The fact that I will write further can be called "nomadic catechismis". [19] These unwritten rules and laws of nomads accustomed them to strict discipline, gave them strength and at the same time presented a danger if their enemies found out about these rules and laws. Therefore, these rules and laws were never written on paper (for example, “Yassa” [20] of Genghis Khan), they were transmitted orally, so as not to transmit the secrets of the fighting spirit of the nomads to the enemies. These secrets are stored in the brain of a nomad. Of course, the nomad's brain can be pulled out of his head, but what is written there is impossible to read. A vivid example of this can be cited "The Catechism of a Jew in the USSR", written in 1946. This text entry immediately became public and is now known to all. There are conflicting information about this. The Jewish nation refutes these records, but ordinary people are angry that they have read offensive words in this catechism. [21] If the Jewish people as nomads would have memorized these records orally, nothing would have happened ... Although the unwritten rules and laws of nomads are harsh, they are humane with respect to other people and the nation. Basically, according to these rules and laws, nomads themselves are subject to severe punishment. From here follows the main thesis-principle: “Punish your own hard so that others are afraid.” It would be correct to say if I write that these rules and laws were transferred to the nomads through mother’s milk (literally “Ananyn Ak suti”). Approximately five years after the birth of a child, the rigid upbringing of a father or grandfather began, if there was none, the leader of this tribe was engaged in this business. In the end, at the age of fifteen, a disciplined warrior grew up, who knows no mercy for his enemies. Thus, for several thousand years, nomads kept the world in fear. They did not know the obstacles. If they were blocked by someone, they destroyed them to the last person. Sedentary nations, accustomed to debauchery and dishonor, fled from them in order to save their soul. But no matter where they hid, they still caught up with them and left thousands of lifeless bodies to the crows and wild animals. It often happened that a handful of nomadic horsemen defeated warriors armed to the teeth and outnumbering them. From the side it seemed that the nomads with their horses acted so skillfully and harmoniously, as if they were a single whole. Therefore, in antiquity, the Greeks in their mythologies called them - centaurs (half-man and half-horse)*. According to the legends, the Greek hero Heracles (Hercules) [22] had two friends of the centaur Foul and Chiron. [23] 262 * A centaur (Greek: kένταυρος, kéntauros, Latin: centaurus), or occasionally hippocentaur, is a mythological creature with the upper body of a human and the lower body and legs of a horse. Enemies defeated by nomads wondered what or who controls the nomads and where did they get such fighting spirit? This question is open to this day. Thousands of works were written about this, which took the whole lake of ink. But sedentary peoples still did not understand the secret of the success of the nomads. To understand this, they had to be born nomads. But they cannot understand that even they would have been born nomads, they would have become nomads. Why today I am going to write about the rules or laws that the nomads kept secret for centuries and thousands of years? After the publication of these records, will not the nomads or their way of life become vulnerable? I think no. These records will benefit not only the descendants of the nomads, if properly listened more closely, there will be benefits to all of humanity. Times have changed not in favor of the nomads. The powerful cavalry of the nomads of Genghis Khan during the first or second world war could be stopped by only one platoon of soldiers, armed with a PM M1910 machine gun (Maxim's machine gun model 1910) or the German MG 42 (Maschinengewehr 42). [24] Especially in the 21st century, I watch with horror as modern descendants of nomads die morally decaying before our eyes and without any war, nomadic civilization very quickly disappears from the face of the earth. The legendary nomads, who coexisted for several thousand years, approached the dangerous line, having crossed them we can lose everything and there will be no way back. After 30-50 years, no one will need these records, since there will not be a single nomad on Earth. These my notes in the form of “SOS” can be compared with a medical procedure, when a dying person is directly thrust into the heart of a huge syringe needle and injected adrenaline. [25] After that, the sick person either dies or survives. There is no third way: "sink or swim." From time immemorial, the leaders of nomads brought up not only children, but also older ones, according to the ancient traditions of their ancestors. Usually it was an oral dictum. To a stranger, all these oral dictums seemed to be nonsense. But in reality, for this «nonsense», many fools have parted with their lives. And so, let’s try to write these unwritten laws of nomads. For this, I had to read a lot and hear the stories of old men, and then analyze what they saw and heard. This would be useful not only for Europeans who want to learn unwritten laws, but also for the descendants of nomads who lose the «spirit» of nomads every day. Before turning to the records, I will tell the most guarded military secret of the nomads. Why and how were nomads and their horses physical strong and resilient? The whole secret lies in the thick tail (Kuiryk may) of the lamb. Each warrior in the military campaign recruited more "Kuiryk may" to feed themselves and ... feed their horse when they went non-stop. A well-fed horse that fed on raw “Kuiryk May” did not require any hay or feed, except water. Thus, the nomads moved so fast that, in turn, sedentary peoples thought that they fell on their exhausted and weary head from the sky. 263 The correctness of my words can be checked at home. Pour the water into the metal dish, place in it "Kuiryk may" the size of two fingers. Put the pot on an open fire and when it boils, throw edible herbs, berries and mushrooms, i.e. all that you find at hand in field conditions. You get high-calorie food that the ancient nomads and Genghis Khan's wars ate during military campaigns. And also partially, what I wrote, can be seen in the film “ARAVT – The Ten Soldiers of Chinggis Khaan”. [26] Moral pillars that hold the nomadic mentality of the Kazakhs I cannot fully assert the rule written below as the most faithful and call it the absolute truth. But as a descendant of nomads, I feel inspired, since my knowledge in this area suggests that all the spiritual support of nomads consisted of several pillars. Then from these pillars appear numerous branches, mutually complementing and revealing the essence of these pillars. First, I will call these pillars of nomads and give short comments so that the reader can understand the meaning of these terms: 1. The very first sacred "pillar" of nomads – Kasiet: Currently, the word "Kasiet" literally translates as "natural feature; dignity; positive quality". But in antiquity and until recently, the word “kasiet” was the most deeply meaningful word, showing the essence and soul of a nomad. Therefore, the Kazakhs translate the word "kasietti" as "sacred", and the word "kasietziz" is translated as the most offensive, with dire consequences for the nomad who uttered this word and the offended nomad. The scientific definition of the word "Kasiet" nomads: Kasiet is a deep cultural structure of nomads, historically and socially rooted in the consciousness and behavior of many generations of nomadic peoples, uniting different historical epochs in the development of national culture. The most loyal creature for a nomad was not a dog or a cat, but his battle horse, on which he traveled across continents and fought with enemies. Therefore, the Kazakhs still say: "Adam Zhylky minezdes" (literally, "Man and a horse has one character trait"). Thus, when the ancient Greeks described nomads as a “centaur”, [23] they were not far from the truth. The Kazakh word “minez” literally translates as “morality; character” and is almost synonymous with the word “kasiet”. 2. The second sacred "pillar" of nomads – Tuyskandyk: Tuyskandyk – literally translated as "relative or family ties." When a male child is born in a nomad family, everything was done to ensure that he had a full two conditions. It was not wealth and luxury as many think. It was assumed that this child had its own tribe along the line of the father (Oz Zhurty) and a full-fledged tribe along the line of the mother (Nagashi Zhurty). Only in this case, this child masters the so-called “nomad's kasiet”. When this child grows up, he married a girl who also had two full living conditions (Oz Zhurty and Nagashi Zhurty). Thus, this young nomad (zhigit) had a third condition for life (Kaiyn zhurty). As we see, the Kazakh proverb saying “Zhigittin ush zhurty (Oz Zhurty, Nagashi Zhurty and Kaiyn zhurty) bolady” is taken from life. The notion of “tuyskandyk” nomads is based on these three pillars (Oz Zhurty, Nagashi Zhurty and Kaiyn zhurty). 264 Tuyskandyk is usually reflected in the tribal (genealogical) tree of the tribe (taipa-ru) of this nomad. Each nomad must know his family tree for at least seven generations. If a nomad knows his “tek” (ancestry), it will be easier for him to navigate in life, and he will always know his place in this constantly changing world. The concept and meaning of the word “Tuyskandyk” (a close relative), which I wrote about last time, is a close synonym for the word “tektilik”. For example, among the Kazakhs, all the descendants of Genghis Khan are considered “tekti tukim” (literally “from the famous clan”, the Kazakhs usually call them “aksuiek, tore”). One example of this statement of mine is the book Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur (1603-1663), The Genealogical Tree of the Türks (Shajare-i Türk). [27] The word “shadzhar-e” in the Kazakh language is called “shezhire” (literally the “chronicle of the generation” of a certain clan or tribe) and occupies a special place in the life of the Kazakhs. Any prudent nomad should not marry a girl of her own kind, if at least seven generations have passed between a boy and a girl. This rule allowed the Kazakh nomads to keep their tribe clean at the "gene" level. The guy and the girl who violated this rule in a state of irrepressible love (mahabbat) to each other, in ancient times indulged in death without hesitation. However, over the past hundred years, under the influence of socialism-communism, as well as thanks to Western culture, this rule has not been regulated by anyone, therefore incest* is currently taking place between close relatives. * Incest (lat. Incestus – "criminal, sinful"), incest – the sexual relationship between close blood relatives. 3. The third sacred "pillar" of nomads – Imandylyk: Imandylyk – faith in one God (Kok Taniri, Kudai Tagala, Allah Tagala) and his prophets. And also to honor the name of the holy people (aulie-ambiye) and their spirits (aruak), who helped the nomads in different cruel times not to disappear from the page of history and united the nomads in everything. All known and unknown Kazakh khans, as well as all Kazakhs, without exception, at the direction of Ozi Bek Khan (1282-1341), professed Islam through the prism of Kul Kozha Ahmet Yassaui's (1093-1166) [28] Sufism and partially Bakhauiddin Nakshpandiya (1318-1389) [29] [30] (southern part of Kazakhstan). Sultan Mohammed Öz Beg, better known as Uzbeg or Ozbeg (1282–1341, reign 1313–1341), was the longest-reigning khan of the Golden Horde, under whose rule the state reached its zenith. He was succeeded by his son Jani Beg (Zhanibek). [31] “Khan Öz Beg urged the Mongol elite to convert to Islam, but at the same time, he preserved the lives of Christians and pagans such as Russians, Circassians, Alans, Finno-Ugric people, and Crimean Greeks as long as they continued to pay the “jizyah” in subjection to Islamic rule. From Öz Beg onwards, the khans of the Golden Horde were all Muslim”. [32] Even the most stupid person was afraid to say three words: “Kasietsiz” (man or tribe that violated the nomad's holy morals), “Teksiz” (a person or tribe who does not have Oz Zhurty, Nagashi Zhurty and Kaiyn Zhurty) and “Imansyz” (a person or a tribe who violated faith in Almighty God, an oath (Kalima-shahadat) in the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him), desecration with the words aulie-ambie and aruak). 265 The violation of one of these three pillars by a nomad or a group of nomads was considered the greatest sin that cannot be washed away even by the river of blood after decapitation. Therefore, when one of the nomads or a whole nomadic tribe (ru-taipa) was accused of one of these sins, either the “righteous” or “sinners” should have remained in this life. The battle lasted until the last man gave his soul to his ancestors, only a child survived, whose height did not exceed the wheel of an ordinary cart. In connection with these tough rules, a popular Kazakh saying “Baska bale tilden” appeared (If you do not control the language, you will lose your head). 4. The fourth sacred "pillar" of nomads – Ata Meken: Ata Meken (Fatherland) is the native land where your ancestors grew and you yourself. You must protect him like the apple of the eye. If the enemy kicked you out of the Ata Meken, this is not a very big trouble. You or your relatives will fight, not sparing your lives, until Ata Meken returns to you again. The biggest shame is when your relatives will expel you from Ata Meken for your negative misconduct. Hence the second word “Kie” (literally “shrine, patron”), which complements the meaning of the word “Kasiet”. The Kazakhs believe that if you sold the Ata Meken land to foreigners or if you were afraid to protect it, you will be cursed forever by the holiness of Ata Meken (Ata mekennin kiesi urady). 5. The fifth sacred "pillar" of nomads – Kara shanyrak: Kara shanyrak (literally “a wooden circle in the form of a cross on the top of a yurt, a chimney of a yurt”) is the home of ancestors and their direct descendants, a respected and revered home. If a nomad is forced to leave "Ata Meken" due to the attack of enemies, he should not leave "Kara Shanyrak" to enemies. In such difficult moments, the nomad takes with him "Kara Shanyrak" and sets fire to the rest of the yurt so that he does not get to the enemies in general. 6. The sixth sacred "pillar" of nomads – Ananyn ak suti: Ananyn ak suti (literally “White sacred milk of mother”) is the most precious meaning of life in a nomad's soul, even if it is a bloodthirsty tyrant. Umai Ana – the most ancient female deity of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples, ranked second after Tengri. [33] This indicates that, all the same in the history of the formation of nomads, there was a period of matriarchy. Even now, adult nomads do not abandon their mothers and fathers, settling nearby. Usually, the youngest son in the family takes care of elderly parents. And older brothers and sisters help him (younger) in everything so that their parents feel good. The name “Ana” (Mother) and “Besik” (“Cradle”) are closely related. 7. The seventh sacred "pillar" of nomads – Besik: Besik (literally “Cradle”) is considered the next holy subject of nomads, after "Kara Shanyrak". Since in the Kazakh steppe there were endless wars with the Chinese, with the Kalmaks, with the Zhungars, a lot of the male population died in battles. Therefore, the nomads rejoiced at each child born, as a future warrior who would protect his homeland from enemies. When there were not enough men for the war, young girls nomads entered an unequal battle. Therefore, the nomads did not make a distinction on the sex of the child. In the Kazakh family, you can see a very old "Besik" on which grandfather lay, and now in it lies the "great-grandchildren." 266 The enemies of the nomads also knew what “Kara shanyrak” and “Besik” for nomads meant. Therefore, in order to break the spirit of the nomads, they first of all tried to take these relics with them. Thus, when the husband fought in an unequal battle with enemies for the sake of saving “Kara shanyrak”, his wife fought with her husband for the salvation of “Besik”. Defending their shrines "Kara Shanyrak" and "Besik" from enemies, thousands and thousands of nomads died. Their children saw all these tragic pictures with their own eyes and knew for what they could die without even thinking about the consequences. 8. The eighth sacred “pillar” of nomads – Dombyra: Dombyra is the most important musical instrument of nomads and truly is the Spirit of the Great Steppe. Dombyra is a history of nomads. Through centuries and milleniums it brings memory about first pages of nomad’s history. Dombyra witnessed many historical events that played a key role in the fate of the nomads. [34] In essence, nomads are emotional and temperamental people. But despite this, the men quietly listen to the music of the dombra, but does not dance to his melody. This is considered an insult to the sacred spirit of the dead ancestors in battle, who gave his life for us to continue to live. 9. The ninth sacred "pillar" of nomads – Kara kazan: Kara kazan (literally "black kazan" or "bulk pot") was inherited from father to son. Kara kazan in the life of nomads meant a satisfying life. Therefore, it is not passed on to strangers. Deliberate damage, theft of someone else's "Kara kazan" was strictly punished. The loss of the owners of their "Kara kazan" was considered a bad omen. As you can see, all these rules and laws, the morals of the nomads that I write are written not just with ink, but with the blood of nomads. There are many more rules in the form of a phrase that are tabooed. I will write about this and other nomadic concepts in the next article. Bibliography 1. Kasym Khan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasym_Khan 2. The manuscript "Tarikh-Safavi", written in ancient Persian by Persian historians. 3. Timur (Tamerlan): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur 4. Muhammad Shaybani: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Shaybani 5. M.Magauin. The primer of the Kazakh history (Kazakh tarihynyn alippesi, Kazakhtyn kone tarihy), - Almaty: “Zhalyn”, 1993 6. Kazakh Khanate: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate 7. List of Kazakh khans: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kazakh_khans 8. Richard the Lionheart: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England 9. Allah: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah 10. Iblis: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iblis 267 11. Family tree of Genghis Khan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Genghis_Khan 12. Zhoshy khan (Jochi): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochi 13. Golden Horde: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde 14. Kazakh Khanate: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate 15. Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan 16. Mughal Empire: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire 17. Kalmyks: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmyks 18. Oirats-Dzungar: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oirats 19. Catechism: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechism 20. Yassa – a code of law created by Genghis Khan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa 21. Catechism of the Jew in the USSR: http://antimatrix.org/Convert/Books/Platonov/Zagadka_Sionskih_Protocolov/Catechism_of_a_Sovi et_Jew_En.htm 22. Heracles (Hercules): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles 23. Centaur, hippocentaur: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaur 24. List of common World War II infantry https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_World_War_II_infantry_weapons weapons: 25. Adrenaline: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenaline 26. ARAVT – The Ten Soldiers of Chinggis Khaan: https://sarmovie.com/aravt-the-ten-soldiers-ofchinggis-khaan-download 27. Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur (Shajare-i Türk): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Ghazi_Bahadur 28. Ahmad Yasawi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Yasawi 29. Naqshbandi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqshbandi 30. Baha-ud-Din Din_Naqshband_Bukhari Naqshband Bukhari: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha-ud- 31. Öz Beg Khan (Ozi bek Khan): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Öz_Beg_Khan 32. Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties: a Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University Press, 1996, ISBN: 0-231-10714-5, pg. 253 33. List of Turkic mythological https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkic_mythological_figures figures: 34. What is dombyra? June 30, 2007: https://kazmus.wordpress.com/2007/06/30/what-is-dombyra/ 268 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar The brutal era of “The silence of the lambs” has passed; what to do to avoid becoming “Lambs” again? Copyright 2019 Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published June 5, 2019 The history of the Kazakhs in the 15th and 16th centuries in English sources (“Tarih-i Rashidi” M.M.H.Dulati) The Kazak [Kazakh, Qazaq] and their Sultans (Khans) CHAPTER XXXIII. ACCOUNT OF THE KAZAK [KAZAKH, QAZAQ] AND THEIR SULTANS (KHANS): THE ORIGIN OF THEIR NAME AND THEIR END 1. When Abulkhair had made himself master of the whole of the Dasht-i-Kipchak, he desired to remove several of the Sultans of the race of Juji [Zhoshy Khan], in whom he detected symptoms of seditious designs. Karai [Kerei] 2 Khan and Jani Beg [Zhanibek] Khan, perceiving the intentions of Ahulkhair Khan, fled, together with a few other Juji [Zhoshy] Sultans, to Moghulistan. This country was at the time under the Khanship of Isan Bugha [Esen Bugha] Khan, who received them favourably and assigned a corner of Moghulistan for them to live in. Here they dwelt in peace. On the death of Abulkhair, differences arose between the Uzbeg Ulus [Ozi bek Khans]. As many as were able, repaired to Karai Khan and Jani Beg Khan, for the sake of peace and security; and in this way [the two Khans] became very powerful. Since they had first of all separated from the mass of their people, and for some time had been in an indigent and wandering state, they got the name of Kazak [Kazakh, Qazaq], which lias olimg to them [ever since]. 1. The whole of this valuable section was translated by Erskine, and will be found in hie MS. at the British Museum. As Sir H. Howorth has reproduced it in his chapter on the White Horde and the Kirghiz Kazaks, and has collated it with other accounts of the same events, it would be superfluous to offer any comment on the subject here. I would only remark that, when Mirza Haidar says that “ in the year 944 not a vestige ” of the Kazak [Kazakh, Qazaq] of Moghulistan remained “on the face of the earth,” he must have been unacquainted with what was going on in that country. He wrote the passage, apparently, in the year 948 [Hijra] (1541-2) in Kashmir, or about nine years after he had severed his connection with Moghulistan, and was possibly wrongly, or imperfectly, informed. Sir H. Howorth observes: “This is probably an exaggeration, hut there can be no doubt that at this time the Kazak confederacy was much disintegrated.” Their line of Khans continued, however, and Sir Henry traces their history, and that of their people, down to the early years of the eighteenth century. 269 For convenience of reference, the Khans of the Kazak [Kazakh, Qazaq] of the White Horde may be detailed here, for the period of Mirza Haidar’s history, as follows: – Karai [Kerei] and Jani Beg [Zhanibek] (sons of Воraк [Baraq]) 1427-1488 A.D. Baranduk [Burundyk] (son of Каraі) 1488-1509 „ Kasim [Kasym] (son of Jani Beg) 1509-1518 „ Mumash [Mamash] (son of Kasim) 1518-1523 „ Tahir [Taiyr] (grandson of Karai) 1523-1530 „ Вulash [Bulat] (Ibid) 1530-15.. „ (?) (?) There is some doubt about the last name. Sir H. 'Howorth, citing a Russian author, shows that it may have been Uziak Ahmad. The date 1523, I have taken from Stokvis, but do not know his authority for it. It is wanting in the Tarikh-i-Rashidi, and in Howorth. (See Hist, of Mongols, ii., pp. 627, seq.; and Stokvis, i., p. 163; hut the latter’s table does not agree with the above.) 2. This is the exact transliteration of the name as it occurs in the texts, though most European authors have written it Girai [Kerei]. On the death of Karai Khan, his son Baranduk [Burundyk] Khan succeeded to the Khanship, while Kasim Khan, son of Jani Beg Khan, like his father, became obedient and submissive to Baranduk Khan. In addition to Baranduk Khan, Karai Khan had many sons, and Jani Beg Khan had others besides Kasim Khan. Among [Jani Beg’s sons] was Adik Sultan, who married Sultan Nigar Khanim, the fourth daughter of Sultan Yunus Khan, on the death of Mirza Sultan Mahmud, son of Sultan Abu Said Mirza. After the devastation of Tashkand, Adik Sultan abandoned Shahi Beg Khan to join the Kazak, and was followed by Sultan Nigar Khanim. But Adik Sultan dying soon after this, Kasim Khan took Sultan Nigar Khanim to wife. At the death of Adik Sultan, Kasim Khan obtained complete ascendency, and Baranduk was Khan in name only. Finally he banished Baranduk Khan, who repaired to Samarkand and died in exile. Kasim Khan now brought the Dasht-i-Kipchak under his absolute control, in a manner that no one, with the exception of Juji Khan, had ever done before. His army exceeded a thousand thousand. In the year 924 [Hijra] he died, whereupon contests ensued among the Kazak Sultans. He was succeeded in the Khanate by his son Mumash Khan, who, in one of the wars, died of shortness of breath,1 and was succeeded hy Tahir Khan, son of Adik Sultan. Being a harsh man, he practised much cruelty, so that his people, who numbered about 400,000 persons, suddenly deserted him and dispersed, while he was left alone among the Kirghiz, and died, at last, in misery. Nearly 30,000 men being now collected together in Moghulistan, they appointed as their Khan, Bulash2 Khan, brother of Tahir Khan. But the wheel of Fate has made such strange revolutions, that for the last four years, not a trace has been visible of these people. In the year ’30 [Hijra], the Kazak numbered a thousand thousand; in the year ’44 [Hijra], not a vestige of all this host remains on the face of the earth. They will be frequently mentioned [in this history] in connection with the Khan. Such is the story of the Kazak. 270 Even previous to the time of Kasim Khan’s assumption of the title of Khan, his power was so great that no one considered Baranduk Khan ; nevertheless he did not wish to live side by side with Baranduk Khan, because, if near him, he would not be able to pay him due respect, but would offer him. opposition; and [he felt that] if he did treat him with honour, he could not reconcile passive submission with his own private convictions. He there-fore kept at a distance. Baranduk Khan lived at Sarai Chuk [Saraishyk],1 and Kasim Khan, in order to be far away from him, went to the confines of Moghulistan. He made Karatal2 his winter quarters, intending, early in the spring, to return to his original capital; when one of Kitta Beg’s men, with some of the chief inhabitants of Sairam, arrived, bringing the keys of Sairam and beseeching him to accept the town, which he did. He then marched on Taraz, which the Moghuls call Yangi. In advance of himself, he des-patched one of his own Amirs, into whose hands Kitta Beg delivered the town of Sairam. [Kitta Beg waited on Kasim Khan in person, and induced him to attack Tashkand.] Kasim Khan then set out with a countless army for Tashkand, where Suyunjuk [Suindik] Khan had fortified himself within the citadel. Kasim Khan arrived, spent one night outside, and then turned back again, plundering all the environs of Tashkand as he went. The rest of the events of Kasim Khan’s life will be related in their proper place. 1. The Persian texts have dam-giri, the Turki tang-nafsi. Both terms mean practically the same thing, but dam-giri is generally used for shortness of breath produced by the rarefied air at high altitudes, while tang-nafsi usually stands for ordinary asthma or other affections of the breathing organs. In the Dasht-i-Kipchak there ore no high altitudes to produce dam-giri in its usual sense. 2. This name may perhaps read Tulash [Talas]. [1] Sir H. Howorth observes: “This is probably an exaggeration, hut there can be no doubt that at this time the Kazak confederacy was much disintegrated. Their line of Khans continued, however, and Sir Henry traces their history, and that of their people, down to the early years of the eighteenth century”. After this work of history, it was written more than once that the “Kazakh Khanate” disappeared forever. In fact, we were killed a thousand times, but the Kazakh nation, being immortal, returned a thousand times from the next world. All the powerful empires that wanted to erase us from the face of the Earth and from the pages of history, disappeared themselves forever, leaving no trace. We now live in the vast territory of these empires. This means that, at the behest of Almighty God, the Kazakh nation wants to convey something very important for the current civilization. But first we need to get rid of a lot of age-old stresses and get stronger ... The brutal era of “The Silence of the Lambs” has passed; what to do to avoid becoming “lambs” again? “The Silence of the Lambs” – it means truly humility and submission to fate. But such a phrase arose because of the real silence of the lambs (and of the whole flock) in the sheepfold, when wolves climb into it and slaughter everyone in a row. For the Kazakhs, the most disastrous century was the twentieth century. However, we survived hunger, cold and war. This picture, the scale of the tragedy, is clearly represented by a quote taken from one article: “Kazakhstan as one of the countries of former Soviet bloc was forced to undergo the expansionist policy of the Russian Empire, ‘barbarian Soviet treatment and ethnocide’, [2] forced 271 sedentarization, collectivization, artificial starvation, and many more. The XX century for Kazakh people was the century of the great changes conditioned by several factors. Forcible sedentarization of nomads and following collectivization of economy ruined nomadic lifestyle; industrialization and urbanization of Kazakhstan, numerous migrations of the representatives of nationalities of different cultural and linguistic backgrounds begot vigorous modernization processes. This consequently changed basic etiquette principles and transformed traditional communicative behavior standards. During the Soviet period, communicative behavior typical for Russian culture penetrated into communicative behavior of the representatives of all the USSR countries. Our country was not an exception. Today, with the third decade of existence of independent Kazakhstan there appeared a necessity in retrieval in the national memory of cultural roots and backgrounds. This is the country with plentiful historical and cultural background rooting in ancient times”. [3] We have not yet strengthened our spirit and strength after this terrible period. But we faced another threat. It is more dangerous and more cunning than the previous Soviet period. Then our common enemy was visible. Now the enemy is not visible, but we feel that he is devouring us from the inside. All this I am talking about the globalization of the whole human society. We are accustomed to slow changes, but now changes in our lives are happening so fast that it seems to us that the damn time is to blame for everything. He hurries himself and rush us, not giving us time to think about everything. In my opinion, the unwritten rules and laws of the ancestors of nomads can help us in this. “Malym Zhanimnyn Sadakasy, Zhanim Arymnyn Sadakasy” (literally translated as “I will give my wealth to save my life, but I will give my life for the honor”). The elders of the Kazakhs say that these words were uttered by the Great Kasym Khan (1445-1521) [4] and until the last day of his life he was faithful to his oath. He was a very wise and brave nomad. In the military offensive, he fought like a mad lion, side by side with simple sarbaz (soldiers) in the front ranks. In the soul of the nomads, it was calm when their Khan did not hide behind their backs, but fought with the enemies along with them. [5] At that time, the main enemy of the Kazakhs was Shaibani Khan (1451-1510), [6] who were trying to revive the Amir-Temir empire (1336-1405). [7] However, this was not destined by the will of Kudai Tagala. Ultimately, he lost the war to the Kazakhs. [8] After these victories, not only the Kazakhs, but also other peoples of the neighboring countries respected Kasim Khan and took Kazakh citizenship. Thus, he formed in the Kazakh steppe a huge nomadic state, comparable to the empire, from which neighboring China, tsarist Russia and others were wary. The reader in this place thinks, was it really so smooth and orderly in favor of the nomadic Kazakhs? Did the Kazakhs and the nomadic peoples of Central Asia have any difficulties? Subsequent Kazakh Khans tried to be like Kasim Khan in everything. Some rulers of the Kazakhs from the descendants of Genghis Khan such as Buydash Khan (1533-1534), Khaknazar Khan (1538-1580), Tauekel Khan (1582-1598), Esim Khan (1598-1628), Salkam Zhangir Khan (16281652), Az-Tauke Khan (1680-1718), Abylay Khan (1771-1781) succeeded in this. [9] [10] Kazakh people remember them and honor their sacred spirit. 272 However, some worthless and cruel khans (they were also descendants of Genghis Khan) were not lucky to be the rulers of the Kazakhs. The people turned away from them and soon forgot about the existence of such khans. Since they were descendants of the Great Genghis Khan, I will not write their names in this article. Many Kazakh khans died in battles. Among them, I especially want to mention Togym Khan. "Hijra: 18 Safar 944, Yaum al-Zhumaa, Miladi: July 27, 1537, Friday. In the San Tash region (Kordai mountain pass in southern Kazakhstan), the head of the Kazakh-Kyrgyz army, Toghim Khan and his 9 sons, as well as all of his 37 vizier with all sarbazami (soldiers) died in an unequal battle with the Oirat-Zhongars. Thus, while the Kazakhs came to their senses, the Kazakh Horde existed without the Khan." [8] May their soul be in eternal rest in heaven. This is really a bold act, comparable to the fact that the presidents of the warring countries are killed in hand-to-hand combat, with all their ministers and military commanders. Currently, there is a confrontation between Bashar Assad (Syria) and the leader of the Islamic State Al-Baghdadi, as well as Nicholas Madura (Venezuela) and Juan Guaydo. Many more countries are waiting for their turn. These confrontations are not resolved by peaceful means. They could fight in a deserted place, so as not to torment their people with war and innocent deaths. Is it possible in the modern world? Of course not. The time of exploits has changed. Now there is only "paper war" between the leaders of the countries. They are not ashamed to hide behind the backs of the soldiers and to be indifferent to the suffering of their people. All modern wars, in principle, can be solved in a couple of days, if the leaders of the countries fight like in the good old days one-on-one. Only in this case, any country will be governed by "folk knights" like Togym Khan and Richard the Lion Heart (11571199). [11] Since for the throne and for your people you will have to die in a fair fight, the omnipresent cowards and villains, as well as helpless and fragile women will not claim power. Truth does not like lies. Truth is a straight thing, he does not know pity. He speaks the whole truth, whatever it is, no matter how hard it is for the ear, for the heart and for the brain, and that says it all. But a lie opposite is sweet, pleasant to the ears, heart and brain. Soothes and gives a pleasant peace. Hence the conclusion: the truth belongs to God (Allah Tagala ‫هللا‬or Kuday Tagala), [12] and the lie to Satan (Iblis). [13] At all times they fought with each other. Strength in truth, he always conquers lies, even hopeless situations. Truth does not happen on both sides of the barricades, it is only one. To see the truth, you need to turn on the flashlight in the eyes, in the ears, in the heart and in the brain at full power ... The reader probably wonders why I often use the word "Genghis Khan". After all, he was born and raised in Mongolia and died there. All these arguments are true. However, all his military campaigns initially went on the territory of Kazakhstan, and then moved deep to the west. Over time, his innumerable military (sarbazy) strongly mixed with the local peoples of Kazakhstan and they remained in the territories of Kazakhstan and Central Asia. Almost all known clans and tribes now living in Kazakhstan, about 800 years ago constituted the backbone of his army. All known Khans of the Kazakhs up to the XIX century (the last of them Kenesary Khan who fought against tsarist Russia) were exclusively direct descendants of Genghis Khan. Therefore, my articles on the topic of nomads are not complete without the name of Genghis Khan (1162-1227), [14] Zhoshy Khan (1182-1227) [15] and Altyn Orda (Golden Horde, 1259-1396). [16] Thanks to these names of people and the empire created by them, the Kazakh Horde (Kazakh Khanate) [17] in the 15th century and the current Republic of Kazakhstan (1991) [18] appeared on the pages of world history. 273 In the literal sense of the word, these historical periods were "cruel centuries" that did not spare anyone, including the nomads themselves in the first place. But, despite this cruel morality, where did the "merciful" nomads come from in relation to completely unknown people with an alien morality? I mean the second part of my article (Good always wins hatred) when a Kazakh nomad elder saves a German and at the same time a future fascist. I will briefly tell on this topic the story that happened between Zhoshy Khan and Genghis Khan: "Certain incidences hint towards the fact that Jochi was of a kinder disposition than Genghis Khan, though the adjective “kind” must be interpreted by the standards of his times and milieu because Jochi had had his share of indulgence in massacres of civilians. On one occasion Jochi pleaded with his father to spare the life of a son of an enemy chief who had been taken captive and who happened to be a great archer. Jochi argued that such a great archer could be an asset to the Mongol army. Genghis Khan brushed aside this argument and had the captive executed.” All known and unknown Kazakh Khans (direct descendants of Genghis Khan) were brought up and became the leaders of the future nation of "Kazakhs" in submission and in the spirit of Zhoshi Khan and his sons who ruled Altyn Orda more than 100 years. All these circumstances ultimately brought up the Kazakh nation, as merciless to their enemies and at the same time merciful to everything in a reasonable limit. For evidence, go far is not necessary. Those who attacked and fought the Kazakh nation subsequently disappeared forever from the face of history (the Great Mughal Empire, [19] Kalmyks [20] and Zhongary [21]). That is why the Kazakh wisdom says: "The Kazakhs have a defender of "Kie" in the Blue Sky" (Kazakhtyn Kok aspanda korgaushy "Kiesi" bar). Currently, Kazakhstan occupies almost the entire territory that belonged to Zhoshi Khan in the 13th century (it occupies 9th place in the world by area). Thus, it can be assumed that “the great and sacred spirit of Genghis Khan” does not reside in Mongolia, but in Kazakhstan. Kok Taniri – Kudai Tagala so decided, and no one can disturb him in this. The fact that I will write further can be called "nomadic catechismis". [22] These unwritten rules and laws of nomads accustomed them to strict discipline, gave them strength and at the same time presented a danger if their enemies found out about these rules and laws. Therefore, these rules and laws were never written on paper (for example, “Yassa” [23] of Genghis Khan), they were transmitted orally, so as not to transmit the secrets of the fighting spirit of the nomads to the enemies. These secrets are stored in the brain of a nomad. Of course, the nomad's brain can be pulled out of his head, but what is written there is impossible to read. A vivid example of this can be cited "The Catechism of a Jew in the USSR", written in 1946. This text entry immediately became public and is now known to all. There are conflicting information about this. The Jewish nation refutes these records, but ordinary people are angry that they have read offensive words in this catechism. [24] If the Jewish people as nomads would have memorized these records orally, nothing would have happened ... Although the unwritten rules and laws of nomads are harsh, they are humane with respect to other people and the nation. Basically, according to these rules and laws, nomads themselves are subject to severe punishment. From here follows the main thesis-principle: “Punish your own hard so that others are afraid.” It would be correct to say if I write that these rules and laws were transferred to the nomads through mother’s milk (literally “Ananyn Ak suti”). Approximately five years after the birth of a child, the rigid upbringing of a father or grandfather began, if there was none, the leader of this tribe was 274 engaged in this business. In the end, at the age of fifteen, a disciplined warrior grew up, who knows no mercy for his enemies. Thus, for several thousand years, nomads kept the world in fear. They did not know the obstacles. If they were blocked by someone, they destroyed them to the last person. Sedentary nations, accustomed to debauchery and dishonor, fled from them in order to save their soul. But no matter where they hid, they still caught up with them and left thousands of lifeless bodies to the crows and wild animals. It often happened that a handful of nomadic horsemen defeated warriors armed to the teeth and outnumbering them. From the side it seemed that the nomads with their horses acted so skillfully and harmoniously, as if they were a single whole. Therefore, in antiquity, the Greeks in their mythologies called them - centaurs (half-man and half-horse)*. According to the legends, the Greek hero Heracles (Hercules) [25] had two friends of the centaur Foul and Chiron. [26] * A centaur (Greek: kένταυρος, kéntauros, Latin: centaurus), or occasionally hippocentaur, is a mythological creature with the upper body of a human and the lower body and legs of a horse. Enemies defeated by nomads wondered what or who controls the nomads and where did they get such fighting spirit? This question is open to this day. Thousands of works were written about this, which took the whole lake of ink. But sedentary peoples still did not understand the secret of the success of the nomads. To understand this, they had to be born nomads. But they cannot understand that even they would have been born nomads, they would have become nomads. Why today I am going to write about the rules or laws that the nomads kept secret for centuries and thousands of years? After the publication of these records, will not the nomads or their way of life become vulnerable? I think no. These records will benefit not only the descendants of the nomads, if properly listened more closely, there will be benefits to all of humanity. Times have changed not in favor of the nomads. The powerful cavalry of the nomads of Genghis Khan during the first or second world war could be stopped by only one platoon of soldiers, armed with a PM M1910 machine gun (Maxim's machine gun model 1910) or the German MG 42 (Maschinengewehr 42). [27] Especially in the 21st century, I watch with horror as modern descendants of nomads die morally decaying before our eyes and without any war, nomadic civilization very quickly disappears from the face of the earth. The legendary nomads, who coexisted for several thousand years, approached the dangerous line, having crossed them we can lose everything and there will be no way back. After 30-50 years, no one will need these records, since there will not be a single nomad on Earth. These my notes in the form of “SOS” can be compared with a medical procedure, when a dying person is directly thrust into the heart of a huge syringe needle and injected adrenaline. [28] After that, the sick person either dies or survives. There is no third way: "sink or swim." From time immemorial, the leaders of nomads brought up not only children, but also older ones, according to the ancient traditions of their ancestors. Usually it was an oral dictum. To a stranger, all these oral dictums seemed to be nonsense. But in reality, for this «nonsense», many fools have parted with their lives. 275 And so, let’s try to write these unwritten laws of nomads. For this, I had to read a lot and hear the stories of old men, and then analyze what they saw and heard. This would be useful not only for Europeans who want to learn unwritten laws, but also for the descendants of nomads who lose the «spirit» of nomads every day. Before turning to the records, I will tell the most guarded military secret of the nomads. Why and how were nomads and their horses physical strong and resilient? The whole secret lies in the thick tail (Kuiryk may) of the lamb. Each warrior in the military campaign recruited more "Kuiryk may" to feed themselves and ... feed their horse when they went non-stop. A well-fed horse that fed on raw “Kuiryk May” did not require any hay or feed, except water. Thus, the nomads moved so fast that, in turn, sedentary peoples thought that they fell on their exhausted and weary head from the sky. The correctness of my words can be checked at home. Pour the water into the metal dish, place in it "Kuiryk may" the size of two fingers. Put the pot on an open fire and when it boils, throw edible herbs, berries and mushrooms, i.e. all that you find at hand in field conditions. You get high-calorie food that the ancient nomads and Genghis Khan's wars ate during military campaigns. And also partially, what I wrote, can be seen in the film “ARAVT – The Ten Soldiers of Chinggis Khaan”. [29] Moral pillars that hold the nomadic mentality of the Kazakhs I cannot fully assert the rule written below as the most faithful and call it the absolute truth. But as a descendant of nomads, I feel inspired, since my knowledge in this area suggests that all the spiritual support of nomads consisted of several pillars. Then from these pillars appear numerous branches, mutually complementing and revealing the essence of these pillars. First, I will call these pillars of nomads and give short comments so that the reader can understand the meaning of these terms: 1. The very first sacred "pillar" of nomads – Kasiet: Currently, the word "Kasiet" literally translates as "natural feature; dignity; positive quality". But in antiquity and until recently, the word “kasiet” was the most deeply meaningful word, showing the essence and soul of a nomad. Therefore, the Kazakhs translate the word "kasietti" as "sacred", and the word "kasietziz" is translated as the most offensive, with dire consequences for the nomad who uttered this word and the offended nomad. The scientific definition of the word "Kasiet" nomads: Kasiet is a deep cultural structure of nomads, historically and socially rooted in the consciousness and behavior of many generations of nomadic peoples, uniting different historical epochs in the development of national culture. The most loyal creature for a nomad was not a dog or a cat, but his battle horse, on which he traveled across continents and fought with enemies. Therefore, the Kazakhs still say: "Adam Zhylky minezdes" (literally, "Man and a horse has one character trait"). Thus, when the ancient Greeks described nomads as a “centaur”, [26] they were not far from the truth. The Kazakh word “minez” literally translates as “morality; character” and is almost synonymous with the word “kasiet”. 276 2. The second sacred "pillar" of nomads – Tuyskandyk: Tuyskandyk – literally translated as "relative or family ties." When a male child is born in a nomad family, everything was done to ensure that he had a full two conditions. It was not wealth and luxury as many think. It was assumed that this child had its own tribe along the line of the father (Oz Zhurty) and a full-fledged tribe along the line of the mother (Nagashi Zhurty). Only in this case, this child masters the so-called “nomad's kasiet”. When this child grows up, he married a girl who also had two full living conditions (Oz Zhurty and Nagashi Zhurty). Thus, this young nomad (zhigit) had a third condition for life (Kaiyn zhurty). As we see, the Kazakh proverb saying “Zhigittin ush zhurty (Oz Zhurty, Nagashi Zhurty and Kaiyn zhurty) bolady” is taken from life. The notion of “tuyskandyk” nomads is based on these three pillars (Oz Zhurty, Nagashi Zhurty and Kaiyn zhurty). Tuyskandyk is usually reflected in the tribal (genealogical) tree of the tribe (taipa-ru) of this nomad. Each nomad must know his family tree for at least seven generations. If a nomad knows his “tek” (ancestry), it will be easier for him to navigate in life, and he will always know his place in this constantly changing world. The concept and meaning of the word “Tuyskandyk” (a close relative), which I wrote about last time, is a close synonym for the word “tektilik”. For example, among the Kazakhs, all the descendants of Genghis Khan are considered “tekti tukim” (literally “from the famous clan”, the Kazakhs usually call them “aksuiek, tore”). One example of this statement of mine is the book Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur (1603-1663), The Genealogical Tree of the Türks (Shajare-i Türk). [30] The word “shadzhar-e” in the Kazakh language is called “shezhire” (literally the “chronicle of the generation” of a certain clan or tribe) and occupies a special place in the life of the Kazakhs. Any prudent nomad should not marry a girl of her own kind, if at least seven generations have passed between a boy and a girl. This rule allowed the Kazakh nomads to keep their tribe clean at the "gene" level. The guy and the girl who violated this rule in a state of irrepressible love (mahabbat) to each other, in ancient times indulged in death without hesitation. However, over the past hundred years, under the influence of socialism-communism, as well as thanks to Western culture, this rule has not been regulated by anyone, therefore incest* is currently taking place between close relatives. * Incest (lat. Incestus – "criminal, sinful"), incest – the sexual relationship between close blood relatives. 3. The third sacred "pillar" of nomads – Imandylyk: Imandylyk – faith in one God (Kok Taniri, Kudai Tagala, Allah Tagala) and his prophets. And also to honor the name of the holy people (aulie-ambiye) and their spirits (aruak), who helped the nomads in different cruel times not to disappear from the page of history and united the nomads in everything. All known and unknown Kazakh khans, as well as all Kazakhs, without exception, at the direction of Ozi Bek Khan (1282-1341), professed Islam through the prism of Kul Kozha Ahmet Yassaui's (1093-1166) [31] Sufism and partially Bakhauiddin Nakshpandiya (1318-1389) [32] [33] (southern part of Kazakhstan). 277 Sultan Mohammed Öz Beg, better known as Uzbeg or Ozbeg (1282–1341, reign 1313–1341), was the longest-reigning khan of the Golden Horde, under whose rule the state reached its zenith. He was succeeded by his son Jani Beg (Zhanibek). [34] “Khan Öz Beg urged the Mongol elite to convert to Islam, but at the same time, he preserved the lives of Christians and pagans such as Russians, Circassians, Alans, Finno-Ugric people, and Crimean Greeks as long as they continued to pay the “jizyah” in subjection to Islamic rule. From Öz Beg onwards, the khans of the Golden Horde were all Muslim”. [35] Even the most stupid person was afraid to say three words: “Kasietsiz” (man or tribe that violated the nomad's holy morals), “Teksiz” (a person or tribe who does not have Oz Zhurty, Nagashi Zhurty and Kaiyn Zhurty) and “Imansyz” (a person or a tribe who violated faith in Almighty God, an oath (Kalima-shahadat) in the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him), desecration with the words aulie-ambie and aruak). The violation of one of these three pillars by a nomad or a group of nomads was considered the greatest sin that cannot be washed away even by the river of blood after decapitation. Therefore, when one of the nomads or a whole nomadic tribe (ru-taipa) was accused of one of these sins, either the “righteous” or “sinners” should have remained in this life. The battle lasted until the last man gave his soul to his ancestors, only a child survived, whose height did not exceed the wheel of an ordinary cart. In connection with these tough rules, a popular Kazakh saying “Baska bale tilden” appeared (If you do not control the language, you will lose your head). 4. The fourth sacred "pillar" of nomads – Ata Meken: Ata Meken (Fatherland) is the native land where your ancestors grew and you yourself. You must protect him like the apple of the eye. If the enemy kicked you out of the Ata Meken, this is not a very big trouble. You or your relatives will fight, not sparing your lives, until Ata Meken returns to you again. The biggest shame is when your relatives will expel you from Ata Meken for your negative misconduct. Hence the second word “Kie” (literally “shrine, patron”), which complements the meaning of the word “Kasiet”. The Kazakhs believe that if you sold the Ata Meken land to foreigners or if you were afraid to protect it, you will be cursed forever by the holiness of Ata Meken (Ata mekennin kiesi urady). 5. The fifth sacred "pillar" of nomads – Kara shanyrak: Kara shanyrak (literally “a wooden circle in the form of a cross on the top of a yurt, a chimney of a yurt”) is the home of ancestors and their direct descendants, a respected and revered home. If a nomad is forced to leave "Ata Meken" due to the attack of enemies, he should not leave "Kara Shanyrak" to enemies. In such difficult moments, the nomad takes with him "Kara Shanyrak" and sets fire to the rest of the yurt so that he does not get to the enemies in general. 6. The sixth sacred "pillar" of nomads – Ananyn ak suti: Ananyn ak suti (literally “White sacred milk of mother”) is the most precious meaning of life in a nomad's soul, even if it is a bloodthirsty tyrant. Umai Ana – the most ancient female deity of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples, ranked second after Tengri. [36] This indicates that, all the same in the history of the formation of nomads, there was a period of matriarchy. Even now, adult nomads 278 do not abandon their mothers and fathers, settling nearby. Usually, the youngest son in the family takes care of elderly parents. And older brothers and sisters help him (younger) in everything so that their parents feel good. The name “Ana” (Mother) and “Besik” (“Cradle”) are closely related. 7. The seventh sacred "pillar" of nomads – Besik: Besik (literally “Cradle”) is considered the next holy subject of nomads, after "Kara Shanyrak". Since in the Kazakh steppe there were endless wars with the Chinese, with the Kalmaks, with the Zhungars, a lot of the male population died in battles. Therefore, the nomads rejoiced at each child born, as a future warrior who would protect his homeland from enemies. When there were not enough men for the war, young girls nomads entered an unequal battle. Therefore, the nomads did not make a distinction on the sex of the child. In the Kazakh family, you can see a very old "Besik" on which grandfather lay, and now in it lies the "great-grandchildren." The enemies of the nomads also knew what “Kara shanyrak” and “Besik” for nomads meant. Therefore, in order to break the spirit of the nomads, they first of all tried to take these relics with them. Thus, when the husband fought in an unequal battle with enemies for the sake of saving “Kara shanyrak”, his wife fought with her husband for the salvation of “Besik”. Defending their shrines "Kara Shanyrak" and "Besik" from enemies, thousands and thousands of nomads died. Their children saw all these tragic pictures with their own eyes and knew for what they could die without even thinking about the consequences. 8. The eighth sacred “pillar” of nomads – Dombyra: Dombyra is the most important musical instrument of nomads and truly is the Spirit of the Great Steppe. Dombyra is a history of nomads. Through centuries and milleniums it brings memory about first pages of nomad’s history. Dombyra witnessed many historical events that played a key role in the fate of the nomads. [37] In essence, nomads are emotional and temperamental people. But despite this, the men quietly listen to the music of the dombra, but does not dance to his melody. This is considered an insult to the sacred spirit of the dead ancestors in battle, who gave his life for us to continue to live. 9. The ninth sacred "pillar" of nomads – Kara kazan: Kara kazan (literally "black kazan" or "bulk pot") was inherited from father to son. Kara kazan in the life of nomads meant a satisfying life. Therefore, it is not passed on to strangers. Deliberate damage, theft of someone else's "Kara kazan" was strictly punished. The loss of the owners of their "Kara kazan" was considered a bad omen. As you can see, all these rules and laws, the morals of the nomads that I write are written not just with ink, but with the blood of nomads. There are many more rules in the form of a phrase that are tabooed. I will write about this and other nomadic concepts in the next article. 279 Bibliography 1. Electronic resource of the Russian State https://dlib.rsl.ru/viewer/01004494882#?page=426 Library (online document viewing): The Tarikh-i-Rashidi : of Mirza Muhammad Haidar, Dughlat : a history of the Moghuls of Central Asia / an English version edited, with commentary, notes, and map by N. Elias ; the translation by E. Denison Ross. - Sampson Low, Marston, and Company, 1895. - 535 с. 2. A. Seidimbek, The World of Kazakhs – Rauan, Almaty, 2001. – 545 р 3. M. Ashirimbetova, Journal: KazNU Bulletin, 2018, Almaty: https://artkz.com/en/article/22285 4. Kasym Khan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasym_Khan 5. The manuscript "Tarikh-Safavi", written in ancient Persian by Persian historians. 6. Timur (Tamerlan): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur 7. Muhammad Shaybani: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Shaybani 8. M.Magauin. The primer of the Kazakh history (Kazakh tarihynyn alippesi, Kazakhtyn kone tarihy), - Almaty: “Zhalyn”, 1993 9. Kazakh Khanate: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate 10. List of Kazakh khans: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kazakh_khans 11. Richard the Lionheart: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England 12. Allah: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah 13. Iblis: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iblis 14. Family tree of Genghis Khan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Genghis_Khan 15. Zhoshy khan (Jochi): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochi 16. Golden Horde: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde 17. Kazakh Khanate: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate 18. Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan 19. Mughal Empire: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire 20. Kalmyks: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmyks 21. Oirats-Dzungar: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oirats 22. Catechism: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechism 23. Yassa – a code of law created by Genghis Khan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa 280 24. Catechism of the Jew in the USSR: http://antimatrix.org/Convert/Books/Platonov/Zagadka_Sionskih_Protocolov/Catechism_of_a_Sovi et_Jew_En.htm 25. Heracles (Hercules): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles 26. Centaur, hippocentaur: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaur 27. List of common World War II infantry https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_World_War_II_infantry_weapons weapons: 28. Adrenaline: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenaline 29. ARAVT – The Ten Soldiers of Chinggis Khaan: https://sarmovie.com/aravt-the-ten-soldiers-ofchinggis-khaan-download 30. Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur (Shajare-i Türk): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Ghazi_Bahadur 31. Ahmad Yasawi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Yasawi 32. Naqshbandi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqshbandi 33. Baha-ud-Din Din_Naqshband_Bukhari Naqshband Bukhari: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha-ud- 34. Öz Beg Khan (Ozi bek Khan): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Öz_Beg_Khan 35. Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties: a Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University Press, 1996, ISBN: 0-231-10714-5, pg. 253 36. List of Turkic mythological https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkic_mythological_figures figures: 37. What is dombyra? June 30, 2007: https://kazmus.wordpress.com/2007/06/30/what-is-dombyra/ 281 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar The alien was a guest at the nomad Sagynbay Copyright 2019 Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published June 17, 2019 282 Introduction Nomads from birth are very big skeptics* (the definition of the term is given below). Proof of this is the saying of the Kazakhs “I don’t believe until I see it with my own eyes and I do not feel for it with my own hands” (Kolmen ustap, kozben kormei senbeymin). * From Latin – scepticus, only in plural Sceptici (“the sect of Skeptics”), from Ancient Greek σκεπτικός (skeptikós, “thoughtful, inquiring”), from σκέπτομαι (sképtomai, “I consider”), compare to σκοπέω (skopéō, “I view, examine”). [1] Skepticism (American English) or scepticism (British English, Australian English, and Canadian English) is generally a questioning attitude or doubt towards one or more items of putative knowledge or belief or dogma.[2][3] It is often directed at domains, such as the supernatural, morality (moral skepticism), theism (skepticism about the existence of God), or knowledge (skepticism about the possibility of knowledge, or of certainty).[4] Formally, skepticism as a topic occurs in the context of philosophy, particularly epistemology, although it can be applied to any topic such as politics, religion, and pseudoscience. [5] [6] This definition of the term is directly related to the content of this article. But first I want to make one important definition to the confusing ancient history of nomads. Skeptical ancient nomads of Central Asia have heard that people with white skin and blue eyes live far to the west. To check the accuracy of these rumors, they got together and went on a march to the Western world. In ancient history, they were called – Hun, and its leader – Attila. [7] What happened next, we all know about it from the legend and from ancient documents, even historical films were shot about it. In a word, this campaign meant the beginning of the end of the almighty ancient Rome ... However, there is one oddity in this story. Who were the Huns? Why is the name of this proud and warlike tribe missing from the list of numerous Kazakh tribes? ... Temüjin (Genghis_Khan [8]) had three brothers Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge, one sister Temülen, and two half-brothers Begter and Belgutei. Like many of the nomads of Mongolia, Temüjin's early life was difficult. His father arranged a marriage for him and delivered him at age nine to the family of his future wife Börte of the tribe Khongirad (Konyrat). [9] Temüjin was to live there serving the head of the household Dai Setsen until the marriageable age of 12. While heading home, his father (Yesugei [10]) ran into the neighboring Tatars, who had long been Mongol enemies, and they offered him food that poisoned him. Upon learning this, Temüjin returned home to claim his father's position as chief. But the tribe refused this and abandoned the family, leaving it without protection.[11] A reasonable question arises: why, Yesugei, risking his life, wanted to be associated with the Khongirad tribe? Why did Genghis Khan strive to marry many of his sons to girls from the kind of Khongirad? Because, in ancient times, everyone knew that the so-called “Huns” (in European sources) were actually the tribe “Khongirad”, and Attila (in the Kazakh language “Adil”, literally translated as [adjective] “Just”) [12] was their leader . 283 After the death of Attila (406-453), the Huns did not disappear without a trace. In Europe now there is a state – Hungaria, mistakenly considered to be descendants of Kipchaks. [13] And also on the territory of present-day Germany, the surname is often found – Konrad-Khongirad (in the Kazakh language – Konyrat). Currently in Central Asia (especially in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan) there live a multimillion tribe – Konyrat-Khongirad. After Attila (Adil), Konyrat-Khongirad had a second hero – Alpamys, [14] widely known not only in Central Asia, but throughout the Eurasian continent. The author of this article is a representative from the tribe – Konyrat-Khongirada, from the clan – Mangytai*. However, I wrote this entry of the article not because I am a representative of this tribe, but because all the facts and logical reasoning point to this. If one of the interested professional researchers goes a little deeper into this topic, he will surely find the real truth, distorted beyond recognition for many centuries. Since I am not a Ph.D. (Latin: Philosophiæ Doctor, Ph.D., PhD) and I don’t speak English at all, hardly anyone will give me a grant to study this issue... Stop chewing snot, life is beautiful and it continues, now let's move on to the really interesting topic that you expect. * Mangytay – mountain and village in Slyudyansky district, Irkutsk region, Russia. The coast of Lake Baikal is the great motherland of all the current Kazakhs, who is considered to be from the clan Mangytai, from the tribe – Konyrat-Khongirad. The meeting of two alien civilizations on the kazakh land happened ... 40 years ago An interesting story was told by the Russian woman Tatyana Leonova, who lived in Kazakhstan as a child. According to the woman, she personally saw the alien. In 1979, a shepherd named Sagynbay from the Turgai oblast (now Kostanay) accidentally met an alien from another exoplanet from another world. He hid the alien from the military in the hayloft and, possibly, saved the Earth from the conflict with the alien race, writes the Republican newspaper "Express K". [15] “I was then nine years old, we lived in the city of Arkalyk (the capital of the Turgai region),” says Tatyana. – My father worked as a veterinarian and traveled throughout the Turgai region. Once during the summer holidays, he took me on a business trip. On the way, we drove to the familiar shepherd Sagynbay. He met us, fed us. I remember how at the table the shepherd quietly said something to my father in his ear. And they immediately got up and, without finishing their tea, went outside. My father told me to sit at home, but I naturally did not obey and went for adults. They went to the barn. Looking inside, I saw a gray naked creature surrounded by people. It was an alien. He had a huge head, about two times larger than any person. And I remember his huge black eyes located on half of his face. Tatiana later asked her father about this incident. And that's what he told her. It turns out that Sagynbay woke up at night and saw the glow of an obscure nature in the distance. He decided to find out what was happening there, and saddled his horse and rode there. Soon he reached the huge crater, at the bottom of which a huge silver disk jutted out of a black steaming puddle. Shepherd decided to get out of this place while he is whole and alive and well. But as soon as he turned around, he saw a black stone nearby, resembling a huge egg. The shepherd stood near the boulder, 284 thinking about what it could be, and suddenly the stone opened up, and an alien came out from there. He was a little taller than a shepherd, and his arms and legs were very thin. “Sagynbay walked a little to the side, deciding to watch the creature, but it suddenly headed towards him,” says Tatyana. “Although the shepherd’s heart trembled, he was not timid and did not panic. He conceded his horse to the alien and, holding her by the reins, took him home. According to the laws of Kazakh hospitality, he planted an alien on a place of honor (tor). His wife's eyes widened at the sight of the “guest”; she could not say a word. Sagynbay ordered her to cook "besbarmak" (the national dish of the Kazakhs) [16] for a guest from another exoplanet. The woman came to herself and began to cook "besbarmak". When the hostess finally brought "besbarmak", the alien refused meat, but the dough ate. He also liked Kurt (the Kazakh national fermented milk product). [17] The owners wanted the alien to sleep in the hall. However, the “guest” did not sleep until morning. All night he sat in front of the table, closing his eyes. The next morning, Sagynbay's wife went to the district center to call the vet. The next morning, the shepherd saw a military UAZ [18] drive toward them. He took the guest by the hand and explained with signs to the alien that he needed to hide in the hayloft. Soon the military knocked on the door. They asked the shepherd if he had seen anything suspicious. Having received negative answers, the guests retired. “For two weeks the alien lived near the shepherd,” says Tatyana Leonova. – The locals taught the exoplanetary "guest" to play cards and checkers. A guest from another exoplanet was so capable that he won all the locals. And for all this time, the alien has not said a word. But he seemed to understand everything he was told. And on June 26, 1979, he disappeared. Later I learned that this day there was a so-called “Turgay incident”, which all ufologists of the world know about. This case (Turgay incident) was described in the newspaper "Turgai nov" (Turgay virgin soil). A group of pioneers led by a senior teacher saw a group of four aliens. The testimony of 20 witnesses is recorded in detail. The executive secretary of the newspaper even painted the aliens, guided by the description of eyewitnesses. (This picture is given below). They were gigantic – about 3 – 3.5 meters. Aliens were dressed in black jumpsuit with multi-colored belts. That evening, there was another contact with the aliens – people saw a luminous object in the sky. Tatyana Leonova is sure that the aliens that the pioneers saw have flown in search of a crashed UFO crew. Perhaps the shepherd Sagynbay, who showed hospitality to an alien, saved humanity from conflict with an alien race (end of newspaper article). Thus, exactly 40 years ago, exactly in these June days, the Kazakh nomads communicated with an exoplanetary nomad, who by the will of fate found themselves in the Kazakh steppes. Even a skeptic like me, after reading this article, experienced dual feelings. Deep in my soul, I see no reason not to believe in this incident, and at the same time I cannot understand the logic of the allpowerful rulers of the world "to hide all these obvious things from the people." What has changed in 40 years? The World Wide Web called “the Internet” is replete with various videos about UFOs, aliens and other things. Sometimes from what he saw hair stand on end. Is all of this really true, or who needs to shoot all these horrible stories about extraterrestrial civilization? People have accumulated too many questions for which there is no concrete answer! 285 Matheus Castro Fernandes Sep 21, 2018 NASA Announced That It Communicated With Four Races Of Aliens “Sorry. We just kinda assumed everyone knew about it” NASA spokeswoman Trish Chamberson told a packed press conference at their headquarters in Washington DC today, after it was revealed the space agency has known for years about alien life, but just forgot to mention it. “There are so many films, documentaries and TV programs on aliens, that we thought everyone was aware of them by now,” Ms. Chamerson explained to the shocked crowd of reporters, “Grey’s have been visiting our planet for thousands of years. Who do you think built the ancient pyramids and all the other megastructures across the world? C’mon guys, it’s quite obvious”. During the two hour briefing, NASA scientists confirmed previously speculated information about UFOs and Alien technology, confirming that four separate races of aliens are in regular contact with NASA, and have actually asked the agency to say hello to everyone on the planet for them. [19] Honestly, I did not understand, is this “one of the jokes” of the media or is it really the naked truth?! Or are we earthlings completely ceased to distinguish an important event from ordinary events ... Whatever we wrote and did not say, until now the “Day of the first contact with extraterrestrial civilizations” has not been officially adopted in the world. If in the future we are forced to announce such a “bottom”, I propose to set the date “June 12, 1979, Tuesday, Julian Day – 2,444,036.5”. It was on this day that the nomad Kazakh Sagynbay met with a representative of an extraterrestrial civilization, which too many people witnessed. As can be seen from this article, this historic meeting, which lasted until June 26, 1979 (from Tuesday to Tuesday) really took place in a peaceful and friendly atmosphere. And then and now it is clear why these representatives of extraterrestrial civilization arrived in Kazakhstan. Unwittingly, the Kazakh land, specifically the city of Derzhavinsk, near the town of Arkalyk (110 km, Turgai oblast) deployed such types of nuclear weapons that could destroy entire continents in an hour. It anxiously worried not only the Americans and the Chinese, but also it greatly worried extraterrestrial civilization. After independence, Kazakhstan, in the first place, got rid of all these devilish "Satan" (SS-18) [20] in the truest sense of the word. I sincerely hope that someday the whole world and the whole Universe will appreciate this peace-loving gesture of the Kazakhs. Many years later, the descendants of the great nomads will not regret this gesture, calling it "the greatest folly." Although now Kazakhstan is not a nuclear country, still, unidentified flying objects (UFOs), before and after 1979, often visited and now visit almost the entire territory of Kazakhstan. For example, on May 18, 2011, evening twilight (19 hours 32 minutes), a UFO in the form of a round plate hung in the center of Almaty for more than an hour. [21] What is this UFO or what it all means, no one could clearly explain and answer. The author of this article has collected from the Internet almost all materials related to UFOs in Kazakhstan. Since the volume of this material is huge, it was impossible to translate it into English. Therefore, at the end of this article, all the material is given in Russian. Who is interested in these materials, with the help of "https://translate.google.com" will be able to translate into English and become familiar. 286 Bibliography 1. Skeptic: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skeptic 2. Popkin, R. H. The History of Skepticism from Erasmus to Descartes (rev. ed. 1968); C. L. Stough, Greek Skepticism (1969); M. Burnyeat, ed., The Skeptical Tradition (1983); B. Stroud, The Significance of Philosophical Skepticism (1984). Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com. 3. "Philosophical views are typically classed as skeptical when they involve advancing some degree of doubt regarding claims that are elsewhere taken for granted." utm.edu 4. Greco, John (2008). The Oxford Handbook of Skepticism. Oxford University Press, US. ISBN 9780195183214. 5. "Definition of SKEPTICISM". www.merriam-webster.com. 6. Skepticism: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skepticism 7. Attila: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila 8. Shyngys Khan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan 9. Khongirad: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khongirad 10. Yesugei: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesugei 11. "Redefining Your Circumstances: Genghis Khan's Rise to Ruler of the World". Man of 300. March 17, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2018. 12. Attila (Аdil): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila 13. Kipchaks (Qypshaq): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchaks 14. Alpamys: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpamysh 15. "Besbarmak for an alien", Published: 04 March 2016, Author: Alan Isaev, Astana: https://express-k.kz/news/zhizn/besbarmak_dlya_prisheltsa-68615 16. Besbarmak, Zhaima, Kamyr: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beshbarmak 17. Kazakh cuisine: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine 18. UAZ car: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAZ-469 19. Matheus Castro Fernandes, Sep 21, 2018, NASA Announced That It Communicated With Four Races Of Aliens: https://medium.com/@matheuscastrofernandes/nasa-announced-that-itcommunicated-with-four-races-of-aliens-6d9cd85652d8 20. Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-36_(missile) 21. UFOs in Kazakhstan: http://inoplanetyanin.ru/nlo-v-kazahstane/ 287 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar The calendar of the Pleiades and the Moon carries "New Knowledge" for humanity Copyright 2019 © Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published June 27, 2019 Introduction The main goal of my numerous articles in Academia.edu [1] is to convey to scientists and ordinary citizens of the whole world about “new knowledge” that we forgot in ancient times. If you look carefully around, we see that all the so-called know-how innovation of our civilization is closely related to the well-forgotten “old”. At least five to ten, or a maximum of fifteen to twenty thousand years ago, the Pleiades calendar closely related to the moon were the main calendars of all ancient civilizations. For evidence, go far is not necessary. The word "Pleiades" and "Moon", as well as their distinct patterns are found in all ancient and forgotten cultures of the world. [2] [3] Modern science and scientists, despite the obvious things, bypass this "uncomfortable topic" to this day. Things could have changed exactly 100 years ago, when a solar eclipse made Einstein [4] a world star. «On November 7, 1919, the London Times came out with screaming headlines "Revolution in Science," "New Theory of the Universe," "Newton's Ideas Thrown into the Dump." This moment can be considered the official beginning of the new world. A world in which there was no absolute time and absolute space. Under the headlines there was news about a loud discovery made as a result of observing a solar eclipse in May 1919. It was then that the force of the Sun was found to deflect the rays of light from a straight-line trajectory, and the magnitude of this deviation was correctly predicted by the general theory of relativity recently formulated by Albert Einstein and not consistent with Newton’s classical theory. Literally overnight, Einstein, with his unusual concepts and unaffordable mathematics, turned into an international celebrity». [5] However, his mistake was that he turned his eyes only to the Moon, Mercury and the Sun. He set a very low bar for himself and for science, which can be easily jumped over. Almighty and wise God so wanted him to look further at the Pleiades star cluster. To be more precise, God wanted to draw Einstein’s attention to the Pleiades covering by the Moon (occultation), [6] which occurs every 27 and 28 days. But this did not happen, because he was not a nomad, but only a simple city dweller, who did not feel the rhythm of nature and the universe. For this reason, things did not go the way we would like. 288 «Problems began when Einstein’s general theory of relativity, describing the laws of physics on a large scale, collided with quantum physics, an area that tries to describe the smallest particles in the Universe, and the theory of wave-particle duality, which claims that light is both waves and particles, first subjected to verification. For years, physicists tried to unite two areas that did not correspond to each other by compiling the Grand Unifying Equation, believing that, despite the scale, everything in the Universe should be interconnected – from particles to galaxies. Just over 40 years ago, two brilliant physicists, John Wheeler [7] and Bryce De Witt, [8] developed such an equation. Nevertheless, their discovery immediately seemed controversial, because if the equation is correct, then there is no such thing as time at the most fundamental level of matter». [9] In our solar system, especially the not yet developed “infant” planet Earth, there are things that it is not only too early to learn, but even to think about them. We must not forget that simple physics in the middle of the last century led to the creation of an atomic bomb, which was used not against an "exoplanetary" enemy, but against man himself. Quantum physics will surely lead to the creation of such hyper weapons, which can easily destroy our common home "Earth". All physics must be occupied if it wants – the physical state of the stars, chemistry – the chemical properties of the stars, etc. As they say, "Caesar is Caesar's, and God belongs to God." Astronomy should deal with time, as it was many thousands of years ago. Let's return to the eternal topic called "time". You can not lose faith in the fact that there is time, because it allows us to create order on Earth. God gave us the most intimate treasure, this is time. For this, he subordinated to us the Moon, the Sun and the star cluster – the Pleiades. All of them are interrelated and serves for the benefit of mankind. If we lose this faith, there will be a lot of confusion around, which we did not know yet. As a result, we will all be in the grip of a black hole. [10] From there, no one will return back to Earth. In secret I will say that this problem is of great concern to God, who created us and gave us consciousness. It is time, at least for a moment, to stop human civilization and reboot to think about what we are doing and creating. Otherwise, He will stop us, and this will be the end of everything that our ancestors created. Without exception, everyone will feel such unbearable pain. It will be especially insulting to those who understood it from the very beginning. In fact, everything is so simple to happen, nothing complicated. Those who have an analytical mind and consciousness, understand well what I am talking about. How to understand this “New Knowledge” and how it can be eaten About 8 months have passed since I started writing articles in Academia.edu. Compared with the "sharks" of Academia.edu, of course I am a "little fish." Nevertheless, my articles were read by readers from more than 90 countries of the world, views reached more than 30 thousand. I am in peak top 0,1%. For me personally, this is a great achievement. Without waiting for the end of the year, I want to summarize the result of my creative activity and for myself I want to note that at that time I achieved and could not reach. I will begin with my first article entitled “A New Look at the Modern Codification of the Maya Calendar”. [11] In this article, I dared to suggest that the Mayan priests considered the days, months, and years at their discretion. Almost all known Maya codes [12] feature the sum of numbers, which are completely divided into – 260 and 364 days without remainder. According to my version, the Mayan calendar and chronology is based on this equality: 289 364 days “Haab” × 5 years = 1820 days ÷ 7 years = 260 days “Tzolkin”. Your humble servant in this article dared to suggest that the 260-day "Tzolkin" calendar is not at all a ritual and inconceivable calendar. [13] 260 days "Tzolkin" × 4 years = 1040 days ÷ 3 years = 346,666666666 days. This final value in modern science is called the "Draconic year" and its value is 346.620 075 883 days (346 d 14 h 52 min 54 s) (in the era of J2000.0). [14] Apparently, in the Mayan Aztec era (about 5,000 years ago), its astronomical exact value was 346.666666666 days. Thus, this amazing calendar determined for the priests an exact solar and lunar eclipse. As these 364 and 346,666666666 day calendars were called, we probably will never be able to find out. Unfortunately, the codes that prove my point were destroyed by the conquistador Cortes [15] and Bishop Diego de Landa. [16] However, European science believes that 365 days a year is the right time. Therefore, European researchers of the Mayan culture are still trying to codify the Mayan calendar on the basis of this equality: 365 days “Haab” × 52 years = 18980 days ÷ 73 years = 260 days “Tzolkin”. First, this equality is 10 times greater than the equality I proposed. To work with such equality, you need a computer or at least a full-fledged calculator. But it is unlikely that the Mayan priests had these complex adaptations. Secondly, this equality clumsily fits into the overall picture of the Mayan calendar and chronology. If you do not believe in this statement, any sum of figures related to the Mayan calendars and chronologies, try to divide by the number – 365. For this reason, the Mesoamerican Long Count calendar does not use the number – 365, but the number – 360. [17] This circumstance further confuses the already complicated "intricate" cultural heritage of Mesoamerica. [13] Third, in this way, with the help of this equality (52 × 73), it is never impossible to uncover the great mystery of the Mayans and Aztecs. As a sane person, I fully understand what will be humiliation and a general blow to European science if they admit that for more than a hundred years they have codified the Mayan calendar on the basis of a wrong calculation. However, no matter how sweet the “lie” was, the bitter “truth” always pushed our civilization forward. Therefore, I am sure that someday the common sense of this life will prevail anyway. After some complaints and disagreement with my point of view on the part of some scientists, I began to study the question “364 days”. As you can see, I have devoted two articles on this topic. [18] [19] In a large article (brochure) "The Kazakh National Calendar" [20] [21] which I researched for 33 years, I gave equality, similar to the Mayan-Aztec calendar: 364 days “Zhuldyz” × 3 years = 1092 days ÷ 4 years = 273 days “Urker”. The ancient settlement of Qumran [22] on the shores of the Dead Sea or the religious sect Essenes [23] used a calendar for 364 days and did not add the missing 1 day to their calendar. [24] I assume that the Qumran calendar, like the nomad calendar and the Mayan-Aztec calendar, had an additional short year. Most likely it was a calendar of 294 days. 290 364 days × 294 year = 107016 days ÷ 293 year = 365.2423208191 days. 107016 days ÷ 3624 synodic months = 29.529801325 days. The Mayan-Aztecs, Qumran Essenes, Kazakh nomads from Central Asia and other ancient peoples knew very well that the solar year was 365 days. However, they added an extra missed 1 day with help – 260, 273 and 294 days. As we said above, 260 days or 26 days is closely associated with solar and lunar eclipses, 273 days or 27.3 days is closely associated with the sidereal (stellar) month and 294 days or 29.4 days is closely associated with the synodic (lunar) month. The ancients peoples felt perfectly the rhythm and breath of the earthly nature and the infinite universe connected with it. [18] [19] It is possible that the ancient Egyptian [25] and, of course, Roman priests (Pontiff), [26] because of ignorance of these rhythms, very roughly acted with the earthly time and appointed a 365 day calendar year. Now, after 2000 years, we do not know how to divide the earth year into 4 quarters with 91 days each! The next topic I touched was the “Kazakh national calendar”. [20] [21] The only European who better understands the calendars of nomads than any Kazakh scientist, this is undoubtedly Peter Johann Meyer. [27] Below I will give his short review on my article. It seems to me that not only I, in the face of the Kazakhs, all the nomads of the great Eurasia should thank him for his titanic work in knowing the calendars of the nomads. Below I will give a brief overview of Peter Meyer on my article. Article "Kazakh National Calendar" Peter Meyer, Dec 15, 2018; 12:53pm Kaldarhan A. Kambar has published on Academia.edu a long article entitled "Kazakh National Calendar". This is based on his many years study and research of the Kazakh nomad calendars. Being a descendant of Kazakh nomads, and instructed in this subject by his father, he naturally has a great interest in this subject. Just as among the Maya there were (and still are) people known as 'time-keepers' who kept track of the various Maya calendars, so too among the Kazakh nomads were people known as 'Esepshi' who were time-keeping specialists. Part 1, Section 1, of Kaldarhan's article introduces these Esepshi and their somewhat flexible concept of "amal" used to define various temporal periods. This leads to a brief discussion of the concept of the monthly conjunction of the Moon and the Pleiades star cluster as the basis of the main calendar of the nomads, called "Togys Esebi" (which is treated in much greater detail in Part 3). Part 1, Section 2, of Kaldarhan's article describes the various Kazakh nomad calendar systems, of which there are nine types, including an 11-year lunar-sidereal calendar and an 11-year lunarsynodic calendar, both of which differ from Togys Esebi. Part 2 discusses the 12-animal cycle of the peoples of Central Asia, which differs significantly from the more familiar 12-animal cycle of the Chinese Calendar. Part 3 is a detailed explanation of Togys Esebi, the only known fully-developed calendar which is based on the conjunction of the Moon and the Pleiades star cluster, a conjunction which occurs once each sidereal month, giving rise to a calendar of years which are seasonal. 291 The cosmology of the Kazakh nomads was pre-Copernican, and they did not employ our modern astronomical concepts to describe their cosmos. Instead they had myths and legends which provided the basis for the popular understanding of cosmological time. Part 3 begins with one such legend, that of the "Fourteen Robbers". Thereafter the author provides a more 'scientific' explanation of how the nomads developed and used the Togys Esebi calendar, based on three "keys to correct understanding" and nine "principles", followed by five "riddles" suggesting lines of further research on this subject. The article runs to 53 pages and includes 9 tables, 11 figures and over 100 references, and is the only complete, authoritative account of the Kazakh nomad calendars, and in particular of Togys Esebi, currently available in English. The article is available at https://www.academia.edu/37941274/KAZAKH_NATIONAL_CALENDAR_full_text_ If unavailable to non-members of Academia.edu then the same article may be read at https://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud/knc/Kazakh%20National%20Calendar.pdf A much shorter explanation of Togys Esebi is available at https://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud/knc/Kazakh_Nomad_Calendar.htm Regards, Peter Meyer [28] I do not know a word in English. However, this did not prevent my aspiration and purpose in front of me. Thanks to https://translate.google.com I talked to Peter and still managed to explain to him the main essence of my work. As an experienced scientist, he understood everything through numbers and greatly expanded my knowledge in this area. Therefore, I deservedly call him my teacher. If an English-speaking reader has a problem in understanding a particular question, he can contact Peter and get a comprehensive answer. [27] Compared with Peter Meyer, scientists around the world are like fish, retains deathly silence. So I started writing about nomads who came up with this amazing calendar. I wanted to show the world that nomads are not barbarians, they are also people like other nations. They too have keen eyesight, good hearing and most importantly a feeling of compassion. [29] In our republic (Kazakhstan) there are more than 100 nationalities and small nations. But, despite the fact that so many people of different nationalities live in our country, we all live in peace, friendship and harmony. Nomadic Kazakhs are even willing to shelter as 101 nationalities - aliens, as the simple shepherd Sagynbai did. [30] No matter how ridiculous it may sound, despite all the official denials of the authorities, this story really took place in the Kazakh steppes. Why am I so sure of my being right? For example, on May 18, 2011, evening twilight (19 hours 32 minutes), a UFO in the form of a round plate hung in the center of Almaty for more than an hour. [31] If you follow this link to watch the video of the 31st TV channel (Almaty, journalist Polina Shimanskaya), you will clearly see that a UFO that denies or makes fun of the laws of gravity is not afraid of anyone and hangs right in the center of the megalopolis. These free gestures from the UFO are probably due to the fact that there is no need to be afraid of the Kazakhs. Kazakhs do not claim military superiority over other states, 292 so they do not consider it necessary to shoot down UFOs and study their technology. If the first contact with exoplanetary civilizations occurs on Kazakh soil, I would not be surprised. Last year, through the open window of my office, I clearly saw a UFO of a bizarre form moving without sound from the side of Mount Koktobe directly to the center of Almaty. I was amazed at what I saw, but on the Internet I did not find a single information about this UFO. As they say, the locals are accustomed to these different UFOs... Apparently readers like these my short stories about nomads. However, the history, the morals and secrets of the nomads cannot be fully conveyed through short stories. The merit of nomads to human civilization is precisely in their amazing calendars. Therefore, I want to focus the attention of readers on these calendars, which is still associated with the rhythm of nature and the universe. Readers who understand the essence of these calendars will surely see that life in their veins is in full swing and waiting in the wings. Bibliography 1. My profile in Academia.edu: https://independent.academia.edu/KaldarhanKambar 2. Urker-Pleiades: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades 3. Pleiades in folklore https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades_in_folklore_and_literature and literature: 4. Albert Einstein (1879-1955): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein 5. “How the eclipse of the Sun made Einstein a world star”, 12.09.2017 / No. 237 / sec. 8 / Artem Korzhimanov / From the history of science: https://trv-science.ru/2017/09/12/einstein-zatmeniesolnca/ 6. Occultation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occultation 7. John Archibald Wheeler (1911-2008): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler 8. Bryce DeWitt (1923-2004): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_DeWitt 9. The great equation proves that time does not exist at all: https://www.factroom.ru/facts/48212 10. Black hole: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole 11. New look at the modern codification of the Mayan calendar: https://www.academia.edu/37620443/NEW_LOOK_AT_THE_MODERN_CODIFICATION_OF_ THE_MAYAN_CALENDAR_full_text_ 12. Maya codices: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_codices 13. Mesoamerican calendars: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars 14. Year: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year 15. Hernán Cortés: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernán_Cortés 16. Diego de Landa https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_Landa 293 17. Mesoamerican Long Count https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar calendar: 18. Why did the ancient peoples choose not 365, but 364 days a year? https://www.academia.edu/38014059/WHY_DID_THE_ANCIENT_PEOPLES_CHOOSE_NOT_3 65_BUT_364_DAYS_A_YEAR 19. A new idea for the "world calendar" can be found in the "strange" calculations of ancient civilizations https://www.academia.edu/38266899/A_NEW_IDEA_FOR_THE_WORLD_CALENDAR_CAN_ BE_FOUND_IN_THE_STRANGE_CALCULATIONS_OF_ANCIENT_CIVILIZATIONS 20. KAZAKH NATIONAL CALENDAR (full text) https://www.academia.edu/37941274/KAZAKH_NATIONAL_CALENDAR_full_text_ 21. КАЗАХСКИЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ КАЛЕНДАРЬ (польный текст на русском языке) https://www.academia.edu/38074128/КАЗАХСКИЙ_НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ_КАЛЕНДАРЬ_польн ый_текст_на_рус._языке_ 22. Khirbet Qumran: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qumran 23. Jewish sect Essenes: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essenes 24. Qumran calendrical texts: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qumran_calendrical_texts 25. Egyptian calendar: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_calendar 26. Pontiff: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiff 27. All scientific work by Peter Johann Meyer: https://www.hermetic.ch 28. Article "Kazakh National Calendar": http://calndr-l.10958.n7.nabble.com/Article-quot-KazakhNational-Calendar-quot-td19395.html 29. 2. THE MYSTERIOUS SOUL OF THE NOMADS (2. Good always wins hatred): https://www.academia.edu/38404580/2_THE_MYSTERIOUS_SOUL_OF_THE_NOMADS.pdf 30. The alien was a guest at the nomad Sagynbay: https://www.academia.edu/39601117/THE_ALIEN_WAS_A_GUEST_AT_THE_NOMAD_SAGY NBAY 31. UFOs in Kazakhstan: http://inoplanetyanin.ru/nlo-v-kazahstane/ 294 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar Ordinary miracle of nomads Copyright 2019 © Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published July 16, 2019 Introduction Definition of miracle in English: Miracle (noun): An extraordinary and welcome event that is not explicable by natural or scientific laws and is therefore attributed to a divine agency. [1] Definitions The word "miracle" is usually used to describe any beneficial event that is physically impossible or impossible to confirm by nature. [2] Wayne Grudem defines miracle as "a less common kind of God's activity in which he arouses people's awe and wonder and bears witness to himself." [3] Deistic perspective of God's relation to the world defines miracle as a direct intervention of God into the world. [4] [5] Explanations (Supernatural acts) A miracle is a phenomenon not explained by known laws of nature. Criteria for classifying an event as a miracle vary. Often a religious text, such as the Bible or Quran, [6] states that a miracle occurred, and believers may accept this as a fact. The Quran (Mohammed pbuh (570 CE-632 CE), [7] Al-Ghazali (1058 CE-1111 CE), [8] Sufism [9]) does not use the technical Arabic word for miracle (Muʿd̲j̲iza) literally meaning "that by means of which [the Prophet] confounds, overwhelms, his opponents". It rather uses the term 'Ayah' (literally meaning sign) [10] Religious views on miracles are present in all traditional and non-traditional world religions (Buddhism, the Catholic Church, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism and others). [2] Philosophical explanations for miracles are present in the writings of Aristotle, Baruch Spinoza, [11] David Hume, Friedrich Schleimacher, Soren Kirkegaard, James Keller, and other scholars. Since ancient times, there have been, there are and there will still be people who criticize the very concept of "miracle": Thomas Paine, one of the Founding Fathers of the American Revolution, wrote “All the tales of miracles, with which the Old and New Testament are filled, are fit only for impostors to preach and fools to believe”. [12] American Revolutionary War patriot and hero Ethan Allen wrote "In those parts of the world where learning and science have prevailed, miracles have ceased; but in those parts of it as are barbarous and ignorant, miracles are still in vogue". [13] 295 Elbert Hubbard, American writer, publisher, artist, and philosopher, wrote "A miracle is an event described by those to whom it was told by people who did not see it." [14] Thus, about the “miracle” you can write endlessly and you can also argue endlessly. I am not going to get involved in this useless controversy. I will tell you as short as possible what happened to me and how I got out of this vicious circle. After reading the article make a conclusion yourself, it is a miracle or not a miracle. What does your body and soul feel when an ordinary "miracle" happened to you? If the reader noticed, lately I have not written anything significant in Academia.edu. Because, I was very sick. When a person is sick and no one can make an exact diagnosis, it seems to him that life is over for him. As usually happens, in such cases we are all, as the ultimate truth – we turn to doctors. In the hope of recovery, you meticulously submit endless blood and urine tests, take various medications, physiotherapy, massage and others. But all these medical procedures help temporarily, after a while everything starts all over again. In the end, I could not sit quietly, lie down, walk. In the truest sense of the word, life has turned into an endless pain and endless nightmares. One of these days, in the morning, had a strange dream. On my desktop, where I usually write my articles, lies half-dead three snakes of different colors. I want to turn on the light and look at these snakes. But no matter how hard I tried, the light is off, the switch does not work. And at this moment someone tugs at my shoulder and in a whisper says: if you want to recover, if you want a miracle, go home, go to the steppe (auylga bar). I opened my eyes, looked around. No one is near. During breakfast, I looked at my wife and said: pack up, we will go to our homeland. She says, frightened, how we get to your homeland, because you are sick, and the distance from Almaty to Turkestan is about 1000 km. I said: buy more pain pills and buy a train ticket. A cousin Tasbolat met us in the city of Shymkent. When he saw my state of health, he asked in surprise why I came to Shymkent at all. Indeed, in Almaty it is better to treat for diseases than in Shymkent. Clenching my teeth in pain, I briefly said: modern medicine does not help me. First, I am going to do a “ziyarat” * [15] in sacred places, and then be treated with the help of traditional medicine. [16] * Ziyarat comes from Arabic: ‫" زور‬to visit". In Islam it refers to pious visitation, pilgrimage to a holy place, tomb or shrine. [17] From myself I will add these words: when you do a ziyarat, you cannot think about worldly affairs and your illness, you only need to think about God and admit you are so helpless in this vast world. The same thing was done by our nomadic ancestors hundreds and thousands of years ago. Over time, this turned into an order of things, so the Kazakh people do not call these amazing healings a “miracle.” Most likely these actions can be called "ordinary miracle of nomads." In addition, I still remember how about 17 years ago, a woman named Zhanyl (Folk healer) [18] in a wonderful way saved me to have an operation on both hands. The famous Almaty surgeon, who was going to have an operation in my hands when he compared X-rays, could not believe what he saw. The “foreign body” between the bones of both hands stands 296 on this X-ray taken 7 days ago, and today it suddenly disappeared. He meticulously asked me “where did the foreign body disappear?” And what did you do during these 7 days? When I told him about the “folk healer” Zhanyl, the surgeon quite seriously said: “Let this woman sit in my office and I will leave.” But all this was in the past, now it will not be returned. I was tormented by today's pain all over my body. Bearing unbearable pain, I began to make a ziyarat in the first place on the sacred Arystan Baba Aulie (GPS: 42°51'5.78"N 68°16'4.97"E). [19] He is considered one of the first preachers of Islam in our region. Under the scorching sun (about 45 degrees Celsius), my whole family, including children aged 3 to 10 years old, began to do "ziyarat". Then we immediately went to Turkestan to the Khoja Ahmet Yassavi mausoleum (GPS: 43°17'51.87"N 68°16'15.75"E). [20] The next day we went to the Domalak Ana mausoleum (GPS: 42°52'30.27"N 69°40'12.20"E) [21] located at the foot of Karatau Mountain (translated as "Black Mountain"). Having finished the ziyarat, I poured 4 buckets of cold water from head to toe from a spring (GPS: 42°52'4.39"N 69°40'4.62"E) near it. Instead of feeling cold, my body was covered with hot sweat. * Using these GPS geographic coordinates, you can see these holy places of nomads with the help of the Google Earth map. When I said this in surprise, a relative of Tasbolat recalled that last year he met here a foreigner from Switzerland. It turns out he came here barely alive like me, and recovered in just a couple of days. And this foreigner could not understand, the holy "Domalak ana" or the water of this source helped him to restore his health. Whether this foreigner found out the reason for his recovery, I do not know for sure. But I know one thing for sure: the holy spirits of the nomads felt sorry for him and helped, despite the fact that he was a Christian or an atheist. [22] After visiting Domalak Ana, we went to the equally famous “Akmeshit aulie ungiri” ("White Mosque" cave: GPS: 43°0'22.57"N 69°42'15.05"E). The cave "Akmeshit aulie" is located on the territory of the Baydibek district of the South Kazakhstan region of Kazakhstan. It was formed in the limestones of the southeastern slope of the Karatau Range. The dimensions of the cave: length 254 m, width 265 m, height 25 m. The dome of the cave resembles a shanyrak yurt. At the twentymeter depth of the underground hall of the cave, old mulberries grow. Jackdaws, wild pigeons and bats inhabit the cave [23]. In ancient times, the very first Muslim nomads (about a thousand people) secretly prayed in this cave, hiding from pagan nomads. Therefore, this cave was eventually called the “White Mosque” (Akmeshit). The old-timers of these places said that during the USSR, when "continuous atheism" prevailed, a huge serpent with a beautiful ornament (Sulu Zhylan) lived in this cave. However, he did not scare and did not attack the pilgrims and the pilgrims were not at all afraid of him. This beautiful snake was the keeper of this cave. 297 When I heard this story, I remembered that before leaving Almaty I had a second strange dream. In the dream I saw a huge snake tied with a strong rope in the neck. Not far from the snake in fear stood a frightened woman of indistinguishable appearance. The snake was going to swallow this woman alive. I felt sorry for this woman and save her by hiding him behind my back. The snake looked straight into my eyes for a long time, and then calmed down and went to bed. When we with the whole family came out of this huge cave, it became so easy for me that I completely forgot to take pain pills. During the four ziyarats in sacred places, I tirelessly repeated “Kalima Shahadat” [24] and read “Ayat al-Kursi” [25] and short surahs from the Koran. Thus, our ziyarat ended, but I still did not know which folk healer would treat me tomorrow. Late in the evening we arrived in Shymkent. We were all invited to have dinner at the house (konak etu) of Tasbolat’s eldest daughter Karlygash and her husband Nurbol. During the treat, the younger sister Meruert (Tasbolat's second daughter) told about a male male healer, to whom she goes every day for treatment. I immediately told her that from tomorrow I, too, will go to this healer. Deep in my soul, I felt that this was the right decision. Early in the morning we arrived at the "Ken Baba" Children's Amusement Park. In a small and cramped room, we were met by a stocky middle-aged Kazakh (52 years old) with a strong constitution. He nodded and I sat down on the hard bed. He took my left hand and put his finger on my blood vessel. And then he says with surprise: brother, breathe, are you alive or dead ?! Holding his finger on the hand a bit, said “hard case” however. I need 7 days, and I will put you on your feet, – he said. I honestly answered him – I have only 3 days left. What do you want to do with my body, do it. From now on, my body – at your disposal, only the spirit – remains with me. And then he began his treatment. It seemed to me that my bones were about to break. My whole body was covered with cold sweat first, and then I began to feel some kind of lightness in my body. After the treatment session, he said: my parents live near Shymkent, if you receive their blessings, the treatment will go faster and will be very useful for you. The next day, early in the morning, we went to the healer's parents. The healer's father (about 80 years old) was also of strong build. But the healer's mother (also about 80 years old) looked like a “Kazakh” copy of the famous Baba Vanga. [26] It turns out she was completely blind at 35 years old and modern medicine did not help save her eyes. Then came her gift to heal people. The old man and grandmother first asked me to close my eyes, and then, in a pleasant, soft language, they began to tell their life stories. For some reason, I also started talking about my life. The old man holding the whip (kamshy) on his right hand, quietly read the verses from the Koran. At this time, the blind grandmother began to massage my body with her warm hand. She seemed to feel my sore spots and massaged these places more. It seemed to me that she slowly stroked my body with a hot iron. Thus, the house of the healer's parents was visited for 3 days in a row. On the last day, the old man suddenly said: why did you not allow a huge snake to swallow this woman? I was shocked how he knows about my strange dream. A little thought, he said: "You did wrong, this woman was the cause of all your illnesses." I did not know what to answer to the old man, and he said: "Go with the world, what will happen to you, accept everything as it is, now everything is in the hands of Almighty Allah" 298 Their son Akhan on the third day of the session treated me only with a hot hand, like his mother's. He tirelessly said: "I open such a channel (I did not understand what he is talking about) in your body, you feel how warm it becomes there and there." Indeed, in these parts the body became pleasantly warm. When opening the hidden channels in my body, Akhan used an ordinary wooden match. When he jabbed a match at his fingertips, it was very painful, but useful. After the session, I asked Akhan, who taught you to use matches to open hidden channels? He thoughtfully answered: the same question was asked many years ago by a Chinese who is engaged in acupuncture. He was willing to pay me any amount of money if I taught him to do this craft. But, unfortunately, this craft is impossible to learn, for this you need a special talent, presented by Allah. This Chinese said the following word to me: my teacher from Tibet said the same thing that you just said. Hidden special channels on the human body will open better with a tree (match) than with a metal needle. The teacher told us, if you meet such a person in your life, know that you have a special healer in front of you. Since many people were waiting for their turn to Akhan, we did not finish the conversation that we started ... On the last day of the treatment, Akhan warned me: your body is now in deep shock. Because in these 4 days I made you a treatment, which I usually do for 7 days. After returning to Almaty, your body will still hurt, but then gradually improve. Everything is exactly what happened. 10 days have passed since then and I feel as if I was born again. Something incredible improvement happens with my body. If all this story happened to someone, I would hardly believe it. But it happened to me. And all these characters in my article are not in the virtual world, they really exist. The Healer Akhan (Orazaliev Akhan Zhumabaevich) is a fairly modern man, he has a mobile phone (+7 771 281 7419) and an e-mail (akhann@mail.ru). His main dream in life is the construction on the outskirts of the huge metropolis of Shymkent – a waste recycling plant. He wants to treat not only the wounded souls and bodies of people, but also to heal the terrible ecology of the metropolis. Mental and physical pain kills anyone, but there is a solution to this problem as long as you are alive ... Epilogue One day, when the time comes, this foreigner from Switzerland, or maybe I, will again experience unbearable pain in the soul and body. Hoping to recover, both of us will return to Shymkent. But this time, lest we undertake we will not be able to recover. Not knowing what is happening, a foreigner is likely to go to his Switzerland. Compared to him, everything will be clear to me. All the “holy” places, all our “Ziyarats”, as well as healers, however talented they were, will be powerless before the will of Almighty Allah. No matter how terrible it is, I will accept death as befits a Muslim and go to my ancestors. And, probably, soon after death, I will find out how everything is arranged in this “unknown to us world – the dead”. However, it is unlikely that I will publish my research "in the world of the dead" on the page "Academia.edu". No matter how much humanity tries, it is unlikely to be able to stretch the “Internet” between the worlds of the living and the dead. If the reader wants to read the continuation of this topic, let him write to me, I have some interesting materials. 299 Bibliography 1. Miracle (noun): https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/miracle 2. Miracle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle 3. Grudem, Wayne (1994). Systematic Theology. 4. https://www.thoughtco.com/deism-95703 5. "Definition of Miracles". Bible.org. Retrieved 2017-11-22. 6. Islamic view of miracles: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles 7. Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad 8. Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali aṭ-Ṭūsī al-Ġazālī; latinized Algazelus or Algazel: 9. Sufism, or Taṣawwuf (the inward dimension of Islam): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism 10. A.J. Wensinck, Muʿd̲j̲iza, Encyclopedia of Islam 11. Benedictus de Spinoza. "Chapter 6: Of Miracles". Thelogico-Political Treatise. translated by Robert Willis. 12. The Writings of Thomas Paine, Volume 4, page 289, Putnam & Sons, 1896 OCLC 459072720 13. Ethan Allen, Reason, the Only Oracle of Man, 1784 14. Elbert Hubbard, The Philistine (1909) 15. Ziyarat: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziyarat 16. Traditional medicine: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine 17. Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch., eds. (1960). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: W-Z. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 524. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. 18. Folk healer: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_healer 19. Arystan Bab Mausoleum: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arystan_Bab_Mausoleum 20. Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi 21. Domalak Ana is one of the legendary mothers of Kazakhs: https://qazaqstan3d.kz/en/place/view?id=171 22. Atheism: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism 23. Akmechet aulie // Kazakhstan. National Encyclopedia. – Almaty: Kazakh encyclopedias, 2004. – T. I. - ISBN 9965-9389-9-7. 24. Six_Kalimas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Kalimas 25. Ayat al-Kursi (Throne Verse, Al-Baqara 255): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Baqara_255 26. Baba Vanga (1911-1996): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga 300 Unexpectedly for me, my last article, The Ordinary Miracle of the Nomads, is gaining momentum in views and in the number of readers. Since I did not receive permission from one or another author of the letter to publicly disclose his name, I will denote his name and surname in abbreviated form. Reader R.N. writes: "An interesting paper. It leads to the discoveries of brain dynamics that is currently taking place." My answer to the deeply respected R.N .: Frankly speaking, I don’t know about the “brain dynamics”. I am not strong in this matter. But I firmly began to believe that the "snake" in a dream appears when a drastic change in your life begins. I have one more good news that I did not know when I wrote the article “The Ordinary Miracle of Nomads”. My wife became pregnant immediately after returning from Shymkent. We have been waiting for this child for a long time. And it happened, it is probably also a miracle ... Reader A.McD. writes: «I am a Roman Catholic. I graduated as a Chemical Engineer, but unlike some of the names you mentioned who say that miracle believers are only the unlearned, I have no trouble believing they happen. My uncle suffered from goitre back in the 1930s. Doctor's treatments gave him no benefit, so he decided to drive to a Catholic shrine in Quebec, Canada which had a long history of miracles occurring there. It happened; on his first visit there he came out with the goitre all gone. I'm afraid I don't know how he felt during the miracle. I was too young then to ask him questions like that. I'd like to ask you a question. About 60 years ago (I'm now 81) I was playing tennis with a new dentist who spent a year or so in my town of Flin Flon Manitoba. I can't remember how the topic of Islam vs Christianity came up, but he told me he was a Muslim of a different branch: their members are not obliged to make the Haj, but instead must spend a year in some developing country in Africa and, for dentists like him, or doctors, and practice their healing there, and do it for free. I was certainly impressed. However, since then I've never met any more members of that branch of Islam, and have never read anything about them. You're probably a person who can tell more about them; would you, please? Thank you very much A. McD.». My answer to the deeply respected A.McD.: «I can't remember how the topic of Islam vs Christianity came up, but he told me he was a Muslim of a different branch: their members are not obliged to make the Haj, but instead must spend a year in some developing country in Africa and, for dentists like him, or doctors, and practice their healing there, and do it for free. I was certainly impressed.» 1. First, in this phrase the word “Islam against Christianity” is chosen incorrectly. If you have noticed, from time to time, a western audience (cartoonists) mocks the holy name of our prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him). But have you ever seen at least one 301 Muslim mocking at the holy name of Jesus Christ? Because we, Muslims, recognize that Jesus Christ was the penultimate prophet of Almighty Allah. Only a mentally ill Muslim can laugh at him. After that, think about who is the first to attack and oppose the will of Almighty Allah. 2. Secondly, in the Islamic religion there is a special branch. This is Sufism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism). The theme of Sufism penetrates so deeply into ancient times, it cannot be briefly explained. Most likely your dentist was a member of one of the orders of Sufism. Since I have never been to Canada and Africa, I honestly find it difficult to answer. The golden rule of Islam is: never say never about things that you don’t know yourself. Otherwise, because of you, a person may be in error... Reader F.F. writes: "Dear Kaldarhan, Thank you for sharing the "miracle" that you were allowed to experience and that energized you with new life, cleansing your body from venom. Reading about the three snakes that were on your laptop where you usually write your papers and not being able to study them, as the the "normal" light failed, the following thoughts came to me. Obviously the "light" of your saecular scientific mind was not able to grasp the phenomenon, no matter how hard you tried. So you were referred to your origins, where there still is a certain knowledge of the "Transcendent Light" as the "Origin per sé", that cannot be identified with and not possesed by anything or anyone; you might only have or "earn" an open channel to it in yourself if you are destined to be like that. The woman that you did not want to be eaten by the snake and that you felt sorry for, might stand for something you consciously or unconsciously hold on to, but cannot let go. The snake might then stand for the venom as an antidote that cures and devours/neutralizes the venom that has come into you somewhere in your life. Maybe there is still some inner work to do and find out what you cling to, being in that way your own surgeon, not running away from deep down hidden feelings of fear, guilt or shame. In my opinion, especially the modern western world that is oriented towards consumption, power, money, being seen and admired, is alienated from the "Origin", from the "Transcendent Light". The spirit that stems from it has fallen asleep in the human being that is then only a tombe; people think that they live but in fact they are living the life of a "dead person". I wish you and your family all the best. Greetings, F.F.". My answer to the deeply respected F.F.: Unfortunately, I have no idea what “Transcendent Light” is, “Origin per sé” and other terms that you write in your letter. But still, thank you very much for your kind words and for the intention to help me figure out what was happening. But in your letter there is a lot of truth. I got such incredible knockouts from life that after which many boxing champions were in deep knockout. But I'm still alive and writing further ... Blogger and reader John C. Woodcock writes: Hi Kaldarhan. I had to write a response to your fine essay, "Ordinary miracle of nomads" It is on my blog: https://johnwoodcock.com.au/2019/07/serpent-power/ All the best, John 302 "My blog focuses on modern cultural practices as windows to the unknown future i.e. as oracles, offering hints of what is to come, analogously to dreams. One of the most accessible online vehicles for discovering current cultural practices globally is Academia.edu. I consult it on a daily basis and thus “wander” nomadically throughout the world discovering unknown fellow travellers whose research overlaps mine, even if ever so briefly. Occasionally, I find someone with whom I feel an immediate connection through the soul. This is the story of one such connection. Kaldarhan A. Kambar and I share a soul practice that, in this time of endings, may constitute a narrow thread through, at least for some. Put simply, we both follow the hints of our dreams into the unknown future! Among the most shocking, and persuasive, dream hints for me have been my serpent dreams. You can’t negotiate with the serpent but you can submit to its will if you have a mind to. Whether you do or not, the will of the serpent is determinative in your life. In 1984, I dreamed: I am bitten on the right palm by an extremely poisonous snake. It is slow, painful and inexorable, with a finality that said, “This is how it is do you finally get it?” With the poison circulating my whole body, I go to my friends who comfort me. In excited fearful anticipation I wait for death. I feel a numbness, coldness steal over me. I go into it and then emerge, alone, unaided. I feel exhilarated. I have passed through death. I show people the fang marks. Many serpent dreams have followed this one over the next decade or so, each carrying the strange and unnerving quality of fate, transformation, and healing power! In following the hint of this dream, I became a pilgrim, literally and poetically. I travelled to the land of the Serpent, India, and discovered Kundalini wisdom. I journeyed into mythology, shamanism, and esoteric wisdom, searching for resonant voices and experiences Throughout my pilgrimages the dream serpent has remained my greatest teacher/healer. You can imagine, then, my surprise and delight to find a fellow seeker of snake wisdom. Kaldarhan A. Kambar lives in Kazakhstan and is a research contributor on Academia. In his essay, Ordinary Miracle of Nomads, he tells a story of his healing. He begins with incurable suffering: In the end, I could not sit quietly, lie down, walk. In the truest sense of the word, life has turned into an endless pain and endless nightmares. One of these days, in the morning, had a strange dream. On my desktop, where I usually write my articles, lies half-dead three snakes of different colors. I want to turn on the light and look at these snakes. But no matter how hard I tried, the light is off, the switch does not work. And at this moment someone tugs at my shoulder and in a whisper says: if you want to recover, if you want a miracle, go home, go to the steppe (auylga bar). Later on, he tells us of another powerful dream: I had a second strange dream. In the dream I saw a huge snake tied with a strong rope in the neck. Not far from the snake in fear stood a frightened woman of indistinguishable appearance. The snake was going to swallow this woman alive. I felt sorry for this woman and save her by hiding him behind my back. The snake looked straight into my eyes for a long time, and then calmed down and went to bed. Kaldarhan was prompted by these dreams to go on a ziyarat, a pilgrimage to find healing. He arrived at several sacred sites and found folk healers willing to help. On one visit he was astonished 303 to hear the old man say: “ ‘why did you not allow a huge snake to swallow this woman?’ I was shocked how he knows about my strange dream. After a little thought, he said: ‘You did wrong, this woman was the cause of all your illnesses.’ ” He was referring to Kaldarhan’s dream and Kaldarhan had not told him about the dream nor of his refusal to let the snake swallow the woman. The healer went on to say that this “woman” is the cause of his suffering. Then he proceeded to cure Kaldarhan. This astonishing account of dreams as the cause of suffering/healing shows that such cultural practices are alive today although marginalised to an extreme degree. Kaldarhan has the good fortune to live in an area that is soaked in the “old ways” and his dreams were taken very seriously. Ancient sites, places of wisdom and healing, are still active in Europe, if you know where to look, as he does. They are to be found where I live too, if you know where to look. I was shown where to look and, like Kaldarhan, I was given convincing experiences of the reality of what I was “seeing”. As with all initiations throughout time, we are convinced through the suffering of the body. He endured excruciating pain, as did I and could find no medical cause. Neither could I. The cause lay in a reality that is as bodily convincing as empirical reality, yet is distinguishable from that ordinary reality. I “knew” this reality as a child and portrayed it in a repetitive doodle over the years but it took the serpent’s bite for me to really “get” it!". My answer to the deeply respected John C. Woodcock: I, besides this article about me, read with interest other articles in your blog. It immediately struck me that you and other Western readers couldn’t even imagine in which free country you studied and lived. Compared to you, we really lived in a country with an iron curtain, where all dissent was brutally suppressed, except for communist ideas. What it is, you will never understand it. Thanks to you and others, I am just learning to breathe free air. I was a little surprised by the phrase "Kaldarhan A. Kambar lives in Kazakhstan and is a research contributor on Academia." No, I am not a researcher, I am a simple self-taught person who, before old age, is trying to do something good for the world around me. For some reason, your article is still not clear to me. Perhaps I still need time to understand the essence and meaning of your thoughts. Because we live in different worlds and dimensions. What you understand at first glance, is not immediately clear to me. I hope that in time I will deal with my “snakes” in a dream and tell you everything in detail. Therefore, I now refrain from commenting. Therefore, I will refrain from any comments until some time has passed ... 304 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar From ancient to modern nomads of Turkestan (collection of articles 2019-2020) Introduction There is such an ingenious instrument invented by people – a microscope. For example, a huge tree grows in your yard, in the steppe or in the forest. It doesn't matter where this tree grows in Asia, in Europe, or in America or Africa. Cut a small piece from this tree so that your knife does not damage this tree, and look at the place of the cut under the microscope. And you will see very tiny cells that are not visible to the ordinary eye. These cells are constantly in motion, at one moment they unite, and then are disconnected and removed towards other cells. The movement of atoms is even more interesting than the cells. It is not for nothing that the Kazakhs say that even a stone has its own soul. Such an eternal movement has already occurred for millions and billions of years, not only in trees, in all living organisms. All this is very interesting in the sense that, with our own eyes, we see and observe chaos and unpredictable movements in the microuniverse. 305 If we imagine the round eyepiece of the microscope as the whole globe, it turns out that we just observed a certain period of human civilization. The difference is only in time, which lasts slowly for the observer and fast for cells multiplying exponentially. For us, just a couple of seconds and minutes does not matter, and for these cells and atoms it matters like an eternity of thousands of years! When we again look through the eyepiece of the microscope, we see a completely different picture in the microworld of humanity or in human life. Whatever we place under the microscope (even microbes, viruses), we always observe the same chaos of microparticles in the universe, which cannot be controlled and changed for better or for worse. However, all this, which seems to us to be an uncontrollable microuniverse (which remains invisible to the simple eye of man), has always had, has and will have a beginning and an end to everything. Sometimes when I manage to look through the eyepiece of a microscope, for some reason it seems to me that I look at the thousand-year history of nomads. Here they are harmless tiny nomads, each of whom lives independently and manages his life as he wants. Communicates with each other, mixes up with other nomads, in a word they live peacefully. Then they become more and more and suddenly they are a huge crowd going to the side of bright light. But they are met by other cells (sedentaryes peoples) who are used to living in the light and do not want to let them in. Despite this, all of them are gradually mixed, probably they are fighting with each other. Ultimately, all cells become the same in size and color under this vibrant color. After some time, in this tiny bright place, it becomes so crowded that grouped, powerful cells begin to throw out some cells. They make a timid attempt to merge again to their group, but in vain ... For these "abandoned" to their fate, the nomads had no choice but to return to their native places, where they all came from. They are without aggression accepted by those few nomads who remained in their native lands. Although there is little light in this part of the living organism, it seems possible to live. It took me just a couple of minutes to observe all this, and at the same short time, the nomads survived more than two or three (or maybe more) thousand-year history. Likely Almighty God in the same way watches us from time to time?! In Turkestan, the missing part of the history of the ancient world is stored At the beginning of three millennia of our era, i.e. in 2000, one of the oldest cities in Kazakhstan the city of Turkestan officially celebrated its 1,500th anniversary on a Kazakh scale. Many head of state of Turkic countries and important guests from abroad came to this holiday. However, many progressively-minded Kazakhs (scientists, writers, poets and others) were outraged that our state had chosen a too “modest date" for the celebration. I do not consider myself as smart as they are, but despite this, I was one of them. When international historians and ancient history itself say “Central Asia”, they automatically always have the word “Turkestan” [1] in their thoughts. Where did the date “1500 years” come from? I am completely sure that this date was not scientifically based; it was dictated by the political situation of that time. On the initiative of the then mayor, Yuri Luzhkov, the 850th anniversary of Moscow was celebrated on September 5-7, 1997 in Moscow. How can the age of such a small provincial town of Kazakhs be greater than the age of such a huge city like Moscow ?! 306 In order not to dramatize and complicate the situation with Moscow, the government of Kazakhstan dishonestly “reduced” the age of Turkestan from at least 1,000 to 3,000 years. Everyone understood and was silent in this troublesome situation, because at that time we were still very dependent on Moscow. But justice still had to triumph ... In the same 2000, in November six journalists from Kazakhstan (representatives of television, radio and the press) visited Saudi Arabia at the invitation. With a generous Arab soul, the Saudis showed us all the sights of this country (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Madinah Al-Munawarah, ar-Riyāḍ, alDhahrān, etc.). Later I wrote an article that this is not a Wahhabi country, but simply a peaceful state, where exactly the same people live as in Kazakhstan. Consultative Assembly (Majlis ash-Shura) of Saudi Arabia invited Kazakhstani journalists and we sat in a prominent place so that all deputies could see us. Then the speaker of parliament began to represent us to deputies. I then worked as a journalist in the newspaper "Turkestan". When the word "Turkestan" sounded, suddenly all the deputies got up and began to applaud. Although I was pleased, it was somehow embarrassing because these Saudi deputies completely ignored both the name of the journalist and the name of the main state newspaper "Egemendi Kazakhstan" (Sovereign Kazakhstan). It was then that I realized that the whole Muslim world recognizes Kazakhstan only thanks to the name “Turkestan”. Although then the city of Turkestan was a small town on a rural scale, this name was "sacred" to all Turkic peoples. Because the "Great Spirit" of Turkic nomads lived in this city for five millennia, as well as the mosque (mausoleum) of the great Sufi teacher Khawaja Ahmed Yasawi (Hijrah: 485-561, Miladi: 1093-1166, “Hazret Sultan”) [2] spread the Islamic religion among the «wild and free» nomadic Kazakhs from the 11th-12th centuries of our era. I myself was born and raised in Otyrar (where the great scientist al-Farabi was born and where the teacher of Khawaja Ahmed Yasawi – Arystan Bab) was buried not far (only 70 km) from the city of Turkestan. However, when I saw and heard the international authority of Turkestan with my own eyes, my view of this holy name changed 180 degrees. Having returned from Saudi Arabia, I gradually began to independently study not only the real age, but the ancient history associated with the name «Turkestan». Why not call Kazakhstan the «Turkestan Republic»? Of Persian origin (see –stan), the term «Turkestan» (‫ )ناتسکرت‬has never referred to a single national state. (1) [3] Iranian geographers first used the word to describe the place of Turkic peoples. [4] «Turkestan» is used to describe any place where Turkic peoples lived. [3] (1) A nation state is a state in which the great majority shares the same culture and are conscious of it. The nation state is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. [5] According to one definition, «a nation state is a sovereign state of which most of its subjects are united also by factors which defined a nation such as language or common descent.» [6] It is a more precise concept than «country», since a country does not need to have a predominant ethnic group. On their way southward during the conquest of Central Asia in the course of the 19th century, the Russians under Nikolai Aleksandrovich Veryovkin took the city of Turkistan (in present-day Kazakhstan) in 1864. Mistaking its name for that of the entire region, they adopted the name of «Turkestan» (Russian: Туркестан) for their new territory. [4] [7] 307 The history of Turkestan dates back to at least the third millennium BC. Many artifacts were produced in that period, with much trade being conducted. The region was a focal point for cultural diffusion, as the Silk Road traversed it. Turkestan covers the area of Central Asia and began acquiring a «Turkic» identity starting from the 6th century AD with the incipient Turkic migration. [1] Turkic sagas, such as the Ergenekon legend, and written sources such as the Orkhon Inscriptions state that Turkic peoples originated in the nearby Altai Mountains, and, through nomadic settlement, started their long journey westwards. Huns conquered the area after they conquered Kashgaria in the early 2nd century BC. With the dissolution of the Huns' empire, Chinese rulers took over Eastern Turkestan. Arab forces captured it in the 8th century. The Persian Samanid dynasty subsequently conquered it and the area experienced economic success. [8] The entire territory was held at various times by Turkic forces, such as the Göktürks until the conquest by Genghis Khan and the Mongols in 1220. Genghis Khan gave the territory to his son, Chagatai and the area became the Chagatai Khanate. [8] Timur took over the western portion of Turkestan in 1369 and the area became part of the Timurid Empire. [8] The eastern portion of Turkestan was also called Mogulistan, and continued to be ruled by descendants of Genghis Khan. Known as Turan to the Persians, western Turkestan has also been known historically as Sogdiana, Ma wara'u'n-nahr (by its Arab conquerors), and Transoxiana by Western travellers. The latter two names refer to its position beyond the River Oxus when approached from the south, emphasizing Turkestan's long-standing relationship with Iran, the Persian Empires, and the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates. Turkestan is roughly within the regions of Central Asia lying between Siberia on the north; Tibet, Afghanistan, and Iran on the south; the Gobi Desert on the east; and the Caspian Sea on the west. [9] Oghuz Turks (also known as Turkmens), Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Khazars, Kyrgyz, Hazara and Uyghurs are some of the Turkic inhabitants of the region who, as history progressed, have spread further into Eurasia forming such Turkic nations as Turkey, and subnational regions like Tatarstan in Russia and Crimea in Ukraine (?). Tajiks and Russians form sizable non-Turkic minorities. It is subdivided into Afghan Turkestan and Russian Turkestan in the West, and Xinjiang in the East. Thus, the scientific world and world history almost unanimously acknowledge that the age of Turkestan (with the center of the city of Turkestan) is at least three millennia BC and plus two millennia of our era – five millennia! Inshallah, thanks to the desire of Almighty Allah – Kazakhstan has become recognizable throughout the world. Today the country has entered a new stage of state building. An important milestone in the idea of “Mangilik El” (Eternal Country) is the “Kazakhstan-2050” strategy, which envisages Kazakhstan Inshallah, becoming one of the 30 most developed countries in the world. The result was not long in coming! By a decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev on June 19, 2018, a new region was established in Kazakhstan – Turkestan (formerly South Kazakhstan). The former center of SKO – the city of Shymkent – has become the third city of republican significance along with Astana and Almaty. [10] The people of Kazakhstan have been waiting for this transformation since Soviet times, and it finally came to fruition. Since then, before our eyes, the external and internal appearance of the city of Turkestan began to change for the better. 308 Life went in order, as required by the wise time and cold-blooded history of mankind. For many years I was preparing an article on this topic, but now I have to rewrite it again. This short information of a Kazakh official, far from science, contradicts everything that scientists say worldwide. On January 17, 2020, the mayor of Turkestan Rashid Ayupov in his statement said: “Various experts conducted research, which confirmed the information that our Turkestan is more than two thousand years old, I will say more, even 2,800 years. I am sure of this, I hope the data will be confirmed. ” Mayor R. Ayupov noted that the final decision will be announced only in November 2020, when UNESCO representatives will speak on this issue (My God, this official and these scientists probably do not know that they are conducting a meaningless deal with UNESCO., the author K.A.K.). Director of the International Institute for Central Asian Studies Dmitry Voyakin explained: “According to experts, this assumption already has reason. At the meeting today, we talked about how to promote this idea. In principle, the facts already exist. But more evidence is needed, and as soon as our archaeologists get it, they will present it to the international community. Archaeologist Aisulu Erzhigitova expressed her opinion, according to her version, since detailed studies have not yet been carried out on Kultobe, [11] it is likely that the city is more than 2200 years old. It takes time, and then we will find out how old this beautiful city of Turkestan is. ” [12] Of course, an attempt to determine the true age of the city of Turkestan as 2800 years is important for nations to deny the age of 1500 years, defined in 2000. However, the most important and priority task would be to determine the age of occurrence of the «country of the Kazakhs» that we have now. Despite the fact that the name “Kazakh” appeared only in the 15th century (Kazakh Khanate) of our era, a quick look at any Kazakh tells us that you see the whole mixture of “Eurasian man” in the literal sense of the word. Samples of blood, haplogroups and DNA of these harmless and good-natured Kazakhs tell us at least 5-10 thousand year history of Eurasia. Who are Kazakhs, Europeans or Asians? There is one important thing to note. The hardy war horse (tulpar), a four-wheeled cart (arba), language (til) and runic writing (zhazu) of nomads of the Bronze Age from the Kazakh steppes contributed to the formation of the modern European world. Perhaps the reader believes that I am exaggerating the role of the Kazakhs in world history, since I myself am Kazakh. For clarity of thought, I will give only one example of a study conducted 15 years ago below: The Andronovo culture is a collection of similar local Bronze Age cultures that flourished c. 2000900 BC in western Siberia and the central Eurasian Steppe. [13] Some researchers have preferred to term it an archaeological complex or archaeological horizon. [14] The older Sintashta culture (2100–1800 BC), formerly included within the Andronovo culture, is now considered separately within Early Andronovo cultures. [15] Genetics: A 2004 study also established that, during the Bronze and Iron Age period, the majority of the population of Kazakhstan (part of the Andronovo culture during Bronze Age) was of West Eurasian origin (with mtDNA haplogroups such as U, H, HV, T, I and W), and that prior to the thirteenth to seventh century BC, all Kazakh samples belonged to European lineages. [16] [17] Western Eurasian peoples (modern Europe) leading a Sedentary way of life, could not come to the 309 land of the Kazakhs, on the contrary, nomadic Kazakhs went to Europe, long before the Huns, in the person of Attila. Although Kazakhstan is ranked 14th (2) out of 51 European countries by area, [18] Your Majesty the European Union (EU) and Kazakhstan still cannot finish expanding cooperation in all areas. [19] [20] This means that the EU is still ignoring the country of the Kazakhs and does not want to see it in its ranks. Gentlemen, Europeans, in our steppes, nomads do not do such things with «relatives» they are always respected! (2) 1) Russia 3,972,400 км2 (17 098 242 km2); 2) Ukraine 603,628 km2; 3) France 551,695 km2; 4) Spain 498,511 km2; 5) Sweden 450,295 km2; 6) Norway 385,178 km2; 7) Germany 357,386 km2; 8) Finland 338,145 km2; 9) Poland 312,685 km2; 10) Italy 301,338 km2; 11) Great Britain 242,495 km2; 12) Romania 238,397 km2; 13) Belarus 207,600 km2; 14) Kazakhstan 180,000 км2 (2,724,900 km2). The city of Turkestan was the center of Turkestan and remains them From the above foreign studies, one can feel such a subtle hint that the city of Turkestan located in modern Kazakhstan has nothing to do with the name Turkestan. If these scientists would pronounce this word among the Kazakhs, I would not envy these scientists. For these evil words, proud Kazakh nomads would cut off the language and heads of these scientists. These assumptions of Western scientists are complete nonsense in the sense that Rome has nothing to do with Italy or London with Great Britain or Berlin with Germany, etc. In ancient times, the Kazakhs shed so much blood for this holy city of Turkestan, they can be measured not in liters, but in hundreds and thousands of tons. The genes of the Kazakhs remember all these battles and knows why so much nomad blood was shed. You should always not follow the pen you write, or just flip your tongue, because they can lead you to the Antarctic or the Arctic Ocean. I just warn you so that later you will not be ashamed and scared ... Every day, many foreign tourists come to Turkestan, no one counts them. Most often they visit the beautiful building of the mausoleum-mosque Kozha Ahmed Yasaui, as usual, and not everyone sees a huge lifeless hill (about 125 hectares) from the western side (GPS: 43°17'35.38»N 68°16'14.62»E). This very ancient dead city since ancient times is called – Kultobe (from the Kazakh language is translated as «Ash Hill»). [11] This hill is called so, because in the ancient sediments there is a lot of “ashes”. This proves that this city in ancient times as a result of many wars – often blazed like a bonfire. The great conqueror of the Asian continent Amir Timur (Iron) or Tamerlan (H.: 736-807., M.: 1336-1405) could well build the mausoleum of Khawaji Ahmed Yasawi (H.: 791., M.: 1389) on top of this Kultobe (Ash Hill), but he did not dare to do so. Because Tamerlan knew very well that under this hill lies the "great spirit" of the ancient Turkic peoples. It is for this reason that this graceful mausoleum is located below this hill. Archaeological excavations of Kazakhstani scientists show that this huge hill is only the “tip of the iceberg”, the rest of the ancient city has become the territory of the modern city of Turkestan. Many ancient artifacts were found here, but the most important artifact is the intricate architectural 310 construction of the city itself. This ancient city had several floors, indoor ventilation, administrative and fortification, etc. Although this dead city is considered the stronghold of the city of Iasi, which existed before the city of Turkestan, the lowest layers of the archaeological site can give us considerable surprises. We will not rush the event and will not speculate without reason, we will patiently wait for the end of archaeological excavations. However, from the words of archaeologists it becomes clear that for the comprehensive disclosure of the lower historical strata, huge funding is required, which is not available in Kazakhstan. [11] If Western scholars want to determine the historical truth, then it's time to help the materially and morally still young and fragile country of the Kazakhs. To stimulate the help of the Western world to the Kazakhs, I will tell you one interesting story that came to us from the last twentieth century ... Ancient lettering in the style of plant leaves I am constantly drawn here like a magnet, and at every opportunity that Allah Almighty gives me, I try to travel often to the holy city of Turkestan. If you listen carefully, every brick, every stone of this city whispers to you a story that could not tell during the time of Tsarist Russia and during the atheistic USSR. If one of the readers visited the mausoleum of Khawaji Ahmed Yasawi, he probably could see very ancient tombstones made of marmore and granite, which has an ornament of leaves of trees and plants. I also thought that they were just decorations for a tombstone, until I read one interesting interview-story by a scientist with a capital A. A. Divaev. [21] There is not a single Kazakh scientist who does not know Divaev Abubakir Akhmetzhanovich. (3) In 1876, Abubakir Divaev graduated from the Orenburg Neplyuyev cadet corps. He worked as a translator in the Military Public Administration in Tashkent, then as an official at the Syrdarya military governor. Since 1883, he began to collect folklore and ethnographic materials. He visited all counties of the Turkestan Territory, studied the life, customs and rites of Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Karakalpaks and others, also gathered rich folklore of these peoples. (3) Divaev Abubakir Akhmetzhanovich (1856-1932) – Bashkir by origin, Russian and Soviet ethnographer, linguist, Turkologist and folklorist. Member of the archaeological and ethnographic society of Kazan University, member of the society of lovers of natural sciences, anthropology and ethnography of Moscow University. He systematically published research articles in the newspaper "Turkestan Vedomosti". [22] He is one of the organizers in 1918 of the Central Asian University in Tashkent. At this university, Abubakir Divaev worked as a professor and trained numerous cadres of Turkologists. Unfortunately, not a single word is written about him in the English-language Wikipedia. But I assure you that this is an outstanding scientist who knew many of the subtleties and secrets of the Turkestan region. A lot of information is written about it in the Russian-language and Kazakhlanguage Internet resource and Wikipedia. [21] The bibliographic index or only the names of articles, books and scientific works of A.A. Divaev are 81 units. A quick glance is enough to understand what contribution he made not only for Kazakh, but for the whole Turkic science. The above story-interview with a respected scientist A.A. Divaev consists of 3 pages and it was written around the 1920s of the last century. The title of the article can be translated approximately 311 like this: “Saxons, [23] Greco-Bactrian [24] period in Turkestan”. In this story-interview A.A. Divaev describes the ancient history of Turkestan in an understandable human (not scientific and technical) language very briefly, confirming his words with different dates. By the way, I am sure that these dates in Western historical science appeared only after half a century. I will not retell this entire story-interview, I will stop only in those places where I need. To whom it is interesting, let him translate this story-interview from Kazakh into English. [25] ... When the Saxons and the Greco-Bactrians worshiped fire (the name of the religion is “atshipursat”), they had a wild rite. When one of them died, they (Saxons and Greco-Bactrians) did not burn a lifeless body in a bonfire like Indians in India. They put the corpse in a large boiler of water and cook it in a slow fire, as if they want to make a tasty dish out of it. When the human bones are completely separated from the meat, they collect these bones, lay them by their own method in an clay coffin, the so-called "ossuary" (crypt). The Greco-Bactrians who profess “Zoroastrianism” (religion of fire worshipers or polytheists) (4) call this terrible rite “Mazdaism”. (4) The roots of Zoroastrianism are thought to have emerged from a common prehistoric IndoIranian religious system dating back to the early 2nd millennium BCE. [26] The prophet Zoroaster himself, though traditionally dated to the 6th century BCE, is thought by many modern historians to have been a reformer of the polytheistic Iranian religion who lived in the 10th century BCE. [27] Zoroastrianism as a religion was not firmly established until several centuries later. Zoroastrianism enters recorded history in the mid-5th century BCE. Herodotus' The Histories (completed c. 440 BCE) includes a description of Greater Iranian society with what may be recognizably Zoroastrian features, including exposure of the dead. Then, from the outside of these clay coffins (ossuary), an ornament of leaves of trees and plants. Until recently, many scientists believed that these were just patterns or an ornament for beauty. Muslim scholars from the Ferghana Valley call these inscriptions "Khiva water" or "Eshzhir." These ancient inscriptions in the form of an ornament can be read only with the help of the "Abjad" [28] [29] rule. If you read these inscriptions correctly, they tell you about whose bone lies inside this clay coffin. In the cultural aspect and overall development, the Saxons who lived in ancient times in the territories of the city of Turkestan are particularly distinguished. Another difference of the Saxons was that the women and daughters of this tribe fought in battle with the enemies on equal terms with their men. To prove my words (A.A.Divaev says) I will give some examples from a museum in the city of Turkestan. Among the miraculously preserved clay coffins in this museum, one belongs to a warrior girl named “Lamibarry” (Amazon horsewoman). An ancient inscription reads: “My daughter is Lamibarry. In the war, she died from the spear of the enemy. Lamibarri is the daughter of Iahi. She masterfully owned a war horse and was a fearless warrior." On the other side of this clay coffin, her parents wrote a word of farewell: “Our beloved girl, you were our flower of hope. We will be planting flowers. But you died, you died! What can we do to fate ?! You were the defender of the country." For a change, the author A.A. Divaev cites other inscriptions as an example (who needs it, let them translate it themselves). At this time, these clay coffins are there or not in the Khawaji Ahmed Yasawi mausoleum I do not know for sure. Secret organization of Nazi Germany «Ahnenerbe» (Schutzstaffel) [30] (5) in 1935-1945, in vain did they seek the ancient Aryan race in Tibet and around the world, when the artifacts they needed all the time were in the Kazakh city of Turkestan. 312 (5) The Ahnenerbe (ancestral heritage) was a think tank that operated in Nazi Germany between 1935 and 1945. It was an appendage of the Schutzstaffel (SS) and had been established by Heinrich Himmler, the Reichsführer of the SS. It was devoted to the task of promoting the racial doctrines espoused by Adolf Hitler and his governing Nazi Party, specifically by supporting the idea that the modern Germans descended from an ancient Aryan race which was biologically superior to other racial groups. The group comprised scholars and scientists from a broad range of academic disciplines. The ancient owners (Saxons and Greco-Bactrians) of these clay coffins are currently located at the very bottom of the Kultobe hill (the ancient city of Iasi). If Western and Kazakhstani archaeologists join forces, it may well be that each of the interested parties will find the truth and artifacts that interest them... What is "civilization" at all and who invented it? Selected quotes from the preface to the first volume of Albert Schweitzer’s "Philosophy of Civilization": "Civilization, put quite simply, consists in our giving ourselves, as human beings, to the effort to attain the perfection of the human race and the actualization of progress of every sort in the circumstances of humanity and of the objective world…. "Firstly, we must be prepared to act affirmatively toward the world and life; secondly, we must become ethical." It has been said, "we have meet the enemy and he is us." When the question is asked, who is the cause of our present difficulties, no country will say "we share the blame." [31] On the topic of "civilization", many ancient philosophers, the highest minds of the Middle Ages and modern mankind, who can write, have written so many books that it would be enough to warm one big house all winter. However, despite this, to find among these books a clear definition of all aspects of civilization in short is impossible. The reason is that the human brain is not able to sort all this information. I hope in the future, "artificial intelligence" will help humanity to determine the short meaning of the term "civilization". In the meantime, it remains for us to be satisfied only with various clever thoughts that eclipses each other, just as the Moon covers the huge Sun with its disk. Since I am not a philosopher and not a wise genius with a capital letter, but just a thinking man in my own way, I will limit myself to the etymology of this term. Civilization, as its etymology (below) suggests, is a concept originally linked to towns and cities. The earliest emergence of civilizations is generally associated with the final stages of the Neolithic Revolution, culminating in the relatively rapid process of urban revolution and state formation, a political development associated with the appearance of a governing elite. [32] The English word civilization comes from the 16th-century French civilisé ("civilized"), from Latin civilis ("civil"), related to civis ("citizen") and civitas ("city"). [33] The fundamental treatise is Norbert Elias's The Civilizing Process (1939), (6) which traces social mores from medieval courtly society to the Early Modern period. 313 (6) It remains the most influential sociological study of the topic, spawning its own body of secondary literature. Notably, Hans Peter Duerr attacked it in a major work (3,500 pages in five volumes, published 1988–2002). Elias, at the time a nonagenarian, was still able to respond to the criticism the year before his death. In 2002, Duerr was himself criticized by Michael Hinz's Der Zivilisationsprozeß: Mythos oder Realität (2002), saying that his criticism amounted to a hateful defamation of Elias, through excessive standards of political correctness. Der Spiegel 40/2002. In The Philosophy of Civilization (1923), Albert Schweitzer outlines two opinions: one purely material and the other material and ethical. He said that the world crisis was from humanity losing the ethical idea of civilization, "the sum total of all progress made by man in every sphere of action and from every point of view in so far as the progress helps towards the spiritual perfecting of individuals as the progress of all progress". [31] Historically, civilization has often been understood as a larger and "more advanced" culture, in contrast to smaller, supposedly primitive cultures. [34] [35] [36] [37] Similarly, some scholars have described civilization as being necessarily multicultural. [38] Civilization concentrates power, extending human control over the rest of nature, including over other human beings. [39] As an uncountable noun, "civilization" also refers to the process of a society developing into a centralized, urbanized, stratified structure. Civilizations are organized in densely populated settlements divided into hierarchical social classes with a ruling elite and subordinate urban and rural populations, which engage in intensive agriculture, mining, small-scale manufacture and trade. [40] From the above quotes and definitions, we clearly understood that “civilization” is supported only by settlements and cities, factories and new technologies. This leads to the conclusion that when we say the word “civilization”, a huge “fundamental building” is drawn in front of our eyes. For general information, I will say that six territories (cradle) in the world are considered the ancient center of civilization. 1) Fertile crescent moon (Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt); 2) Ancient India; 3) Ancient China; 4) Ancient Peru; 5) Ancient Mesoamerica; 6) The cradle of Western civilization (classical Greece and ancient Rome). [41] And what is the situation with the cradles of the “nomads” about which I am writing and trying to prove that in this huge world there is still another “civilization” built by nomads in the boundless steppes of Eurasia. Do any “nomadic civilization” get through any “holes” into this fundamental building of civilization, built by settled peoples? Among hundreds of quotes about nomads, I found this vague and incomprehensible quote in content: "In this broad sense, a civilization contrasts with non-centralized tribal societies, including the cultures of nomadic pastoralists, Neolithic societies or hunter-gatherers, but sometimes it also contrasts with the cultures found within civilizations themselves." [42] In a word, all the doors, windows and even holes of this fundamental building of civilization are tightly closed for nomads. Sedentary peoples scream to us from the high tower of this building: "Get out of here – smelly barbarians." And indeed, we find "nomads" among the "barbarians": 314 "A barbarian is a human who is perceived to be either uncivilized or primitive. The designation is usually applied as a generalization based on a popular stereotype; barbarians can be members of any nation judged by some to be less civilized or orderly (such as a tribal society) but may also be part of a certain "primitive" cultural group (such as nomads) or social class (such as bandits) both within and outside one's own nation". [42] "The Greeks admired Scythians and Galatians as heroic individuals – and even (as in the case of Anacharsis) as philosophers – but they regarded their culture as barbaric. The Romans indiscriminately characterised the various Germanic tribes, the settled Gauls, and the raiding Huns as barbarians,[citation needed] and subsequent classically oriented historical narratives depicted the migrations associated with the end of the Western Roman Empire as the "barbarian invasions". [42] For instance, the nomadic steppe peoples north of the Black Sea, including the Pechenegs and the Kipchaks, were called barbarians by the Byzantines". [43] What Genghis Khan thought about civilization, nothing, just sneezed at him I sat and thought, because all of the above barbaric peoples – Scythians, Huns, Kipchaks and others were my ancestors. Before me was a difficult choice: what should I do, reject them from myself and join others or pretend that nothing is happening. For various life circumstances, a person is forced to change every day as a chameleon several times. But there are things that cannot be changed either externally (eyes, skin color, belonging to a certain race) and internal (oneself and one's destiny). By the will of my fate, I was born into a family of nomads and will forever remain for others a wild nomad who looks the truth in the eye. Between 1206-1309, the Mongol Empire, headed by Genghis Khan (the imperial house of Borzhigin) formed a multinational empire with a total area of 24,000,000 square kilometers. [44] (7) The great Genghis Khan sat in his golden throne and thought how to manage this huge empire. For many years, he dictated his innermost thoughts to the “Bitikshi” (people who can write), and they wrote “Qyryk Zhasak” (Yehe Zasag - the oral forty code of honor, the law or the Constitution of the nomads). [45] After 800 years, this code of honor of Genghis Khan seems harsh, cruel and even a little ridiculous, but we must not forget that millions of people lived under these laws for hundreds of years. Based on this forty law, in the 15-18 centuries the Kazakh khans Kasym-khan, Esim-khan and Tauke-khan created their own laws "Zheti Zhargy". [46] There was very little word in these laws, but the action emanating from it was enormous. And justice always triumphed ... (7) In fairness, it should be said that this mark in square kilometers was reached only by the Russian Empire in 1895 (22,800,000 sq. km.), the USSR from 1922 until its collapse in 1991 (22,402,200 sq. km.) and much more than everyone else by the British Empire in 1920 (35,500,000 sq. km.). [44] “In the settled peoples, Genghis Khan saw an inveterate desire for material wealth, which was not always honestly acquired, arrogant, insulting treatment of the lower and humiliated peoples before the higher. In their political life, he saw careerism, betrayal and treason. For the same reason, Genghis Khan despised the sedentary peoples and gave a covenant to his descendants and the entire Mongolian people to preserve their nomadic life and beware of becoming sedentary. This covenant 315 of Genghis Khan, until the beginning of the twentieth century, was observed by all nomads of Eurasia. However, it would be erroneous to deduce from the above conclusion that, neglecting the type of people spoiled by civilization, because of this he despised civilization on its own, as it might seem at first glance, judging by the destruction and the beatings of people which he produced in the then cultured countries. On the contrary, one of the most important political tasks that the great Mongol conqueror set himself was precisely the creation of an intermediary from the entire Asian power between the civilizations of the East and West, so that the peoples subject to him could take advantage of the one and the other, and especially the fruits of the materialistic culture of civilized peoples. He did not appreciate the moral character of the settled peoples, but he appreciated their military equipment. ” [47] History and our life itself proves that Genghis Khan was in many respects right. The British author, biographer, historian and journalist Francis James McLynn (born August 29, 1941), known as Frank MacLinn, wrote the book "Genghis Khan. The man who conquered the world." [48] From his book one can catch such an interesting idea that it was Genghis Khan who delayed the “apocalypse of modern civilization” for several centuries, destroying as many settled centers of civilization as possible. Examples of my thoughts can be taken from the nature around us. We all know that wolves are orderlies in the forest, and not “butchers” as people draw. The wolf destroys all weak and sick animals. In addition, it regulates the number of herds. If all predators suddenly disappeared, what would happen? It might seem that moose and roe deer would prosper and live happily, because no one preys on them ... But this is far from the case. They would begin to multiply rapidly and after some time an overpopulation would occur in the herd, hunger due to lack of food, epidemics would begin, because there is no one to take infectious animals from relatives. Then among the ungulates mass pestilence would begin – they would die due to hunger and disease. And in the end, only a handful of surviving weakened animals would remain from the herd. The ecosystem would have suffered along the way – because they would have eaten all the grass, depriving all other forest inhabitants of shelter and food. The corpses of millions of dead ungulates would be decomposed on the bare ground, spreading a terrible smell and pathogenic bacteria through the forest. And all due to the fact that only one link in the food chain has disappeared – the wolf. [49] In my opinion, it is precisely this event that is happening with our civilization today. You can argue on this topic as much as you like, but the essence of our life from this still does not change. To teach former nomads to behave in a civilized manner in the way of the Western world is already useless. They are already educated thanks to modern civilization and read various books, scientific papers, listen to world news and, by the way, write no worse than them. Therefore, sometimes they (the civilized world) should probably listen better and try to understand them. The sedentary civilization (moose and roe deer) wiped out the nomadic civilization (wolves) from the face of the Earth so that the past shameful defeat from them would not be repeated. What happened is what happened. However, in the end, sedentary civilization lost this battle of civilization. Now, any person unbalanced in character can do what he wants, and put the world on the brink of nuclear war. Worst of all, as a result of these transformations, the whole world began to live according to the laws of Sedentary civilization and began to devour everything that fell into their hands and began to 316 deify "debauchery, greed, and a soulless attitude to everything." Scientists' forecasts for the future of our civilization are disappointing, if not war, then hunger will destroy us anyway. In connection with this problem, Charles Jansen writes an interesting idea, which I will give below. “LESSONS FROM THE DESERT: The day when those of a Sedentary disposition could force others to settle is long gone. We now live in an epoch of dissolution, where we have space only because we suffer from rootlessness. But, precisely because of this, nomads survive better and endure less exploitation. In such an environment, the Sedentary may have a lot to learn from the Nomadic. Some of the boundaries of our sedentary world are clearly decaying. Many European cities have become sad and soulless places, with schools, offices, and factories turned into debilitating straitjackets. The children of the sedentary turn into fragile youngsters – or, as the non-White French have come to say, babtous fragiles – mindless consumers but also nice guys, weaklings, and exploitable "soft touches."”. [50] Welcome to the mysterious world of nomads! Man, in fact, at all times of his existence, was an animal (naturally he is not a tree or a stone) and had to live like an animal, always respecting the laws of nature. The Almighty God gave man intellect and consciousness so that he would take care (not destroy) the other other animals that live only by instinct. Man, as a two-legged animal, from time to time had to undergo, like the whole animal, natural selection, so that the next generation would be better in everything than the previous one. However, things did not go as God intended at the beginning of the creation of all living beings. But he patiently treats everything that happens until all this goes beyond what is permitted ... The destruction of human civilization by God or by man himself will occur continuously until one day God reaches his goal as was planned at the beginning of everything. From this moment, a person will comprehend the meaning of his existence on the globe and will no longer repeat the mistakes made by their ancestors. Oddly enough, all these thoughts and wisdom are not taken from the holy books of people, they were recorded in the oral laws of the nomads. I grew up on these oral laws transmitted by my ancestors. Until today, no one has counted how many sections, chapters and verses are in this law of Nature, because it was constantly supplemented with new information. However, the basic verse of this law is clear to all nomads from childhood: "Do not take more from Nature than you need, and return what you took as much as possible, then everything will be in order." Today, when the whole world sucks everything that is possible from Nature, but does not return anything, it seems fantastically impossible to fulfill these requirements of nomads. However, how to be content with the small and insignificant resources that Nature provides, you can learn from the nomadic Kazakhs. It is useless to look for this quality among settled Kazakhs, since they too have become soulless consumers like the Western world. Before entering a nomadic steppe and an unknown civilization, which is based on oral laws, a sedentary world must fulfill several requirements of nomads, no matter how painful they are for modern civilization. Because it is they who are to blame for the disappearance of the nomadic way of life from the face of the Earth. 317 1) publicly recognize nomadic civilization and its multifaceted culture in all rights, for example, on a par with Sedentary civilization; 2) publicly recognize Central Asia, Mongolia and the territory of Kazakhstan as the cradle of nomadic civilization; 3) to finance and stimulate all possible attempts of nomads to revive forgotten ancient traditions and rites; 4) modern civilization can constantly observe, but should never intervene and try to correct the course of events during the revival of a nomadic lifestyle; 5) everything should happen in a natural way, and no one should turn this recovery process into a television show for the sake of entertainment and profit, etc. This will be a very long recovery process. For ten or twenty years it is impossible to revive and remember all the subtleties of a nomadic life, lost hundreds or thousands of years ago. Of course, an advanced, but rotten to the ground, modern civilization can consider all these requirements as unrealistic nonsense and give up on everything. But this may be the only saving straw for the future of our civilization. As we see, the choice is very small: the word “yes” can be of great importance for the future, the word “no” can be the beginning of the end. You can start with a little experiment: one part of the steppe is transferred to settled families from the Western world, and the other part of the steppe is transferred to a nomad tribe. This will not be a competition that determines the intellect and resourcefulness of the two groups, but mutual respect for each other and mutual survival in this empty world of spirituality. The Great Genghis Khan dreamed about this at the beginning of his military campaign to the West. However, the soulless world surrounding humanity did not understand him and he was forced to fight in order to realize his dream. The already worse situation was aggravated by his bloodthirsty descendants, who fought among themselves like dogs that fight over oily bones. In the end, we got the very fragile world today that we did not want at all. What happened then, 800 years ago, has long been gone. The face of the globe has changed a lot. Now there is a unique opportunity to start everything from the very beginning, already without swords and bows. This time, nomadic peoples who are accustomed to living with small reserves and who can protect depleted natural resources will exchange experiences with settled peoples to be happy with those few resources that Nature gives us. Is one recognized and one unrecognized civilization ready to lend a hand of friendship to each other? The whole question lies in this handshake and the openness of the souls of East and West ... After conducting this mini-experiment on the territory of Kazakhstan in a certain period of time, we can conclude whether it is worth continuing the maximum experiment already in the Western world. P.S. By the way, I wrote about this idea of conducting an experiment between nomads and sedentary people in the introduction to the book "Nomads – their mysterious mentality, their calendar and much more that you did not know before." To supplement this idea with new information, I decided to publish this entire article as an introduction to a new book. 318 Additional historical information about the name of Turkestan In the Scandinavian Yngling Saga (XIII century) east of Asgard (the country of Asov or Iasov), Turkland is mentioned (Iceland: Tyrkland – Turkic land). The concept of Turkestan is usually associated with the lands of such modern states as Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, the Turkic-speaking regions of southern Siberia, as well as northern Afghanistan and Iran. In the second half of the 19th century, Turkestan was often divided (rather conditionally) into Western (Russian), Eastern (Chinese) and Southern (northern Afghanistan and Iran). Mostly Turkic population lived in West and East Turkestan, and Iranian-speaking in the South. In the mid-1920s, the term Turkestan gradually fell out of use and was replaced initially in the Russian geographical tradition by the term Central Asia, then this term became used in the geographical literature of all 15 Soviet republics of the USSR and was canonized by Soviet censorship. In the global geographical tradition, the region is part of Central Asia. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, several scientific conferences were held at which it was proposed to abandon the use of the term “Middle Asia” in favor of the generally accepted term “Central Asia”, which includes, in addition to the former Soviet republics, also part of the land of China and Afghanistan. 319 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Turkestan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan 2. Mausoleum of Khoja https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi Ahmed Yasawi: 3. Gladys D. Clewell, Holland Thompson, Lands and Peoples: The world in color, Volume 3, page 163. Excerpt: Never a single nation, the name Turkestan means simply the place of Turkish peoples. 4. Central Asian review by Central Asian Research Centre (London, England), St. Antony's College (University of Oxford). Soviet Affairs Study Group, Volume 16, page 3. Excerpt: The name Turkestan is of Persian origin and was apparently first used by Persian geographers to describe "the country of the Turks". The Russian Empire revived the word as a convenient name for the governorate-general established in 1867 (Russian: Туркестанское генерал-губернаторство); the terms Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, etc., came into use only after 1924. 5. "Nation-State". UNESCO: https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-rights-inclusion/migration 6. Paleri, Prabhakaran (10 May 2014). Integrated Maritime Security: Governing The Ghost Protocol. ISBN 9789382652540. 7. Annette M. B. Meakin, In Russian Turkestan: a garden of Asia and its people, page 44. Excerpt: On their way southward from Siberia in 1864, the Russians took it, and many writers affirm that, mistaking its name for that of the entire region, they adopted the appellation of "Turkestan" for their new territory. Up to that time, they assure us Khanates of Bokhara, Khiva and Kokand were known by these names alone. 8. "Turkistan", Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite. 9. Энциклопедия Британика. Возвращение Туркестана-18 марта 2010 10. President signs a decree on renaming South-Kazakhstan region as Turkestan region, 19 June, 2018: https://qazaqtimes.com/en/article/42387 11. Kultobe – Iasi – history.kz/en/publications/view/3369 Turkestan., © e-history.kz source: https://e- 12. “Turkestan is 2,800 years old”: the city akim made a historic statement: https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/turkestanu-2-800-let-akim-goroda-sdelal-istoricheskoe388949/ 13. Mallory, J. P. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis., pp. 20-21, ISBN 978-1884964985. 14. Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World. Princeton University Press. 15. Hoshko, Tatiana, (2019). "Oriental Technologies in the Production of Cauldrons of Late bronze Age", in _Historiography, Source Studies and Special Historical Disciplines_,SKHID No. 2 (160) March-April 2019, p. 87. 320 16. Andronovo culture: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronovo_culture 17. Fox, Lalueza; Sampietro, M. L.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Facchini, F.; Pettener, D.; Bertranpetit, J. (May 7, 2004). "Unravelling migrations in the steppe: mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient central Asians". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 271 (1542): 941–7. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2698. PMC 1691686. PMID 15255049. 18. European countries by area: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area 19. Kazakhstan and EU expand cooperation., 21 January https://www.inform.kz/en/kazakhstan-eu-expand-cooperation_a3605689 20. Kazakhstan–European European_Union_relations Union relations: 2020., Inform.kz: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan– 21. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Диваев,_Абубакир_Ахметжанович 22. "Turkestan Vedomosti": https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Туркестанские_ведомости 23. Saxons: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxons 24. Greco-Bactrian Kingdom: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom 25. A.Abilasan., “The Mysteries of Ancient Words” (Kone cozder kupiasy), historical research., – Almaty: "Ana tili" Publishing House, 1995., pp. 35-37 26. Foltz, Richard (2013), Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present, London: Oneworld publications, ISBN 978-1-78074-308-0, pp. 10-18 27. Patrick Karl O'Brien, ed. Atlas of World History, concise edn. (NY: Oxford UP, 2002), 45. 28. Abjad: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad 29. Phoenician alphabet: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet 30. Ahnenerbe: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnenerbe 31. The Collected Works of John B. Isom (12/2/1909 http://www.johnbisom.com/PhilosophyOfCivilizationExcerpts.html – 4/23/2004): 32. Civilization: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization 33. Sullivan, Larry E. (2009). The SAGE Glossary of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. SAGE Publications. p. 73. ISBN 9781412951432 34. Boyden, Stephen Vickers (2004). The Biology of Civilisation. UNSW Press. pp. 7-8. ISBN 9780868407661 35. Wright, Ronald (2004). A Short History of Progress. House of Anansi. pp. 115, 117, and 212. ISBN 9780887847066 36. Llobera, Josep (2003). An Invitation to Anthropology. Berghahn Books. pp. 136–137. ISBN 9781571815972 321 37. Bolesti, Maria (2013). Barbarism and Its Discontents. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804785372 38. Adams, Robert McCormick (1966). The Evolution of Urban Society. Transaction Publishers. p. 13. ISBN 9780202365947 39. Wei, Ruan (2011). "Civilization and Culture" (PDF). Globality Studies Journal (24) 40. Mann, Michael (1986). The Sources of Social Power. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 34-41 41. Cradle_of_civilization: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization 42. Barbarian: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian 43. The Pechenegs, Steven Lowe and Dmitriy V. Ryaboy: https://web.archive.org/web/20091027115640/http://www.geocities.com/egfroth1/Pechenegs 44. List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area in excess of 200,000 square kilometers:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_a rea_in_excess_of_200,000_square_kilometers 45. Qyryk Zhasak (Yehe Zasag): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa 46. Zheti Zhargy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheti_Zhargy 47. LitMir – Digital Library> Hara-Dawan Erenzhen> Genghis Khan. The Great Conqueror>Page 18: https://www.litmir.me/br/?b=138755&p=18 48. Frank McLynn. Genghis Khan. The man who conquered the world. © Frank McLynn, 2015. © Translation. D. Lobanov, 2015. © Publication in Russian AST Publishers, 2019 49. Why is a wolf called a orderlies in the forest? https://zooclub.ru/faq/show.php?id=4308 50. By Charles Jansen: The Nomad Vs. The Sedentary: Surviving the rootless future: https://affirmativeright.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-nomad-vs-sedentary-surviving.html 51. History of Turkestan: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan 322 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar Supernatural miracle of Sufi ishanas Copyright 2019 Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published August 28, 2019 Introduction Optical illusion, sleight of hand – we usually think so when we see tricks or encounter wizards. But deep in our souls we ask ourselves a question that has no answer: how do they do it? Unfortunately, any religion and modern science still can not accurately answer this question. Each of us can try to find the answer, but the result will still be zero. Therefore, for many millennia, people without abilities have tried to ban a handful of chosen people from doing fascinating things. However, this did not help. Just write the word “magic, illusionist, wizard” in Internet browsers, and you will see that it is impossible to get rid of them ... When I was about 7 years old, one day my father took me with him. We were in a hurry to the house of his uncle (nagashy) Abuseid Mulla, which is 1.5-2 kilometers from our house. On the way, I asked my father, why are we in such a hurry? The father smiled mysteriously and said: my son, today I want to show you "sikyr" (witchcraft, sorcery, magic (sikyrshylyk), spell (duagerlik)). I had no idea what this word means and what lies ahead! A daughter-in-law came out of the uncle’s house and said that Abuseid Mulla, our relatives and neighbors are already on the bank of the Arys river. My father lifted me up and we ran to the western part of "Yntaly" village. From far away I saw a crowd of people sitting on a steep bank of the river, and among them sat Abuseid Mulla, directing his face towards the Kaaba (Qibla). [1] We quietly sat down and, as everyone with a sinking heart, listened to uniform verses in the Arabic language of Abuseid Mullah. Having finished his Arabic verses, he nodded to someone from the crowd. At this moment, from the cliff down to the river caps and boards flew. An enthusiastic crowd shouted: "Look, look, really, the river is flowing back." Out of curiosity, I went up to the cliff and saw that these caps and boards really sailed against the usual course (the small Arys river flows into the huge Syr Darya river, and not vice versa). This incident forever crashed into my childhood and adult memory. What was it? Mass hypnosis or optical illusion. In my youth and adulthood, I often asked this question to my father. Hardly having heard my question, the father constantly repeated: "My son, to be honest, I myself do not understand how this happens." Once, unable to stand my annoying question, he said that if I were in the yurt (a round wooden nomad house) that the horse fell on, I could understand something. When my father told this funny story, I could not believe what I heard. Because I was not there. However, after the story of my father, I stopped asking about “sikyr” (magic) on the Arys river. According to my father, this funny story with a horse and a yurt occurred in the Kyzylorda region. Once, during a large wedding celebration (Uilenu Toiy), many gathered in a yurt. Young and older people asked Abuseid Mullah to show another miracle. Abuseid Mulla was probably in a good mood, and he asked the audience “what do you want to see”? A very beautiful widow woman lived 323 in that village. After her husband’s death, she rejected all requests from single young men to marry him. Men who were denied marriage were angry with this proud widow. These men asked Abuseid Mullah to show her naked in the inside of the yurt. Abuseid Mulla thought for a moment and said: “This can be arranged if you provide me with one hair from her hair.” After consulting with each other, these men sent one handsome guy to deliver one widow's hair to them. No matter how hard he tried, this widow did not let this guy close to her. Thinking a little about the shame in front of his relatives, that guy pulled out one hair from the mane of a large horse. When Abuseid Mulla conjured with this hair, excited men thought of a beautiful and naked widow. Abuseid Mulla, when he finished his witchcraft, blew three times in the hair with the words "Suf, Suf, Suf." At this very moment, a large horse with which one hair from a mane was taken fell from the sky into a yurt. People did not know where to run, and a frightened horse trampled all the men inside the yurt except Abuseid Mulla. These men only later realized that all this was done as Abuseid Mulla wanted. Thus, the wise Abuseid Mullah retained the good honor of this widow and at the same time got rid of importunate onlookers. I still remember very well how, after the death of Abuseid Mulla, his 90-year-old teacher MazhidQari* [2] visited the modest hearth of our family. This small, peppy old man with a white beard for half a day healed many relatives and neighbors for free. When we were adults, one day my father said that he participated in the funeral of Majid-Kari in the city of Turkestan, and this holy man lived for more than a hundred years. Qari (Arabic: ‫ – َﻗ ِﺎرئ‬Reader) – a person who reads the Quran aloud according to the rules of recitation (tajvid). The artificiality created by man always loses to the supernatural ... Magic, [3] which encompasses the subgenres of illusion, stage magic, and close up magic, is a performing art in which audiences are entertained by staged tricks or illusions of seemingly impossible feats using natural means. [4] [5] It is to be distinguished from paranormal magic [6] which are effects claimed to be created through supernatural means. It is one of the oldest performing arts in the world. Modern entertainment magic, as pioneered by 19th-century magician Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin, has become a popular theatrical art form. [7] As a form of entertainment, magic easily moved from theatrical venues to television specials, which opened up new opportunities for deceptions, and brought stage magic to huge audiences. Famous magicians of the 20th century included Okito, David Devant, Harry Blackstone Sr., Harry Blackstone Jr., Howard Thurston, Theodore Annemann, Cardini, Joseph Dunninger, Dai Vernon, Fred Culpitt, Tommy Wonder, Siegfried & Roy, and Doug Henning. [8] During this period, performance magic became a staple of Broadway theatre, vaudeville, and music halls. Popular 20th- and 21st-century magicians include David Copperfield, Lance Burton, James Randi, Penn and Teller, David Blaine, Criss Angel, Hans Klok, Derren Brown and Dynamo. [9] Well-known women magicians include Dell O'Dell and Dorothy Dietrich. Most television magicians perform before a live audience, who provide the remote viewer with a reassurance that the illusions are not obtained with post-production visual effects. [10] 324 Since a huge number of people and financial resources are involved in this type of entertainment industry, to have any own opinion against them seems blasphemous. And even dangerous to your health and life. As they say, only a powerful magician can resist magic, than the previous one. We all saw this from the Harry Potter series (series of fantasy novels written by British author J. K. Rowling). [11] Many secrets of American and European magic, to this day are not disclosed, like other magic in the world. However, the history of western hemisphere magic is documented carefully and accurately in writing. From these sources you can learn about such personalities as Aleister Crowley (1875-1947), who, having the secrets of magic, declared himself a prophet and at the same time became a Satanist. Crowley gained widespread notoriety during his lifetime, being a recreational drug experimenter, bisexual and an individualist social critic. He was denounced in the popular press as "the wickedest man in the world" and a Satanist. Crowley has remained a highly influential figure over Western esotericism and the counterculture, and continues to be considered a prophet in Thelema. He is the subject of various biographies and academic studies. [12] What is happening at this time in the Western world reminds me very much of the story of the prophet Mose (peace be upon him) and his opposition to the pharaoh of Egypt. To be precise in describing that incident, I will quote passages from the Qur'an. I have nothing personal against magic, I just want to give readers “food” for thought. Pharaoh and his inner circle accused Mose of wanting to destroy the centuries-old faith of Egypt and take power in the country into their own hands. Pharaoh intended to present the Prophet Mose as an ordinary sorcerer, who sought to gain power over people by deception. To humiliate the Prophet in front of everyone, declare him a liar, he appointed a contest of magicians. Thus, the pharaoh wanted to further strengthen his authority and show himself as a just ruler. On the day of the contest, the Prophet Mose and the best magicians and sorcerers of Egypt gathered in the very center of the city, in the presence of crowds of residents. [13] 7 Surah. Al-A'raf (The Heights) [14] 115. They said, "O Moses, either you throw [your staff], or we will be the ones to throw [first]." 116. He said, "Throw," and when they threw, they bewitched the eyes of the people and struck terror into them, and they presented a great [feat of] magic. 117. And We inspired to Moses, "Throw your staff," and at once it devoured what they were falsifying. 118. So the truth was established, and abolished was what they were doing. 119. And Pharaoh and his people were overcome right there and became debased. The miracles revealed by the Prophet Mose turned even sorcerers and magicians to the faith, who recognized the Power of the Lord. 26 Surah. Ash-Shu'ara (The Poets) [14] 46. So the magicians fell down in prostration [to Allah ]. 325 47. They said, "We have believed in the Lord of the worlds, 48. The Lord of Moses and Aaron." The victory won by the Prophet Mose over sorcerers and magicians and their recognition of the Prophet Mose as the messenger of the Almighty One God, was a blow to the pharaoh. The reaction of the pharaoh who declared himself a god was harsh, and how could it be otherwise: he was humiliated in the eyes of his people, showed his helplessness. The Prophet Mose, peace be upon him, with his victory began to pose a real threat to the power of the pharaoh and the state system. [13] What happened next, we all know. By the way, the collapse of the idea of communism and the USSR happened in exactly the same way. History is trying to teach us: the artificiality created by man always loses to the supernatural ... What is the difference between Asian magic and European magic As can be seen from the above materials, in the western hemisphere a simple person from the crowd can become an illusionist, [15] wizard, [16] sorcerer, [17] and live rich and famous. He can declare himself the prophet of a new religion and lead people astray from the righteous path. However, in this life he is not in danger. He is protected by an omnipotent democracy. The Western world never thought of the other world (akhiret) and probably will not think. The Holy Quran warns: their torment will go on forever ... In the expanses of Central Asia and the Kazakh steppe, such "know-how" has never happened. However, now among the Kazakh youth there are talented illusionists and wizards. But they have no idea that their craft only 50-100 years ago was the craft of religious people. The only difference is that the old generation of "magicians" really possessed something supernatural, and the young generation of "magicians" uses only the technique of optical deception and sleight of hand. In pagan times, only single and selected "shamans" (priests) [18] performed the role of wizards and magicians. Unfortunately, no one recorded the actions and wonders of shamans. Nomads simply remembered the names of gifted shamans and passed memorable magical actions from generation to generation orally. This tradition has not changed with the advent of Islam in these endless lands in the person of Sufis. [19] Individual members of Sufi orders, which showed different types of miracles, were called “ishan” [20] or “akhun” 200-300 years ago by ordinary people. This is a very confusing and mysterious topic. If someone will be interested in my superficial research, I will tell, as far as I know (but this is not much), about Sufism and about ishanas ... We say everything has an explanation in this world. But this is not true... In 1991, I was appointed editor-in-chief of the Islamic newspaper “Al-Iman” under the Religious Administration of Muslims of Kazakhstan. [21] [22] For the first time in their history, Kazakh Muslims separated and became independent from the Central Asian Muftiate (Tashkent). [23] Our country (Kazakhstan and the USSR as a whole) was not yet recovering from the toxic effects of scientific atheism and communist ideology. 326 Referring only to the Holy Quran [24] and Sahih Hadith, [25] it was impossible to fill out a 4-page (A-2 format) newspaper. Miraculously preserved and morally (physical) obsolete religious literature did not allow our newspaper to present the whole picture of Islam. [26] I was especially interested in how Kazakh Muslims lived and believed in Islam before the Soviet regime. Having finished my editorial work at 18 o’clock, I had to sit and read various books, directly or indirectly related to the Islamic religion, in the far corner of the central Pushkin library in Almaty. Once, in a rare library fund, I found a book by the military governor of Samarkand region, Major General Lykoshin Neil Sergeyevich (1860-1922). [27] Having just read several sections of this book, I understood a little about the pre-revolutionary religious life of not only the Kazakh nomads, but, in general, the Muslims of Central Asia (Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Tajiks, Turkmens). By the way, an excerpt from this book can be found among the literature in Academia.edu. [28] I had a feeling that the "thin natural thread", stretching from the depths of centuries in the Kazakh steppe, during the reign of Soviet power, was interrupted, and she was very tangled in a ball. I tried to untwist this closed tangle of past religious life of nomads, I wanted to systematize it and make it understandable for ordinary Muslims of the Kazakhs. But I did not expect that my naive plan would frighten the then religious leaders of Kazakhstan. Endless conflicts began with religious leaders, and I could not stand their onslaught. On May 5, 1995, I resigned from the post of chief editor of the Islamic newspaper "Al-Iman". Major General of the occupying military of the Russian tsarist army N.S. Lykoshin really achieved a lot in his studies of Sufism and dervishism in the Turkestan Territory. However, his intention (niyat) [29] to understand and achieve the essence of Sufism from the very beginning had a malicious intent. All his thorough studies of Sufism served as instructions for the Russian colonialists in the fight against nomads (how best to destroy their moral principles): “In promoting Sufi teachings, we should see not only a means of gradual Islamization of Kazakh (Kyrgyz) nomads, but also a powerful engine motivated by the political unity of the peoples of Islam. The spread of Sufism in our Turkestan region cannot be recognized as desirable, therefore, it is necessary to find measures to weaken the influence of "ishans" on the dark mass of people". [28, 114 p.] Upon learning of his evil intentions (niyat), most likely he was cursed by ishanas. As a result, he died of a terrible disease – lung sarcoma... [30] Nevertheless, his huge works can be used in the process of restoring the ancient moral principles of the Kazakh nomads. For example, omnipotent empires like Britain, the USSR (Shuravi) and the USA at different periods in the modern era were not able to conquer the small, illiterate and backward Afghan people. Here the whole secret lies in Sufism, that is, the blood, bone and brain of the Afghan people are saturated with the principles of Sufism. With weapons and blunt force such a people can never be defeated ... The aforementioned Major General N.S. Lykoshin in his "works" often and specifically describes the "miracles" of the created Etzhemes (Et-yimos) ishan. Judging by his records in 1895, Etzhemes (meaning "does not eat meat" [vegetarian] from 39 years old) ishan was 62 years old. His real name is Ishan Baba Akhun Shadman Kozha Ishanov. In 1997, in the journal "Parasat", I wrote a short article about Etzhemes Ishan. 327 “Tashkent healer Ishan Etzhemes (Et-yimas), who won fame among the Kazakhs for charity and dedication, began to live among the Kazakhs who live in the valley of the Syr Darya. On the hottest days of the year (month - schilde), he fasted forty days (chillah) in underground chambers (Kor Khana) dug by him in four places and uttered mysterious prayers. The rest of the year he devoted to healing, or rather reporting to the sick, since the ishan was also “Qasida-khan”, [31] i.e. possessed the ability through prayers to heal from diseases. During the cholera epidemic in 1892, Etzhemes ishan tirelessly visited patients with cholera in the steppes from Shymkent to Perovsk (now Kzylorda) and, according to the nomadic Kazakhs, healed the patients, laying his hands on them. The faith in Etzhemes ishan was so great that this old man was transported from aul to aul. At the end of the epidemic, the ishan was so weak that he could no longer ride. Then the Kazakhs carried him on a stretcher. At first, Russian military doctors ironically looked at this pathetic picture. They thought "how can a dangerous infection be cured in simple words." However, an hour after reading the prayer of Etzhemes Ishan, the sick began to leave the yurt healthy. That's when Russian officers could not believe their eyes. By the way, this amazing case is documented by the same military officers in the reports. But for a long time I could not answer one question. Why did the Kazakh nomads call him Etzhemes Ishan and why did he refuse to eat meat? In early 2002, a middle-aged man came to my office. He introduced himself as a descendant of Etzhemes Ishan (unfortunately I forgot his name and surname). He asked me where I got information about Etzhemes ishan. I indicated the sources of information known to me. Before parting, he asked me: “You do not want to know why our ancestor was called Etzhemes ishan?” I said, "Oh, come on, I have long wanted to know about this." I am writing about this incredible story for the first time in 17 years. Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman (1818-1882) [32] in 1867 was appointed Governor-General of the Turkestan Territory, commander of the troops of the Turkestan Military District. He heard many times about the amazing "miracles" performed by Sufi ishanas. Once he wanted to personally verify this and invited all the famous ishanas of the Turkestan region to his gala dinner. On the appointed day, all the ishanas of the region gathered for the gala dinner. Before the gala dinner, the GovernorGeneral himself made a short speech and suggested that respected ishans would try the national dish of the Russian people – soup from the hare. All ishanas began to taste this delicious soup with an appetite. The Governor General with a keen look went around all the ishanas and noticed one single ishan who did not even touch the plate. He ordered his adjutant and translator to find out why this ishan does not eat the dish like the rest. This ishan was loudly saying, “I don’t eat a cat.” There was dead silence around and all the ishanas looked at their plate in dismay. The Governor-General jumped out of his seat and immediately ordered the ishan to prove his word. Ishan was not taken aback, bent down to his plate, read a short prayer and blew three times into the plate with the words “Suf, Suf, Suf” and slightly pushed the plate from its place. And at that moment a live cat jumped out of a hot plate out. Then there was the unimaginable noise of distressed ishanas and Russian officials with the words "how is this possible?" This ishan sternly looked straight into the eyes of the Governor General, got up and left without permission. The Governor-General silently sat at the table and probably thought that all these gossip about ishans had a real truth. Governor General K.P. Kaufman, who wanted to humiliate ishanov in 328 this way and get the better of them, was not successful. After this incident, in the high circles of the Russian intelligentsia the word "east is a delicate matter" appeared. This ishan, you guessed it, was – Etzhemes ishan. After this incident, he did not eat meat until the end of his life. It is precisely documented that Etzhemes Ishan spent 40 "chillas" (40-day fasting) in Kor Khan in a row, which equals 1600 days in total. About the remaining "miracles" conducted by Etzhemes ishan can be read in the aforementioned book. Epilogue A true wizard and magician can be considered a person who works not for his wide and bottomless pocket, but for the benefit of the people around him. Is it possible to do such "miracles" in the modern world? Of course, it is possible if this special person, chosen by Allah, believes (al-Iman) in Almighty Allah with all his heart and soul and leads a conscious ascetic lifestyle throughout his life. Almost all the famous representatives of Sufism were such, they were very poor, and they spent all the donation money on charitable deeds. May Allah Tagala be merciful over them and may their place in the next world (akhiret) be Paradise. One thing is clear as God's day. The temptation, greed and injustice of this world is so great that it practically does not leave even a tiny place for a real wizard and magician. You will have to put up with it and live on ... enjoying the optical illusion and sleight of hand! BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Kaaba: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba 2. Qāriʾ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qāriʾ 3. Magic (illusion): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(illusion) 4. Foley, Elise (3 May 2016). "Do You Believe In Magic? Congress Does". The Huffington Post. 5. Gibson, Bill (18 March 2016). "David Copperfield Is The Magic Force Behind A Must-Read Congressional Resolution". The Washington Post. 6. Magic (supernatural): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(supernatural) 7. "Recognizing magic as a rare and valuable art form and national treasure". H.Res No. 642 of March 2016. 8. Steinmeyer, Jim (2003). Hiding the Elephant. Da Capo Press. 9. Dynamo_(magician): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo_(magician) 10. Chambers, Colin (2002). Continuum Companion to Twentieth Century Theatre. Continuum. p. 471. 11. Harry Potter: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter 12. Aleister Crowley: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleister_Crowley 329 13. The Prophet Mose, peace be upon him, and the faith of magicians., Morality., September 17, 2016, http://sotvoreniye.com/post/prorok-Mose-mir-emu-i-vera-magov 14. Quran.com (Also known as the Noble Quran, Al Quran, Holy Quran, Koran) is a pro bono project. © 2016 Quran.com: https://quran.com 15. Illusion: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusion 16. Wizard: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard 17. Witchcraft: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft 18. Shamanism: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism 19. Sufism: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism 20. Ishan: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ишан 21. Religious Administration of Kazakhstan's https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Духовное_управление_мусульман_Казахстана Muslims: 22. Islam in Kazakhstan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Kazakhstan 23. Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_Administration_of_the_Muslims_of_Central_Asia_and_Kaz akhstan 24. Holy Quran: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran 25. Sahih Hadith: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith 26. Islam: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam 27. Lykoshin N. S., Sex of life in Turkestan [Text]: Essays on the Life of the Native Population / Warehouse of the Association "V.A. Berezovsky", Commander of Military Educational Institutions .- Petrograd, 1916.- 415 p. 28. Lykoshin N. S.: https://www.academia.edu/34917612/Лыкошин_Ишаны 29. Niyat: https://www.answers.com/Q/Why_is_Niyat_important_to_Muslims 30. Military Governor of Samarkand Region, Major General Lykoshin Nil Sergeevich (1860-1922), a brief biography in Russian: http://ria1914.info/index.php/Лыкошин_Нил_Сергеевич 31. Qasida: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasida 32. Konstantin Petrovich von https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Petrovich_von_Kaufmann 330 Kaufmann: By Kaldarhan A. Kambar Description of the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi" and the rule of its use Copyright 2019 Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published October 02, 2019 Preface In the last 20 years, I began to think that in ancient times some kind of global catastrophe happened to our civilization. As a result of which, our great human race has lost many useful properties, qualities and things inherent to man, among which was a very important second half of his calendar. It was a lunar-stellar calendar. D ancient times, different races of people lived, they flourished and developed as fast as we are now. However, one fine day, the Iron Curtain descended from heaven and darkness began ... in a strange way, all the ancient peoples over time forgot how this unique lunar-stellar calendar works. Many attempts have been made to revive the lost lunar-stellar calendar. But all the attempts of mankind were in vain, always got some kind of awkward hybrid calendars. These calendars were – lunar, lunisolar and solar calendars. At the end of this article, advanced people will definitely notice that the lunar-stellar calendar has always been very close, just one step away from us. But we only found out about it after two or three thousand years, thanks to the Turkic-speaking nomads who did not even suspect that they were mastering the most “secret knowledge” that the whole world had been looking for and not finding all this time. What advantage does humanity have with this lunar-stellar calendar? This unique calendar will open for people the long-closed “third eyes” and “sixth sense” and, most importantly, will open the “stargate” for humanity. As I said above, in some incomprehensible way, the silhouettes and outlines of the lunar-stellar calendar are preserved among the Turkic-speaking nomads of Eurasia. However, his condition was like a smoke-lamp, which flickers barely alive under the blow of the winds of change. It was necessary to act quickly, sacrificing everything that is, in order to save the last original of the lunarstellar calendar. In my many years of research, I tried to establish the reason for the preservation of this calendar among nomads. I think I have gathered enough evidence "about this reason" in my short thousandyear life. They are presented in my various articles and books. It remains only to read them carefully. After reading them, you will find your treasure of spiritual life, carried away by the winds of time lost for centuries. Of course if you want it ... 331 Why "about the calendars of nomads" became known only now? There are many explanations for this problem, basically it can be explained as a natural result of five objective reasons: Firstly, even after numerous annexations of the land of nomads by formidable neighbors (Russians, Chinese), the territory of the country is very large (it occupies the 9th place in the world); Secondly, the territory occupied by Kazakh nomads for thousands and thousands of years has become an arena of endless military (war of Genghis Khan, Kalmaks and Zhongars, etc.) and social disasters, where people died in millions (for example, the famine of 1932); [1] Thirdly, the elected timekeeper (Abyz) Esepshi always worked alone, secretly from prying eyes and neutrally, each in their own regions; Fourth, each Esepshi kept his knowledge acquisition so secretly leaving them only to his descendants or capable students (the number of moon phases, numbers coverings of the Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon, mathematical equality, astronomical formulas, names of the lunar and solar months, etc.); Fifth, when these disparate regions of the nomads united into one whole country (the Kazakh Republic), all these so-called “secrets” surfaced and confusion began, which continues to this day, etc. Many Russian and European researchers in the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with good intentions, tried to fully study, systematize and publish the "Kazakh national calendar." However, these attempts by Western scientists from the very beginning were a failure and would have ended even worse as they are now and more disastrously. Fortunately for the nomads, many misunderstandings began, the result of which affects to this day. For example, many Esepshi could not meet with these researchers, since they were constantly in deserted steppes, and simple Kazakh nomads from the southern, central, northern, eastern and western regions, who know almost nothing about calendars, interpreted the main lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” differently. Ultimately, these researchers who did not know the language, rituals, mentality of the nomads gave up on all this and left. They just didn’t leave, they wrote where possible that the nomads “can’t count days, months and years”, etc. This shameful nonsense of researchers and injustice regarding nomads has not been removed or refuted to this day. Since the numerous and multifaceted knowledge of Kazakh Esepshi from different regions was never recorded or systematized by anyone, in the twentieth century, even in the Kazakh media and books [2] there was a lot of confusion regarding the calendar months. Survivors of many social and other disasters, some modern descendants of the ancient Esepshi still keep many objects, tools and ancient knowledge at the very bottom of their chests and protect them as a “family shrine” from prying eyes. Thus, the nomads, not even knowing what “intimate knowledge” they keep in their chests, lived and continue to live as they like. Perhaps God needed a nomad who knows all this "forgotten knowledge" from the inside. Sometimes I regret (why do I need all this), sometimes I rejoice that it 332 was me who turned out to be this nomad. How all this can end for me, I honestly do not know. Only one God knows everything. While I am alive, I will continue to explore the nomads and their knowledge, and I will write, write and write again ... The Nebra sky disk – a primitive lunar-stellar calendar of antiquity Discovery: The disk, two bronze swords, two hatchets, a chisel, and fragments of spiral bracelets were discovered in 1999 by Henry Westphal and Mario Renner while they were treasure-hunting with a metal detector. Archaeological artifacts are the property of the state in Saxony-Anhalt. The Nebra sky disk is a bronze disk of around 30 centimeters (11 ¾ in) diameter and a weight of 2.2 kilograms (4.9 lb), having a blue-green patina and inlaid with gold symbols. These symbols are interpreted generally as the Sun or full moon, a lunar crescent, and stars (including a cluster of seven interpreted as the Pleiades). Two golden arcs along the sides, interpreted to mark the angle between the solstices, were added later. A final addition was another arc at the bottom surrounded with multiple strokes (of uncertain meaning, variously interpreted as a Solar Barge with numerous oars, the Milky Way, or a rainbow). The disk is attributed to a site in present-day Germany near Nebra, Saxony-Anhalt, and dated by Archaeological association to c. 1600 BC. Researchers suggest the disk is an artifact of the Bronze Age Unetice culture. History: The disk as preserved was developed in four stages (Meller 2004): Initially the disk had thirty-two small round gold circles, a large circular plate, and a large crescentshaped plate attached. The circular plate is interpreted as either the Sun or the full Moon, the crescent shape as the crescent Moon (or either the Sun or the Moon undergoing eclipse), and the dots as stars, with the cluster of seven dots likely representing the Pleiades. At some later date, two arcs (constructed from gold of a different origin, as shown by its chemical impurities) were added at opposite edges of the disk. To make space for these arcs, one small circle was moved from the left side toward the center of the disk and two of the circles on the right were covered over, so that thirty remain visible. The two arcs span an angle of 82°, correctly indicating the angle between the positions of sunset at summer and winter solstice at the latitude of the Mittelberg (51°N). [3] Given that the arcs relate to solar phenomena, it is likely the circular plate represents the Sun not the Moon. The final addition was another arc at the bottom, the "sun boat", again made of gold from a different origin. By the time the disk was buried it also had thirty-nine holes punched out around its perimeter, each approximately 3 mm in diameter. [4] I read a lot of literature about the heavenly disk of Nebra and am not satisfied with any of them. I am amused by the read materials, really the human imagination knows no bounds. How can the last phase of the moon before a new moon be called a "sun boat". Every human imagination must have boundaries, because we must not jump above facts and arguments. [5] As a person who has studied the lunar-stellar calendar throughout his entire conscious life, I see from this Germanic “The Nebra sky disk” a primitive lunar-stellar calendar, which may have been used thousands of years earlier than the Greek “The Antikythera mechanism”. I look at the beautiful 333 “Sky Disc of Nebra” and see painfully familiar to me the various moon phases and most importantly coverings of the Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon. My hypothesis (by the way, not imagination) is confirmed by thirty-nine openings along the perimeter of the "The Nebra sky disk". To prove my theory, I will give one small astro-mathematical equality: 1) 7 × 4 weeks = 28 days × 39 months = 1092 days ÷ 37 months = 29.5 days; 2) 7 × 4 weeks = 28 days × 39 months = 1092 days ÷ 40 months = 27.3 days; 3) 7 × 4 weeks = 28 days × 39 months = 1092 days ÷ 3 years = 364 days. The question arises: what method did the ancient Germans set in motion, or how did the days in this “miracle computer” of the Bronze Age count? The answer is very banal and simple: the ancient German priest (“Esepshi” or “Pontiff”) always wore a long leather belt about 2-3 mm wide or 39 wooden pegs with a diameter of about 3 mm in his leather bag (“Kise” or “Bag for counting days”). Every divine day and during each coverings of the Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon, an ancient German priest tied a leather belt to holes with a diameter of about 3 mm or, in order, they plugged wooden pegs on these holes. [6] We must not forget for a minute that it was this ancient method that led our civilization at the present stage of human development to technical and technological breakthroughs ... The lunar-stellar calendar was known in the Stone Age Not only the ancient Turkic and European peoples of Eurasia, perhaps all the ancient peoples of the world at the dawn of human civilization used a lunar-stellar calendar based on the movement of the moon around the Earth. The main role in this calendar was played by a motionless handful of stars (the so-called "star cluster"). The ancient Turkic-speaking peoples called this star (constellation) – Urker (Meshin), and the Europeans – Pleiades. [7] The most ancient drawing of the Pleiades is painted on the Lascaux cave 16.5 thousand years ago (Fr. Grotte de Lascaux). [8] Very ancient drawings of the Pleiades can be found around the world (Sumerians, Arabs, Persians, Turkic peoples, Chinese, Indians, ancient peoples of Mesoamerica and others), including in the ancient petroglyphs [9] of Central Asia [10] and Kazakhstan. [11] The seemingly (deceiving) Pleiades movement is described in the writings of the ancient Greek chronicler Hesiod (Works and Days) [12] and the ancient Roman encyclopedist Marcus Terenti Varro (Agriculture). [13] In fairness, it should be noted that the structure and principle of operation of this lunar-stellar calendar were reflected in the so-called “Antikythera mechanism”, discovered at the beginning of the twentieth century in Greece. Derek J. De Solla Price (1922-1983) conducted an X-ray study of the The Antikythera mechanism and constructed its scheme. [14] In 1959, he published in the journal Scientific American a detailed description of the mechanism. [15] A complete device diagram was introduced only in 1971 and contained 32 gears. Price (1974) states that: “The differential turntable is certainly the most spectacular mechanical feature of the Antikythera device because of its extreme sophistication and lack of any historical precedent” 334 Price also comments that there are people who would rather attribute the creation of the mechanism to visiting alien astronauts rather than accept that our forbears possessed the technical knowledge and engineering ability to design and construct such a complex device over two-thousand years ago. The gears were designed to approximate a astronomical ratio 13.368267 that was approximated by the ratio 254/19 = 13.36842105 which represents an accuracy of 1/86000. According to the results presented by the American Mathematical Society an explanation could be that the astronomers observed an almost exact duplication of the pattern of equinoxes and solstices (sun) and phases of the moon in a 19-year cycle. The Athenian astronomer Meton (fifth century B.C.), for example, noted that 19 years almost exactly matches 235 synodic months, which correspond to 235+19=254 revolutions of the moon with respect to the stars. It picks up an extra one each year from its trip with us around the sun. The analysis with continued fractions shows that much more complex gears (with more teeths) would be required to approach the next better approximation expressed as ratio 4465/334. [16] [17] However, until now neither Price himself nor any other European scientist has been able and even tried to explain to the reader how these figures interact 235 + 19 = 254. Moreover, there is not a word about these numbers in the English-language Wikipedia. [18] Most likely, long-standing human weakness played an important role here (no number – no problem). I am really surprised by the "deathly silence" of Western scientists around the lunar-stellar calendar. Why is the all-knowing “Empire of knowledge and new technologies” (European world) circumventing this topic or is it a forbidden (taboo) topic?! Individual people, some countries or entire continents in order to achieve progress will necessarily sacrifice something very very expensive and sacred concept for them. I think this is exactly what happened with the lunar-stellar calendar. Ancient civilizations chose a simpler and more understandable lunar, lunisolar and solar calendar, and later they could not remember how the lunar-stellar calendar worked. To achieve progress, over the past hundred years, Kazakh nomads completely abandoned the nomadic lifestyle and turned into urban residents. This is a cruel law of life and there is nothing you can do about it. But, whether history will justify these actions of nomads, this is a completely different topic. Remembering your past is not as easy as we think In this short description of the author devoted to the lunar-stellar calendar, readers will be surprised to find exactly the same numbers from the “Antikythera mechanism” as 235 synodic months + 19 solar years = 254 stellar months. These numbers or the ordinal number of the lunar and lunar-stellar months are located in the 1st column of the next 24 tables or 24-year cycle (12 + 12 = 24: 20082032 AD). Nomads knew well about the amazing property of the 19 year lunisolar cycle, but for some reason they used only 12 summer animal cycles (Mouse, Cow, Barys (Snow Leopard), Hare, Wolf (Snail), Snake, Horse, Sheep, Mechin (Urker-Pleiades), Hen, Dog, Pig). As we can see, the 9th sign in the 12-year cycle "Meshin-Urker-Pleiades" is not an animal, but the name of a star cluster. What does he do among animal "signs"? After about every 9 years, Ai (Moon) “completely” (full coverage) or “partially” (partial coverage) covers Urker (Pleiades). About every 9 years, Ai (Moon) alternately “fully” (full coverage) or “partially” (partial coverage) covers Urker (Pleiades). Every 4 cycles of 9 years, this strange phenomenon Ay and Urker is repeated from the very beginning in the 12-year 335 animal cycle (9 × 4 = 36 ÷ 3 = 12). Later, the nomads used the exact 84 year cycle (9.33 × 9 = 84 ÷ 7 = 12). Therefore, among the Kazakh nomads, the most sacred numbers are 7 and 9. Perhaps for the first time in two or three thousand years, the entire human civilization will see with its own eyes how the lunar month and years (29.53 days = 354-355-383-384) and the lunar-stellar month and years (27.32 days = 355-356-382-383) is combined into a single whole system that works like a Swiss watch. This is an incredible but irrefutable fact in the sense that this calendar was not only preserved, but also developed among the nomads [19] of Central Asia. They called this lunar-stellar calendar – Togys esebi. [20] Translated, this name means "Calendar coverings of the Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon". Urker is the Kazakh name for the Pleiades star cluster. [21] Although until recently these nomads were called and considered "barbarians", "savages", "natives", but it would be worth bowing their heads before their astronomical knowledge. For a long time, the author of this article was engaged in streamlining and systematizing the astronomical knowledge of his ancestors. In the end, this hard work paid off, and all the effort (a lifetime) was not wasted. As a researcher who knows the mentality, language and train of thought (logic) of nomads from the inside, I managed to restore our forgotten past. I am almost sure that when readers from any corner of the Earth see the drawings of the Pleiades and the Moon on this completed calendar, their inner voice will say: “Yes, this is the same calendar that we have imagined.” Many of us still think that all Roman calendars, including the Julian and Gregorian calendars, are purely solar calendars. However, the examples below prove that all Roman calendars from the very beginning had very close ties to the synodic and sidereal months. Let's start with the ancient Roman calendar, which had only 304 days in a year. Many modern researchers are trying to associate 304 days with synodic months consisting of 29.53 days. But these futile attempts do not stand even simple arithmetic checks: 1) 29.53 days × 10 synodic months = 295 days + 9 = 304 days; It is hard to deny that the ancient Roman 304-day year goes well with sidereal months: 2) 27.32 days × 11 sidereal months = 300.5 days + 3.5 = 304 days; If we take into account that in ancient times people did not know the exact meaning of the stellar month, then it becomes clear why the ancient Romans chose just such a short year consisting of 304 days: 3) 27.636 days × 11 sidereal months = 304 days ÷ 10 month = 30.4 days; 4) 304 days + 61 days (the period when the Pleiades are not visible) = 365 days. This primitive calendar was used during the reign of the first king of Romulus. [22] In the days of Numa Pompilius (753-673 BC), this 304-day calendar was replaced by another calendar, in the year of which there were 355, 355, 377 and 378 days. [23] These 355 and 378 day years were closely related to the lunar-stellar calendar, similar to the "Togys esebi": 1) 27.31 days × 13 months = 355 days; 336 2) 29 days × 13 months = 377 days; 3) 27 days × 14 months = 378 days. However, the Romans did not count days and months as we now count. To count the days in years the priests of the Romans (pontiff) used – Calend (the word "calendar" arose from this word). This method of counting time was very similar to “Amal” (period of 6-9 days), which was used by the priests of the nomads – Esepshi: 1) Kalends (Kalendae or Kal.), the 1st day of each month; 2) Nones (Nonae or Non.), the 7th day of full months and 5th day of hollow ones, 8 days – "nine" by Roman reckoning – before the Ides in every month; 3) Ides (Idus, variously Eid. or Id.), the 15th day of full months and the 13th day of hollow ones, a day less than the middle of each month. [24] [25] We can clearly see that it was the sidereal month (27.3 days) after several calendar reforms in Europe that nevertheless retained a close relationship with the old Julian [26] and modern Gregorian [27] calendar. The number of days of the European months from January to September: 1) 31 + 28 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 31 + 30 = 273 ÷ 10 month = 27.3 days 2) 365 + 365 + 365 = 1095 ÷ 40 month = 27.375 days That is not all, but I believe that these facts are enough for a logical reflection ... on the past and draw a parallel with the future! So that the reader can imagine, “what kind of calendar is this,” below is the finished calendar table “Togys esebi” for the years 2019-2021 C.E. In the calendar table, all the description and explanation is given from the point of view of the Turkic-speaking peoples and of course from the point of view of the Kazakh nomads. However, over time, in the properties and structures of this lunar-stellar calendar, the peoples of Europe begins to see their past associated with their traditional customs and rites. Will the present descendants of the ancient peoples of Eurasia accept this lunar-stellar calendar in the future? I think the question remains open until modern human society first-hand sees the viability of this calendar. Basic description of the lunar-stellar calendar Modern humanity, living on the Eurasian continent and throughout the world for the past 400 years, is used to counting days in the form of a calendar table divided into seven lines, where seven days of the week (Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat, Sun) are usually stand in the front row. Therefore, it is in this format that the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi", designed for 2019-2021, is presented. However, for its full understanding and proper application by modern descendants of the human race, a brief explanation of some new names, terms and numbers is necessary. 337 In appearance, this lunar-stellar calendar looks like a regular calendar, which we used to see every day. However, if you look closely at its structure, you will immediately see the main four unusual differences from other calendars familiar to us: - in this calendar every month begins with different lunar phases; - in this calendar, the Pleiades star cluster is constantly present; - in this calendar, days in months never exceed 27 and 28 days; - in this calendar, months in a year is 13 months in a common year, 14 months in a intercalary (leap) year, etc. 1) The main feature in the lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” The main feature of the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi" is that it again brings back such a forgotten concept of humanity as “neomenia”. This word is translated from Greek as “new moon”, and in Kazakh it sounds like “Zhana Ai” (literally “New Moon”) or “Tugan Aydin zhanasy” (literally “Newborn Moon”). Thus, the very first month (1 togys aiy) in “Togys esebi” always begins only with “neomenia” and always starts from mid-April to the first half of the month of May (approximately in the interval 04/12 – 05/09). However, Euro-American astronomy is now called the "new moon" that Moon phase, when it is not visible at all in the sky. Since ancient times, the “new moon” of modern astronomers in the Kazakh language has been called “Oliara”, which means “Dead middle ground” or “The moon is between the dead and the living world.” Thus, the second month (25 [common year] or 27 [intercalary year] togys aiy) in “Togys esebi” always starts only with “Oliara” (modern “new moon”) and always starts from mid-May until the beginning of the month of June (approximately in the interval 05/10 – 06/05), etc. As we see, these main features of the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi" completely contradict the basic concepts and rules of modern astronomy. Regardless of whether we like these rules or not, without these basic features, the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi" does not work. 2) Explanation of the lunar phases in the lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” Since more than half of humanity on our planet uses the lunar and lunar-solar calendar, to this day we know the description of only 8 phases of the moon: 1) new moon; 2) waxing crescent; 3) first quarter; 4) waxing gibbous; 5) full moon; 6) waning gibbous; 7) last quarter; 8) waning crescent. [28] [29] [30] But these names or eight types of lunar phases are not enough to explain the structure, principles of operation and interaction of the lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi”. The simplest calculations show that for explanation and description at least 13 or 14 names of the lunar phases are needed. Moreover, these lunar phases are non-standard and, every year the external appearance of these lunar phases is constantly changing. 1) 355-356 days ÷ 27.3 lunar-stellar months = 13 lunar phases: 338 2) 1 togys aiy, 25 togys, 23, 21, 19, 17, 15, 13, 11, 9, 7, 5 and 3 togys aiy 3) 382-383 days ÷ 27.3 lunar-stellar months = 14 lunar phases: 4) 1 togys aiy, 27 togys, 25, 23, 21, 19, 17, 15, 13, 11, 9, 7, 5 and 3 togys aiy Since the Esepshi from different regions used their name for the lunar phases, there are so many names in the Kazakh language for the different phases of the moon. [31] [32]Among these names of the lunar phases, as well as among the names of the months of the solar calendar in the Kazakh language, we chose the most suitable for the corresponding lunar-stellar month and seasons of the year (spring, summer, autumn, winter). [33] [34] The names of the solar and lunar-stellar months in the Kazakh language are located (inside the cell) at the top of the calendar table of lunar-stellar days. 3) Some explanation of the lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” Due to the complex movement of the Moon around the Earth and together (the Moon and the Earth) around the Sun, the indicated lunar phases in the figures at the very top of the main table from 1 to 26 (13 months + 13 months), depending on 13 or 14 months of the current year, can smoothly change every month during the calendar year; As a symbol of tribute to the knowledge of the ancient Esepshi, at the bottom of the calendar table we indicated 3 special days, the names of which the Kazakh people remembered by heart: 1st day: arrival of the Moon to covering Urker [Pleiades]; 2nd day: covering Urker [Pleiades] with the Moon; 3rd day: opening of the Pleiades after covering the Moon. [35] 1) The first day was called “Auyl ui kondy”, literally “Settled near the village”, i.e. the Moon is approaching the Pleiades from the east. Conditional astronomical name "Arrival". ← South ← ← East ← West 339 2) The second day was called “Togysty”, “Togamdasti”, literally “Covering, Occultation”, that is, there was a covering of the Pleiades by the Moon. The exact astronomical name is “Coverings”. ← South ← ← East ← West 3) The third day was called “Orip shykty”, literally “Sheep leaves the paddock” or the Moon moves away from the Pleiades on the east side. The exact astronomical name is "Opening". ← South ← ← East ← West For a period of time from 8-9 to 9-10 years (approximately an average of 9 years), the Moon “fully” (full coverings) or “partially” (partial coverings) coverings the Pleiades. [36] [37] Approximately, from February 18, 2013 (Mon, 2,456,341 JDN) to January 13, 2022 (Thu, 2,459,592 JDN), it is 340 precisely “partial covering” that occurs. Therefore, during this period of time, we see such a covering, where the Moon is located just above or below Urker (Pleiades). Since the years 20192021 correspond to a period of partial coverings, at this time the Moon mainly covers the Pleiades from below. However, the change in local weather or the entire climate throughout the globe at the beginning or during the 27 and 28 day lunar-stellar months is not connected or independent of the full or partial coverings of the Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon. In this regard, in Central Asia and Kazakhstan, there are many names “amal” (weather changes in a short 6-9 days) [38], associated with the lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi”. But it was impossible to place all these descriptions of amal in the corresponding lunar-stellar month. At the end of the calendar table, the approximate date, hours and minutes of the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi" for other cities and countries of the world are indicated. In accordance with 24 time zones (UTC) [39] and geographical coordinate systems, [40] [41] one can trace how covering of the Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon will take place in this region. Residents of these regions will eventually see and feel these changes in the weather or the entire climate. For many people who have never raised their eyes to the starry sky, it will be difficult to find the star cluster Urker (Pleiades) in the night sky (The heavenly coordinates of Urker-Pleiades: Right ascension 03 h. 47 m. 24 s.; Declination +24° 07′ 00″). Therefore, at the very beginning, not everyone can see coverings of the Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon. To solve this problem, I recommend using modern starry sky maps. For inexperienced astronomy enthusiasts, I recommend a simple star online map on the "Astronet" website. [42] In this star map, Urker (Pleiades) moves across the starry sky from east to west, and Ai (Moon) moves from west to east. You just need to load the appropriate date (hours and minutes, day, month and year), which are given in tables 28-51 and your geographical coordinates (table 52-53), UTC settings (from –12 to +12). So that you know exactly and can do it right, Table 27 selectively shows examples (List of archaeoastronomical sites by country) for the nearest specific date (Wednesday, October 16-17, 2019). Of course, for experienced intellectuals who prefer to see coverings of the Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon in more detail, I recommend the latest version of the Stellarium 0.19.2 online map. [43] However, for ordinary people, to master this "too clever" star map of the sky will be very difficult. But there is (always is) a way out of this difficult situation. Conclusion You can do without stellar online maps, without field observations of the starry sky. You simply can live and work with the finished table of the lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi”, which we have compiled. The human race for thousands and thousands of years until today lived first with the Julian, and then the Gregorian calendar in exactly the same way. Our days, weeks, months and years all this time had no connection with the world around us. We did not feel any connection with the starry sky and the entire universe. People just lived and killed days one after another, and in the end they died, without seeing any changes in their lives. But, when they were still alive, they always 341 complained that their life went so fast, even as if they had not had time to blink an eye. Nowadays, almost all the inhabitants of planet Earth pronounce the same words "time is running so fast" ... But with this lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” everything will be different. In a common year there will be 13 months of 355 and 356 days, and in a leap year there will be 14 months of 382 and 383 days. The very word "13 months and 14 months" will put pressure on us morally and psychologically, and it will seem to us that time does not go at all. Every month (27 and 28 days) we will work on average only 19-20 days and rest on average 7-8 days. Another plus of the new calendar is our receipt of extra 1 and 2 months wages, pensions and benefits, etc. Ordinary farmers, cattle farmers and gardeners will be especially happy with this calendar. Because all living things and all kinds of plants obey the law and order of the starry sky. Every 27 and 28 days on the eve of almost every coverings of the Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon, in most cases the local weather, even on land (mainland), even on the seas and oceans, will change dramatically. Over time, due to changes in local weather and climate in the world, you will still feel that a new lunar-stellar month has begun. In accordance with weather changes lasting from about 6 to 9 days, you yourself will not notice how you began to live according to "Amal" or "Calend". The only “inconvenience” or “frightening but” in this lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” is, of course, 13 or 14 months that scare away “too superstitious” Europeans. The best way to get rid of this fear, try not to think and not talk about this number and everything will be fine. No matter how we try to jump over the number "13" all these two thousand years, he always remained and will remain in the ranks of numbers. From the point of view of all sciences, we can never replace this “unlucky” number with another “happy” number, so we can only reconcile ourselves with fate and be friends with this number, as with the rest of the numbers. Because, this number of 13 digits helps stop time and of course our rapid aging, promise other social and financial benefits. 342 Table 1 Urker & Pleiades 29 Days old moon 29.5 Days old moon New Moon Neomenia 1 Days 12 Hours old moon 1 Days 12 Hours Waxing Crescent 2 Days 16 Hours old moon 2 Days 16 Hours 2 Days Earth Shine Waxing Crescent The 1st lunar-stellar month consists of 28 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Mon, 6 May 2019, 8:00 UTC, 2458610 JD). Days of the week: Monday 1 togys aiy (1st coverings of the Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with the thin phase of the moon or "Neomenia", whose age is 1.1 days. Names of the solar month: Kokek (Otamaly); Names of the lunar-stellar month: Tugan Aidyn zhanasy. 1/May 6 8/May 13 15/May 20 22/May 27 Tuesday 2/May 7 9/May 14 16/May 21 23/May 28 Wednesday 3/May 8 10/May 15 17/May 22 24/May 29 Thursday 4/May 9 11/May 16 18/May 23 25/May 30 Friday 5/May 10 12/May 17 19/May 24 26/May 31 Saturday 6/May 11 13/May 18 20/May 25 27/June 1 Sunday 7/May 12 14/May 19 21/May 26 28/June 2 27/May 05 – day of Arrival, 1/May 06 – day of Coverings, 2/May 06 – day of Opening, 28/June 02 – day of Arrival; 343 Table 2 Urker & Pleiades 27 Days old moon 27 Days old moon Waning Crescent 28 Days 2 Hours old moon 28 Days 2 Hours 28 Days Earth Shine Waning Crescent 29 Days old moon 29.5 Days old moon New Moon The 2nd lunar-stellar month consists of 27 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Mon, 3 June 2019, 6:00 UTC, 2458638 JD). Days of the week: Monday 25 togys aiy (the 25th coverings of Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with the "Waning Crescent", whose age is 28.4 days. Names of the solar month: Mamyr; Names of the lunar-stellar month: Oliara. 1/June 3 8/June 10 15/June 17 22/June 24 Tuesday 2/June 4 9/June 11 16/June 18 23/June 25 Wednesday 3/June 5 10/June 12 17/June 19 24/June 26 Thursday 4/June 6 11/June 13 18/June 20 25/June 27 Friday 5/June 7 12/June 14 19/June 21 26/June 28 Saturday 6/June 8 13/June 15 20/June 22 27/June 29 Sunday 7/June 9 14/June 16 21/June 23 1/ June 03 – day of Coverings, 2/ June 04 – day of Opening, 27/June 29 – day of Arrival; 344 Table 3 Urker & Pleiades 25 Days 6 Hours Waning Crescent 26 Days 13 Hours old moon 26 Days 13 Hours Waning Crescent 27 Days old moon 27 Days old moon Waning Crescent The 3rd lunar-stellar month consists of 27 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Sun, 30 June 2019, 4:00 UTC, 2458665 JD). Days of the 23 togys aiy (the 23rd coverings of Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with week: a “Waning Crescent”, whose age is 26.3 days. Names of the solar month: Kuralay; Names of the lunar-stellar month: Batar Ai. Monday 2/July 1 9/July 8 16/July 15 23/July 22 Tuesday 3/July 2 10/July 9 17/July 16 24/July 23 Wednesday 4/July 3 11/July 10 18/July 17 25/July 24 Thursday 5/July 4 12/July 11 19/July 18 26/July 25 Friday 6/July 5 13/July 12 20/July 19 27/July 26 Saturday 7/July 6 14/July 13 21/July 20 8/July 7 15/July 14 22/July 21 Sunday 1/June 30 1/June 30 – day of Coverings, 2/ July 1 – day of Opening, 27/July 26 – day of Arrival; 345 Table 4 Urker & Pleiades 23 Days old moon 23 Days 0 Hours Waning Crescent 24 Days old moon 24 Days old moon Waning Crescent 25 Days 6 Hours Waning Crescent The 4th lunar-stellar month consists of 27 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Sat, 27 July 2019, 2:30 UTC, 2458692 JD). Days of the week: Monday 21 togys aiy (the 21st coverings of Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with a “Waning Crescent”, whose age is 24.3 days. Names of the solar month: Sarsha; Names of the lunar-stellar month: Ai korgalau. 3/July 29 10/August 5 17/August 12 24/August 19 Tuesday 4/July 30 11/August 6 18/August 13 25/August 20 Wednesday 5/July 31 12/August 7 19/August 14 26/August 21 Thursday 6/August 1 13/August 8 20/August 15 27/August 22 Friday 7/August 2 14/August 9 21/August 16 Saturday 1/July 27 8/August 3 15/August 10 22/August 17 Sunday 2/July 28 9/August 4 16/August 11 23/August 18 1/July 27 – day of Coverings, 2/July 28 – day of Opening, 27/August 22 – day of Arrival; 346 Table 5 Urker & Pleiades 21 Days 3 Hours old moon 21 Days 3 Hours old Waning Gibbous 22 Days 10 Hours old moon 22 Days 10 Hours Last Quarter 23 Days old moon 23 Days 0 Hours Waning Crescent The 5th lunar-stellar month consists of 27 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Fri, 23 August 2019, 0:30 UTC, 2458719 JD). Days of the week: 19 togys aiy (the 19th coverings of Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with “The Last Quarter”, whose age is 22.3 days. Names of the solar month: Tamyz; Names of the lunar-stellar month: Kemushi Ai. Monday 4/26 August 11/2 September 18/9 September 25/16 September Tuesday 5/27 August 12/3 September 19/10 September 26/17 September Wednesday 6/28 August 13/4 September 20/11 September 27/18 September Thursday 7/29 August 14/5 September 21/12 September Friday 1/23 August 8/30 August 15/6 September 22/13 September Saturday 2/24 August 9/31 August 16/7 September 23/14 September Sunday 3/25 August 10/1 September 17/8 September 24/15 September 1/August 23 – day of Coverings, 2/August 24 – day of Opening, 27/September 18 – day of Arrival; 347 Table 6 Urker & Pleiades 19 Days 18 Hours old moon 19 Days 18 Hours old Waning Gibbous 20 Days 6 Hours Waning Gibbous 21 Days 3 Hours old moon 21 Days 3 Hours old Waning Gibbous The 6th lunar-stellar month consists of 27 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Thu, 19 September 2019, 23:00 UTC, 2458746 JD). Days of the week: 17 togys aiy (17th coverings of Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with a “Waning Gibbous”, whose age is 20.3 days. Names of the solar month: Kuiek; Names of the lunar-stellar month: Ai zhelinu. Monday 5/September 23 12/September 30 19/October 7 26/October 14 Tuesday 6/September 24 13/October 1 20/October 8 27/October 15 Wednesday 7/September 25 14/October 2 21/October 9 Thursday 1/September 19 8/September 26 15/October 3 22/October 10 Friday 2/September 20 9/September 27 16/October 4 23/October 11 Saturday 3/September 21 10/September 28 17/October 5 24/October 12 Sunday 4/September 22 11/September 29 18/October 6 25/October 13 1/September 19 – day of Coverings, 2/September 20 – day of Opening, 27/October 15 – day of Arrival; 348 Table 7 Urker & Pleiades 17 Days old moon 17 Days old moon Waning Gibbous 18 Days 9 Hours old moon 18 Days 9 Hours old North Terminator Center Terminator South Terminator 18 Days 11 Hours old Waning Gibbous 19 Days 18 Hours old moon 19 Days 18 Hours old Waning Gibbous The 7th lunar-stellar month consists of 28 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Wed, 16 October 2019, 9:00 UTC, 2458773 JD). Days of the week: 15 togys aiy (the 15th coverings of Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with a "Waning Gibbous", whose age is 18.2 days. Names of the solar month: Zheldi; Names of the lunar-stellar month: Ay arasy. Monday 6/October 21 13/October 28 20/November 4 27/November 11 Tuesday 7/October 22 14/October 29 21/November 5 28/November 12 Wednesday 1/October 16 8/October 23 15/October 30 22/November 6 Thursday 2/October 17 9/October 24 16/October 31 23/November 7 Friday 3/October 18 10/October 25 17/November 1 24/November 8 Saturday 4/October 19 11/October 26 18/November 2 25/November 9 Sunday 5/October 20 12/October 27 19/November 3 26/November 10 1/October 16 – day of Coverings, 2/October 17 – day of Opening, 28/November 12 – day of Arrival; 349 Table 8 Urker & Pleiades 15 Days 20 Hours Waning Gibbous 16 Days 15 hours old moon 16 Days 15 Hours old Waning Gibbous 17 Days old moon 17 Days old moon Waning Gibbous The 8th lunar-stellar month consists of 27 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Wed, 13 November 2019, 19:30 UTC, 2458801 JD). Days of the week: 13 togys aiy (13th coverings of Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with a “Waning Gibbous”, whose age is 16.1 days. Names of the solar month: Kazan; Names of the lunar-stellar month: Ai tutylu. Monday 6/November 18 13/November 25 20/December 2 Tuesday 7/November 19 14/November 26 21/December 3 Wednesday 1/November 13 8/November 20 15/November 27 22/December 4 Thursday 2/November 14 9/November 21 16/November 28 23/December 5 Friday 3/November 15 10/November 22 17/November 29 24/December 6 Saturday 4/November 16 11/November 23 18/November 30 25/December 7 Sunday 5/November 17 12/November 24 19/December 1 26/December 8 27/December 9 1/November 13 – day of Coverings, 2/November 14 – day of Opening, 27/December 09 – day of Arrival; 350 Table 9 Urker & Pleiades 12 Days 5 Hours old moon 12 Days 5 Hours Waxing Gibbous 13 Days 4 Hours old moon 13 Days 4 Hours 13 Days 6 Hours Waxing Gibbous 14 Days 12 Hours old moon 14 Days 6 Hours 14 Days 12 Hours Eclipse, July 1999 Eclipse, May 2003 Eclipse, Nov. 2003 Full The 9th lunar-stellar month consists of 28 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Tue, 10 December 2019, 17:30 UTC, 2458828 JD). Days of the week: 11 togys aiy (the 11th coverings of Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with a “Waxing Gibbous”, whose age is 13.9 days. Names of the solar month: Karasha; Names of the lunar-stellar month: Tolyk Ai. Monday 7/December 16 14/December 23 21/December 30 Tuesday 1/December 10 8/December 17 15/December 24 22/December 31 Wednesday 2/December 11 9/December 18 16/December 25 23/January 1 Thursday 3/December 12 10/December 19 17/December 26 24/January 2 Friday 4/December 13 11/December 20 18/December 27 25/January 3 Saturday 5/December 14 12/December 21 19/December 28 26/January 4 Sunday 6/December 15 13/December 22 20/December 29 27/January 5 28/January 6 1/December 10 – day of Coverings, 2/December 11 – day of Opening, 28/January 06 – day of Arrival; 351 Table 10 Urker & Pleiades 10 Days 5 Hours 10 Days 5 H 43 M 10 Days 12 Hours 10 Days 18 Hours 10 Days 23 Hours Waxing Gibbous 11 Days 5 Hours old moon 11 Days 5 Hours 11 Days 10 Hours Waxing Gibbous 12 Days 5 Hours old moon 12 Days 5 Hours Waxing Gibbous The 10th lunar-stellar month consists of 27 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Tue, 7 January 2020, 15:30 UTC, 2458856 JD). Days of the week: Monday 9 togys aiy (9th coverings of Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with a “Waxing Gibbous”, whose age is 11.7 days. Names of the solar month: Toqsan; Names of the lunar-stellar month: Ashuly Ai. 7/January 13 14/January 20 21/January 27 Tuesday 1/January 7 8/January 14 15/January 21 22/January 28 Wednesday 2/January 8 9/January 15 16/January 22 23/January 29 Thursday 3/January 9 10/January 16 17/January 23 24/January 30 Friday 4/January 10 11/January 17 18/January 24 25/January 31 Saturday 5/January 11 12/January 18 19/January 25 26/February 1 Sunday 6/January 12 13/January 19 20/January 26 27/February 2 1/January 07 – day of Coverings, 2/January 08 – day of Opening, 27/February 02 – day of Arrival; 352 Table 11 Urker & Pleiades 8 Days 21 Hours old moon 8 Days 4 Hours 8 Days 21 Hours Waxing Gibbous 9 Days 20 Hours old moon 9 Days 4 Hours 9 Days 19 Hours 9 Days 20 Hours Waxing Gibbous 10 Days 5 Hours 10 Days 5 H 43 M 10 Days 12 Hours 10 Days 18 Hours 10 Days 23 Hours Waxing Gibbous The 11th lunar-stellar month consists of 28 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Mon, 3 February 2020, 14:00 UTC, 2458883 JD). Days of the week: Monday 7 togys aiy (the 7th coverings of Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with a “Waxing Gibbous”, whose age is 9.4 days. Names of the solar month: Kantar; Names of the lunar-stellar month: Tolas bolu. 1/February 3 8/February 10 15/February 17 22/February 24 Tuesday 2/February 4 9/February 11 16/February 18 23/February 25 Wednesday 3/February 5 10/February 12 17/February 19 24/February 26 Thursday 4/February 6 11/February 13 18/February 20 25/February 27 Friday 5/February 7 12/February 14 19/February 21 26/February 28 Saturday 6/February 8 13/February 15 20/February 22 27/February 29 Sunday 7/February 9 14/February 16 21/February 23 28/March 1 1/February 03 – day of Coverings, 2/February 04 – day of Opening, 28/March 1 – day of Arrival; 353 Table 12 Urker & Pleiades 6 Days 0 Hours 6 Days 0 Hours 6 Days 9 Hours Waxing Crescent 7 Days 23 Hours old moon 7 Days 1 Hrs 11 Min 7 Days 1 Hrs 48 Min 7 Days 4 Hours 7 Days 12 Hours 7 Days 23 Hours First Quarter 8 Days 21 Hours old moon 8 Days 4 Hours 8 Days 21 Hours Waxing Gibbous The 12th lunar-stellar month consists of 27 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Mon, 2 March 2020, 12:00 UTC, 2458911 JD). Days of the week: Monday 5 togys ayy (5th coverings of Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with the “First Quarter”, whose age is 7.0 days. Names of the solar month: Akpan (Tokpan); Names of the lunar-stellar month: Osushi Ai. 1/March 2 8/March 9 15/March 16 22/March 23 Tuesday 2/March 3 9/March 10 16/March 17 23/March 24 Wednesday 3/March 4 10/March 11 17/March 18 24/March 25 Thursday 4/March 5 11/March 12 18/March 19 25/March 26 Friday 5/March 6 12/March 13 19/March 20 26/March 27 Saturday 6/March 7 13/March 14 20/March 21 27/March 28 Sunday 7/March 8 14/March 15 21/March 22 1/ March 2 – day of Coverings, 2/ March 3 – day of Opening, 27/March 28 – day of Arrival; 354 Table 13 Urker & Pleiades 3 Days 12 Hours old moon 3 Days 0 Hours 3 Days 12 Hours Waxing Crescent 4 Days 8 Hours old moon 4 Days 2 Hours 4 Days 8 Hours 4 Days 22 Hours Waxing Crescent 5 Days 7 Hours Waxing Crescent The 13th lunar-stellar month consists of 27 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Sun, 29 March 2020, 10:00 UTC, 2458938 JD). Days of the week: Monday 3 togys ayy (3rd coverings of Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with the “Waxing Crescent”, whose age is 4.5 days. Names of the solar month: Nauryz; Names of the lunar-stellar month: Zhana togys. 2/March30 9/April 6 16/April 13 23/April 20 Tuesday 3/March31 10/April 7 17/April 14 24/April 21 Wednesday 4/April 1 11/April 8 18/April 15 25/April 22 Thursday 5/April 2 12/April 9 19/April 16 26/April 23 Friday 6/April 3 13/April 10 20/April 17 27/April 24 Saturday 7/April 4 14/April 11 21/April 18 8/April 5 15/April 12 22/April 19 Sunday 1/March 29 1/March 29 – day of Coverings, 2/March 30 – day of Opening, 27/April 24 – day of Arrival; 355 Table 14 Urker & Pleiades 1 Days 12 Hours old moon 1 Days 12 Hours Waxing Crescent Neomenia 2 Days 16 Hours old moon 2 Days 16 Hours 2 Days Earth Shine Waxing Crescent 3 Days 12 Hours old moon 3 Days 0 Hours 3 Days 12 Hours Waxing Crescent The 1st lunar-stellar month consists of 27 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Sat, 25 April 2020, 8:30 UTC, 2458965 JD). Days of the week: Monday 1 togys aiy (1st coverings of the Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with the thin phase of the moon or "neomenia", whose age is 2.1 days. Names of the solar month: Kokek (Otamaly); Names of the lunar-stellar month: Tugan Aidyn zhanasy. 3/April 27 10/May 4 17/May 11 24/May 18 Tuesday 4/April 28 11/May 5 18/May 12 25/May 19 Wednesday 5/April 29 12/May 6 19/May 13 26/May 20 Thursday 6/April 30 13/May 7 20/May 14 27/May 21 Friday 7/May 1 14/May 8 21/May 15 Saturday 1/April 25 8/May 2 15/May 9 22/May 16 Sunday 2/April 26 9/May 3 16/May 10 23/May 17 1) 27/April 24 – day of Arrival, 1/April 25 – day of Coverings, 2/April 26 – day of Opening, 27/May 21 – day of Arrival; 2) 1 togys aiy (04/25/2020) begins with the thin phase of the moon or “neomenia”, whose age is 2.1 days. The names of the month in the Kazakh language according to the apparent movement of the Sun Kokek (Otamaly) and the Moon (Tugan Aidyn zhanasy); 3) This coverings of the Pleiades by the Moon can be seen at dusk on the western horizon. Celebrations of "Az-Nauryz" or "Great Nomad Day" (Ulystyn uly kuni) in March 20-21 suitable for countries located closer to or south of the equator (southern hemisphere). In the Turkic-speaking countries located in the northern hemisphere these days (March 20-21) it is still cold, therefore all Turkic-speaking peoples should celebrate this holiday in the month of April. 356 Table 15 Urker & Pleiades 28 Days 2 Hours old moon 28 Days 2 Hours 28 Days Earth Shine Waning Crescent 29 Days old moon 29.5 Days old moon New Moon 1 Days 12 Hours old moon 1 Days 12 Hours Waxing Crescent The 2nd lunar-stellar month consists of 28 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Fri, 22 May 2020, 7:00 UTC, 2458992 JD). Days of the week: Monday 25 togys aiy (the 25th coverings of Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with the "New Moon", whose age is 29.3 days. Names of the solar month: Mamyr; Names of the lunar-stellar month: Oliara. 4/May 25 11/June 1 18/June 8 25/June 15 Tuesday 5/May 26 12/June 2 19/June 9 26/June 16 Wednesday 6/May 27 13/June 3 20/June 10 27/June 17 Thursday 7/May 28 14/June 4 21/June 11 28/June 18 Friday 1/May 22 8/May 29 15/June 5 22/June 12 Saturday 2/May 23 9/May 30 16/June 6 23/June 13 Sunday 3/May 24 10/May 31 17/June 7 24/June 14 1) 1/May 22 – day of Coverings, 2/May 22 – day of Opening, 27/June 18 – day of Arrival; 2) 25 togys aiy (05/22/2020) begins with the astronomical new moon, whose age is 29.3 days. The names of the months in the Kazakh language in accordance with the visible movement of the Sun (Mamyr) and the Moon (Oliara); 3) This coverings of the Pleiades by the Moon cannot be seen, because at that time the Moon is between the Earth and the Sun on approximately the same straight line with them, and the Pleiades star cluster together with the constellation Taurus these days are absorbed by the powerful light of the Sun. This invisible period of the Pleiades was called by the Kazakhs “Urker 40 kun Zherdin astynda zhatady” (Urker 40 days will be underground). On May 22, approximately 12 days out of 40 days passed. At the end of next month (23 togys aiy) – Urker will come out from under the Earth, i.e. The sun begins to absorb the zodiac constellation Gemini with its light. 357 Table 16 Urker & Pleiades 26 Days 13 Hours old moon 26 Days 13 Hours Waning Crescent 27 Days old moon 27 Days old moon Waning Crescent 28 Days 2 Hours old moon 28 Days 2 Hours 28 Days Earth Shine Waning Crescent The 3rd lunar-stellar month consists of 27 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Fri, 19 June 2020, 5:00 UTC, 2459020 JD). Days of the 23 togys aiy (the 23rd coverings of Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with week: a “Waning Crescent”, whose age is 27.0 days. Names of the solar month: Kuralay; Names of the lunar-stellar month: Batar Ai. Monday 4/June 22 11/June 29 18/July 6 25/July 13 Tuesday 5/June 23 12/June 30 19/July 7 26/July 14 Wednesday 6/June 24 13/July 1 20/July 8 27/July 15 Thursday 7/June 25 14/July 2 21/July 9 Friday 1/June 19 8/June 26 15/July 3 22/July 10 Saturday 2/June 20 9/June 27 16/July 4 23/July 11 Sunday 3/June 20 10/June 28 17/July 5 24/July 12 1) 1/June 19 – day of Coverings, 2/June 20 – day of Opening, 27/July 15 – day of Arrival; 2) 23 togys aiy (06/19/2020) begins before the start of the astronomical new moon, whose age is 27.0 days. The names of the months in the Kazakh language in accordance with the visible movement of the Sun (Kuralai) and the Moon (Batar Ai); 3) In the morning twilight before sunrise, you can see on the eastern horizon (if you have time in time), the coverings of the Pleiades by the Moon. After 6 days, the 40 day period of the sultry heat of the summer begins (in the Kazakh language "Jaz schilde"). In whole or in part, the covering of Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon in these 2nd and 3rd month (25 and 23 togys aylar) will occur in the daytime. 358 Table 17 Urker & Pleiades 23 Days old moon 23 Days 0 Hours Waning Crescent 24 Days old moon 24 Days old moon Waning Crescent 25 Days 6 Hours Waning Crescent The 4th lunar-stellar month consists of 27 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Thu, 16 July 2020, 3:00 UTC, 2459047 JD). Days of the week: Monday 21 togys aiy (the 21st coverings of Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with a “Waning Crescent”, whose age is 24.8 days. Names of the solar month: Sarsha; Names of the lunar-stellar month: Ai korgalau. 5/July 20 12/July 27 19/August 3 26/August 10 Tuesday 6/July 21 13/July 28 20/August 4 Wednesday 7/July 22 14/July 29 21/August 5 Thursday 1/July 16 8/July 23 15/July 30 22/August 6 Friday 2/July 17 9/July 24 16/July 31 23/August 7 Saturday 3/July 18 10/July 25 17/August 1 24/August 8 Sunday 4/July 19 11/July 26 18/August 2 25/August 9 27/August 11 1) 1/July 16 – day of Coverings, 2/July 17 – day of Opening, 27/August 11 – day of Arrival; 2) 21 togys aiy (07/16/2020) begins in the last quarter of the lunar phase, whose age is 24.8 days. The names of the months in the Kazakh language in accordance with the visible movement of the Sun (Sarsha) and the Moon (Ai korgalau); 3)This coverings of the Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon can be observed in the morning twilight or in the morning dawn before sunrise in the eastern horizon or in the evening twilight immediately after sunset in the western horizon. After 3-4 days, a heliacal rising should occur the constellation Orion (in the Kazakh language "Usharkar-Tarazy") in the territories of Central Asia. 359 Table 18 Urker & Pleiades 21 Days 3 Hours old moon 21 Days 3 Hours old Waning Gibbous 22 Days 10 Hours old moon 22 Days 10 Hours Last Quarter 23 Days old moon 23 Days 0 Hours Waning Crescent The 5th lunar-stellar month consists of 27 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Wed, 12 August 2020, 1:00 UTC, 2459074 JD). Days of the week: Monday Tuesday 19 togys aiy (the 19th coverings of Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with “The Last Quarter”, whose age is 22.7 days. Names of the solar month: Tamyz; Names of the lunar-stellar month: Kemushi Ai. 6/August 17 13/August 24 20/August31 27/September 7 7/August 18 14/August 25 21/September 1 Wednesday 1/August 12 8/August 19 15/August 26 22/September 2 Thursday 2/August 13 9/August 20 16/August 27 23/September 3 Friday 3/August 14 10/August 21 17/August 28 24/September 4 Saturday 4/August 15 11/August 22 18/August 29 25/September 5 Sunday 5/August 16 12/August 23 19/August 30 26/September 6 1) 1/August 12 – day of Coverings, 2/August 13 – day of Opening, 27/September 8 – day of Arrival; 2) 19 togys aiy (08/12/2020) begins with the waning lunar phase, whose age is 22.7 days. The names of the months in the Kazakh language in accordance with the visible movement of the Sun (Tamyz) and the Moon (Kemushi Ai); 3) This coverings of the Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon can be observed late at night just above the eastern horizon. At this time, in the territories of Central Asia, the heliacal sunrise Sumbile (Sirius: α Canis Major) is expected - the brightest star in the constellation and the brightest star in our sky. Almost all vegetables and fruits ripen. Especially children rejoice at such an abundance. At this time of year, nomads are especially happy that even liquid broth from fresh meat will be a plentiful food for nomads. In the Kazakh language, this period is described as “Urker kokke koterildi – sorpa as boldy”. 360 Table 19 Urker & Pleiades 19 Days 18 Hours old moon 19 Days 18 Hours old Waning Gibbous 20 Days 6 Hours Waning Gibbous 21 Days 3 Hours old moon 21 Days 3 Hours old Waning Gibbous The 6th lunar-stellar month consists of 27 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Tue, 8 September 2020, 23:30 UTC, 2459101 JD). Days of the week: 17 togys aiy (17th coverings of Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with a “Waning Gibbous”, whose age is 20.7 days. Names of the solar month: Kuiek; Names of the lunar-stellar month: Ai zhelinu. Monday 7/September 14 14/September 21 21/September 28 1/September 8 8/September 15 15/September 22 22/September 29 Wednesday 2/September 9 9/September 16 16/September 23 23/September 30 Thursday 3/September 10 10/September 17 17/September 24 24/October 1 Friday 4/September 11 11/September 18 18/September 25 25/October 2 Saturday 5/September 12 12/September 19 19/September 26 26/October 3 Sunday 6/September 13 13/September 20 20/September 27 27/October 4 Tuesday 1) 1/September 8 – day of Coverings, 2/September 9 – day of Opening, 27/October 4 – day of Arrival; 2) 17 togys aiy (09/08/2020) begins at the beginning of the waning lunar phase, whose age is 20.7 days. The names of the months in the Kazakh language in accordance with the visible movement of the Sun (Kuiek) and the Moon (Ai zhelinu); 3) To see the constantly “frightened” Urker (in Kazakh, the word “Urker” means “to tremble with fear” or “a frightened herd of sheep”), just look at the sky at night and you will see its distinct bright silhouette. Below in the eastern side of Urker, the constellations Orion (Usharkar-Tarazy) and Sirius (Sumbile) will be approximately located in one line. These three celestial bodies in antiquity, and now make great sense to the nomads who breed four species of livestock. For example, this month, nomads sheared sheep (kyrkym aiy) so that before the winter cold they had time to grow thick wool. And they also carefully monitored so that the early crosses of the sheep did not happen. For this purpose, the males “koshkar” were dressed in a special bag (kuyiek kap) covering the childbearing place. For this, the males “koshkar” were dressed in a special bag (kuyek kap), which tightly covered the intimate place. 361 Table 20 Urker & Pleiades 17 Days old moon 17 Days old moon Waning Gibbous 18 Days 9 Hours old moon 18 Days 9 Hours old North Terminator Center Terminator South Terminator 18 Days 11 Hours old Waning Gibbous 19 Days 18 Hours old moon 19 Days 18 Hours old Waning Gibbous The 7th lunar-stellar month consists of 28 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Mon, 5 October 2020, 22:00 UTC, 2459128 JD). Days of the week: 15 togys aiy (the 15th coverings of Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with a "Waning Gibbous", whose age is 18.6 days. Names of the solar month: Zheldi; Names of the lunar-stellar month: Ay arasy. Monday 1/October 5 8/October12 15/October 19 22/October 26 Tuesday 2/October 6 9/October13 16/October 20 23/October 27 Wednesday 3/October 7 10/October14 17/October 21 24/October 28 Thursday 4/October 8 11/October15 18/October 22 25/October 29 Friday 5/October 9 12/October 16 19/October 23 26/October 30 Saturday 6/October 10 13/October 17 20/October 24 27/October 31 Sunday 7/October 11 14/October 18 21/October 25 28/November 1 1) 1/October 5 – day of Coverings, 2/October 6 – day of Opening, 28/November 1 – day of Arrival; 2) 15 togys aiy (10/05/2020) begins after the full moon, whose age is 18.6 days. The names of the months in the Kazakh language in accordance with the visible movement of the Sun (Zheldi) and the Moon (Ai arasy); 3) The higher these three celestial bodies rise (Urker, Usharkar-Tarazy and Sumbile), it becomes colder. It was in this month that the nomads mated the sheep with a specially trained male “koshkar”, therefore this month was called the “kuyek aiy – the month of mating.” This month there is intensive harvesting, which began last month. In the south, the leaves turn yellow, it becomes cool, and in the north, quite piercing cold starts. 362 Table 21 Urker & Pleiades 15 Days 20 Hours Waning Gibbous 16 Days 15 hours old moon 16 Days 15 Hours old Waning Gibbous 17 Days old moon 17 Days old moon Waning Gibbous The 8th lunar-stellar month consists of 27 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Mon, 2 November 2020, 20:00 UTC, 2459156 JD). Days of the week: Monday 13 togys aiy (13th coverings of Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with a “Waning Gibbous”, whose age is 16.5 days. Names of the solar month: Kazan; Names of the lunar-stellar month: Ai tutylu. 1/November 2 8/November 9 15/November 16 22/November 23 Tuesday 2/November 3 9/November 10 16/November 17 23/November 24 Wednesday 3/November 4 10/November 11 17/November 18 24/November 25 Thursday 4/November 5 11/November 12 18/November 19 25/November 26 Friday 5/November 6 12/November 13 19/November 20 26/November 27 Saturday 6/November 7 13/November 14 20/November 21 27/November 28 Sunday 7/November 8 14/November 15 21/November 22 1) 1/November 2 – day of Coverings, 2/November 2 – day of Opening, 27/November 28 – day of Arrival; 2) 13 togys aiy (11/02/2020) begins immediately after the full moon, whose age is 16.5 days. The names of the months in the Kazakh language in accordance with the visible movement of the sun (Kazan) and the moon (Ai tutylu); 3) The parade of stars and constellations begins, aimed at the zenith of the night sky, which is headed by Urker. The entire population of Central Asia begins to feel the imminent onset of cold and the breath of winter. Nomads are especially worried and nervous the most, since cattle are always vulnerable in the winter and much depends on the nomad's ingenuity and skills. At this time of the year in the steppes and on high mountains there is a mating of wild animals (saigas, argali, mountain goats, roe deer, deer and others). 363 Table 22 Urker & Pleiades 13 Days 4 Hours old moon 13 Days 4 Hours 13 Days 6 Hours Waxing Gibbous 14 Days 12 Hours old moon 14 Days 6 Hours 14 Days 12 Hours Eclipse, July 1999 Eclipse, May 2003 Eclipse, Nov. 2003 Full Moon 15 Days 20 Hours Waning Gibbous The 9th lunar-stellar month consists of 28 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Sun, 29 November 2020, 18:00 UTC, 2459183 JD). Days of the week: Monday 11 togys aiy (the 11th coverings of Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with a “Full Moon”, whose age is 14.4 days. Names of the solar month: Karasha; Names of the lunar-stellar month: Tolyk Ai. 2/November 30 9/December 7 16/December 14 23/December 21 Tuesday 3/December 1 10/December8 17/December 15 24/December 22 Wednesday 4/December 2 11/December9 18/December 16 25/December 23 Thursday 5/December 3 12/December10 19/December 17 26/December 24 Friday 6/December 4 13/December 11 20/December 18 27/December 25 Saturday 7/December 5 14/December 12 21/December 19 28/December 26 8/December 6 15/December 13 22/December 20 Sunday 1/November 29 1) 1/November 29 – day of Coverings, 2/November 30 – day of Opening, 28/December 26 – day of Arrival; 2) 11 togys aiy (11/29/2020) begins during the full moon, whose age is 14.4 days. The names of the months in the Kazakh language in accordance with the visible movement of the Sun (Karasha) and the Moon (Tolyk Ai); 3) This coverings of the Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon occur during the full moon. Although the bright moonlight did not allow Esepshi and experienced nomads to see this covering, they knew from their many years of experience and due to the abrupt changes in local weather and climate that one of the important covering in the difficult life of the nomads happened. During this period of the year, real snowfalls begin in the steppes, frost is everywhere and snow storms are raging. However, the nomads know well that these are only flowers, all difficulties are yet to come. At the end of this month, Christians celebrate the merry feast of the Nativity of Christ, giving gifts to each other. For thousands and hundreds of years, nomads from fate receive only the difficulties that they are accustomed to and adequately endure. The lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” really helps them in this. 364 Table 23 Urker & Pleiades 11 Days 5 Hours old moon 11 Days 5 Hours 11 Days 10 Hours Waxing Gibbous 12 Days 5 Hours old moon 12 Days 5 Hours Waxing Gibbous 13 Days 4 Hours old moon 13 Days 4 Hours 13 Days 6 Hours Waxing Gibbous The 10th lunar-stellar month consists of 27 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Sun, 27 December 2020, 16:30 UTC, 2459211 JD). Days of the week: Monday 9 togys ayy (9th coverings of Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with a “Waxing Gibbous”, whose age is 12.2 days. Names of the solar month: Toqsan; Names of the lunar-stellar month: Ashuly Ai. 2/December 28 9/January 4 16/January11 23/January 18 Tuesday 3/December 29 10/January 5 17/January 12 24/January 19 Wednesday 4/December 30 11/January 6 18/January 13 25/January 20 Thursday 5/December 31 12/January 7 19/January 14 26/January 21 Friday 6/January 1 13/January 8 20/January 15 27/January 22 Saturday 7/January 2 14/January 9 21/January 16 8/January 3 15/January 10 22/January 17 Sunday 1/December 27 1) 1/ December 27 – day of Coverings, 2/ December 28 – day of Opening, 27/January 22 – day of Arrival; 2) 9 togys aiy (12/27/2020) begins at the beginning of the full moon, whose age is 12.2 days. The names of the months in the Kazakh language in accordance with the visible movement of the Sun (Toksan) and the Moon (Ashuly Ai); 3) Nomads, this covering of Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon is called the most difficult period of winter for both people and livestock. In Kazakh, it sounds like this: "Bilmesen bildiremin, bilsen buldiremin." Approximate translation: “If you do not know me (9 togys aiy), you will know soon, but if you know, be prepared for hunger and death.” Those who were well prepared for the winter survived the onslaught of this period, and those who were poorly prepared completely lost their livestock and tasted the "taste" of hunger. Since ancient times, it is believed that the first 6-8 days after the coverings of the Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon at 9 togys aiy is an especially difficult short period (in the Kazakh language "Akpan men Kambardyn togysy"). Just on these days, the Moon covers the star Regul (α Leo) and the entire constellation Leo (in the Kazakh language “Kambar zhuldyzy”). The author of this line himself has noticed this more than once, and you yourself will surely see this in the future. 365 Table 24 Urker & Pleiades 9 Days 20 Hours old moon 9 Days 4 Hours 9 Days 19 Hours 9 Days 20 Hours Waxing Gibbous 10 Days 5 Hours 10 Days 5 H 43 M 10 Days 12 Hours 10 Days 18 Hours 10 Days 23 Hours Waxing Gibbous 11 Days 5 Hours old moon 11 Days 5 Hours 11 Days 10 Hours Waxing Gibbous The 11th lunar-stellar month consists of 27 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Sat, 23 January 2021, 14:30 UTC, 2459238 JD). Days of the week: 7 togys aiy (the 7th coverings of Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with a “Waxing Gibbous”, whose age is 10.0 days. Names of the solar month: Kantar; Names of the lunar-stellar month: Tolas bolu. Monday 3/January 25 10/February 1 17/February 8 24/February 15 Tuesday 4/January 26 11/February 2 18/February 9 25/February 16 Wednesday 5/January 27 12/February 3 19/February 10 26/February 17 Thursday 6/January 28 13/February 4 20/February 11 27/February 18 Friday 7/January 29 14/February 5 21/February 12 Saturday 1/January 23 8/January 30 15/February 6 22/February 13 Sunday 2/January 24 9/January 31 16/February 7 23/February 14 1) 1/January 23 – day of Coverings, 2/January 24 – day of Opening, 27/February 14 – day of Arrival; 2) 7 togys aiy (01/23/2021) begins with a convex moon, whose age is 10.0 days. The names of the months in the Kazakh language in accordance with the visible movement of the Sun (Kantar) and the Moon (Tolas bolu); 3) After the winter solstice, which occurred in the 10th month (9 togys ayy), it became a little warmer in the shower. In the morning, it seems a little brighter, and in the evening – the Sun sets later. However, the nomads from this change of nature did not become easier. The stock of feed for livestock is running out, while frost and snowstorms are only intensifying. This month, the portion of feed for livestock is much reduced, and as a result, four types of livestock are losing weight before their eyes. “Now we all need to survive at all costs. But when spring and summer come, you can quickly gain weight” – with these words the nomad calms his cattle. 366 Table 25 Urker & Pleiades 6 Days 0 Hours 6 Days 0 Hours 6 Days 9 Hours Waxing Crescent 7 Days 23 Hours old moon 7 Days 1 Hrs 11 Min 7 Days 1 Hrs 48 Min 7 Days 4 Hours 7 Days 12 Hours 7 Days 23 Hours First Quarter 8 Days 21 Hours old moon 8 Days 4 Hours 8 Days 21 Hours Waxing Gibbous The 12th lunar-stellar month consists of 28 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Fri, 19 February 2021, 13:00 UTC, 2459265 JD). Days of the week: Monday 5 togys ayy (5th coverings of Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with the “First Quarter”, whose age is 7.8 days. Names of the solar month: Akpan (Tokpan); Names of the lunar-stellar month: Osushi Ai. 4/February 22 11/March 1 18/March 8 25/March 15 Tuesday 5/February 23 12/March 2 19/March 9 26/March 16 Wednesday 6/February 24 13/March 3 20/March 10 27/March 17 Thursday 7/February 25 14/March 4 21/March 11 28/March 18 Friday 1/February 19 8/February 26 15/March 5 22/March 12 Saturday 2/February 20 9/February 27 16/March 6 23/March 13 Sunday 3/February 21 10/February 28 17/March 7 24/March 14 1) 1/ February 19 – day of Coverings, 2/ February 20 – day of Opening, 28/March 18 – day of Arrival; 2) 5 togys aiy (02/19/2021) begins immediately after the first quarter of the lunar phase, whose age is 7.8 days. The names of the months in the Kazakh language in accordance with the visible movement of the Sun (Akpan) and the Moon (Osushi Ai); 3) the 9th (11 togys aiy), the 10th (9 togys aiy), the 11th (7 togys aiy) and the 12th month (5 togys aiy) according to the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi" is the most difficult months for nomads. Among them, the terrible and worst month is 5 togys aiy. For the 12th month (5 togys ayy) there is an alternative Kazakh name: "Zhuannyn zinishkerip, zinishkenin uziletin kezi." In the semantic translation, this means: "Even the most well-fed this month lose weight, but the thin ones just die." The terrible "zhut" (translated from Kazakh means "swallow everyone", that is, the death of all cattle from exhaustion) of the steppes in past centuries occurred precisely this month. Therefore, the nomads say: "Zhut zheti agaiyndy." Translated means: “Zhut never comes alone, seven brothers bring with them” (in other words, “Grief does not come alone”). 367 Table 26 Urker & Pleiades 4 Days 8 Hours old moon 4 Days 2 Hours 4 Days 8 Hours 4 Days 22 Hours Waxing Crescent 5 Days 7 Hours Waxing Crescent 6 Days 0 Hours 6 Days 0 Hours 6 Days 9 Hours Waxing Crescent The 13th lunar-stellar month consists of 27 days according to the "Togys esebi" calendar (Fri, 19 March 2021, 11:00 UTC, 2459293 JD). Days of the week: Monday 3 togys ayy (3rd coverings of Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) begins with the “Waxing Crescent”, whose age is 5.5 days. Names of the solar month: Nauryz; Names of the lunar-stellar month: Zhana togys. 4/March 22 11/March 29 18/April 5 25/April 12 Tuesday 5/March 23 12/March 30 19/April 6 26/April 13 Wednesday 6/March 24 13/March 31 20/April 7 27/April 14 Thursday 7/March 25 14/April 1 21/April 8 Friday 1/March 19 8/March 26 15/April 2 22/April 9 Saturday 2/March 20 9/March 27 16/April 3 23/April 10 Sunday 3/March 21 10/March 28 17/April 4 24/April 11 1) 1/March 19 – day of Coverings, 2/March 20 – day of Opening, 27/April 14 – day of Arrival; 2) 3 togys aiy (03/19/2021) begins in the middle of the first quarter of the lunar phase, whose age is 5.5 days. The names of the months in the Kazakh language in accordance with the visible movement of the Sun (Nauryz) and the Moon (Zhana togys); 3) As a rule, many nomads who followed Esepshi advice encounter this long-awaited month “Zhana Togys” with small losses. “Zhana Togys” translated as “New covering on the eve of the vernal equinox”. Usually this coverings of the Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon occurs closer to the horizon in the western part of the night sky. Particularly gifted, some experienced Esepshi guessed that Urker (Pleiades) was and remains a motionless star cluster. Therefore, they very deeply suspected that all these months in the sky from east to west, Urker did not move. I’m sure that they have repeatedly thought that the Earth is as round as the Moon, and that they both move across the sky. They probably asked each other “how is this even possible?” But mankind could answer this question only after thousands and thousands of years. 368 Table 27 № 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 List of archaeoastronomical sites by country Armenia (Carahunge) Australia (Wurdi Youang) Brazil (Calçoene) Bulgaria (Magura Cave) Cambodia (Angkor Wat) Canada (Medicine Wheel) Colombia (El Infiernito) China (Puyang) Egypt (Giza pyramid complex) France (Carnac stones) Germany (Mittelberg [Nebra sky disk]) Guatemala (Mundo Perdido, Tikal) Honduras (Copán Ruinas) Indonesia (Borobudur) India (Jantar Mantar) Iran (Persepolis) Ireland (Knowth) Italy (Nuraghe Santu Antine) Kazakhstan (Akyrtas) Kenya (Namoratunga) Korea (Cheomseongdae) Malta (Megalithic Temples of Malta) Mexico (El Castillo, Chichen Itza [Kukulkan]) Netherlands (Hunebedden) North Macedonia (Kokino Situated) Pakistan (Lahore Fort) Peru (Machu Picchu) Portugal (Almendres Cromlech) Romania (Sarmizegetusa Regia) Russia (Arkaim) Spain (Dolmen of Menga) Syria (Rujm el-Hiri in the Golan Heights) Sweden (Ale's Stones) Switzerland (Little St Bernard Pass) Turkey (Göbekli Tepe) United Kingdom (Stonehenge) United States (Devils Tower) Date 2019 16 October 16 October 16 October 17 October 16 October 16 October 16 October 16 October 17 October 17 October 17 October 16 October 16 October 16 October 16 October 16 October 17 October 17 October 16 October 16 October 16 October 17 October 16 October 17 October 17 October 16 October 16 October 17 October 17 October 16 October 17 October 17 October 17 October 17 October 16 October 17 October 16 October UTC 23:10 16:35 05:50 00:50 19:20 09:30 07:10 18:40 00:10 02:30 01:30 08:20 08:20 19:00 21:10 22:45 02:40 01:40 21:25 23:55 17:35 01:20 08:15 01:50 00:50 21:15 07:15 02:50 03:50 22:20 02:35 00:00 01:20 01:45 23:40 02:20 09:20 Geographic coordinate 39°33'6.02"N 46°1'44.14"E 37°52'29.77"S 144°27'27.85"E 2°29'53.02"N 50°56'39.75"W 43°43'39.66"N 22°34'57.91"E 13°24'46.27"N 103°52'0.35"E 44°49′33.6″N 107°55′19.2″W 5°38′50.63″N 73°33′31.41″W 35°45'59.15"N 115°3'23.11"E 29°58′34″N 31°7′58″E 47°35′47.4″N 3°3′57.6″W 51°17'0.12"N 11°31'12.07"E 17°13'20.84"N 89°37'27.74"W 14°50'17.13"N 89° 8'29.50"W 7°36′28.8″S 110°12′14.4″E 26°55′28″N 75°49′29.5″E 29°56′4″N 52°53′29″E 53°42′6″N 6°29′30″W 40°29'11.55"N 8°46'10.98"E 42°57'12.25"N 71°48'9.93"E 3°25′22″N 35°48′10″E 35°50′5″N 129°13′8.4″E 36°2′50″N 14°16′9″E 20°40′58.4″N 88°34′7″W 52°47'33.22"N 6°13'5.28"E 42°15′46.8″N 21°57′14.4″E 31°35′25″N 74°18′35″E 13°9′48″S 72°32′44″W 38°33′26.91″N 8°3′40.03″W 45°37′18.84″N 23°18′33.48″E 52°38′57.34″N 59°34′17.2″E 37°1′28.51″N 4°32′46.65″W 32°54′31.34″N 35°48′2.54″E 55°22′57.59″N 14°3′15.8″E 45°40′49″N 6°53′2″E 37°13′23″N 38°55′21″E 51°10'44.01"N 1°49'34.22"W 44°35'37.65"N 104°42'57.43"W 369 Sources https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carahunge https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurdi_Youang https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calçoene https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magura_Cave https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor_Wat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_wheel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Infiernito https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puyang https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnac_stones https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebra_sky_disk https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundo_Perdido,_Tikal https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copán https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jantar_Mantar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persepolis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowth https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuraghe https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Акыртас https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalokol_Pillar_Site https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheomseongdae https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalithic_Temples_of_Malta https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Castillo,_Chichen_Itza https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnelbeaker_culture https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokino https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Fort https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machu_Picchu https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almendres_Cromlech https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmizegetusa_Regia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkaim https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmen_of_Menga https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rujm_el-Hiri https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ale's Stones https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_St_Bernard_Pass https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Göbekli_Tepe https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeoastronomy_and_Stonehenge https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devils_Tower An explanation of each column between table 28 to table 51. 1st column. The ordinal number from 1 to 235 lunar-synodic months in a 19-year cycle. 2nd column. The ordinal number of lunar-synodic months in the current year. 3rd column. The number of days of the lunar-synodic months of the current year. 4th column. Days of the week of the 1st day of the lunar-synodic months of the current year. 5th column. Days and months of the 1st day of the lunar-synodic months according to the Gregorian calendar. 6th column. The ordinal number of the current year according to the Christian era (Common Era). 7th column. Hours and minutes of the 1st day (new moon) of the lunar-synodic months according to the Gregorian calendar. 8th column. The serial number of Julian days (JD) corresponding to the 1st day of the lunar-synodic months according to the Gregorian calendar. 9th column. The ordinal number from 1 to 254 lunar-stellar months in a 19-year cycle. 10th column. The ordinal number of the lunar-stellar months of the current year. 11th column. The age of the moon phase corresponding to the 1st day of the lunar-stellar months according to the Gregorian calendar. 12th column. The Kazakh name of the lunar-stellar months approximately corresponding to the age of the phase of the moon. 13th column. The number of days of the lunar-stellar months of the current year. 14th column. Days of the week of the 1st day of the lunar-stellar months of the current year. 15th column. Days and months of the 1st day of the lunar-stellar months according to the Gregorian calendar. 16th column. The ordinal number of the current year according to the Christian era (Common Era). 17th column. Hours and minutes of the 1st day (coverings of Urker [Pleiades] by the Moon) of the lunar-stellar months according to the Gregorian calendar. 18th column. The ordinal number of Julian days (JD) corresponding to the 1st day of the lunar-stellar months according to the Gregorian calendar. 19th column. The name of the approximately 9-year period of full and partial coverage (9.3 + 9.3 = 18.6 year). 370 Table 28 3 4 199 1 1st month 2 29 Mon May, 5 5 6 7 13 14 2008 12:18 2454592 200 2nd month 30 Tue June, 3 201 3rd month 29 Thu July, 3 202 4th month 29 Fri August, 1 203 5th month 30 Sat 204 6th month 29 205 7th month 206 8 215 9 1st month 10 1.0 days 11 1 togys 12 28 Tue 15 2008 19:23 2454621 216 2nd month 28.4 days 25 togys 27 Tue June, 3 2008 6:00 2454621 Full coverings 2008 2:19 2454651 217 3rd month 26.5 days 23 togys 28 Mon June, 30 2008 4:30 2454648 Full coverings 2008 10:13 2454680 218 4th month 24.6 days 21 togys 27 Mon July, 28 2008 2:30 2454676 Full coverings August, 30 2008 19:58 2454709 219 5th month 22.5 days 19 togys 27 Sun August, 24 2008 0:30 2454703 Full coverings Mon September, 29 2008 8:12 2454739 220 6th month 20.3 days 17 togys 27 Sat September, 20 2008 23:00 2454730 Full coverings 30 Tue October, 28 2008 23:14 2454768 221 7th month 18.1 days 15 togys 27 Fri October, 17 2008 21:00 2454757 Full coverings 8th month 30 Thu November, 27 2008 16:55 2454798 222 8th month 15.9 days 13 togys 28 Thu November, 13 2008 19:30 2454784 Full coverings 207 9th month 30 Sat December, 27 2008 12:23 2454828 223 9th month 13.6 days 11 togys 28 Thu December, 11 2008 17:30 2454812 Full coverings 208 10th month 30 Mon January, 26 2009 7:55 2454858 224 10th month 11.3 days 9 togys 27 Thu January, 8 2009 15:30 2454840 Full coverings 209 11th month 29 Wed February, 25 2009 1:35 2454888 225 11th month 8.8 days 7 togys 27 Wed February, 4 2009 13:30 2454867 Full coverings 210 12th month 30 Thu March, 26 2009 16:06 2454917 226 12th month 6.3 days 5 togys 27 Tue March, 3 2009 11:30 2454894 Full coverings 227 13th month 3.9 days 3 togys 28 Mon March, 30 2009 9:30 2454921 Full coverings May, 6 16 17 18 2008 8:00 2454593 19 Full coverings Table 29 1 2 3 4 5 Sat April, 25 2009 3:23 12 13 14 16 17 18 2454947 228 1st month 1.7 days 1 togys 27 Mon April, 27 2009 7:30 2454949 Full coverings Sun May, 24 2009 12:11 2454976 229 2nd month 29.1 days 25 togys 28 Sun May, 24 2009 7:00 2454976 Full coverings 30 Mon June, 22 2009 19:35 2455005 230 3rd month 27.2 days 23 togys 27 Sun June, 21 2009 5:00 2455004 Full coverings 4th month 29 Wed July, 22 2009 2:35 2455035 231 4th month 25.3 days 21 togys 27 Sat July, 18 2009 3:00 2455031 Full coverings 215 5th month 29 Thu August, 20 2009 10:02 2455064 232 5th month 23.3 days 19 togys 27 Fri August, 14 2009 1:30 2455058 Full coverings 216 6th month 30 Fri September, 18 217 7th month 29 Sun October, 18 2009 18:44 2455093 233 6th month 21.3 days 17 togys 27 Thu September, 10 2009 23:30 2455085 Full coverings 2009 5:33 2455123 234 7th month 19.1 days 15 togys 28 Wed October, 7 2009 22:00 2455112 Full coverings 218 8th month 30 Mon November, 16 2009 19:14 2455152 235 8th month 17.0 days 13 togys 27 Wed November, 4 2009 20:00 2455140 Full coverings 219 9th month 30 Wed December, 16 2009 12:02 2455182 236 9th month 14.8 days 11 togys 28 Tue December, 1 2009 18:00 2455167 Full coverings 220 10th month 30 Fri January, 15 2010 7:11 2455212 237 10th month 12.6 days 9 togys 27 Tue December, 29 2009 16:30 2455195 Full coverings 221 11th month 29 Sun February, 14 2010 2:51 2455242 238 11th month 10.2 days 7 togys 28 Mon January, 25 2010 14:30 2455222 Full coverings 222 12th month 30 Mon March, 15 2010 21:01 2455271 239 12th month 7.7 days 5 togys 27 Mon February, 22 2010 13:00 2455250 Full coverings 240 13th month 5.1 days 3 togys 27 Sun March, 21 2010 11:00 2455277 Full coverings 211 1st month 29 212 2nd month 29 213 3rd month 214 6 7 8 9 10 11 15 19 Table 30 223 2 1st month 30 224 2nd month 29 225 3rd month 226 1 3 4 5 6 7 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 2455301 241 1st month 2.7 days 1 togys 28 Sat April, 17 2010 9:00 2455304 Full coverings 2455331 242 2nd month 0.5 days 27 togys 27 Sat May, 15 2010 7:30 2455332 Full coverings 11:15 2455360 243 3rd month 27.9 days 25 togys 27 Fri June, 11 2010 5:30 2455359 Full coverings 2010 19:40 2455389 244 4th month 25.9 days 23 togys 28 Thu July, 8 2010 3:30 2455386 Full coverings 2010 3:08 2455419 245 5th month 23.9 days 21 togys 27 Thu August, 5 2010 2:00 2455414 Full coverings 2010 10:30 2455448 246 6th month 21.9 days 19 togys 27 Wed September, 1 2010 0:00 2455441 Full coverings 2010 18:44 2455477 247 7th month 19.8 days 17 togys 27 Tue September, 28 2010 22:30 2455468 Full coverings 2010 4:52 2455507 248 8th month 17.7 days 15 togys 27 Mon October, 25 2010 20:30 2455495 Full coverings December, 5 2010 17:36 2455536 249 9th month 15.6 days 13 togys 28 Sun November, 21 2010 18:30 2455522 Full coverings Tue January, 4 2011 9:03 2455566 250 10th month 13.4 days 11 togys 27 Sun December, 19 2010 17:00 2455550 Full coverings 29 Thu February, 3 2011 2:31 2455596 251 11th month 11.2 days 9 togys 28 Sat January, 15 2011 15:00 2455577 Full coverings 12th month 30 Fri March, 4 2011 20:46 2455625 252 12th month 8.8 days 7 togys 27 Sat February, 12 2011 13:30 2455605 Full coverings 13th month 30 Sun April, 3 2011 14:32 2455655 253 13th month 6.3 days 5 togys 27 Fri March, 11 2011 11:30 2455632 Full coverings 254 14th month 3.8 days 3 togys 28 Thu April, 7 2011 10:00 2455659 Full coverings Wed April, 14 2010 12:29 Fri May, 14 2010 1:04 29 Sat June, 12 2010 4th month 30 Sun July, 11 227 5th month 29 Tue August, 10 228 6th month 29 Wed September, 8 229 7th month 30 Thu October, 7 230 8th month 29 Sat November, 6 231 9th month 30 Sun 232 10th month 30 233 11th month 234 235 8 9 10 11 19 Table 31 2 1st month 3 4 1 29 Tue May, 3 2011 6:51 2455685 1 1st month 2 2nd month 30 Wed June, 1 2011 21:03 2455714 2 2nd month 28.7 days 25 togys 27 Wed June, 1 2011 6:30 2455714 Full coverings 3 3rd month 30 Fri July, 1 2011 8:54 2455744 3 3rd month 26.4 days 23 togys 28 Tue June, 28 2011 4:30 2455741 Full coverings 4 4th month 29 Sun July, 30 2011 18:40 2455774 4 4th month 24.3 days 21 togys 27 Tue July, 26 2011 2:30 2455769 Full coverings 5 5th month 29 Mon August, 29 2011 3:04 2455803 5 5th month 22.2 days 19 togys 27 Mon August, 22 2011 1:00 2455796 Full coverings 6 6th month 29 Tue September, 27 2011 11:09 2455832 6 6th month 20.2 days 17 togys 27 Sun September, 18 2011 23:00 2455823 Full coverings 7 7th month 30 Wed October, 26 2011 19:56 2455861 7 7th month 18.1 days 15 togys 27 Sat October, 15 2011 21:00 2455850 Full coverings 8 8th month 29 Fri November, 25 2011 6:10 2455891 8 8th month 16.0 days 13 togys 28 Fri November, 11 2011 19:30 2455877 Full coverings 9 9th month 30 Sat December, 24 2011 18:06 2455920 9 9th month 13.8 days 11 togys 27 Fri December, 9 2011 18:00 2455905 Full coverings 10 10th month 29 Mon January, 23 2012 7:39 2455950 10 10th month 11.6 days 9 togys 28 Thu January, 5 2012 16:00 2455932 Full coverings 11 11th month 30 Tue February, 21 2012 22:35 2455979 11 11th month 9.4 days 7 togys 27 Thu February, 2 2012 14:00 2455960 Full coverings 12 12th month 30 Thu March, 22 2012 14:37 2456009 12 12th month 7.1 days 5 togys 27 Wed February, 29 2012 12:00 2455987 Partial coverings 13 13th month 4.8 days 3 togys 28 Tue March, 27 2012 10:30 2456014 Partial coverings 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1.4 days 372 12 13 14 1 togys 27 Thu 15 May, 5 16 17 18 2011 8:30 2455687 19 Full coverings Table 32 13 2 1st month 29 14 2nd month 30 15 3rd month 16 1 3 4 5 Sat April, 21 2012 6 7:18 7 Sun May, 20 2012 23:47 30 Tue June, 19 2012 4th month 29 Thu July, 19 17 5th month 30 Fri August, 17 18 6th month 29 Sun September, 16 19 7th month 29 Mon October, 15 20 8th month 30 Tue November, 13 21 9th month 29 Thu 22 10th month 30 23 11th month 24 12th month 8 13 14 15 16 17 18 2456039 14 9 1st month 10 2.3 days 11 1 togys 12 27 Tue April, 24 2012 9:00 2456042 Partial coverings 19 2456068 15 2nd month 29.6 days 25 togys 27 Mon May, 21 2012 7:00 2456069 Partial coverings 15:02 2456098 16 3rd month 27.2 days 23 togys 28 Sun June, 17 2012 5:00 2456096 Partial coverings 2012 4:24 2456128 17 4th month 24.8 days 21 togys 27 Sun July, 15 2012 3:30 2456124 Partial coverings 2012 15:55 2456157 18 5th month 22.6 days 19 togys 27 Sat August, 11 2012 1:30 2456151 Partial coverings 2012 2:11 2456187 19 6th month 20.4 days 17 togys 27 Fri September, 7 2012 0:00 2456178 Partial coverings 2012 12:03 2456216 20 7th month 18.3 days 15 togys 27 Thu October, 4 2012 22:00 2456205 Partial coverings 2012 22:08 2456245 21 8th month 16.2 days 13 togys 27 Wed October, 31 2012 20:00 2456232 Partial coverings December, 13 2012 8:42 2456275 22 9th month 14.0 days 11 togys 28 Tue November, 27 2012 18:30 2456259 Partial coverings Fri January, 11 2013 19:44 2456304 23 10th month 11.9 days 9 togys 27 Tue December, 25 2012 16:30 2456287 Partial coverings 29 Sun February, 10 2013 7:20 2456334 24 11th month 9.7 days 7 togys 28 Mon January, 21 2013 15:00 2456314 Partial coverings 30 Mon March, 11 2013 19:51 2456363 25 12th month 7.5 days 5 togys 27 Mon February, 18 2013 13:00 2456342 Partial coverings 26 13th month 5.3 days 3 togys 28 Sun March, 17 2013 11:00 2456369 Partial coverings Table 33 25 2 1st month 30 26 2nd month 29 27 3rd month 30 28 4th month 29 1 3 4 5 6 7 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 2456393 27 1st month 3.1 days 1 togys 27 Sun April, 14 2013 9:00 2456397 Partial coverings 2456423 28 2nd month 0.8 days 27 togys 27 Sat May, 11 2013 7:30 2456424 Partial coverings 2456452 29 3rd month 28.0 days 25 togys 28 Fri June, 7 2013 5:30 2456451 Partial coverings 2456482 30 4th month 25.6 days 23 togys 27 Fri July, 5 2013 4:00 2456479 Partial coverings 21:51 2456511 31 5th month 23.3 days 21 togys 27 Thu August, 1 2013 2:30 2456506 Partial coverings 2013 11:36 2456541 32 6th month 21.0 days 19 togys 27 Wed August, 28 2013 0:30 2456533 Partial coverings October, 5 2013 0:35 2456571 33 7th month 18.7 days 17 togys 27 Tue September, 24 2013 22:30 2456560 Partial coverings Sun November, 3 2013 12:50 2456600 34 8th month 16.5 days 15 togys 27 Mon October, 21 2013 20:30 2456587 Partial coverings 29 Tue December, 3 2013 0:22 2456630 35 9th month 14.4 days 13 togys 28 Sun November, 17 2013 19:30 2456614 Partial coverings 10th month 29 Wed January, 1 2014 11:14 2456659 36 10th month 12.2 days 11 togys 27 Sun December, 15 2013 17:00 2456642 Partial coverings 35 11th month 30 Thu January, 30 2014 21:39 2456688 37 11th month 9.9 days 9 togys 28 Sat January, 11 2014 15:30 2456669 Partial coverings 36 12th month 29 Sat March, 1 2014 8:00 2456718 38 12th month 7.8 days 7 togys 27 Sat February, 8 2014 13:30 2456697 Partial coverings 37 13th month 30 Sun March, 30 2014 18:45 2456747 39 13th month 5.7 days 5 togys 28 Fri March, 7 2014 11:30 2456724 Partial coverings 40 14th month 3.6 days 3 togys 27 Fri April, 4 2014 10:00 2456752 Partial coverings Wed April, 10 2013 9:35 Fri May, 10 2013 0:29 Sat June, 8 2013 15:57 29 Mon July, 8 2013 7:14 5th month 30 Tue August, 6 2013 30 6th month 30 Thu September, 5 31 7th month 29 Sat 32 8th month 30 33 9th month 34 8 9 10 11 373 19 Table 34 1 2 4 5 Tue April, 29 2014 6:14 30 Wed May, 28 2014 18:40 3rd month 29 Fri June, 27 2014 41 4th month 30 Sat July, 26 42 5th month 30 Mon August, 25 43 6th month 29 Wed September, 24 44 7th month 30 Thu October, 23 45 8th month 30 Sat November, 22 46 9th month 29 Mon 47 10th month 29 48 11th month 49 12th month 38 1st month 39 2nd month 40 3 12 13 14 16 17 18 2456777 41 1st month 1.5 days 1 togys 27 Thu May, 1 2014 8:30 2456779 Partial coverings 2456806 42 2nd month 28.8 days 25 togys 27 Wed May, 28 2014 6:30 2456806 Partial coverings 8:09 2456836 43 3rd month 26.6 days 23 togys 28 Tue June, 24 2014 4:30 2456833 Partial coverings 2014 22:42 2456865 44 4th month 24.2 days 21 togys 27 Tue July, 22 2014 3:00 2456861 Partial coverings 2014 14:13 2456895 45 5th month 21.9 days 19 togys 27 Mon August, 18 2014 1:00 2456888 Partial coverings 2014 6:14 2456925 46 6th month 19.6 days 17 togys 27 Sun September, 14 2014 23:00 2456915 Partial coverings 2014 21:57 2456954 47 7th month 17.3 days 15 togys 28 Sat October, 11 2014 21:00 2456942 Partial coverings 2014 12:32 2456984 48 8th month 15.0 days 13 togys 27 Sat November, 8 2014 19:30 2456970 Partial coverings December, 22 2014 1:36 2457014 49 9th month 12.8 days 11 togys 27 Fri December, 5 2014 17:30 2456997 Partial coverings Tue January, 20 2015 13:14 2457043 50 10th month 10.5 days 9 togys 28 Thu January, 1 2015 16:00 2457024 Partial coverings 30 Wed February, 18 2015 23:47 2457072 51 11th month 8.3 days 7 togys 27 Thu January, 29 2015 14:00 2457052 Partial coverings 29 Fri March, 20 2015 9:36 2457102 52 12th month 6.1 days 5 togys 27 Wed February, 25 2015 12:00 2457079 Partial coverings 53 13th month 4.0 days 3 togys 28 Tue March, 24 2015 10:30 2457106 Partial coverings 29 6 7 8 9 10 11 15 19 Table 35 1 2 4 5 30 Sat April, 18 2015 18:57 29 Mon May, 18 2015 4:13 30 Tue June, 16 2015 14:05 Thu July, 16 2015 1:24 30 Fri August, 14 2015 14:54 6th month 30 Sun September, 13 2015 56 7th month 29 Tue October, 13 57 8th month 30 Wed 58 9th month 30 59 10th month 60 11th month 61 12th month 62 13th month 50 1st month 51 2nd month 52 3rd month 53 4th month 54 5th month 55 3 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 2457131 54 1st month 2.1 days 1 togys 27 Tue April, 21 2015 9:00 2457134 Partial coverings 2457161 55 2nd month 0.1 days 27 togys 28 Mon May, 18 2015 7:00 2457161 Partial coverings 2457190 56 3rd month 27.4 days 25 togys 27 Mon June, 15 2015 5:00 2457189 Partial coverings 2457220 57 4th month 25.3 days 23 togys 27 Sun July, 12 2015 3:00 2457216 Partial coverings 2457249 58 5th month 23.0 days 21 togys 27 Sat August, 8 2015 1:00 2457243 Partial coverings 6:41 2457279 59 6th month 20.7 days 19 togys 27 Fri September, 4 2015 0:00 2457270 Partial coverings 2015 0:06 2457309 60 7th month 18.4 days 17 togys 28 Thu October, 1 2015 22:00 2457297 Partial coverings November, 11 2015 17:47 2457338 61 8th month 16.1 days 15 togys 27 Thu October, 29 2015 20:00 2457325 Partial coverings Fri December, 11 2015 10:29 2457368 62 9th month 13.9 days 13 togys 28 Wed November, 25 2015 18:30 2457352 Partial coverings 29 Sun January, 10 2016 1:31 2457398 63 10th month 11.5 days 11 togys 27 Wed December, 23 2015 16:30 2457380 Partial coverings 30 Mon February, 8 2016 14:39 2457427 64 11th month 9.2 days 9 togys 27 Tue January, 19 2016 14:30 2457407 Partial coverings Wed March, 9 2016 1:54 2457457 65 12th month 6.9 days 7 togys 28 Mon February, 15 2016 13:00 2457434 Partial coverings Thu April, 7 2016 11:24 2457486 66 13th month 4.7 days 5 togys 27 Mon March, 14 2016 11:00 2457462 Partial coverings 67 14th month 2.6 days 3 togys 27 Sun April, 10 2016 9:30 2457489 Partial coverings 29 29 29 6 7 8 9 10 11 374 19 Table 36 1 2 6 7 Fri May, 6 2016 19:30 29 Sun June, 5 2016 3:00 3rd month 29 Mon July, 4 2016 66 4th month 30 Tue August, 2 67 5th month 30 Thu September, 1 68 6th month 29 Sat October, 1 69 7th month Sun October, 30 70 8th month 30 Tue November, 29 71 9th month 30 Thu 72 10th month 29 73 11th month 74 12th month 63 1st month 64 2nd month 65 3 13 14 16 17 18 2457515 68 1st month 0.7 days 1 togys 28 Sat May, 7 2016 7:30 2457516 Partial coverings 2457545 69 2nd month 28.2 days 25 togys 27 Sat June, 4 2016 6:00 2457544 Partial coverings 11:01 2457574 70 3rd month 26.2 days 23 togys 27 Fri July, 1 2016 4:00 2457571 Partial coverings 2016 20:45 2457603 71 4th month 24.2 days 21 togys 27 Thu July, 28 2016 2:00 2457598 Partial coverings 2016 9:03 2457633 72 5th month 22.0 days 19 togys 27 Wed August, 24 2016 0:30 2457625 Partial coverings 2016 0:12 2457663 73 6th month 19.7 days 17 togys 28 Tue September, 20 2016 23:00 2457652 Partial coverings 2016 17:38 2457692 74 7th month 17.5 days 15 togys 27 Tue October, 18 2016 21:00 2457680 Partial coverings 2016 12:18 2457722 75 8th month 15.2 days 13 togys 28 Mon November, 14 2016 19:00 2457707 Partial coverings December, 29 2016 6:53 2457752 76 9th month 12.9 days 11 togys 28 Mon December, 12 2016 17:00 2457735 Partial coverings Sat January, 28 2017 0:07 2457782 77 10th month 10.5 days 9 togys 27 Mon January, 9 2017 15:30 2457763 Partial coverings 30 Sun February, 26 2017 14:58 2457811 78 11th month 8.0 days 7 togys 27 Sun February, 5 2017 13:30 2457790 Partial coverings 29 Tue March, 28 2017 2:57 2457841 79 12th month 5.7 days 5 togys 28 Sat March, 4 2017 12:00 2457817 Partial coverings 80 13th month 3.4 days 3 togys 27 Sat April, 1 2017 10:00 2457845 Partial coverings 30 30 4 5 8 9 10 11 12 15 19 Table 37 1 2 3 12 13 16 17 18 2457870 81 1st month 1.4 days 1 togys 27 Fri April, 28 2017 8:00 2457872 Partial coverings 2457899 82 2nd month 28.9 days 25 togys 28 Thu May, 25 2017 6:30 2457899 Partial coverings 2457929 83 3rd month 27.0 days 23 togys 27 Thu June, 22 2017 4:30 2457927 Partial coverings 2457958 84 4th month 25.1 days 21 togys 27 Wed July, 19 2017 2:30 2457954 Partial coverings 18:30 2457987 85 5th month 23.0 days 19 togys 27 Tue August, 15 2017 1:00 2457981 Partial coverings 2017 5:30 2458017 86 6th month 20.9 days 17 togys 27 Mon September, 11 2017 23:00 2458008 Partial coverings October, 19 2017 19:12 2458046 87 7th month 18.7 days 15 togys 28 Sun October, 8 2017 21:30 2458035 Partial coverings Sat November, 18 2017 11:42 2458076 88 8th month 16.5 days 13 togys 27 Sun November, 5 2017 19:30 2458063 Partial coverings 30 Mon December, 18 2017 6:31 2458106 89 9th month 14.3 days 11 togys 28 Sat December, 2 2017 18:00 2458090 Partial coverings 10th month 29 Wed January, 17 2018 2:17 2458136 90 10th month 11.9 days 9 togys 27 Sat December, 30 2017 16:00 2458118 Partial coverings 85 11th month 30 Thu February, 15 2018 21:05 2458165 91 11th month 9.5 days 7 togys 28 Fri January, 26 2018 14:30 2458145 Partial coverings 86 12th month Sat March, 17 2018 13:12 2458195 92 12th month 7.0 days 5 togys 27 Fri February, 23 2018 12:30 2458173 Partial coverings 93 13th month 4.5 days 3 togys 27 Thu March, 22 2018 10:30 2458200 Partial coverings 75 1st month 29 76 2nd month 30 77 3rd month 29 78 4th month 79 4 5 6 7 Wed April, 26 2017 12:16 Thu May, 25 2017 19:44 Sat June, 24 2017 2:31 29 Sun July, 23 2017 9:46 5th month 30 Mon August, 21 2017 80 6th month 29 Wed September, 20 81 7th month 30 Thu 82 8th month 30 83 9th month 84 30 8 9 10 11 375 14 15 19 Table 38 1 2 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 2458225 94 1st month 2.3 days 1 togys 28 Wed April, 18 2018 8:30 2458227 Partial coverings 2458254 95 2nd month 0.2 days 27 togys 27 Wed May, 16 2018 6:30 2458255 Partial coverings 19:43 2458283 96 3rd month 27.7 days 25 togys 28 Tue June, 12 2018 5:30 2458282 Partial coverings 2018 2:48 2458313 97 4th month 25.7 days 23 togys 27 Tue July, 10 2018 3:30 2458310 Partial coverings 2018 9:58 2458342 98 5th month 23.8 days 21 togys 27 Mon August, 6 2018 1:30 2458337 Partial coverings 2018 18:01 2458371 99 6th month 21.8 days 19 togys 27 Sun September, 2 2018 0:00 2458364 Partial coverings 2018 3:47 2458401 100 7th month 19.7 days 17 togys 27 Sat September, 29 2018 22:00 2458391 Partial coverings 2018 16:02 2458430 101 8th month 17.5 days 15 togys 28 Fri October, 26 2018 20:30 2458418 Partial coverings December, 7 2018 7:20 2458460 102 9th month 15.4 days 13 togys 27 Fri November, 23 2018 18:30 2458446 Partial coverings Sun January, 6 2019 1:28 2458490 103 10th month 13.2 days 11 togys 28 Thu December, 20 2018 16:30 2458473 Partial coverings 30 Mon February, 4 2019 21:04 2458519 104 11th month 10.8 days 9 togys 27 Thu January, 17 2019 15:00 2458501 Partial coverings 12th month 30 Wed March, 6 2019 16:04 2458549 105 12th month 8.4 days 7 togys 27 Wed February, 13 2019 13:00 2458528 Partial coverings 13th month 29 Fri April, 5 2019 8:50 2458579 106 13th month 5.8 days 5 togys 28 Tue March, 12 2019 11:30 2458555 Partial coverings 107 14th month 3.4 days 3 togys 27 Tue April, 9 2019 10:00 2458583 Partial coverings 87 1st month 88 2nd month 89 3 4 5 6 7 Mon April, 16 2018 1:57 29 Tue May, 15 2018 11:48 3rd month 30 Wed June, 13 2018 90 4th month 29 Fri July, 13 91 5th month 29 Sat August, 11 92 6th month 30 Sun September, 9 93 7th month 29 Tue October, 9 94 8th month 30 Wed November, 7 95 9th month 30 Fri 96 10th month 29 97 11th month 98 99 29 8 9 10 11 19 Table 39 3 4 100 1 1st month 2 30 Sat May, 4 2019 22:45 2458608 108 1st month 101 2nd month 29 Mon June, 3 2019 10:02 2458638 109 2nd month 28.4 days 25 togys 27 Mon June, 3 2019 6:00 2458638 Partial coverings 102 3rd month Tue July, 2 2019 19:16 2458667 110 3rd month 26.3 days 23 togys 27 Sun June, 30 2019 4:00 2458665 Partial coverings 103 4th month 29 Thu August, 1 2019 3:12 2458697 111 4th month 24.3 days 21 togys 27 Sat July, 27 2019 2:30 2458692 Partial coverings 104 5th month 29 Fri August, 30 2019 10:37 2458726 112 5th month 22.3 days 19 togys 27 Fri August, 23 2019 0:30 2458719 Partial coverings 105 6th month 30 Sat September, 28 2019 18:26 2458755 113 6th month 20.3 days 17 togys 27 Thu September, 19 2019 23:00 2458746 Partial coverings 106 7th month 29 Mon October, 28 2019 3:38 2458785 114 7th month 18.2 days 15 togys 28 Wed October, 16 2019 21:00 2458773 Partial coverings 107 8th month 30 Tue November, 26 2019 15:06 2458814 115 8th month 16.1 days 13 togys 27 Wed November, 13 2019 19:30 2458801 Partial coverings 108 9th month 29 Thu December, 26 2019 5:13 2458844 116 9th month 13.9 days 11 togys 28 Tue December, 10 2019 17:30 2458828 Partial coverings 109 10th month 30 Fri January, 24 2020 21:42 2458873 117 10th month 11.7 days 9 togys 27 Tue January, 7 2020 15:30 2458856 Partial coverings 110 11th month 30 Sun February, 23 2020 15:32 2458903 118 11th month 9.4 days 7 togys 28 Mon February, 3 2020 14:00 2458883 Partial coverings 111 12th month 30 Tue March, 24 2020 9:28 2458933 119 12th month 7.0 days 5 togys 27 Mon March, 2 2020 12:00 2458911 Partial coverings 120 13th month 4.5 days 3 togys 27 Sun March, 29 2020 10:00 2458938 Partial coverings 30 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1.1 days 376 12 13 14 1 togys 28 Mon 15 May, 6 16 17 18 2019 8:00 2458610 19 Partial coverings Table 40 1 2 112 1st month 113 2nd month 114 3 4 5 6 7 13 14 15 16 17 18 2458963 121 1st month 2.1 days 1 togys 27 Sat April, 25 2020 8:30 2458965 Partial coverings 2458992 122 2nd month 29.3 days 25 togys 28 Fri May, 22 2020 7:00 2458992 Partial coverings 6:41 2459022 123 3rd month 27.0 days 23 togys 27 Fri June, 19 2020 5:00 2459020 Partial coverings 2020 17:33 2459051 124 4th month 24.8 days 21 togys 27 Thu July, 16 2020 3:00 2459047 Partial coverings 2020 2:42 2459081 125 5th month 22.7 days 19 togys 27 Wed August, 12 2020 1:00 2459074 Partial coverings 2020 11:00 2459110 126 6th month 20.7 days 17 togys 27 Tue September, 8 2020 23:30 2459101 Partial coverings 2020 19:31 2459139 127 7th month 18.6 days 15 togys 28 Mon October, 5 2020 22:00 2459128 Partial coverings 2020 5:07 2459169 128 8th month 16.5 days 13 togys 27 Mon November, 2 2020 20:00 2459156 Partial coverings December, 14 2020 16:17 2459198 129 9th month 14.4 days 11 togys 28 Sun November, 29 2020 18:00 2459183 Partial coverings Wed January, 13 2021 5:00 2459228 130 10th month 12.2 days 9 togys 27 Sun December, 27 2020 16:30 2459211 Partial coverings 30 Thu February, 11 2021 19:06 2459257 131 11th month 10.0 days 7 togys 27 Sat January, 23 2021 14:30 2459238 Partial coverings 30 Sat March, 13 2021 10:21 2459287 132 12th month 7.8 days 5 togys 28 Fri February, 19 2021 13:00 2459265 Partial coverings 133 13th month 5.5 days 3 togys 27 Fri March, 19 2021 11:00 2459293 Partial coverings Thu April, 23 2020 2:26 30 Fri May, 22 2020 17:39 3rd month 29 Sun June, 21 2020 115 4th month 30 Mon July, 20 116 5th month 29 Wed August, 19 117 6th month 29 Thu September, 17 118 7th month Fri October, 16 119 8th month 29 Sun November, 15 120 9th month 30 Mon 121 10th month 29 122 11th month 123 12th month 29 30 8 9 10 11 12 19 Table 41 1 2 3 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 2459317 134 1st month 3.1 days 1 togys 28 Thu April, 15 2021 9:00 2459320 Partial coverings 2459346 135 2nd month 0.6 days 27 togys 27 Thu May, 13 2021 7:30 2459348 Partial coverings 2459376 136 3rd month 27.9 days 25 togys 27 Wed June, 9 2021 5:30 2459375 Partial coverings 2459406 137 4th month 25.5 days 23 togys 27 Tue July, 6 2021 4:00 2459402 Partial coverings 13:50 2459435 138 5th month 23.2 days 21 togys 27 Mon August, 2 2021 2:00 2459429 Partial coverings 2021 0:52 2459465 139 6th month 21.0 days 19 togys 27 Sun August, 29 2021 0:00 2459456 Partial coverings October, 6 2021 11:05 2459494 140 7th month 18.9 days 17 togys 28 Sat September, 25 2021 22:30 2459483 Partial coverings Thu November, 4 2021 21:15 2459523 141 8th month 16.8 days 15 togys 27 Sat October, 23 2021 21:00 2459511 Partial coverings 30 Fri December, 4 2021 7:43 2459552 142 9th month 14.6 days 13 togys 28 Fri November, 19 2021 19:00 2459538 Partial coverings 10th month 30 Sun January, 2 2022 18:34 2459582 143 10th month 12.5 days 11 togys 27 Fri December, 17 2021 17:00 2459566 Partial coverings 134 11th month 29 Tue February, 1 2022 5:46 2459612 144 11th month 10.3 days 9 togys 27 Thu January, 13 2022 15:30 2459593 Full coverings 135 12th month Wed March, 2 2022 17:35 2459641 145 12th month 8.1 days 7 togys 28 Wed February, 9 2022 13:30 2459620 Full coverings 136 13th month Fri April, 1 2022 6:24 2459671 146 13th month 6.0 days 5 togys 27 Wed March, 9 2022 12:00 2459648 Full coverings 147 14th month 3.8 days 3 togys 27 Tue April, 5 2022 10:00 2459675 Full coverings 124 1st month 29 125 2nd month 30 126 3rd month 30 127 4th month 128 4 5 6 7 Mon April, 12 2021 2:31 Tue May, 11 2021 19:00 Thu June, 10 2021 10:53 29 Sat July, 10 2021 1:17 5th month 30 Sun August, 8 2021 129 6th month 29 Tue September, 7 130 7th month 29 Wed 131 8th month 29 132 9th month 133 30 29 8 9 10 11 377 19 Table 42 1 2 4 5 Sat April, 30 2022 20:28 30 Mon May, 30 2022 11:30 3rd month 29 Wed June, 29 2022 140 4th month 30 Thu July, 28 141 5th month 29 Sat August, 27 142 6th month 30 Sun September, 25 143 7th month Tue October, 25 144 8th month 30 Wed November, 23 145 9th month 29 Fri 146 10th month 30 147 11th month 148 12th month 137 1st month 138 2nd month 139 3 12 13 14 16 17 18 2459700 148 1st month 1.5 days 1 togys 27 Mon May, 2 2022 8:00 2459702 Full coverings 2459730 149 2nd month 28.8 days 25 togys 28 Sun May, 29 2022 6:30 2459729 Full coverings 2:52 2459760 150 3rd month 26.4 days 23 togys 27 Sun June, 26 2022 4:30 2459757 Full coverings 2022 17:55 2459789 151 4th month 24.0 days 21 togys 27 Sat July, 23 2022 3:00 2459784 Full coverings 2022 8:17 2459819 152 5th month 21.7 days 19 togys 27 Fri August, 19 2022 1:00 2459811 Full coverings 2022 21:54 2459848 153 6th month 19.5 days 17 togys 28 Thu September, 15 2022 23:30 2459838 Full coverings 2022 10:49 2459878 154 7th month 17.3 days 15 togys 27 Thu October, 13 2022 21:30 2459866 Full coverings 2022 22:57 2459907 155 8th month 15.1 days 13 togys 28 Wed November, 9 2022 19:30 2459893 Full coverings December, 23 2022 10:17 2459937 156 9th month 12.9 days 11 togys 27 Wed December, 7 2022 18:00 2459921 Full coverings Sat January, 21 2023 20:53 2459966 157 10th month 10.6 days 9 togys 27 Tue January, 3 2023 16:00 2459948 Full coverings 29 Mon February, 20 2023 7:06 2459996 158 11th month 8.4 days 7 togys 27 Mon January, 30 2023 14:30 2459975 Full coverings 30 Tue March, 21 2023 17:23 2460025 159 12th month 6.3 days 5 togys 28 Sun February, 26 2023 12:30 2460002 Full coverings 160 13th month 4.3 days 3 togys 27 Sun March, 26 2023 10:30 2460030 Full coverings 30 29 6 7 8 9 10 11 15 19 Table 43 1 2 4 5 29 Thu April, 20 2023 4:12 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 2460055 161 1st month 2.2 days 1 togys 28 Sat April, 22 2023 9:00 2460057 Full coverings 30 Fri May, 19 2023 15:53 2460084 162 2nd month 0.1 days 27 togys 27 Sat May, 20 2023 7:30 2460085 Full coverings 29 Sun June, 18 2023 4:37 30 Mon July, 17 2023 18:32 2460114 163 3rd month 27.4 days 25 togys 27 Fri June, 16 2023 5:30 2460112 Full coverings 2460143 164 4th month 25.1 days 23 togys 28 Thu July, 13 2023 3:30 2460139 Full coverings 5th month 30 Wed August, 16 2023 9:38 2460173 165 5th month 22.7 days 21 togys 27 Thu August, 10 2023 2:00 2460167 Full coverings 154 6th month 29 Fri September, 15 2023 1:40 2460203 166 6th month 20.4 days 19 togys 27 Wed September, 6 2023 0:00 2460194 Full coverings 155 7th month 30 Sat October, 14 2023 17:55 2460232 167 7th month 18.1 days 17 togys 27 Tue October, 3 2023 22:30 2460221 Full coverings 156 8th month 29 Mon , November, 13 2023 9:27 2460262 168 8th month 15.9 days 15 togys 28 Mon October, 30 2023 20:30 2460248 Full coverings 157 9th month 30 Tue December, 12 2023 23:32 2460291 169 9th month 13.6 days 13 togys 27 Mon November, 27 2023 19:00 2460276 Full coverings 158 10th month 29 Thu January, 11 2024 11:57 2460321 170 10th month 11.3 days 11 togys 27 Sun December, 24 2023 16:30 2460303 Full coverings 159 11th month 30 Fri February, 9 2024 22:59 2460350 171 11th month 9.1 days 9 togys 28 Sat January, 20 2024 15:00 2460330 Full coverings 160 12th month Sun March, 10 2024 9:00 2460380 172 12th month 6.9 days 7 togys 27 Sat February, 17 2024 13:00 2460358 Full coverings 161 13th month Mon April, 8 2024 18:21 2460409 173 13th month 4.8 days 5 togys 27 Fri March, 15 2024 11:00 2460385 Full coverings 174 14th month 2.8 days 3 togys 28 Thu April, 11 2024 9:30 2460412 Full coverings 149 1st month 150 2nd month 151 3rd month 152 4th month 153 3 29 30 6 7 8 9 10 11 378 19 Table 44 1 2 162 1st month 163 2nd month 164 3 4 5 6 7 13 14 16 17 18 2460439 175 1st month 0.8 days 1 togys 27 Thu May, 9 2024 7:30 2460440 Full coverings 2460468 176 2nd month 28.2 days 25 togys 28 Wed June, 5 2024 5:30 2460467 Full coverings 22:57 2460497 177 3rd month 26.1 days 23 togys 27 Wed July, 3 2024 4:30 2460495 Full coverings 2024 11:13 2460527 178 4th month 23.9 days 21 togys 27 Tue July, 30 2024 2:30 2460522 Full coverings 2024 1:56 2460557 179 5th month 21.7 days 19 togys 27 Mon August, 26 2024 1:00 2460549 Full coverings 2024 18:49 2460586 180 6th month 19.4 days 17 togys 27 Sun September, 22 2024 23:00 2460576 Full coverings 2024 12:47 2460616 181 7th month 17.1 days 15 togys 28 Sat October, 19 2024 21:00 2460603 Full coverings 2024 6:22 2460646 182 8th month 14.8 days 13 togys 27 Sat November, 16 2024 19:30 2460631 Full coverings December, 30 2024 22:27 2460675 183 9th month 12.5 days 11 togys 28 Fri December, 13 2024 17:30 2460658 Full coverings Wed January, 29 2025 12:36 2460705 184 10th month 10.1 days 9 togys 27 Fri January, 10 2025 15:30 2460686 Full coverings 29 Fri February, 28 2025 0:45 2460735 185 11th month 7.8 days 7 togys 27 Thu February, 6 2025 14:00 2460713 Full coverings 29 Sat March, 29 2025 10:58 2460764 186 12th month 5.5 days 5 togys 28 Wed March, 5 2025 12:00 2460740 Full coverings 187 13th month 3.4 days 3 togys 27 Wed April, 2 2025 10:00 2460768 Full coverings Wed May, 8 2024 3:22 29 Thu June, 6 2024 12:38 3rd month 30 Fri July, 5 2024 165 4th month 30 Sun August, 4 166 5th month 29 Tue September, 3 167 6th month 30 Wed October, 2 168 7th month Fri November, 1 169 8th month 29 Sun December, 1 170 9th month 30 Mon 171 10th month 30 172 11th month 173 12th month 29 30 8 9 10 11 12 15 19 Table 45 1 2 4 5 30 Sun April, 27 2025 19:31 29 Tue May, 27 2025 3:02 29 Wed June, 25 2025 10:31 Thu July, 24 2025 19:11 29 Sat August, 23 2025 6:06 6th month 30 Sun September, 21 2025 180 7th month 30 Tue October, 21 181 8th month 30 Thu 182 9th month 29 183 10th month 184 11th month 185 12th month 174 1st month 175 2nd month 176 3rd month 177 4th month 178 5th month 179 3 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 2460793 188 1st month 1.5 days 1 togys 28 Tue April, 29 2025 8:00 2460795 Full coverings 2460823 189 2nd month 28.9 days 25 togys 27 Tue May, 27 2025 6:30 2460823 Full coverings 2460852 190 3rd month 27.0 days 23 togys 27 Mon June, 23 2025 4:30 2460850 Full coverings 2460881 191 4th month 25.0 days 21 togys 27 Sun July, 20 2025 3:00 2460877 Full coverings 2460911 192 5th month 22.9 days 19 togys 27 Sat August, 16 2025 1:00 2460904 Full coverings 19:54 2460940 193 6th month 20.7 days 17 togys 28 Fri September, 12 2025 23:30 2460931 Full coverings 2025 12:25 2460970 194 7th month 18.4 days 15 togys 27 Fri October, 10 2025 21:30 2460959 Full coverings November, 20 2025 6:47 2461000 195 8th month 16.1 days 13 togys 28 Thu November, 6 2025 19:30 2460986 Full coverings Sat December, 20 2025 1:43 2461030 196 9th month 13.8 days 11 togys 27 Thu December, 4 2025 18:00 2461014 Full coverings 30 Sun January, 18 2026 19:52 2461059 197 10th month 11.5 days 9 togys 28 Wed December, 31 2025 16:00 2461041 Full coverings 30 Tue February, 17 2026 12:01 2461089 198 11th month 9.1 days 7 togys 27 Wed January, 28 2026 14:30 2461069 Full coverings Thu March, 19 2026 1:23 2461119 199 12th month 6.6 days 5 togys 27 Tue February, 24 2026 12:30 2461096 Full coverings 200 13th month 4.3 days 3 togys 28 Mon March, 23 2026 11:00 2461123 Full coverings 30 29 6 7 8 9 10 11 379 19 Table 46 1 2 4 5 Fri April, 17 2026 11:52 12 13 14 16 17 18 2461148 201 1st month 2.2 days 1 togys 27 Mon April, 20 2026 9:00 2461151 Full coverings 30 Sat May, 16 2026 20:01 2461177 202 2nd month 0.3 days 27 togys 28 Sun May, 17 2026 7:00 2461178 Full coverings 3rd month 29 Mon June, 15 2026 2:54 2461207 203 3rd month 27.7 days 25 togys 27 Sun June, 14 2026 5:30 2461206 Full coverings 189 4th month 29 Tue July, 14 2026 9:44 2461236 204 4th month 25.8 days 23 togys 27 Sat July, 11 2026 3:30 2461233 Full coverings 190 5th month 30 Wed August, 12 2026 17:37 2461265 205 5th month 23.9 days 21 togys 27 Fri August, 7 2026 2:00 2461260 Full coverings 191 6th month 29 Fri September, 11 192 7th month Sat October, 10 2026 3:27 2461295 206 6th month 21.8 days 19 togys 27 Thu September, 3 2026 0:00 2461287 Full coverings 2026 15:50 2461324 207 7th month 19.6 days 17 togys 28 Wed September, 30 2026 22:30 2461314 Full coverings 193 8th month 30 Mon November, 9 2026 7:02 2461354 208 8th month 17.4 days 15 togys 27 Wed October, 28 2026 20:30 2461342 Full coverings 194 9th month 29 Wed December, 9 2026 0:52 2461384 209 9th month 15.2 days 13 togys 28 Tue November, 24 2026 19:00 2461369 Full coverings 195 10th month 30 Thu January, 7 2027 20:24 2461413 210 10th month 12.9 days 11 togys 27 Tue December, 22 2026 17:00 2461397 Full coverings 196 11th month 30 Sat February, 6 2027 15:56 2461443 211 11th month 10.5 days 9 togys 28 Mon January, 18 2027 15:00 2461424 Full coverings 197 12th month 29 Mon March, 8 2027 9:29 2461473 212 12th month 8.0 days 7 togys 27 Mon February, 15 2027 13:00 2461452 Full coverings 198 13th month 30 Tue April, 6 2027 23:51 2461502 213 13th month 5.5 days 5 togys 27 Sun March, 14 2027 11:00 2461479 Full coverings 214 14th month 3.2 days 3 togys 27 Sat April, 10 2027 9:00 2461506 Full coverings 186 1st month 187 2nd month 188 3 29 30 6 7 8 9 10 11 15 19 Table 47 3 4 199 1 1st month 2 29 Thu May, 6 2027 10:59 2461532 215 1st month 200 2nd month 30 Fri June, 4 2027 19:40 2461561 216 2nd month 28.4 days 25 togys 27 Fri June, 4 2027 6:00 2461561 Full coverings 201 3rd month Sun July, 4 2027 3:02 2461591 217 3rd month 26.5 days 23 togys 28 Thu July, 1 2027 4:30 2461588 Full coverings 202 4th month 29 Mon August, 2 2027 10:05 2461620 218 4th month 24.6 days 21 togys 27 Thu July, 29 2027 2:30 2461616 Full coverings 203 5th month 30 Tue August, 31 2027 17:41 2461649 219 5th month 22.6 days 19 togys 27 Wed August, 25 2027 0:30 2461643 Full coverings 204 6th month 29 Thu September, 30 2027 2:36 2461679 220 6th month 20.5 days 17 togys 27 Tue September, 21 2027 23:00 2461670 Full coverings 205 7th month 30 Fri October, 29 2027 13:36 2461708 221 7th month 18.3 days 15 togys 27 Mon October, 18 2027 21:00 2461697 Full coverings 206 8th month 29 Sun November, 28 2027 3:24 2461738 222 8th month 16.2 days 13 togys 28 Sun November, 14 2027 19:30 2461724 Full coverings 207 9th month 30 Mon December, 27 2027 20:12 2461767 223 9th month 14.0 days 11 togys 27 Sun December, 12 2027 17:30 2461752 Full coverings 208 10th month 30 Wed January, 26 2028 15:13 2461797 224 10th month 11.8 days 9 togys 28 Sat January, 8 2028 15:30 2461779 Full coverings 209 11th month 30 Fri February, 25 2028 10:37 2461827 225 11th month 9.4 days 7 togys 27 Sat February, 5 2028 13:30 2461807 Full coverings 210 12th month 29 Sun March, 26 2028 4:31 2461857 226 12th month 6.9 days 5 togys 27 Fri March, 3 2028 12:00 2461834 Full coverings 227 13th month 4.3 days 3 togys 28 Thu March, 30 2028 10:30 2461861 Full coverings 29 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1.0 days 380 12 13 1 togys 28 14 Fri 15 May, 7 16 17 18 2027 8:00 2461533 19 Full coverings Table 48 1 2 6 7 Mon April, 24 2028 19:47 29 Wed May, 24 2028 8:16 3rd month 30 Thu June, 22 2028 214 4th month 29 Sat July, 22 215 5th month 29 Sun August, 20 216 6th month 30 Mon September, 18 217 7th month Wed October, 18 218 8th month 30 Thu November, 16 219 9th month 29 Sat 220 10th month 30 221 11th month 222 12th month 211 1st month 212 2nd month 213 3 13 14 15 16 17 18 2461886 228 1st month 1.9 days 1 togys 27 Thu April, 27 2028 8:30 2461889 Full coverings 2461916 229 2nd month 29.2 days 25 togys 28 Wed May, 24 2028 6:30 2461916 Full coverings 18:28 2461945 230 3rd month 27.1 days 23 togys 27 Wed June, 21 2028 5:00 2461944 Full coverings 2028 3:02 2461975 231 4th month 25.1 days 21 togys 27 Tue July, 18 2028 3:00 2461971 Full coverings 2028 10:44 2462004 232 5th month 23.1 days 19 togys 27 Mon August, 14 2028 1:30 2461998 Full coverings 2028 18:24 2462033 233 6th month 21.0 days 17 togys 27 Sun September, 10 2028 23:30 2462025 Full coverings 2028 2:57 2462063 234 7th month 18.9 days 15 togys 27 Sat October, 7 2028 21:30 2462052 Full coverings 2028 13:18 2462092 235 8th month 16.8 days 13 togys 28 Fri November, 3 2028 20:00 2462079 Full coverings December, 16 2028 2:06 2462122 236 9th month 14.7 days 11 togys 27 Fri December, 1 2028 18:00 2462107 Full coverings Sun January, 14 2029 17:24 2462151 237 10th month 12.5 days 9 togys 28 Thu December, 28 2028 16:00 2462134 Full coverings 30 Tue February, 13 2029 10:31 2462181 238 11th month 10.3 days 7 togys 27 Thu January, 25 2029 14:30 2462162 Full coverings 29 Thu March, 15 2029 4:19 2462211 239 12th month 7.9 days 5 togys 28 Wed February, 21 2029 13:00 2462189 Full coverings 240 13th month 5.5 days 3 togys 27 Wed March, 21 2029 11:00 2462217 Full coverings 30 29 4 5 8 9 10 11 12 19 Table 49 1 2 4 5 30 Fri April, 13 2029 21:40 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 2462240 241 1st month 3.0 days 1 togys 27 Tue April, 17 2029 9:00 2462244 Full coverings 30 Sun may, 13 2029 13:42 2462270 242 2nd month 0.6 days 27 togys 27 Mon May, 14 2029 7:00 2462271 Full coverings 29 Tue June, 12 2029 3:51 30 Wed July, 11 2029 15:51 2462300 243 3rd month 27.8 days 25 togys 28 Sun June, 10 2029 5:30 2462298 Full coverings 2462329 244 4th month 25.6 days 23 togys 27 Sun July, 8 2029 4:00 2462326 Full coverings 5th month 29 Fri August, 10 2029 1:56 2462359 245 5th month 23.4 days 21 togys 27 Sat August, 4 2029 2:00 2462353 Full coverings 228 6th month 29 Sat September, 8 2029 10:44 2462388 246 6th month 21.3 days 19 togys 27 Fri August, 31 2029 0:00 2462380 Full coverings 229 7th month 30 Sun October, 7 2029 19:14 2462417 247 7th month 19.3 days 17 togys 27 Thu September, 27 2029 22:30 2462407 Full coverings 230 8th month 29 Tue November, 6 2029 4:24 2462447 248 8th month 17.2 days 15 togys 28 Wed October, 24 2029 20:30 2462434 Full coverings 231 9th month 30 Wed December, 5 2029 14:52 2462476 249 9th month 15.0 days 13 togys 27 Wed November, 21 2029 19:30 2462462 Full coverings 232 10th month 29 Fri January, 4 2030 2:49 2462506 250 10th month 12.9 days 11 togys 28 Tue December, 18 2029 17:00 2462489 Full coverings 233 11th month 30 Sat February, 2 2030 16:08 2462535 251 11th month 10.7 days 9 togys 27 Tue January, 15 2030 15:30 2462517 Full coverings 234 12th month Mon March, 4 2030 6:35 2462565 252 12th month 8.5 days 7 togys 27 Mon February, 11 2030 13:30 2462544 Full coverings 235 13th month Tue April, 2, 2030 22:02 2462594 253 13th month 6.2 days 5 togys 28 Sun March, 10 2030 11:30 2462571 Full coverings 254 14th month 3.9 days 3 togys 27 Sun April, 7 2030 10:00 2462599 Full coverings 223 1st month 224 2nd month 225 3rd month 226 4th month 227 3 29 30 6 7 8 9 10 11 381 19 Table 50 1 2 1 1st month 2 2nd month 3 3 4 5 6 7 12 13 14 16 17 18 2462624 1 1st month 1.5 days 1 togys 27 Sat May, 4 2030 8:00 2462626 Full coverings 2462654 2 2nd month 28.7 days 25 togys 28 Fri May, 31 2030 6:30 2462653 Full coverings 21:34 2462683 3 3rd month 26.3 days 23 togys 27 Fri June, 28 2030 4:30 2462681 Full coverings 2030 11:11 2462713 4 4th month 23.9 days 21 togys 27 Thu July, 25 2030 2:30 2462708 Full coverings 2030 23:07 2462742 5 5th month 21.7 days 19 togys 27 Wed August, 21 2030 1:00 2462735 Full coverings 2030 9:55 2462772 6 6th month 19.5 days 17 togys 27 Tue September, 17 2030 23:00 2462762 Full coverings 2030 20:17 2462801 7 7th month 17.4 days 15 togys 28 Mon October, 14 2030 21:00 2462789 Full coverings 2030 6:46 2462831 8 8th month 15.3 days 13 togys 27 Mon November, 11 2030 20:00 2462817 Full coverings December, 24 2030 17:32 2462860 9 9th month 13.1 days 11 togys 28 Sun December, 8 2030 18:00 2462844 Full coverings Thu January, 23 2031 4:31 2462890 10 10th month 10.9 days 9 togys 27 Sun January, 5 2031 16:00 2462872 Full coverings 30 Fri February, 21 2031 15:49 2462919 11 11th month 8.7 days 7 togys 27 Sat February, 1 2031 14:00 2462899 Full coverings 29 Sun March, 23 2031 3:49 2462949 12 12th month 6.6 days 5 togys 28 Fri February, 28 2031 12:30 2462926 Full coverings 13 13th month 4.4 days 3 togys 27 Fri March, 28 2031 10:30 2462954 Partial coverings Thu May, 2 2030 14:12 29 Sat June, 1 2030 6:21 3rd month 30 Sun June, 30 2030 4 4th month 29 Tue July, 30 5 5th month 30 Wed August, 28 6 6th month 29 Fri September, 27 7 7th month 30 Sat October, 26 8 8th month 29 Mon November, 25 9 9th month 30 Tue 10 10th month 29 11 11th month 12 12th month 30 8 9 10 11 15 19 Table 51 1 2 3 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 2462978 14 1st month 2.2 days 1 togys 27 Thu April, 24 2031 9:00 2462981 Partial coverings 2463008 15 2nd month 29.5 days 25 togys 28 Wed May, 21 2031 7:00 2463008 Partial coverings 2463037 16 3rd month 27.2 days 23 togys 27 Wed June, 18 2031 5:30 2463036 Partial coverings 2463067 17 4th month 24.8 days 21 togys 27 Tue July, 15 2031 3:30 2463063 Partial coverings 2463097 18 5th month 22.4 days 19 togys 27 Mon August, 11 2031 1:30 2463090 Partial coverings 18:47 2463126 19 6th month 20.1 days 17 togys 27 Sun September, 7 2031 0:00 2463117 Partial coverings 2031 8:21 2463156 20 7th month 17.9 days 15 togys 27 Sat October, 4 2031 22:00 2463144 Partial coverings November, 14 2031 21:10 2463185 21 8th month 15.7 days 13 togys 28 Fri October, 31 2031 20:00 2463171 Partial coverings Sun December, 14 2031 9:06 2463215 22 9th month 13.5 days 11 togys 28 Fri November, 28 2031 18:30 2463199 Partial coverings 30 Mon January, 12 2032 20:07 2463244 23 10th month 11.2 days 9 togys 27 Fri December, 26 2031 16:30 2463227 Partial coverings 29 Wed February, 11 2032 6:24 2463274 24 11th month 9.0 days 7 togys 27 Thu January, 22 2032 15:00 2463254 Partial coverings Thu March, 11 2032 16:25 2463303 25 12th month 6.9 days 5 togys 27 Wed February, 18 2032 13:00 2463281 Partial coverings 26 13th month 4.8 days 3 togys 28 Tue March, 16 2032 11:30 2463308 Partial coverings 13 1st month 30 14 2nd month 29 15 3rd month 30 16 4th month 17 5th month 18 4 5 6 7 Mon April, 21 2031 16:57 Wed May, 21 2031 7:17 Thu June, 19 2031 22:25 Sat July, 19 2031 13:40 29 Mon August, 18 2031 4:32 6th month 30 Tue September, 16 2031 19 7th month 29 Thu October, 16 20 8th month 30 Fri 21 9th month 29 22 10th month 23 11th month 24 12th month 30 30 8 9 10 11 382 19 Table 52 Time offset Geographical coordinates UTC −12:00 0°11'41"N 176°28'46"W 0°48'25.84"N 176°36'59.48"W 14°16'25.31"S 170°42'16.95"W 19°3'11.93"S 169°55'9.70"W 21°12'23.28"S 159°46'37.46"W 17°32'6.72"S 149°32'51.23"W 21°18'45.59"N 157°50'45.81"W 8°54'37.12"S 140°6'10.71"W 23°7'9.40"S 134°58'10.45"W 25°3'58.48"S 130°6'1.69"W 48°25'10.23"N 123°22'13.26"W 29°4'59.90"N 110°57'41.42"W 33°36'8.26"N 111°59'1.52"W 17°15'10.02"N 88°46'28.15"W 50°26'52.86"N 104°36'44.19"W 9°56'12.25"N 84°6'27.82"W 0°54'13.80"S 89°36'40.31"W 13°42'21.13"N 89°12'29.47"W 14°36'35.84"N 90°32'1.12"W 14°5'39.10"N 87°12'4.94"W 12°8'22.61"N 86°16'14.33"W 9°58'0.60"S 67°49'32.84"W 19°17'57.65"N 81°22'18.93"W 4°39'13.00"N 74° 6'12.24"W 0°11'50.07"S 78°29'23.20"W 18°1'46.13"N 76°48'38.08"W 18°31'12.45"N 88°18'13.36"W 9°0'30.69"N 79°30'26.32"W 12°4'2.02"S 77°2'1.40"W 18°12'48.13"N 63° 3'20.65"W 17°7'1.02"N 61°50'19.72"W UTC −11:00 UTC −10:00 UTC −09:30 UTC −09:00 UTC −08:00 UTC −07:00 UTC −06:00 UTC −05:00 UTC −04:00 The capital of the islands and Example locations that do not use DST countries Island center Baker Island Island center Howland Island Pago Pago American Samoa Alofi Niue Avarua Cook Islands Papeete French Polynesia (Tahiti) Honolulu United States (Hawaii) Taiohae French Polynesia (Marquesas Islands) Rikitea French Polynesia (Gambier Islands) Adamstown Pitcairn Islands Victoria Canada (northeastern British Columbia) Hermosillo Mexico (Sonora) Phoenix United States (Arizona ) Belmopan Belize Regina Belize Canada (Saskatchewan ) San José Costa Rica Puerto Baquerizo Moreno Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Salvador El Salvador Guatemala City Guatemala Tegucigalpa Honduras Managua Nicaragua Rio Branco Brazil (Acre) George Town Cayman Islands Bogotá Colombia Quito Ecuador (main territory) Kingston Jamaica Chetumal Mexico (Quintana Roo ) Panama City Panama Lima Peru The Valley Anguilla St. John's Antigua and Barbuda 383 UTC −03:30 UTC −03:00 13°6'18.02"N 59°37'21.18"W 19°2'1.07"S 65°15'28.19"W 3°4'59.75"S 60°1'41.27"W 20°27'4.11"S 54°37'12.85"W 15°36'14.14"S 56°7'18.01"W 8°46'16.64"S 63°52'58.97"W 2°49'16.25"N 60°40'22.75"W 18°25'34.66"N 64°37'15.15"W 12°9'0.63"N 68°16'26.92"W 17°29'9.02"N 62°59'7.84"W 17°37'34.19"N 63°14'59.32"W 12°6'0.08"N 68°54'23.87"W 15°18'6.72"N 61°23'4.09"W 18°28'43.86"N 69°58'3.61"W 12°3'32.63"N 61°45'8.24"W 15°59'33.81"N 61°43'41.63"W 6°48'45.57"N 58°9'49.36"W 14°36'58.24"N 61°3'29.14"W 16°47'19.29"N 62°12'35.39"W 18°27'54.67"N 66°6'6.57"W 17°53'53.98"N 62°51'9.32"W 17°17'45.91"N 62°43'20.24"W 14°0'43.11"N 60°59'18.40"W 18°4'3.44"N 63°4'36.55"W 13°0'36.71"N 61°14'0.74"W 10°39'15.73"N 61°30'39.58"W 21°27'33.27"N 71° 8'24.62"W 18°20'38.43"N 64°56'0.44"W 10°29'23.42"N 66°53'2.11"W Bridgetown Sucre (constitutional) Manaus Campo Grande Cuiabá Porto Velho Boa Vista Road Town Bonaire Sint Eustatius Saba Willemstad Roseau Santo Domingo St. George's Basse-Terre Georgetown Fort-de-France Plymouth (de jure), Brades San Juan Gustavia Basseterre Castries Marigot Kingstown Port of Spain Cockburn Town Charlotte Amalie Caracas Barbados Bolivia Brazil (Amazonas Mato Grosso do Sul Mato Grosso Rondônia Roraima British Virgin Islands Caribbean Netherlands Caribbean Netherlands Caribbean Netherlands Curacao Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Guadeloupe Guyana Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthelemy Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Martin Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States (Virgin Islands) Venezuela 34°39'12.24"S 58°26'19.36"W 15°47'31.15"S 47°53'15.43"W 53° 9'40.36"S 70°55'40.97"W 51°41'33.70"S 57°51'30.84"W Buenos Aires Brasília Punta Arenas Stanley Argentina Brazil Chile (Magallanes) Falkland Islands 384 UTC −02:00 UTC −01:00 UTC ±00:00 UTC +01:00 4°55'22.04"N 52°19'9.73"W 5°50'14.54"N 55° 9'38.63"W 34°51'20.13"S 56°12'57.87"W 3°51'5.52"S 32°25'22.80"W 54°16'59.97"S 36°29'35.88"W 14°54'49.76"N 23°31'39.22"W 12°20'43.70"N 1°31'27.21"W 13°27'15.13"N 16°34'26.67"W 5°36'24.15"N 0°12'30.73"W 9°32'44.98"N 13°40'22.52"W 11°52'11.28"N 15°36'22.42"W 64° 6'25.85"N 21°50'1.54"W 6°48'40.55"N 5°17'49.02"W 6°18'11.02"N 10°47'49.64"W 12°38'18.33"N 8°0'9.51"W 18° 5'25.26"N 15°58'32.00"W 15°56'10.76"S 5°43'8.70"W 14°45'52.05"N 17°21'58.55"W 8°27'24.45"N 13°14'38.16"W 0°19'48.92"N 6°43'59.78"E 6°10'47.32"N 1°14'27.79"E 36°43'24.47"N 3°5'30.74"E 8°58'40.39"S 13°26'38.63"E 6°29'36.73"N 2°35'55.74"E 3°52'0.05"N 11°30'59.40"E 4°22'59.24"N 18°32'57.24"E 4°15'19.33"S 15°16'48.81"E 4°19'49.48"S 15°18'37.47"E 1°50'34.22"N 9°46'44.36"E 0°26'17.72"N 9°26'44.66"E 33°57'20.79"N 6°52'9.86"W 13°30'43.87"N 2°6'41.33"E 9° 3'49.37"N 7°29'3.30"E 36°48'16.99"N 10°10'39.45"E Cayenne Paramaribo Montevideo Vila dos Remedios King Edward Point Praia Ouagadougou Banjul Accra Conakry Bissau Reykjavík Yamoussoukro (Abidjan) Monrovia Bamako Nouakchott Jamestown Dakar Freetown São Tomé Lomé Algiers Luanda Porto-Novo Yaoundé Bangui Brazzaville Kinshasa Malabo Libreville Rabat Niamey Abuja Tunis French Guiana Suriname Uruguay Brazil (Fernando de Noronha) South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Cape Verde Burkina Faso Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Iceland Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Saint Helena Senegal Sierra Leone Sao Tome and Principe Togo Algeria Angola Benin Cameroon Central African Republic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo (western part) Equatorial Guinea Gabon Morocco Niger Nigeria Tunisia 385 UTC +02:00 UTC +03:00 27°9'27.52"N 13°12'26.59"W 24°39'32.43"S 25°54'38.69"E 3°22'40.07"S 29°21'23.69"E 10°42'33.37"S 25°29'56.84"E 30° 2'43.51"N 31°14'9.36"E 26°19'11.64"S 31°8'12.12"E 29°18'46.22"S 27°29'20.98"E 32°50'32.71"N 13°12'31.84"E 13°58'49.47"S 33°46'55.88"E 25°57'13.16"S 32°35'0.94"E 22°34'3.38"S 17°4'51.10"E 54°43'14.08"N 20°30'33.85"E 1°57'16.36"S 30°5'37.71"E 25°44'23.26"S 28°10'7.98"E 15°30'15.18"N 32°31'51.33"E 15°24'58.38"S 28°16'45.57"E 17°51'43.56"S 31°1'1.85"E 26°12'59.98"N 50°34'59.68"E 53°54'11.35"N 27°33'39.32"E 11°43'5.84"S 43°14'47.32"E 11°33'24.69"N 43°9'13.51"E 15°19'46.76"N 38°56'8.15"E 8°58'18.78"N 38°45'32.51"E 33°18'29.93"N 44°23'20.78"E 1°17'31.50"S 36°49'18.79"E 29°22'32.53"N 47°58'38.17"E 18°56'0.03"S 47°31'0.05"E 12°46'41.80"S 45°13'40.11"E 25°17'6.55"N 51°31'6.16"E 55°45'13.23"N 37°37'11.26"E 21°25'21.45"S 39°49'34.44"E 2° 2'24.16"N 45°17'13.04"E 4°51'4.14"N 31°35'24.63"E 33°30'46.57"N 36°17'31.29"E Laayoune (El-Aaiun) Gaborone Gitega Kolwezi Cairo Mbabane Maseru Tripoli Lilongwe Maputo Windhoek Kaliningrad (Königsberg) Kigali Pretoria Khartoum Lusaka Harare Manama Minsk Moroni Djibouti Asmara Addis Ababa Baghdad Nairobi Kuwait City Antananarivo Mamoudzou Doha Moscow Riyadh Mogadishu Juba Damascus Western Sahara Botswana Burundi Democratic Republic of the Congo (eastern part) Egypt Eswatini (Swaziland) Lesotho Libya Malawi Mozambique Namibia Russian Federation (Kaliningrad) Rwanda South Africa Sudan Zambia Zimbabwe Bahrain Belarus Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Iraq Kenya Kuwait Madagascar Mayotte Qatar Russian Federation (Moscow) Saudi Arabia Somalia South Sudan Syria 386 UTC +03:30 UTC +04:00 UTC +04:30 UTC +05:00 UTC +05:30 UTC +05:45 UTC +06:00 6°10'22.68"S 35°44'44.76"E 39°55'58.78"N 32°51'1.24"E 0°18'49.85"N 32°34'56.86"E 15°22'16.83"N 44°10'33.98"E Dodoma Ankara Kampala Sana'a Tanzania Turkey Uganda Yemen 40°11'9.60"N 44°30'54.62"E 40°23'50.41"N 49°51'8.59"E 41°43'10.79"N 44°46'46.18"E 20°10'8.56"S 57°30'6.44"E 23°36'28.42"N 58°32'43.51"E 53°14'24.49"N 50°14'28.00"E 21°7'4.52"S 55°32'5.88"E 4°40'57.12"S 55°29'32.12"E 24°27'43.55"N 54°19'0.85"E 34°31'59.97"N 69°10'0.13"E 51°14'22.20"N 51°25'51.49"E 50°17'15.94"N 57°11'14.45"E 47°7'18.58"N 51°54'43.13"E 44°50'19.27"N 65°29'17.60"E 43°38'16.03"N 51° 9'56.83"E 4°10'27.70"N 73°30'37.66"E 33°43'54.34"N 73° 5'45.17"E 56°49'44.50"N 60°35'56.50"E 38°32'7.94"N 68°45'52.44"E 37°55'45.71"N 58°22'19.72"E 41°17'9.12"N 69°11'34.25"E 28°36'46.30"N 77°12'20.99"E 6°55'37.31"N 79°51'29.45"E 27°41'50.55"N 85°19'0.31"E 23°48'57.39"N 90°24'30.49"E 27°28'36.49"N 89°38'15.51"E 7°17'36.07"S 72°23'9.25"E 43°15'20.09"N 76°55'3.14"E 43°17'51.63"N 68°16'15.81"E Yerevan Baku Tbilisi Port Louis Muscat Samara Saint-Denis Victoria Abu Dhabi Kabul Oral Aktobe Atyrau Kyzylorda Aktau Malé Islamabad Yekaterinburg Dushanbe Ashgabat Tashkent New Delhi Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte Kathmandu Dhaka Thimphu Camp Justice Almaty Turkistan Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Mauritius Oman Russian Federation (Samara) Réunion Seychelles United Arab Emirates Afghanistan Kazakhstan (West Kazakhstan) 387 Maldives Pakistan Russian Federation (Yekaterinburg) Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan India Sri Lanka Nepal Bangladesh Bhutan British Indian Ocean Territory Kazakhstan (Southern Kazakhstan, Eastern Kazakhstan) UTC +06:30 UTC +07:00 UTC +08:00 42°47'18.42"N 68°21'18.91"E 42°19'10.38"N 69°34'56.83"E 42°53'52.38"N 71°23'35.19"E 49°58'16.31"N 82°35'20.69"E 51°7'33.62"N 71°26'46.30"E 49°47'38.77"N 73° 5'33.81"E 52°17'8.68"N 76°56'42.02"E 53°12'55.54"N 63°37'59.26"E 54°52'26.57"N 69° 9'7.27"E 54°58'44.48"N 73°19'29.78"E 12°11'7.20"S 96°49'35.32"E 19°46'28.43"N 96° 4'11.18"E 11°33'28.25"N 104°54'43.52"E 10°25'27.48"S 105°40'46.39"E 0°4'50.57"S 101°42'43.63"E 6°10'11.45"S 106°49'50.86"E 0°2'29.69"S 109°20'10.39"E 2°12'26.80"S 113°54'59.18"E 17°59'3.44"N 102°36'17.16"E 49°58'30.21"N 92° 3'10.12"E 56°3'2.60"N 92°53'39.58"E 13°45'14.80"N 100°30'6.58"E 21°0'16.22"N 105°50'41.85"E 31°56'40.37"S 115°49'48.19"E 4°53'22.41"N 114°56'29.97"E 39°55'8.54"N 116°23'25.69"E 22°18'7.15"N 114°10'12.43"E 5°8'40.48"S 119°28'31.20"E 8°39'19.67"S 115°13'29.85"E 2°50'39.47"N 117°21'55.20"E 0°29'35.25"S 117° 8'57.93"E 3°19'8.24"S 114°35'28.45"E 22°11'18.33"N 113°32'36.43"E 3° 4'9.71"N 101°41'35.90"E Shaulder Shymkent Taraz Oskemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk) Nur-Sultan (Astana) Karagandy Kereku (Pavlodar) Kostanay Kyzylzhar (Petropavl) Omsk West Island Naypyidaw Phnom Penh Flying Fish Cove Aceh, Bengkulu, Jambi, etc. Jakarta Pontianak Palangka Raya Vientiane Khovd, Uvs and Bayan-Ölgii Krasnoyarsk Bangkok Hanoi Perth Bandar Seri Begawan Beijing Hong Kong Makassar City Bali (Denpasar) Tanjung Selor Samarinda Banjarmasin Macau Kuala Lumpur 388 Kazakhstan (Central Kazakhstan, Northern Kazakhstan) Russian Federation (Omsk Time) Cocos Islands Myanmar Cambodia Christmas Island Indonesia (Sumatra Island) Indonesia (Java Island) Indonesia (West Kalimantan) Indonesia (Central Kalimantan) Laos Mongolia (west) Russian Federation (Krasnoyarsk) Thailand Vietnam Australia (Western Australia) Brunei People's Republic of China Hong Kong Indonesia (Sulawesi Island) Indonesia (Lesser Sunda Islands) Indonesia (North Kalimantan) Indonesia (East Kalimantan) Indonesia (South Kalimantan) Macau Malaysia UTC +08:45 UTC +09:00 UTC +09:30 UTC +10:00 UTC +10:30 UTC +11:00 UTC +12:00 47°54'37.73"N 106°55'16.38"E 14°36'25.14"N 121°1'7.96"E 52°16'32.39"N 104°18'18.00"E 1°21'1.43"N 103°50'59.20"E 25° 2'4.69"N 121°31'18.52"E 31°56'38.55"S 115°51'2.27"E 31°40'37.01"S 128°53'24.57"E 8°33'19.73"S 125°33'47.01"E 3°39'35.93"S 128°10'20.46"E 2°31'49.77"S 140°43'24.39"E 0°52'3.33"S 134° 3'41.65"E 35°41'30.17"N 139°41'38.46"E 39° 2'11.20"N 125°43'52.29"E 7°30'1.40"N 134°37'26.29"E 62°1'49.57"N 129°45'27.18"E 37°31'4.51"N 126°57'28.35"E 12°25'29.41"S 130°50'45.59"E 27°29'9.08"S 153°2'17.13"E 6°54'34.28"N 158°9'33.52"E 5°19'31.70"N 163°0'41.30"E 6°58'0.78"N 158°12'43.93"E 9°26'27.32"S 147°11'7.48"E 43°7'20.74"N 131°53'56.82"E Ulaanbaatar Manila Irkutsk Singapore Taipei Perth Eucla Dili Ambon Jayapura Manokwari Tokyo P'yŏngyang Ngerulmud Yakutsk Seoul Darwin Brisbane Palikir Tofol Kolonia Port Moresby Vladivostok Mongolia Philippines Russian Federation (Irkutsk) Singapore Taiwan Australia (Western Australia) Australia (Eucla) Timor-Leste Indonesia (Maluku Islands) Papua West Papua Japan North Korea Palau Russian Federation (Yakutsk) South Korea Australia (Northern Territory) Australia (Queensland) Micronesia Micronesia (Kosrae) Micronesia (Pohnpei) Papua New Guinea Russian Federation (Vladivostok) 7°27'0.18"N 151°51'6.31"E 9°30'59.06"N 138°7'20.24"E 22°16'36.04"S 166°27'28.87"E 59°33'40.80"N 150°48'10.88"E 9°25'51.47"S 159°56'56.25"E 17°44'2.29"S 168°20'15.02"E 1°19'44.58"N 172°58'36.69"E 7° 5'27.96"N 171°22'55.01"E 0°32'46.61"S 166°54'56.16"E 61°26'6.22"N 166°45'53.57"E Weno Kolonia Nouméa Magadan Honiara Port Vila Tarawa Majuro Yaren (de facto) Kamchatka Micronesia (Chuuk) Micronesia (Yap Islands) New Caledonia Russian Federation (Magadan) Solomon Islands Vanuatu Kiribati (Gilbert Islands) Marshall Islands Nauru Russian Federation (Kamchatka) 389 UTC +12:45 UTC +13:00 UTC +14:00 8°31'27.86"S 179°11'39.92"E 13°16'54.88"S 176°10'51.35"W Funafuti Matâ'Utu Tuvalu Wallis and Futuna 2°46'30.65"S 171°43'5.96"W 9°12'2.22"S 171°50'53.92"W 21° 8'29.53"S 175°12'2.67"W 1°59'8.98"N 157°28'25.12"W Kanton None Nukuʻalofa London Kiribati (Phoenix Islands) Tokelau Tonga Kiribati (Line Islands) Geographical coordinates The capital of the islands and Example locations that in summer use DST countries 53°52'43.86"N 166°32'23.39"W Unalaska United States (Aleutian Islands) 58°18'8.30"N 134°24'37.70"W 48°25'46.89"N 123°20'52.46"W 60°43'26.74"N 135°3'35.63"W 19°24'19.30"N 99°5'58.98"W 32°38'26.87"N 115°28'20.53"W 38°53'23.21"N 77°0'33.13"W 40°42'42.18"N 74° 0'48.22"W 38°34'35.98"N 121°29'36.25"W 34°3'45.53"N 118°14'55.71"W 39°9'50.04"N 119°45'58.17"W 36°6'46.72"N 115°10'27.35"W 44°56'33.76"N 123°1'38.42"W 47°2'10.73"N 122°54'18.73"W 45°25'31.42"N 75°42'0.63"W 53°32'10.67"N 113°29'2.85"W 62°27'34.47"N 114°22'55.92"W 63°44'48.54"N 68°30'55.39"W 28°39'21.46"N 106°5'8.21"W Juneau Victoria Whitehorse Mexico City Mexicali Washington, D.C. New York City Sacramento Los Angeles Carson City Las Vegas Salem Olympia Ottawa Edmonton Yellowknife Iqaluit Chihuahua United States (Alaska) Canada (British Columbia) Yukon Mexico Mexico (Baja California) United States Table 53 Time offset UTC −12:00 UTC −11:00 UTC −10:00 UTC −09:30 UTC −09:00 UTC −08:00 UTC −07:00 United States (California) United States (Nevada) United States (Oregon) United States (Washington) Canada Canada (Alberta) Canada (Northwest Territories) Nunavut (west of 102°W) Mexico (Chihuahua) 390 UTC −06:00 UTC −05:00 39°44'21.23"N 104°59'5.65"W 43°36'11.89"N 116°11'56.85"W 46°35'59.58"N 112°1'44.29"W 35°39'22.79"N 105°58'40.78"W 40°34'12.56"N 111°53'12.60"W 41°8'48.77"N 104°48'6.60"W 49°53'26.87"N 97°7'51.10"W 27°9'1.55"S 109°25'15.77"W 32°22'40.10"N 86°18'1.88"W 34°44'48.78"N 92°17'21.38"W 39°46'59.95"N 89°39'15.62"W 41°35'10.99"N 93°37'12.68"W 39°2'53.07"N 95°40'41.00"W 30°27'48.36"N 91°8'7.54"W 44°56'32.38"N 93°5'25.83"W 32°18'0.41"N 90°10'19.21"W 38°34'44.68"N 92°10'22.61"W 40°48'28.64"N 96°41'58.74"W 46°48'9.02"N 100°47'0.52"W 35°27'55.09"N 97°30'54.58"W 44°22'1.73"N 100°20'46.26"W 36°9'56.76"N 86°47'3.33"W 30°15'37.90"N 97°45'3.34"W 43°2'49.85"N 89°22'44.33"W 20°40'58.98"N 88° 34'7.04"W 24°41'10.64"N 78°2'33.15"W 43°39'44.92"N 79°23'29.53"W 46°49'3.16"N 71°14'15.62"W 23°7'12.46"N 82°21'41.03"W 18°32'35.45"N 72°20'20.09"W 41°45'50.83"N 72°40'56.31"W 39°9'26.61"N 75°31'10.30"W 30°26'8.46"N 84°17'6.40"W 33°44'8.15"N 84°23'22.58"W Denver Boise Helena Santa Fe Salt Lake City Cheyenne Winnipeg Hanga Roa Montgomery Little Rock Springfield Des Moines Topeka Baton Rouge Saint Paul Jackson Jefferson City Lincoln Bismarck Oklahoma city Pierre Nashville Austin Madison Kukulkan Nassau Toronto Quebec City Havana Port-au-Prince Хартфорд Dover Tallahassee Atlanta United States (Colorado) United States (Idaho) United States (Montana) United States (New Mexico) United States (Utah) United States (Wyoming) Canada (Manitoba) Chile (Easter Island) United States (Alabama) United States (Arkansas) United States (Illinois) United States (Iowa) United States (Kansas) United States (Louisiana) United States (Minnesota) United States (Mississippi) United States (Missouri) United States (Nebraska) United States (North Dakota) United States (Oklahoma) United States (South Dakota) United States (Tennessee) United States (Texas) United States (Wisconsin) Mexico (Kukulkan) Bahamas Canada (Ontario) Canada (Quebec) Cuba Haiti United States (Connecticut) United States (Delaware) United States (Florida) United States (Georgia) 391 UTC −04:00 UTC −03:30 UTC −03:00 UTC −02:00 UTC −01:00 UTC ±00:00 39°46'6.55"N 86°9'28.98"W 38°12'6.55"N 84°52'25.35"W 44°18'26.72"N 69°46'58.32"W 38°58'44.26"N 76°29'27.61"W 42°21'47.63"N 71°3'42.11"W 42°43'25.40"N 84°32'47.77"W 42°27'27.24"N 71°21'8.72"W 40°13'11.06"N 74°45'21.89"W 40°41'21.30"N 74°2'40.08"W 35°46'43.22"N 78°38'23.32"W 39°57'35.08"N 83°0'25.17"W 40°15'21.95"N 76°53'23.89"W 41°49'51.23"N 71°24'53.85"W 34°0'0.95"N 81°1'59.06"W 44°15'22.57"N 72°35'3.95"W 37°31'45.63"N 77°25'59.54"W 38°53'51.23"N 77°02'11.38"W 32°47'30.43"N 79°57'15.32"W 45°57'40.48"N 66°38'35.53"W 44°38'50.18"N 63°34'49.10"W 53°18'28.01"N 60°24'1.30"W 46°14'14.27"N 63° 7'47.07"W 33°27'45.65"S 70°39'42.52"W 25°16'17.42"S 57°34'48.87"W 47°33'9.68"N 52°46'23.94"W 64°11'3.99"N 51°43'5.89"W 46°46'32.58"N 56°10'51.25"W Indianapolis Frankfort Augusta Annapolis Boston Lansing Concord Trenton Albany Raleigh Columbus Harrisburg Providence Columbia Montpelier Richmond White House Charleston Fredericton Halifax St. John's Charlottetown Santiago Asunción Happy Valley Goose Bay Nuuk Saint-Pierre United States (Indiana) United States (Kentucky) United States (Maine) United States (Maryland) United States (Massachusetts) United States (Michigan) United States (New Hampshire) United States (New Jersey) United States (New York) United States (North Carolina) United States (Ohio) United States (Pennsylvania) United States (Rhode Island) United States (South Carolina) United States (Vermont) United States (Virginia) United States (Washington, D.C.) United States (West Virginia) Canada (New Brunswick) Canada (Nova Scotia) Canada (Newfoundland and Labrador) Canada (Prince Edward Island) Chile Paraguay Canada (Newfoundland and southeastern coast of Labrador) Greenland Saint Pierre and Miquelon 38°39'24.76"N 27°13'11.74"W 38°31'51.62"N 28°38'9.72"W 37°44'21.77"N 25°40'37.13"W 70°29'10.72"N 21°58'1.72"W 62°1'9.16"N 6°46'53.55"W 49°27'20.08"N 2°33'6.40"W Angra do Heroísmo Horta Ponta Delgada Ittoqqortoormiit Tórshavn St Peter Port Portugal (Azores) Greenland (Ittoqqortoormiit) Faroe Islands Guernsey (Guernsey shirt) 392 UTC +01:00 53°21'2.47"N 6°14'49.97"W 54°9'5.66"N 4°28'57.48"W 49°11'16.43"N 2°5'56.80"W 38°42'8.82"N 9°12'28.34"W 28°7'0.42"N 15°26'48.57"W 51°30'8.01"N 0°7'32.27"W 51°28'37.50"N 0°0'2.56"W 41°19'35.17"N 19°49'1.93"E 42°30'18.79"N 1°31'21.02"E 48°12'37.90"N 16°21'40.75"E 50°50'21.19"N 4°23'32.38"E 43°51'26.45"N 18°24'48.33"E 45°46'11.62"N 15°56'23.98"E 50°2'11.05"N 14°29'8.14"E 55°40'33.86"N 12°34'47.68"E 48°52'26.38"N 2°17'42.21"E 48°51'29.43"N 2°17'41.16"E 52°31'7.76"N13°22'33.82"E 53°36'8.72"N 11°25'26.50"E 36°8'23.04"N 5°21'18.33"W 47°29'13.43"N 19°2'43.23"E 41°53'25.03"N 12°29'32.47"E 47°8'13.83"N 9°31'22.27"E 49°36'7.35"N 6°6'24.16"E 35°53'44.27"N 14°30'29.84"E 43°44'23.65"N 7°25'40.62"E 42°26'28.64"N 19°15'46.29"E 52°22'3.22"N 4°54'4.40"E 42°0'2.39"N 21°25'51.95"E 59°55'1.79"N 10°43'39.07"E 52°13'53.57"N 21°0'18.09"E 43°56'31.41"N 12°27'29.77"E 44°47'20.80"N 20°26'38.84"E 48°8'57.27"N 17°6'27.99"E Dublin Douglas Saint Helier Lisbon Las Palmas de Gran Canaria London Royal Observatory, Greenwich Tirana Andorra la Vella Vienna Brussels Sarajevo Zagreb Prague Copenhagen Paris Eiffel Tower Berlin Schwerin Gibraltar Budapest Rome Vaduz Luxembourg Valletta Monaco Podgorica Amsterdam Skopje Oslo Warsaw San Marino Belgrade Bratislava 393 Ireland Isle of Man Jersey Portugal Spain (Canary Islands) United Kingdom United Kingdom (Royal Observatory) Albania Andorra Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Czech Republic Denmark France Germany Gibraltar Hungary Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland San Marino Serbia Slovakia UTC +02:00 UTC +03:00 UTC +03:30 UTC +04:00 UTC +04:30 UTC +05:00 UTC +05:30 UTC +05:45 UTC +06:00 UTC +06:30 UTC +07:00 UTC +08:00 UTC +08:45 46°3'1.99"N 14°30'0.34"E 40°24'4.04"N 3°43'32.20"W 59°19'40.34"N 18°4'5.61"E 46°56'34.43"N 7°26'57.60"E 41°54'7.95"N 12°27'26.17"E 60°6'0.03"N 19°56'3.00"E 42°41'6.07"N 23°19'7.76"E 35°10'9.74"N 33°21'39.58"E 59°26'5.75"N 24°45'3.54"E 60°10'16.44"N 24°57'8.68"E 37°58'18.08"N 23°43'35.86"E 31°46'42.24"N 35°13'47.80"E 31°57'27.82"N 35°56'54.80"E 56°56'55.50"N 24°6'16.50"E 33°53'45.94"N 35°30'3.27"E 54°40'41.22"N 25°17'13.14"E 47°0'11.92"N 28°51'6.79"E 31°46'40.96"N 35°14'7.54"E 31°53'52.35"N 35°12'12.89"E 44°25'39.38"N 26°5'15.03"E 33°30'49.57"N 36°16'35.25"E 50°26'30.42"N 30°30'46.59"E Ljubljana Madrid Stockholm Bern Vatican City Mariehamn Sofia Nicosia Tallinn Helsinki Athens Jerusalem Amman Riga Beirut Vilnius Chișinău East Jerusalem Ramallah Bucharest Damascus Kiev Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Vatican City Åland Islands Bulgaria Cyprus Estonia Finland Greece Israel Jordan Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Moldova Palestine 35°42'37.36"N 51°23'32.76"E Tehran Iran Romania Syria Ukraine 394 UTC +09:00 UTC +09:30 UTC +10:00 UTC +10:30 UTC +11:00 UTC +12:00 UTC +12:45 UTC +13:00 UTC +14:00 29°59'54.02"S 136°12'25.60"E 35°16'55.29"S 149°7'43.12"E 31°15'11.58"S 146°55'15.96"E 42°51'57.57"S 147°18'12.66"E 37°49'11.77"S 144°59'1.08"E 31°31'52.46"S 159°4'11.63"E Adelaide Canberra Sydney Hobart Melbourne Lord Howe Australia (South Australia) Australia (Australian Capital Territory) Australia (New South Wales) Australia (Tasmania) Australia (Victoria) Australia (Lord Howe Island) 18°8'30.29"S 178°26'29.61"E 41°17'9.51"S 174°46'12.06"E 35°16'18.56"S 174°4'46.88"W 13°50'38.67"S 171°48'8.26"W Suva Wellington Waitangi Apia Fiji New Zealand New Zealand (Chatham Islands) Samoa 395 CHAPTER 5 The Lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” of the Peoples of Eurasia Copyright 2019 Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published September 20, 2019 Preface The ancient Turkic-speaking peoples and Kazakh nomads developed (for agricultural and meteorological purposes) a remarkable lunar-stellar calendar, called “Togys esebi”. This article explains that calendar in non-technical language, and describes some properties of the calendar. The principles underlying the Kazakh Nomad calendar are quite simple. The beginning of the month coincides with the moment when the Moon covers the Pleiades. As the difference between the synodic and sidereal cycles of the Moon is about 2.2 days, each subsequent meeting of the Pleiades and the Moon occurs at a lunar phase that is about 2.2 days earlier than the previous lunar phase. Because the sidereal period of the Moon – the time it takes to return to the same position in the sky, such as the position of the Pleiades – is approximately 27.322 days, such a sidereal month, when measured in whole days, always has either 27 or 28 days. A year in the Kazakh Nomad Calendar always has either 13 or 14 (sidereal) months. A 13-month year (almost) always has either 355 or 356 days, and a 14-month year (almost) always has either 382 or 383 days. Like the Chinese, the Kazakh nomads named years by using a cycle of 12 animal names, and so the sequence of years was thus divided into 12-year periods. Excerpted from http://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud/knc/Kazakh_Nomad_Calendar.htm and related articles by Peter J. Meyer [44, 45, 46] Introduction What does the word «Togys esebi» mean? In Kazakh, the word or names of the calendar “Togys esebi” (in Russian “Тогыс есеби”, in English “Togys esebi”) literally means “togysu” (covering, coverage), * [1] and “esep” (account, calculation, calendar [2]). In its semantic meaning, the term “Togys esebi” means “Coverings of the stellar cluster Pleiades [3] by the Moon” [4] (in the Kazakh language: Ai [5] men Urkerdin [6] togysu esebi). * in the Kazakh language, the word “Urker” means “to tremble with fear” or “a frightened flock of sheep” The lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” of Turkic-speaking peoples [7] living in vast Eurasia [8] was mainly used by Central Asian nomads [9] (Kazakhs, [10] Kyrgyz, [11] Turkmens, [12] Uzbeks, [13] Uyghurs, [14] Karakalpaks [15] and others), as well as settled peoples living in the European 396 part of the Eurasian continent (Turks, [16] Azerbaijanis, [17] and others). This is evidenced by drawings of the moon and stars, as well as star clusters on the national flags of these countries. [18] In fairness, it should be noted that "Togys esebi" were familiar to the peoples of the Caucasus [19] (Balkars, Karachays, Kumyks, Nogais, Trukhmens, Meskhetian Turks and others), Volga peoples [20] (Tatars, Bashkirs, Mari, Mordovians, Udmurts , Chuvashs and others) and the indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation [21] (Yakuts, Buryats, Tuvans, Khakases, Altaians, Nenets, Evenks, Khanty, Evens, Chukchi, Shors, Mansi, Karakas, Shors, Dolgans, Tuvans-Tojins, Telengits, Soyots, Kumandins, Teleuts, Tubalars, Chelkans, Tofalars, Chulymts and others). Since ancient times, Urker has been known to cultures of the whole world, including Turkicspeaking peoples (Kazakh – Urker, Turkish – Ulker, Kyrgyz – Urkor, Azerbaijani – Ulkar, Uzbek – Hulkar, Mongolian – mosques, Kalmyk – Meshin and others), [22] Ancient Greeks (Pleiades), Ancient Romans (Vergiliarum, Vergiliae), Sumerians (Mul-Mul), Arabs (at-Suraya), Persians (Piraiin), Indians (Krittika), Chinese (Mao), Japanese (Subaru) and others. [3] In the oral folklore of the Turkic-speaking peoples, one can find many legends or parables relating to Urker. The only peoples who managed to accurately plan the calendar time based on the visible movement of the moon and Urker (Pleiades) in the sky were nomads Kazakhs and Kyrgyz. [23] Therefore, for all Kazakhs, without exception, “Urker is the most important of all stars” (Urker zhuldyz agasy). [24] This calendar was a purely agricultural calendar, with whose help the nomadic and sedentary peoples of Kazakhstan and Central Asia tried to anticipate weather changes in the harsh continental climate of Central Asia. There is no direct or indirect, oral or written evidence that in accordance with the lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” in ancient times pagan rites and rituals were performed. [25] [26] [27] Therefore, my idea of reviving this unique type of calendar of the nomadic and sedentary peoples of Eurasia does not set itself any political goals. As the only developer of this calendar **, I am categorically against and forbid to include or use it in various political ideas and public intrigues of pan-Turkism, [28] pan-Islamism, [29] the revival of the pagan religions of Tengrianism [30] and for other purposes. ** The author of this calendar is all the ancient Turkic-speaking peoples of Eurasia Because for a thousand years this calendar has been used by the simple nomadic and sedentary peoples of Eurasia. Nomads used this calendar to successfully raise livestock and increase the livestock of the four main types of livestock (in Kazakh, “tort tulik”: camel, horse, cow, sheep and goat). My wise father Aliseid (dikanshy – gardener), including all the settled peoples of Eurasia, in accordance with the lunar-starry months of "Togys esebi" planted vegetables and seedlings of fruit trees in the spring, and harvested a rich harvest in the fall. I still remember the taste of these fruits and vegetables, so I sincerely wish that this unique calendar serves the people of Eurasia only for creation, and not for destruction. When calculating the time for the daily life of mankind, in this lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi”, in addition to the Moon and the Sun, there is a star cluster Urker (Pleiades – asterism in the 397 constellation Taurus). [3] It is one of the closest star clusters to the Earth and is most obvious to the naked eye (visible from 6-7 to 9-11 stars) in the night sky. The stellar month was used in the cultures of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Eurasia as a specific system for recording the current calendar time and measuring the periods of society's life in calendar units. And also the stellar month was used among the culture of the Middle East, India and China for astrological purposes: they divided the sky into 27 or 28 lunar mansions, characterized by asterisms (seeming groups of stars), one for each day, that the Moon follows the path among the stars. [31] In this article we will consider only the calendar aspect of the sidereal (stellar) month. Coverage is an astronomical phenomenon during which, from the point of view of an observer from a certain point, one celestial body passes in front of another celestial body, obscuring part of it. The term “covering” is used in those cases when an object closer to the observer in its relative (visible) size is significantly larger than a more distant object. In those cases when the closer object in its visible size is much smaller than the removed one, the term "Transit" [32] is used. These two types of phenomena are the visible manifestations of syzygy. Coverage of the Moon – is used to describe astronomical phenomena when the Moon passes in front of a star or planet in the process of its movement in orbit around the Earth. [33] Such events are of interest both for astronomy lovers [34] and professionals (many calculations are based on the results of observation of coverings). [35] Nomads were not lovers of astronomy, they had no time to admire and hunt for beautiful coverings to capture them in photographs. They lived in winter and summer together with astronomy in their yurts (a round wooden house of nomads). [36] Meticulous knowledge in astronomy helped them survive in the harsh and merciless winter. In modern Western or European astronomy, this mesmerizing phenomenon of the starry sky is for some reason called the frightening name “occultation”. [37] It is not known to me whether there is a connection between the words “occultation” and “occultism,” but the word “occult” [38] itself causes tremors in the body of unknowing people in astronomy. The occult (from the Latin word occultus "clandestine, hidden, secret") is "knowledge of the hidden" or "knowledge of the paranormal", as opposed to facts and "knowledge of the measurable", usually referred to as science. [39] [40] The term is sometimes taken to mean knowledge that "is meant only for certain people" or that "must be kept hidden", but for most practicing occultists it is simply the study of a deeper spiritual reality that extends pure reason and the physical sciences. [41] The terms esoteric and arcane can also be used to describe the occult, [42] in addition to their meanings unrelated to the supernatural. All calendars of the world successfully “live” thanks to intercalation The author of these lines devoted his entire conscious life to the study of the ancient calendar (chronological) knowledge of the Turkic-speaking peoples, [7] as well as the more famous calendars of the whole world. [43] Of course, before me, many scientists of the country tried to reveal these ancient secrets. But, alas, all their efforts from the very beginning failed, as they tried to uncover these secrets on the go, using the modern formula of astronomy and mathematics. In this regard, the most primitive and simple, but at the same time logically correct calculations of my 398 father Kambaruly Aliseid and mother Saduahaskyzy Apazhan helped me. [25] [26] [27] Based on their calculations, I made my comprehensive calculations and gradually light began to appear at the end of the tunnel. When the whole ancient picture of my ancestors was revealed, I invited the Australian scientist Peter Johann Meyer [44] [45] [46] to work together. Thus, in just three months, we successfully completed what I started more than thirty years ago. As a result, the scientific world received a truly unique fourth type of calendar and many more “food” for thought. The structure and working principle of this unique calendar was based strictly on the stellar month. The scientific definition of a stellar or (from the Latin word «sidus») sidereal month: The sidereal month is defined as the Moon's orbital period in a non-rotating frame of reference (which on average is equal to its rotation period in the same frame). It is about 27.321662 days (27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes, 11.6 seconds). [47] It is closely equal to the time it takes the Moon to pass twice a «fixed» stellar (in our case, the stellar cluster Urker-Pleiades). The heavenly coordinates of Urker-Pleiades: Right ascension 03 h. 47 m. 24 s.; Declination +24° 07′ 00″. [3] Different stars give different results because all have a very small proper motion and are not really fixed in position. [47] The calendar cycles (day, month and year) are structured in such a way as to better follow the corresponding astronomical cycles: 1. Daily [day and night] rotation of the Earth around its axis with a period of a solar day. 2. Irregular movement of the moon around the earth [month]. 3. Uneven motion of the Earth around the Sun [year]. Problems arising from the listed astronomical cycles are resolved in calendar cycles by using the rules of intercalation (from Latin, intercalate – attachment, inset). [48] To correspond to the length of a sidereal or synodic month or a tropical year, periodically days and months are added to the calendar year. For example, to coordinate lunar cycles with a solar or stellar year, nomads in certain years added an extra sidereal (stellar) month to the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi". [25] [26] [27] In any calendar system, the correct calculation of days and weeks, as well as their correspondence to the lunar month or the solar year, depends on the correct application of the rules of intercalation. Not everyone can understand these complex rules. This requires deep knowledge of astronomy, mathematics and other related disciplines. "Esepshi" and "Amal" – one whole concept Among the nomads were gifted by nature talented people. The Kazakh people called them "Esepshi". This word can be translated word by word as "timekeeper" or as "priest (latin. Pontiff), wizard, sorcerer, sage, interpreter of dreams, astronomer, astrologer" in one person. Unlike ordinary people, they were highly educated people. Most likely they could read the runic texts of the ancient Türks, Chinese characters, Arabic and Persian scripts. I won’t even be surprised if it suddenly turns out that in ancient times they created their own specific signs, letters and symbols in order to encrypt their innermost knowledge of astronomy. In ancient petroglyphs on the 399 territories of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, there are just a lot of such "obscure" signs and symbols. [49] Esepshi always carried a folding leather bag (the so-called “Kise”) to count the days of the year, which was located on the right side of the belt. Therefore, the common people said, "Esepshi keeps all secrets in his Kise". In previous centuries, when the Kazakhs uttered the word "Esepshi", after it followed another word "Amal." For example, "Esepshinin amaly". These are subconscious, automatically expressed words developed by centuries. In a word, it is impossible to separate these words and use them separately. They eventually merged with each other. “Amal esebi” should not be regarded as an unknown calendar unit. In the literal sense of the word “Amal esebi” means: “dividing the seasons of the year into short periods during which the weather in the local climate changes dramatically” Amal is a period of time from 3-5 to 7-9 days. [25] [26] [27] Modern science with precise tools and computers is only now approaching the knowledge of Esepshi and the nomads that they knew thousands of years ago. We will cite only one quotation from such a scientific work: “As is clear from figure, where the computed tidal fluctuations of the Earth rotation velocity ν (nu) are given for 2012, four regimes of the Earth rotation with the unequal duration change during the lunar month: Two periods of acceleration with the duration m1 and m3 and two periods of deceleration m2 and m4.The change of regimes takes place in m ≈ 27.3/4 = 6.8 days on average. However, due to the slow movement of the perigee and nodes of the lunar orbit, this period varies from 5 to 9 days. For example, the acceleration was registered from May 2 to May 8, 2012, the deceleration, from May 8 to May 13, the acceleration, from May 13 to May 22, and the deceleration, from May 22 to May 30, i.e., the lunar month was made up of the intervals of 6+5+9+8 days”. [50] In simple language, the nomads call these short periods of 6 + 5 + 9 + 8 (28) days – “Amal”. The seven-line formula on the basis of which the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi" works One of the leading figures in nomadic (Kazakh) science, candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, Khasen Abishev (1902-1981), in his book "Aspan syry" (Secrets of the Sky) was very close to the discovery of the ancient formula of the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi". In this book, he gave the following formula: "According to an accurate calculation, 3 years contains 1095.7 days, 37 lunar months contains 1092.6 days." [24, see notes, p. 177] If the respected Kazakhstani scientist H. Abishev in the 60s of the last century would systematically develop this formula, he would surely calculate the following basic formula, consisting of 7 lines. In its structure and principles of use, the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi" resembles a little the lunisolar calendar [51] of different peoples. A simple mathematical theory of the basic formula: 1) 29.531 days × 37 lunar month = 1092.647 days ÷ 40 stellar month = 27.3162 days; 2) 27.322 days × 40 stellar month = 1092.88 days ÷ 37 lunar month = 29.5373 days; 400 3) 29.531 – 27.322 = 2.209 × 37 = 81.733 days ÷ 3 month = 27.244 days; 4) 29.531 – 27.322 = 2.209 × 40 = 88.36 days ÷ 3 month = 29.45 days; 5) 29.531 days ÷ 2.209 days = 13.3685 months × 3 years = 40.1055 months; 6) 27.322 days ÷ 2.209 days = 12.3685 months × 3 years = 37.1055 months. 7) 1092 days ÷ 3 years = 364 days or 1093 days ÷ 3 years = 364.3333 days. However, to understand the essence of this formula, the entire conscious life of the author (19852018) was spent on the study. This simple formula in the literal sense of the word is written with stones on the land of Kazakh nomads. On the territory of Kazakhstan there are thousands of archaeoastronomical and ethnoastronomical objects left by our ancestors for study. Mounds, geoglyphs, dolmens, menhirs, cromlechs are the ancient wisdom of nomadic ancestors, mysterious stone structures and earth mounds scattered throughout Kazakhstan, which for several millennia have kept the secrets of their origin and destination. Kazakhstan can rightly be called an archaeo-astronomical country. As a proof of my word, I presented below the GPS coordinates of 136 known to me mounds, geoglyphs, dolmens, menhirs, cromlechs, etc. The size of some objects and mounds reaches up to 1000 meters. Therefore, they are clearly visible from a bird's eye view. To see them clearly, install Google Earth from the Internet on your computer. And also there is one ancient megalithic structure (Gaiyp Eren kyryk shilten: GPS: 42°8'26.42"N 69°43'32.13"E) whose weight is at least 200 or 500 tons. Google Earth Map: GPS coordinates for 136 Kazakhstan archaeoastronomy sites (Earthen Mounds) № 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Google Earth map – GPS coordinates: 50°49'58,52"N 65°19'34,60"E 50°06'09,84"N 65°21'40,87"E 54°02'36,19"N 64°38'30,52"E 50°13'39,78"N 66°17'31,07"E 50°13'26,93"N 66°16'49,73"E 50°01'39,23"N 65°59'57,17"E 50°22'06,09"N 66°09'00,59"E 49°30'44,71"N 65°51'44,10"E 48°46'53,85"N 65°55'38,49"E 53°31'19,17"N 64°56'23,20"E 49°18'17,32"N 62°42'21,81"E 50°22'32,04"N 65°27'44,06"E 50°19'05,76"N 65°24'50,19"E 49°31'56,04"N 66°04'56,80"E 50°05'55,55"N 66°36'48,48"E 50°19'50,14"N 65°29'26,49"E 50°15'11,00"N 65°18'34,34"E 51°08'38,04"N 65°20'54,78"E 50°27'50,81"N 65°57'38,79"E 50°27'58,96"N 65°46'31,40"E № 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 401 Google Earth map – GPS coordinates: 51°08'40,07"N 65°20'47,73"E 50°05'03,52"N 65°13'13,44"E 50°05'37,74"N 65°15'17,79"E 50°05'40,52"N 65°15'44,85"E 50°05'27,51"N 65°28'35,92"E 50°02'29,97"N 66°20'47,22"E 50°20'04,38"N 65°31'48,82"E 50°16'00,0"N 65°25'47,09"E 50°28'26,40"N 65°47'02,36"E 50°28'02,91"N 65°46'16,51"E 51°33'53.10"N 58°41'11.31"E 52°36'03,18"N 62°05'48,82"E 52°36'0.28"N 62°06'3.93"E 52°36'2.24"N 62°06'19.70"E 48°N 78°E және 51°N 71°E 45°43'7.49"N 56°42'40.88"E 45°33'19.71"N 56°46'18.71"E 45°47'19.30"N 56°46'43.25"E 45°33'46.24"N 56°49'28.80"E 45°41'24.48"N 57°1'20.96"E 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 50°20'25,76"N 66°13'50,20"E 50°20'24,93"N 66°13'35,05"E 50°48'32,89"N 65°09'02,98"E 49°32'17,26"N 65°52'57,74"E 49°17'25,69"N 62°35'31,0"E 49°14'55,29"N 62°46'05,8"E 49°29'11,10"N 63°13'39,3"E 49°30'11,59"N 63°19'30,7"E 49°30'20,47"N 63°19'24,7"E 51°09'14,14"N 65°16'50,5"E 50°03'37,22"N 66°22'38,72"E 49°59'23,56"N 66°02'53,79"E 50°05'24,73"N 65°28'08,83"E 50°05'11,10"N 65°30'43,20"E 50°06'41,51"N 65°24'14,69"E 50°06'43,00"N 65°24'23,27"E 50°05'39,26"N 65°15'33,09"E 49°57'01,82"N 64°56'43,94"E 49°56'41,08"N 64°56'48,87"E 50°05'02,70"N 65°13'13,44"E 50°04'54,24"N 65°13'00,27"E 50°06'05,21"N 65°11'44,55"E 50°24'36,22"N 65°56'43,41"E 50°19'50,14"N 65°29'24,22"E 50°19'52,04"N 65°32'48,03"E 49°23'31,15"N 63°22'07,44"E 49°23'34,49"N 63°21'57,67"E 49°23'34,52"N 63°21'59,03"E 49°24'02,16"N 63°18'53,84"E 50°06'07,87"N 65°21'25,73"E 49°30'26,52"N 63°25'12,87"E 49°30'28,83"N 63°25'12,35"E 50°06'48,48"N 66°38'50,65"E 50°07'19,03"N 66°38'05,54"E 50°07'53,86"N 66°34'35,63"E 50°09'04,35"N 66°34'22,37"E 50°09'09,76"N 66°34'28,46"E 50°09'12,86"N 66°33'26,24"E 50°09'16,90"N 66°33'39,25"E 50°09'21,96"N 66°33'27,05"E 50°11'19,35"N 66°32'36,11"E 50°11'24,65"N 66°32'33,42"E 48°52'41,89"N 66°22'26,00"E 48°55'18,50"N 66°20'58,08"E 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 402 45°42'46.61"N 57°20'4.08"E 45°43'14.60"N 57°21'28.41"E 45°40'56.69"N 57°29'6.93"E 45°40'57.97"N 57°32'11.50"E 45°32'24.80"N 57°40'39.72"E 45°32'16.69"N 57°42'13.77"E 45°32'57.09"N 57°44'28.26"E 45°35'37.74"N 57°55'6.41"E 45°33'29.99"N 57°56'36.17"E 45°34'21.17"N 57°57'42.00"E 45°32'52.25"N 57°58'54.66"E 45°31'43.24"N 58°2'51.67"E 45°31'39.77"N 58°4'41.07"E 45°29'52.98"N 58°5'14.68"E 45°29'2.60"N 58°7'20.76"E 45°28'16.16"N 58°9'8.46"E 45°43'49.22"N 56°57'5.20"E 45°42'37.85"N 56°57'9.43"E 45°40'41.82"N 57°30'55.48"E 45°42'6.88"N 57°33'14.99"E 45°34'59.13"N 57°53'39.38"E 45°32'6.71"N 58°0'40.23"E 45°29'19.95"N 58°6'3.96"E 45°47'40.39"N 56°48'24.28"E 45°47'27.53"N 56°50'6.42"E 45°34'26.49"N 56°51'47.64"E 45°41'17.16"N 57°2'21.52"E 45°43'38.32"N 57°20'15.68"E 45°43'5.90"N 57°20'38.65"E 45°43'3.77"N 57°33'35.49"E 45°32'36.24"N 57°46'35.46"E 45°37'52.32"N 56°57'11.91"E 45°43'29.10"N 57°31'28.25"E 45°43'38.11"N 57°31'45.54"E 45°41'56.83"N 57°34'27.29"E 45°51'12.71"N 56°54'30.26"E 45°35'43.39"N 57°55'59.09"E 45°41'38.20"N 56°57'13.93"E 45°33'28.93"N 57°38'47.90"E 45°35'27.85"N 57°52'58.94"E 45°19'1.07"N 57°57'45.08"E 45°27'8.38"N 56°46'54.11"E 45°51'2.18" N 56°53'6.26"E 45°41'26.51"N 56°59'56.82"E 65 48°57'08,61"N 66°20'05,51"E 133 45°44'21.98"N 57°6'13.09"E 66 51°21'37,46"N 64°01'16,93"E 134 45°48'37.91"N 57°12'4.05"E 67 50°22'09,71"N 66°08'29,39"E 135 45°22'50.12"N 57°50'1.53"E 68 51°06'23,52"N 65°24'19,29"E 136 45°54'44.54"N 57° 1'41.25"E Many object still has no name. If you are interested in some objects among them, tell me the ordinal number. I will tell you what kind of object. Since the term and concept of “astroarchaeology” by John Michell and “archaeoastronomy” by Elizabeth Chesley Baity (at the suggestion of Euan MacKie) appeared only in 1973, [52] in our country many of these objects are still regarded as “funeral-memorial complexes”. Among these complexes – “the Kurgan 37 Warriors” stands out especially (GPS: 48°25'48.04"N 74°27'30.89"E). This mound is located on the territory of the Zhidebay rural district of the Aktogay region of the Karaganda region, 2 km north-west of the village of Korpetay (the old name is Chapaevo). [53] This large mound with stone ridges, a chain of 37 rounded and oval small stone structures located to the north of it, as well as numerous menhirs and ring masonry of stones were closely connected with the above formula. Therefore, this unique mound complex can rightfully be considered the “Mound of the 37 Moon”. Therefore, this unique mound complex can rightfully be considered the "Barrow of the 37 Moon" and at the same time the "astronomical madrassah" [54] (educational institution) of nomads. Perhaps the wise Esepshi, possessing a deep knowledge of stars and calendars, together with the "Talabs" [55] (students) could conduct various experiments under cover of night. They may have been learning the “secrets” of changing the lunar phases [56] and their close relationship with coverings of the Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon. [01] [37] Perhaps they thus justified a certain mysterious nomadic “lunar theory” [57] and taught many young “Talabs” this sacred craft. Perhaps the remains of people who were found by archaeologists in the "Barrow of the 37 Moon" are the remains of these wise Esepshi, who were buried with all honors by their students. In this world, everything is possible. Do not rush to categorically deny everything (never say never), first think about the pros and cons ... The lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” of the Turkic-speaking peoples for thousands of years worked on the basis of the above formula. Based on the above formula, it should be noted that there were five differences between the lunisolar calendar and the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi", which, when interacting, provided their common rhythm: 1) If in common years [58] in the lunisolar calendar will be 12 months, consisting of 354-355 days, then in the lunar-stellar calendar will be 13 months, consisting of 355-356 days; 2) If in the intercalary year or bissextile year [59] in the lunisolar calendar there will be 13 months consisting of 383-384 days, then in the lunar-stellar calendar there will be 14 months consisting of 382-383 days; 3) In other words, in the lunisolar calendar, the months alternate after 29 and 30 days (29.53 × 12 = 354.36 and 29.53 × 13 = 383.89), and in the lunar-stellar calendar, the months alternate after 27 and 28 days (27.32 × 13 = 355.16 and 27.32 × 14 = 382.48); 4) Due to such intercalation or a small noticeable difference of about 2,209 days between the synodic and sidereal months of the Moon, each subsequent covering of Pleiades by the Moon occurs in the moon phase, which is 2,209 days earlier than in the previous moon phase; 403 5) Unlike the lunisolar calendar, where the astronomical new moon [60] or neomenia * [61] is used as a sign to start a new month, in the lunar-stellar calendar, it uses about 13 or 14 phases of the moon as a sign to start a new month with an interval of about 2-3 days. Since the term “neomenia” has an important relationship with the lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” and this term is not available in the English-language “Wikipedia” (but is available in Russian), a brief description is given below: * Neomenia (ancient Greek νέα μήνη – new moon) – the first appearance of the moon in the sky after the astronomical new moon in the form of a narrow sickle. Depending on the latitude of the place of observation and the location of the moon in its orbit, the time interval between the new moon and neomenia changes. In any case, neomenia occurs no later than 3 days after the new moon. During neomenia the Moon is observed at dusk a few minutes before its setting. In antiquity neomenia played an important role in the chronology. So in the lunar and lunisolar calendars, the beginning of the month was counted from neomenia. In a number of countries of the ancient world, special observations were made of the appearance of the new moon (neomenia). [62] Unlike the Chinese [63] and Hebrew [64] calendars, in the lunar-stellar calendar «Togys esebi», only the first month of the year begins with neomenia, [61] [62] and then, from the second month through the 13th or 14th month, the months begin with the waning phase of the moon (from the astronomical new moon again to neomenia). According to my long-term observations, which lasted more than thirty years, only the lunar-stellar calendar «Togys esebi» can give a connection and harmony of a person with nature and the universe. Establishment of a chronology of Turkic-speaking peoples Chronology (from Latin chronologia, from Ancient Greek χρόνος, hromos, “time”; and – λογία, – logia) is the science of arranging events in their order of occurrence in time. [65] It is also “the determination of the actual temporal sequence of past events”. [66] Historical (technical) chronology is a special historical discipline that studies the counting systems and calendars of different nations and states, and helps to establish the dates of historical events and the time of the creation of historical sources. [67] 1. As we all know, the Australian scientist Peter J. Meyer in 2018 developed software for converting between dates in the Kazakh Nomad Calendar and dates in the Gregorian Calendar. For the convenience of writing the program, without reference to any historical events, the beginning of the era of Turkic-speaking peoples and at the same time the 1st year of the lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” is defined as – 3669 (–3668) B.C. In this chronological installation, the 1st year of the 1st cycle (3669 [–3668] BC) of the twelve-year-old animal cycle of the nomads of Central Asia and Kazakhstan corresponds to the year of the Mouse (Tyshkan). Therefore, in this software P.Meyer [44] – the 1st year of the 474th cycle corresponds to 2008 (Mouse) AD (474 – 1 = 473 × 12 = 5676 – 3669 = 2007 + 1 = 2008), and the 1st year of the 475th cycle corresponds to 2020 (Mouse) AD (475 – 1 = 474 × 12 = 5688 – 3669 = 2019 + 1 = 2020) etc. Since until this time or one year after the launch of the program, not one of the world chronological scientists objected to the establishment of this chronological order by Peter J. Meyer, therefore, this chronological order could be left unchanged. But this would be wrong on our part, since the chronology of any nation and its national calendar should have a connection with the past history of this or that nation. 404 2. For this reason, the author continued to study the calendars and chronologies of the Turkicspeaking peoples. [68] About 40 km north of the famous Karakorum [69] in 1889, the tombstone of Kultegin (in English: Kul Tigin) and Bilge Kagan (in English: Bilgä Qaghan) was discovered. This tombstone has two inscriptions, one small and one large. [70] [71] And another inscription Tonyukok [72] was found on the banks of the Selenga. We bring to your attention the 13th paragraph, the 2nd side of the large stella erected in honor of Kultegin (GPS: 47°33’38.83''N 102°50’27.06''E): Big inscription in honor of Kultegin. 2nd side. 13 paragraph: Kultegin passed away (lit.: ‘flew away to Tengri’) on the seventeenth day of the Sheep Year. We held (his) funeral on the twenty-seventh day of the ninth month. We finished his mausoleum, the statues and paintings, and his inscription stone on the twenty-seventh day of the seventh month, in the Monkey {author footnote: Bičin * Urker-Pleiades} Year. Kultegin was at age of forty-seven {author footnote: when he died}. The Tuyyun Elteber brought all of these sculptors and painters. [73] * In the early 2000s, it turned out that the word “Bičin-Mečin-Meshin” was not at all “Monkey” (animal), but the name of the star Urker (Pleiades), adored by all Kazakhs. Following the evolution of this term, the Russian scientist D.D.Dondokova concludes that the original meaning of the word «Mushen» was «the constellation of the Pleiades» (Bičin-Mečin-Meshin, [kaz. Urker], Pleiades). [74] [75] From this fragment of the stella we see that the Turkic Kaganate (Kokturki) used his calendar and chronology in his daily life. Each calendar year of the Turkic Kaganate was named by the names of animals (the year of the Sheep, the year of Bičin-Mečin-Meshin-Pleiades) in accordance with the 12 year old animal cycle of the nomads, the year was divided into lunar months (ninth month, seventh month), and the lunar months had a certain number of days (seventeenth day, twenty-seventh day). All these fundamental structures of a full-fledged calendar prove that nomads were not at all “savages” or “barbarians,” as many scholars think. However, to this day it was believed that in this paragraph there is no chronological registration number of the 12-year-old animal cycle of nomads. Is this true or a mistake? Below we will consider this issue. The fact is that without a chronological registration number for a 12-year-old animal cycle, after about 80-90 years, the Turkic Kaganate (Kokturks) would certainly begin to get confused in its 405 chronology. Therefore, the author assumes that linguists have lost sight of a very important detail regarding the chronologies of the ancient Türks. They cannot be blamed for this omission because they are not experts in this field. If you carefully read the 13th paragraph, on the 2nd side of the large Kultegin stella again, in the last lines you will find the numbers “forty” (qïrq) and “seven” (jiti). Linguists translated this sentence as «Kultegin was forty-seven years old {author footnote: when he died}.» Modern Turkic peoples and Kazakhs still understand some ancient Turkic words. Therefore, you can clearly read the word «artuq» {author's footnote: additional} after the number forty (qïrq) and yašïn {author’s footnote: age} after the number seven (jiti). For example, in the above paragraph, the number seventeen literally means «seven twenty» (jeti jegirmeke), and the number «twenty seven» literally means seven thirty (jeti otuz). If we follow this rule, the number “forty seven” should have been written as “seven fifty” (jeti elu). Of course, I am not a linguist and not an expert in deciphering ancient runic letters. Therefore, I could be wrong. However, one thought to spin in my head and does not give me rest. It is possible that the word “artuq” {author’s footnote: additional} after the number forty (qïrq) means the 40th chronological registration number of a large cycle, combined from seven (yašïn {author’s footnote: age}) 12-year cycles (12 years × 7 cycle = 84 years). For clarity, we present all the cycles that are formed on the basis of a 12-year cycle: 1). 12 years × 2 cycles = 24 years; 2). 12 years × 3 cycles = 36 years; 3). 12 years × 4 cycles = 48 years; 4). 12 years × 5 cycles = 60 years; 5). 12 years × 6 cycles = 72 years; 6). 12 years × 7 cycle = 84 years; 7). 12 years × 8 cycles = 96 years; 8). 12 years × 10 cycles = 120 years; 9). 12 years × 25 cycles = 300 years, etc. For example, in his article on the 12-year cycle, I.V.Zakharova assumes the existence of a 24-year cycle both among the Huns and among the Turkic peoples, as well as among the Oguz-Kagan tribe. [76] As we all know, the ancient and modern Chinese use a 60-year cycle based on a 12-year cycle. [77] However, the 84-year cycle (the “Kultegin” cycle) is the most interesting among all the cycles and the suitable cycle for our goal. This cycle almost exactly corresponds to the orbital (sidereal) rotation period of the 7th planet of the solar system – Uranus, consisting of 84.0205 years. According to astronomers, with a clear dark sky at the time of the opposition of Uranus with the Sun, it is visible with the naked eye. [78] As for acute vision, our nomadic ancestors always differed from other peoples. [79] 406 Chronological table of Turkic-speaking peoples Based on the above considerations regarding the chronological registration number, the author of this line for the first time in the history of the Turkic-speaking peoples compiled a scientificallybased “chronological table” using the “Excel” program. The main core in this chronological table, naturally appears 12 year and 84 year cycles. Europa B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. C.E. C.E. C.E. C.E. C.E. Years 4725 4724 4723 4722 4721 4720 4719 4718 4717 4716 4715 4714 4713 2625 1 731 732 1299 2008 2020 Month January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 Week Sun Tue Wed Thu Fri Sun Mon Tue Wed Fri Sat Sun Mon Sun Thu Mon Tue Thu Mon Tue Days 366 365 365 365 366 365 365 365 366 365 365 365 366 366 366 365 366 365 366 366 JDN -4383,5 -4017,5 -3652,5 -3287,5 -2922,5 -2556,5 -2191,5 -1826,5 -1461,5 -1095,5 -730,5 -365,5 -0,5 762641,5 1721057,5 1988055,5 1988420,5 2195517,5 2454479,5 2458862,5 Türks B.E.T. B.E.T. B.E.T. B.E.T. B.E.T. B.E.T. B.E.T. B.E.T. B.E.T. B.E.T. B.E.T. B.E.T. B.E.T. E.T. E.T. E.T. E.T. E.T. E.T. E.T. Years 2100 2099 2098 2097 2096 2095 2094 2093 2092 2091 2090 2089 2088 1 2625 3356 3357 3924 4633 4645 №84 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 21 80 81 60 13 25 № 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 1 32 40 40 47 56 56 Additi. artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq № 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 1 2 7 7 5 2 3 Age yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn №12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 1 9 8 9 12 1 1 № 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 174 1 219 280 280 327 387 388 Animals Mouse Cow Leopard Hare Snail Snake Horse Sheep Mechin Hen Dog Pig Mouse Mouse Mechin Sheep Mechin Pig Mouse Mouse Even 4725 4724 4723 4722 4721 4720 4719 4718 4717 4716 4715 4714 4713 2625 1 731 732 1299 2008 2020 dates 4724 4723 4722 4721 4720 4719 4718 4717 4716 4715 4714 4713 4712 2624 1 732 733 1300 2009 2021 To find the “reference point” in the ancient Turkic chronologies, according to the laws of logic, you need to find a coordinated “reference time”. As we all know, such a “reference time” is the 731st and 732th years of our era (death, burial and erection of the Kultegin stella). First of all, we must make sure that the 40th 84-year long cycle (qïrq artuq – forty extra) and the 8th and 9th years of the 12-year-old animal cycle (jiti yašïn – seventh age) should correspond to 731th year of the Sheep and 732th year of the Mechin of Common Era (for short – C.E.). From this point on, a purely technical question arises. In this case, we further see that the 1st year of the Era of the Türks (for short – E.T.) corresponds to 2625 Before the Common Era (for short – B.C.E.). If you carefully look at the following 9 examples (1st and 2nd examples), you will see that, by a lucky chance, this table of the ancient Turkic era is closely related to the “Julian day” (Julian period) [80] for chronological calculations (compiled by Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609)). [81] Another amazing fact is that 4713 and 4725 year B.C.E. (2088 and 2100 years Before the Era Türks (for short – B.E.T.) correspond to the 1st year (year of the Mouse) in the 12 and 84 year cycle of animal. The 84-year-old cycle of animals, [78] possibly invented by the nomads of Central Asia and southeastern Eurasia and transferred to Europe by the Hun nomads led by Attila, [79] was probably later adopted by the British and Irish churches to count Christian Easter. As an example, I will cite only one quote: “This British and Irish system, on the evidence of Bede, fixed Easter to the Sunday falling in the seven-day period from the 14th to the 20th of its lunar month, according to an 84-year cycle (called the – latercus)”. [82] [83] To understand what this 84 year old animal cycle is all about, let's look at the astro-mathematical theory of this cycle together: 407 Astro-mathematical theory of an 84-year-old animal cycle: Sunny and stellar year and sidereal (togys) month: 1) 84 years × 365.250 = 30681 days ÷ 1123 months = 27.320569902 days; 2) 84 years × 365.262 = 30682 days ÷ 1123 months = 27.321460374 days; Sunny and stellar year and synodic (tuar ay) month: 1) 84 years × 365.250 = 30681 days ÷ 1039 months = 29.529355149 days; 2) 84 years × 365.262 = 30682 days ÷ 1039 months = 29.530317613 days; Regarding cyclic and calendar properties: 1) 84 years ÷ 12 year old animal cycle of nomads = 7 cycles; 2) 84 years × 365.250 = 30681 days ÷ 7 days = 4383 weeks; 2) 84 years × 365.262 = 30682 days ÷ 7 days = 4383 weeks + 1 day. Did the great chronologist Joseph Justus Scaliger know about these astronomical, cyclical and calendar properties of the 84 year cycle? 430 years have passed since then, it is difficult to unequivocally answer this question ... Simple chronology: 2625 + 2100 = 4725 or 2100 ÷ 25 = 84 ÷ 7 = 12 1st example: 1) 4725 B.C.E. corresponds to 2100 B.E.T.; 2) 25 artuq: 1st year of a large 84-year cycle; 3) 7 yašïn: 1st year of the Mouse of the 175th cycle B.E.T. corresponds to 4725-4724 B.C.E. 2nd example: 1) 4713 year B.C.E. corresponds to 2088 B.E.T.; 2) 25 artuq: the 13th year of a large 84-year cycle; 3) 6 yašïn: 1st year of the Mouse of the 174th cycle B.E.T. corresponds to 4713-4712 B.C.E. 3rd example: 1) 2625 year B.C.E. corresponds to the 1st year era of the Türks (for short – E.T.); 2) 1 artuq: 1st year of a large 84-year cycle; 3) 1 yašïn: 1st year Mouse of the 1st cycle correspond to 2625-2624. B.C.E. 4th example: 1) 1st year B.C.E. corresponds to the year 2625 E.T.; 408 2) 32 artuq: the 21st year of a large 84-year cycle; 3) 2 yašïn: the 9th year of Mechin of the 219th cycle corresponds to the 1st year of the B.C.E. – 1st year of the Common Era (for short – C.E.). 5th example: 1) 1st year C.E. corresponds to the year 2626 E.T .; 2) 32 artuq: the 22nd year of a large 84-year cycle; 3) 2 yašïn: the 10th year of the Chicken of the 219th cycle corresponds to the 1st and 2nd year of C.E. 6th example: 1) 731 C.E. corresponds to the year 3356 E.T.; 2) 40 artuq: 80th year of a large 84-year cycle; 3) 7 yašïn: the 8th year of the Sheep of the 280th cycle corresponds to 731-732 C.E. 7th example: 1) 732 C.E. corresponds to the year 3357 E.T.; 2) 40 artuq: 81st year of a large 84-year cycle; 3) 7 yašïn: the 9th year of Mechin of the 280th cycle corresponds to 732-733 C.E. 8th example: 1) 1299 C.E. corresponds to the year 3924 E.T.; 2) 47 artuq: the 60th year of a large 84-year cycle; 3) 5 yašïn: The 12th year of the Pig of the 327th cycle corresponds to 1299-1300 C.E. 9th example: 1) 2008 C.E. corresponds to the year 4633 E.T.; 2) 56 artuq: the 13th year of a large 84-year cycle; 3) 3 yašïn: 1st year of the Mouse of the 387th cycle corresponds to 2008-2009 C.E. 10th example: 1) 2020 C.E. corresponds to the year 4645 E.T.; 2) 56 artuq: the 25th year of a large 84-year cycle; 3) 3 yašïn: 1st year of the Mouse of the 388th cycle corresponds to 2020-2021 C.E. The above chronological table of the Turkic Kaganate (Kokturks) can be called a “tied date” to its chronological grounds. What this chronology of the ancient Türks looks like is clearly visible in 409 fragmentary form in 9 examples. If in the future all Turkic-speaking countries and peoples unanimously accept this chronology, then this urgent topic can be considered closed. I sincerely hope that the descendants of those ancient nomads who are lost in this vast world, this time will show a keen interest and solidarity in this vital issue. Because in this constantly changing world, only those peoples and nationalities that have their ancient chronology and calendar will not disappear. Ready-to-use lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” Until today, various authors [84] in different sources on the topic "Togys esebi" wrote very briefly and unclearly, which led to the emergence of more questions than answers. A good example of this is a brief note by an unknown author [85] taken from the Internet: "The star calendar, based on the sidereal cycle of the Moon, in practice is used very seldom. It is also the most ancient calendar. Such a calendar under the name togys (from Kazakh togysu meaning "to intersect" [occultation]) was used by Kazakhs. The beginning of months coincides with the moment when the Moon passes the Pleiades and the names of months correlate with lunar phases. As the difference between the synodic and sidereal cycles of the Moon is about 2 days, each subsequent meeting of the Pleiades and the Moon occurs on a lunar phase that is 2 days earlier than the previous lunar phase. There is a certain relation between the names of togyses months and seasons. So, for example, in the spring such "meetings" occur on the 5th, 3rd, 1st days of a lunar month, in the winter – on the 11th, 9th and 7th days. The beginning of a year in this calendar coincides with the month when the waxing (young) Moon meets the Pleiades. This usually occurs in a period between the end of April and the beginning of May. In an ancient Kazakh star calendar there are 13 such "meetings" [occultation] in a year from which only 11 are visible. If every month contains 28 days then the duration of the year is 364 days". Although in this and many other articles [84] the principles of operation of the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi" are described approximately correctly, there are many inconsistencies and incorrect conclusions. But now the situation has changed for the better. The author of these lines (together with the Australian scientist P.J. Meyer) thoroughly studied all the subtleties of the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi". After painstaking research and work, this unique calendar of Turkic-speaking peoples has become much clearer. The lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” will become even more understandable when we present to the reader how it will look in paper form. In ancient times, nomads had a desire to know the world and the universe, but there were no opportunities. The role of high-precision visual devices (binoculars, telescopes) was replaced by their keen eyes, the role of calculators and computers was replaced by numerous mounds of stone (geoglyphs), menhirs, dolmens, cromlechs in numerous megalithic structures. Therefore, all observations of nomads over the night sky can be attributed to "rough" observations. Basically, this was facilitated by difficult meteorological conditions, the sharply continental climate of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, as well as the unpredictable movement of the Moon, [33] Earth and planets around the Sun. Naturally, in these “rough” observations, the accuracy of the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi" fluctuated for 3 days at the beginning of each month (togys ailary). In order to bring tribute (respect) to the titanic work of the nomad ancestors who created such a unique calendar, we will constantly celebrate these 3 days in each table. These three epithetic names 410 on the eve of the covering of the Pleiades by the Moon were invented by the aforementioned caste of Esepshi and an attentive common people. The most amazing thing is that so far these three epithetic days have not lost their meaning of creation, purpose and task. Readers will certainly notice this over time! 1) The first day was called “Auyl ui kondy”, literally “Settled near the village”, i.e. the Moon is approaching the Pleiades from the east. Conditional astronomical name "Arrival". ← South ← ← East ← West 2) The second day was called “Togysty”, “Togamdasti”, literally “Covering, Occultation”, that is, there was a covering of the Pleiades by the Moon. The exact astronomical name is “Coverings”. ← South ← ← East ← West 411 3) The third day was called “Orip shykty”, literally “Sheep leaves the paddock” or the Moon moves away from the Pleiades on the east side. The exact astronomical name is "Opening". ← South ← ← East ← West Coverings of the Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon do not always go as smoothly as shown in these three figures. [86] For a period of time from 8–9 to 9–10 years (approximately an average of 9 years), the Moon “fully” (full coverings) or “partially” (partial coverings) coverings the Pleiades. [87] [88] 1) The full coverings of the Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon in Kazakh is called “Zharasyp togysu” (Peaceful covering) or “Koyindasyp togysu” (Hugging covering). In modern astronomy, this particular type of coating is considered (International Occultation Timing Association – IOTA). [35] It will be helpful for the reader to watch an animated video to imagine how these coverings of the Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon actually happen. [86] 2) The partial covering of the Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon in the Kazakh language is called “Kyrbaylanyp togysu” (Stretched covering) or “Topyrak shashyp Togysu” (Spiteful covering). Modern astronomy does not consider this type of coverage due to inconvenience to observation. However, nomads have used this type of coating along with full coverings for their lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” for thousands of years. Approximately, from February 18, 2013 (Mon, 2,456,341 JDN) to January 13, 2022 (Thu, 2,459,592 JDN), it is precisely “partial covering” that occurs. Therefore, during this period of time, we see such a covering, where the Moon is located just above or below Urker (Pleiades). 412 Method for determining the beginning of each stellar month In ancient times and even now, the approximate time of such coatings can be determined visually using the Polaris (α Ursae Minoris). [89] In the Kazakh language, this most important star of the nomads is called «Temirkazyk» or «Iron stake». Ai (Moon), Urker (Pleiades) and Temirkazyk (Polaris) in the same line in the night sky will be only once in 27-28 days and 13-14 times during each year. From this moment begins the beginning of each new stellar month (togys aiy) according to the lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi”. [25, с. 119-122] The names of the months of "two brothers" (Eki agaiyndy ai) Based on the structure and working principle of "Togys esebi", the aforementioned Esepshi and simple nomads from ancient times called the Sun and the Moon “two brothers”, who have close family ties. This unshakable and eternal rule is especially clearly reflected in the names of the stellar months. First comes the names of the months associated with the apparent annual movement of the Sun in the celestial sphere. [90] After the name of the solar months, follows the name of the months associated with a visible change in the lunar phase [56] during the lunar month (29-30 days). The names of these two types of months are given in table 1. However, it should be noted that in nomadic folklore there are many names of the months, even more than enough. Perhaps this is due to the fact that the nomads of Central Asia divided the zodiac into 27 or 28 segments relative to fixed stars – one for each day of the lunar-stellar month (27.322 days), [91] as pre-Islamic Arabs (Manazil al-Kamar), [92] the ancient Chinese (Èrshíbā Xiu) [93] and the ancient Indians (Nakshatra). [94] This assumption of the author requires further thorough study. 413 Table 1. Alternative solar and lunar names of the months of covering (togys aiy) of the lunar-star calendar “Togys esebi” № month 1st month 2nd month 3rd month 4th month 5th month 6th month 7th month 8th month 9th month 10th month 11th month 12th month 13th month Names of the Months (Sun) Otamaly (kokek) Mamyr Kuralai Sarsha Tamyz Kuiek Zheldi Kazan Karasha Toksan Kantar Akpan Nauryz Common year 355-356 days 1 togys aiy 25 togys aiy 23 togys aiy 21 togys aiy 19 togys aiy 17 togys aiy 15 togys aiy 13 togys aiy 11 togys aiy 09 togys aiy 07 togys aiy 05 togys aiy 03 togys aiy Names of the Months (Moon) Tuar Aidyn zhanasy Oliara Batar Ai Ai qorgalau Kemushi Ai Ai zheliný Ai arasy Ai tutylu Tolyk Ai Ashuly Ai Tolas bolu Osushi Ai Zhana togys 13 lunar phases 28,7161 days № month 26,5072 days 24,2983 days 22,0893 days 19,8804 days 17,6715 days 15,4626 days 13,2536 days 11,0447 days 8,83572 days 6,62679 days 4,41786 days 2,20893 days 2nd month 3rd month 4th month 5th month 6th month 7th month 8th month 9th month 10th month 11th month 12th month 13th month 14th month 1st month Names of the Months (Sun) Otamaly (kokek) Mamyr Kuralai Sarsha Tamyz Kuiek Zheldi Kazan Karasha Toksan Kantar Akpan Tokpan Nauryz Leap year 382-383 days 1 togys aiy 27 togys aiy 25 togys aiy 23 togys aiy 21 togys aiy 19 togys aiy 17 togys aiy 15 togys aiy 13 togys aiy 11 togys aiy 09 togys aiy 07 togys aiy 05 togys aiy 03 togys aiy Names of the Months (Moon) Tuar Aidyn zhanasy Oliara Batar Ai Ai qorgalau Kemushi Ai Ai zheliný Ai arasy Ai tutylu Tolyk Ai Ashuly Ai Tolas bolu Osushi Ai Zhana togys Togys aidyn karakshysy* 14 lunar phases 30,9251 days 28,7161 days 26,5072 days 24,2983 days 22,0893 days 19,8804 days 17,6715 days 15,4626 days 13,2536 days 11,0447 days 8,83572 days 6,62679 days 4,41786 days 2,20893 days * The name “ Togys aidyn karakshysy ” is closely related to the rules of intercalations and defines the method for calculating a leap year (382-383 days). 414 About issues related to the precession and the equinox The human mind – by cosmic standards, only recently began to wake up. In some areas of consciousness, we are still sleeping. However, no one can be blamed for this inaction. It takes some more time so that it is not they, but we who control our mind and consciousness. The splitting of an atom, sending a rocket into space (to the moon and Mars), creating the Internet and a smartphone, etc. paradoxically, all these scientific achievements are “children's toys”. If humanity does not destroy such a unique civilization created by our ancestors (in the near future), after about a hundred years, human science will understand the new laws and rules that explain how this world and the universe work. One of the most obscure phenomena of nature and space is – precession. To understand it (precession) to the end, we need to live and scientifically document the changes that take place for about 26 thousand years. Until today (September 2019), we only know these scientific descriptions of the precession below. However, one cannot call these descriptions absolute truths or an invariable scientific postulate. If you look carefully, these descriptions change every time the human mind and consciousness rises to a new level, after the birth of the “new” Newtons (1642-1726/27), [95] Euler (1707-1783), [96] Einstein (1879 -1955) [97] and in the future after the birth of other "geniuses" from other nonEuropean races ... The problem of precession and controversy Precession is a change in the orientation of the rotational axis of a rotating body. In an appropriate reference frame it can be defined as a change in the first Euler angle, whereas the third Euler angle defines the rotation itself. In other words, if the axis of rotation of a body is itself rotating about a second axis, that body is said to be precessing about the second axis. A motion in which the second Euler angle changes is called nutation. In physics, there are two types of precession: torque-free and torque-induced. In astronomy, precession refers to any of several slow changes in an astronomical body's rotational or orbital parameters. An important example is the steady change in the orientation of the axis of rotation of the Earth, known as the precession of the equinoxes. [98] In astronomy, axial precession is a gravity-induced, slow, and continuous change in the orientation of an astronomical body's rotational axis. In particular, it can refer to the gradual shift in the orientation of Earth's axis of rotation in a cycle of approximately 25,772 years. [99] This is similar to the precession of a spinning-top, with the axis tracing out a pair of cones joined at their apices. The term "precession" typically refers only to this largest part of the motion; other changes in the alignment of Earth's axis – nutation and polar motion – are much smaller in magnitude. Earth's precession was historically called the precession of the equinoxes, because the equinoxes moved westward along the ecliptic relative to the fixed stars, opposite to the yearly motion of the Sun along the ecliptic. Historically, [100] the discovery of the precession of the equinoxes is usually attributed in the West to the 2nd-century-BC astronomer Hipparchus, although there are claims of its earlier discovery, such as in the ancient Indian text Vedanga Jyotisha. With improvements in the ability to calculate the gravitational force between planets during the first half of the nineteenth century, it was recognized that the ecliptic itself moved slightly, which was 415 named planetary precession, as early as 1863, while the dominant component was named lunisolar precession. [101] Their combination was named general precession, instead of precession of the equinoxes. Lunisolar precession is caused by the gravitational forces of the Moon and Sun on Earth's equatorial bulge, causing Earth's axis to move with respect to inertial space. Planetary precession (an advance) is due to the small angle between the gravitational force of the other planets on Earth and its orbital plane (the ecliptic), causing the plane of the ecliptic to shift slightly relative to inertial space. Lunisolar precession is about 500 times greater than planetary precession. [102] In addition to the Moon and Sun, the other planets also cause a small movement of Earth's axis in inertial space, making the contrast in the terms lunisolar versus planetary misleading, so in 2006 the International Astronomical Union recommended that the dominant component be renamed the precession of the equator, and the minor component be renamed precession of the ecliptic, but their combination is still named general precession. [103] Many references to the old terms exist in publications predating the change. [104] However, some Russian scientists do not agree with these "firmly established scientific data." The following is an excerpt from one of these articles: The analysis of the official justification of the observed precession of the earth's axis indicates its partial failure, the result of which was a distorted idea of the observed phenomenon – the precession of the earth's axis. It is shown that the gravity of the Sun and the Moon cannot cause the Earth to shift the center of gravity from the center of mass inertia. However, precession exists. The existence of a precession conclusively proves that the displacement of the centers of mass is completely real. But if there is a displacement, then both the Sun and the Moon must cause, and cause, the precession of the earth's axis, without causing a displacement of the centers of mass. This explains the clearly observed periodic dependence of the so-called nutational component of the precession on the motion of the moon and the sun. The cause of the cone-shaped precession with a period of 26 thousand years is the core of the Galaxy. But the core of the Galaxy cannot be, and is not, the cause of the displacement of the centers of mass of the Earth. Thus, the cosmological effect, hundreds of years inaccessible to the scientific community, was discovered – the displacement of the centers of mass of the Earth for an unknown reason. With full certainty, it can be argued that the search for the cause of the effect must be sought outside the framework of the classical and Einstein theories based on the mass equivalence postulate. Such an attempt has already been made, see. [105] In this regard, it is necessary to begin the search for factual material, possibly already available, but rejected by the experimenters, due to the contradiction of the obtained material to “firmly established scientific data”. (Nizhny Novgorod, February 2014) [106] The problem of equinox and contradiction Because of the precession of the Earth's axis, the position of the vernal point on the celestial sphere changes over time, and the equatorial and the ecliptic coordinate systems change accordingly. Thus when specifying celestial coordinates for an object, one has to specify at what time the vernal point and the celestial equator are taken. That reference time is called the equinox of date. [107] The upper culmination of the vernal point is considered the start of the sidereal day for the observer. The hour angle of the vernal point is, by definition, the observer's sidereal time. 416 Using the current official IAU constellation boundaries – and taking into account the variable precession speed and the rotation of the celestial equator – the equinoxes shift through the constellations as follows [108] (expressed in astronomical year numbering when the year 0 = 1 BC, −1 = 2 BC, etc.): The March equinox passed from Taurus into Aries in year −1865, passed into Pisces in year −67, will pass into Aquarius in year 2597, and then into Capricornus in year 4312. In 1489 it came within 10 arcminutes of Cetus without crossing the boundary. The September equinox passed from Libra into Virgo in year −729, will pass into Leo in year 2439. [109] Oddly enough, the phenomenon of the equinox also does not do without contradiction. For example, astronomers claim that at this time we live in the era of Pisces, the era of Aquarius will begin in about 600 years. However, astrologers of the world argues that the era of Aquarius began in the twentieth century. It is noted that the vernal equinox (i.e., the first of the 360° zodiac circle) is not stationary relative to the stars. She slowly moves back along the circle, passing a distance of 30 ° (i.e. one zodiac sign) in about 2160 years. Thus, from the sign of Aries, she moved to the sign of Pisces and is currently moving into the sign of Aquarius. This movement gave rise to the theory of astrological eras (or world eras), hence the frequent mention of our current "entry into the era of Aquarius." [110] There are various methods of calculating the boundaries of an astrological age. In sun-sign astrology, the first sign is Aries, followed by Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces, whereupon the cycle returns to Aries and through the zodiacal signs again. Astrological ages proceed in the opposite direction ("retrograde" in astronomy). Therefore, the Age of Aquarius follows the Age of Pisces. [111] [112] Conclusion For about the last 30 years I have been living not according to the Gregorian calendar, but according to the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi". Since then, every year I discover amazing things related to the concept of time and the universe. My conclusions made over the years are completely opposite to the conclusions of modern astronomers and astrologers. Perhaps someone or all members of the scientific community will find my version of the "new theory of precession" complete nonsense. Nevertheless, after thirty years of observing the sky and after carefully studying the knowledge of the ancestors of the nomads, I deeply suspect that the star cluster Urker (Pleiades) has a significant influence not only on Earth, but also on the Sun and Moon, and have close ties with the aforementioned controversial precession. The wind of change (about our understanding and in general our perception of time) is blowing from the side of Urker (Pleiades). I calculated a very simple astro-mathematical equality for the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi", which clearly shows that the precession period lasts either 47799/47801 years or 23899.5 / 23900.5 years. I called this unique 423-year equality "the Urker (Pleiades) Cycle". 1) 7 days × 22,072 week = 154,504 days = 109 leap ÷ 423 year = 365.257683215130023 stellar year 2) 7 days × 22,072 week = 154,504 days = 79 leap ÷ 435 year = 355.181609195402298 lunar-stellar year 417 3) 7 days × 22,072 week = 154,504 days = 1,819 leap ÷ 5,655 sidereal month = 27.321662245800176 togis ay 4) 7 days × 22,072 week = 154,504 days = 160 leap ÷ 436 year = 354.36697247706422 lunar year 5) 7 days × 22,072 week = 154,504 days = 2,776 leap ÷ 5,232 synodic month = 29.530581039755351 tuar ay 6) 154,504 × 113 cycle = 17,458,952 days = 11,587 leap ÷ 47,801 year = 365.2424007865944 tropical year 7) 423 year × 113 cycle = 47,799 ÷ 2 cycle = 23,899.5 stellar year or 47,801 ÷ 2 cycle = 23,900.5 tropical year If in modern life our calendar will be focused on neomenia (new moon), as in ancient times, then we begin to notice that the real spring does not come in the second half of March (March 20), but in mid-April and early May. In some incomprehensible way, the so-called "spring equinox" is slowly shifting not to the constellation Pisces and Aquarius, as astronomers and astrologers believe, but slowly moving towards the constellation Gemini and Cancer. Perhaps in the near future there will be no concrete evidence in favor of my theory. Because all the power of human intelligence and financial resources are invested in the current concept and model of the universe. Although there are many contradictions and misunderstandings in these scientific statements, modern science will follow it for a while. But we will be forced to stop and think, because this scientific basis will be distorted and destroyed before our eyes ... just in a hundred years. Usually, on the eve of June 20-22, tourists from around the world gather in the famous Stonehenge (UK) and wait for the Sun to rise, and then again leave for their lands. This picture has been going on for decades. However, nothing substantial in this "expectation of something supernatural" does not occur. Very soon this useless sight will annoy tourists and they will stop coming to Stonehenge to be charged with the "energy of the universe." If these tourists had a paper lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” like mine, then on the eve of this date, in the morning twilight before sunrise, for several seconds or even a whole minute, they would see with their own eyes the heliacal rising [113] of Urker (Pleiades ) after 37-40 days disappearance in the sky. This is truly a bewitching picture of a mysterious sky, so at least once in your life you should look at this unique sight. This thought prompted me to make for people such a paper look of the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi". Such a universal lunar-star calendar with corresponding pictures of the phases of the moon and Urker (Pleiades) and a detailed description of how to use this calendar will appear on my Academia.edu page very soon. [114] 418 REFERENCES 01. Covering (astronomy): https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Покрытие_(астрономия) 02. Calendar: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar 03. Pleiades: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades 04. Moon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon 05. Ai (Ай): https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ай_(серік) 06. Urker (Үркер): https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Үркер 07. Turkic peoples: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples 08. Eurasia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia 09. Central Asia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia 10. Kazakhs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhs 11. Kyrgyz people: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_people 12. Turkmens: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmens 13. Uzbeks: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeks 14. Uyghurs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs 15. Karakalpaks: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakalpaks 16. Turkish people: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people 17. Azerbaijanis: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis 18. 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List of calendars: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_calendars 44. Peter J Meyer, The Kazakh Nomad Calendar, software for converting between dates in the Kazakh Nomad 419 Calendar and dates in the Gregorian Calendar, https://www.hermetic.ch/knc/knc.htm 45. Peter J Meyer, Calendar of the Ancient Kazakh Nomads, https://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud/knc/Kazakh_Nomad_Calendar.htm 46. Peter J Meyer, The Kazakh Nomad Calendar – A Short Description, https://www.academia.edu/37760476/The_Kazakh_Nomad_Calendar_-_A_Short_Description 47. Month: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Month 48. Intercalation or embolismic days and months in timekeeping: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping) 49. Kazakh art: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_art 50. N. S. Sidorenkov and K. A. Sumerova, “Temperature Fluctuation Beats as a Reason for the Anomalously Hot Summer of 2010 in the European Part of Russia”, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9–13, Moscow, 123242 Russia, https://link.springer.com/article/10.3103%2FS106837391206009X. 51. Lunisolar calendar: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar 52. Archaeoastronomy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeoastronomy 53. Beisenov A.Z., Burial and memorial complex "Kurgan of 37 warriors": https://www.academia.edu/10454532/Burial and memorial_complex_Kurgan_37_warriors_._Burial_and_Ritual_complex_Kurgan_37_Warriors_._Vestnik_6.U.U. _Text_in_russ._abstrakt_in_engl 54. Madrasa: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa 55. Talaba (students): https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaba 56. Lunar phase: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_phase 57. Lunar theory: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_theory 58. Common year: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year 59. Leap year: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_year 60. New moon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_moon 61. Neomenia: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Неомения 62. Klimishin I.A., Calendar and chronology. – Edition 3. – Moscow: "Nauka" Publishing House, 1990 – page 64. – 478 page 63. Chinese calendar: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_calendar 64. Hebrew calendar: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_calendar 65. Chronology: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology 66. Richards, E. G. (1998). Mapping Time: The Calendar and History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1213. ISBN 0-19-286205-7. 67. Bickerman E. J. Chronology of the ancient world. Middle East and Antiquity / Trans. from English I. M. Steblin-Kamensky. – M .: Science, 1975. 68. Definition and establishment of chronology of turkic-speaking peoples and kazakhs:https://www.academia.edu/37982488/DEFINITION_AND_ESTABLISHMENT_OF_CHRONOLOGY_ OF_TURKIC-SPEAKING_PEOPLES_AND_KAZAKHS 69. Karakorum: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakorum 70. Big inscription in honor of Kül-Tegin: http://greylib.align.ru/540/bolshaya-nadpis-v-chest-kyul-tegina.html 71. Orkhon inscriptions: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkhon_inscriptions 72. Tonyukuk: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonyukuk 73. TÜRIK BITIG Language Committee of Ministry of Culture and Infrmation of Kazakhstan., The Kul Tegin Inscription. 2nd side., : http://bitig.org/?lang=e&m=1&mod=1&oid=15&tid=1 74. D. D. Dondokova, “Vocabulary spiritual culture Buryat”, Ulan-Ude: Publishing house BNTS SB RAS, 2003. 135 pp. 75. M.M.Sodnompilova and B.Z.Nanzatov, “Representations about the cold and warm seasons in the mythology of mongolian and turkic peoples, and the role of astral objects in the formation of the calendar system”: http://journals.tsu.ru/uploads/import/1610/files/422_166.pdf., Bulletin of Tomsk State University. 2017. No. 422. p. 166-171. 76. Zakharova I.V., Twelve-year animal cycle among the peoples of Central Asia., Article. Published in the 8th volume of works of the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR "New Materials on the Ancient and Medieval History of Kazakhstan" (A., 1960). 32-65 p. 77. Chinese 60 Year Cyclic Calendar: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_zodiac 78. Munsell, Kirk (14 May 2007). "NASA: Solar System Exploration: Planets: Uranus: Facts & Figures". NASA., https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus 420 79. Tsybulsky V.V., Lunisolar calendar of East Asian countries with translation to the dates of the European calendar (from 1 to 2019 AD) / USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oriental Studies, M .: Nauka. The main editors of Eastern literature, 1988, (an example about the sharpness of the eyes of nomads), pp. 3-5. 80. Julian day: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_day 81. Joseph Justus Scaliger: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Justus_Scaliger 82. Easter controversy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_controversy 83. Bede, Church History of the English People, 2.2, in J.E. King, tr., Bede: Historical Works, Vol. 1, Loeb Classical Library, Cambride, 1930, p. 205. 84. "HeritageNet – Kazakhstan", People's Knowledge: http://www.heritagenet.unesco.kz/kz/content/duhov_culture/people_znan/znania.htm 85. The star calendar (unknown author): http://doclecture.net/1-7470.html 86. Covering of the Pleiades by the Moon on August 23/24, 2008 in Moscow: http://www.astroalert.su/2008/04/13/occultpleiades20080823/ 87. Occultations of bright stars by planets from the year 0 to 4000: http://www.pierpaoloricci.it/dati/occpiastelle_eng.htm 88. G.P.Können and J. Meeus, Occultation series of five stars: http://adsbit.harvard.edu/full/seri/JBAA./0082//0000433.000.html 89. Temirkazyk-Polaris: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaris 90. Celestial sphere: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_sphere 91. Lunar station: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_station 92. The Arabic Mansions of the Moon: http://www.yeatsvision.com/Mansions.html 93. Nakshatra (Hindu astrology and Indian Astronomy): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshatra 94. Twenty-Eight Mansions (Èrshíbā Xiu): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Eight_Mansions 95. Isaac Newton: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton 96. Leonhard Euler: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Euler 97. Albert Einstein: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein 98. Precession: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precession 99. Hohenkerk, C.Y., Yallop, B.D., Smith, C.A., & Sinclair, A.T. "Celestial Reference Systems" in Seidelmann, P.K. (ed.) Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. Sausalito: University Science Books. p. 99. 100. Astro 101 – Precession of the Equinox Archived 2009-01-02 at the Wayback Machine, Western Washington University Planetarium, accessed 30 December 2008 101. Robert Main, Practical and Spherical Astronomy (Cambridge: 1863) pp.203-4. 102. James G. Williams, "Contributions to the Earth's obliquity rate, precession, and nutation", Astronomical Journal 108 (1994) 711–724, pp.712&716. All equations are from Williams. 103. IAU 2006 Resolution B1: Adoption of the P03 Precession Theory and Definition of the Ecliptic 104. Axial precession: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_precession 105. Leonovich V.N., “The concept of the physical model of quantum gravity”: http: //www.sciteclibrary.ru/rus/catalog/pages/10168.html 106. Precession of the Earth – a mystery of nature, or a clue? https://subscribe.ru/group/klub-lyubitelejkosmosa/13504482/ 107. Montenbruck, Oliver; Pfleger, Thomas. Astronomy on the Personal Computer. Springer-Verlag. p. 17. ISBN 0-387-57700-9. 108. J. Meeus; Mathematical Astronomical Morsels; ISBN 0-943396-51-4. 109. Equinox: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinox 110. Equinox Precession: http://dna.com.ua/6027-precessiya-ravnodenstviy.html 111. Neil Spencer, True as the Stars Above, 2000, pp. 115-27 – chapter 7 – "Love Shall Steer the Stars – The Long Dawning of the Age of Aquarius" 112. Age of Aquarius: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Aquarius 113. Heliacal rising: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliacal_rising 114. My profile: https://independent.academia.edu/KaldarhanKambar 421 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar Continuation or the 2nd article “Ordinary miracle of nomads” ... Copyright 2019 Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published November 5, 2019 Introduction Unexpectedly for me, my article “The Ordinary Miracle of Nomads”, which I wrote in just 2-3 days in a fit of joy and in the take-off of creativity, broke all my personal records in the number of views and the number of readers. But for some reason, those articles that I worked on for many years and spent more than enough time and nerves read much more slowly than I would like. I mean my astro-mathematical articles. Although I wrote and presented all these articles in my usual style, I have great doubt about the understanding of their meaning and content by readers and scientists. Why this happens, I just can not understand ... In order to understand this paradox or irony of fate with these articles or to delve into what I am talking about, I advise new readers to first read this short (old) article and in order to compare visually view my profile in Academia.edu. [1] With your permission, I will begin the continuation of the article with readers' feedback on the previous article. Since I did not receive permission from one or another author of the letter to publicly disclose his name, I will denote his name and surname in abbreviated form. Reader R.N. writes: "An interesting paper. It leads to the discoveries of brain dynamics that is currently taking place." My answer to the deeply respected R.N .: Frankly speaking, I don’t know about the “brain dynamics”. I am not strong in this matter. But I firmly began to believe that the "snake" in a dream appears when a drastic change in your life begins. I have one more good news that I did not know when I wrote the article “The Ordinary Miracle of Nomads”. My wife became pregnant immediately after returning from Shymkent. We have been waiting for this child for a long time. And it happened, it is probably also a miracle ... Reader A.McD. writes: «I am a Roman Catholic. I graduated as a Chemical Engineer, but unlike some of the names you mentioned who say that miracle believers are only the unlearned, I have no trouble believing they happen. My uncle suffered from goitre back in the 1930s. Doctor's treatments gave him no benefit, so he decided to drive to a Catholic shrine in Quebec, Canada which had a long history of miracles occurring there. It happened; on his first visit there he came out with the goitre all gone. I'm afraid I don't know how he felt during the miracle. I was too young then to ask him questions like that. 422 I'd like to ask you a question. About 60 years ago (I'm now 81) I was playing tennis with a new dentist who spent a year or so in my town of Flin Flon Manitoba. I can't remember how the topic of Islam vs Christianity came up, but he told me he was a Muslim of a different branch: their members are not obliged to make the Haj, but instead must spend a year in some developing country in Africa and, for dentists like him, or doctors, and practice their healing there, and do it for free. I was certainly impressed. However, since then I've never met any more members of that branch of Islam, and have never read anything about them. You're probably a person who can tell more about them; would you, please? Thank you very much A. McD.». My answer to the deeply respected A.McD.: «I can't remember how the topic of Islam vs Christianity came up, but he told me he was a Muslim of a different branch: their members are not obliged to make the Haj, but instead must spend a year in some developing country in Africa and, for dentists like him, or doctors, and practice their healing there, and do it for free. I was certainly impressed.» 1. First, in this phrase the word “Islam against Christianity” is chosen incorrectly. If you have noticed, from time to time, a western audience (cartoonists) mocks the holy name of our prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him). But have you ever seen at least one Muslim mocking at the holy name of Jesus Christ? Because we, Muslims, recognize that Jesus Christ was the penultimate prophet of Almighty Allah. Only a mentally ill Muslim can laugh at him. After that, think about who is the first to attack and oppose the will of Almighty Allah. 2. Secondly, in the Islamic religion there is a special branch. This is Sufism. [2] The theme of Sufism penetrates so deeply into ancient times, it cannot be briefly explained. Most likely your dentist was a member of one of the orders of Sufism. Since I have never been to Canada and Africa, I honestly find it difficult to answer. The golden rule of Islam is: never say never about things that you don’t know yourself. Otherwise, because of you, a person may be in error... Reader F.F. writes: "Dear Kaldarhan, Thank you for sharing the "miracle" that you were allowed to experience and that energized you with new life, cleansing your body from venom. Reading about the three snakes that were on your laptop where you usually write your papers and not being able to study them, as the the "normal" light failed, the following thoughts came to me. Obviously the "light" of your saecular scientific mind was not able to grasp the phenomenon, no matter how hard you tried. So you were referred to your origins, where there still is a certain knowledge of the "Transcendent Light" as the "Origin per sé", that cannot be identified with and not possesed by anything or anyone; you might only have or "earn" an open channel to it in yourself if you are destined to be like that. The woman that you did not want to be eaten by the snake and that you felt sorry for, might stand for something you consciously or unconsciously hold on to, but cannot let go. The snake might then stand for the venom as an antidote that cures and devours/neutralizes the venom that has come into you somewhere in your life. Maybe there is still some inner work to do and find out what you cling to, being in that way your own surgeon, not running away from deep down hidden feelings of fear, guilt or shame. In my opinion, especially the modern western world that is oriented towards consumption, power, money, being seen and admired, is alienated from the "Origin", from the "Transcendent Light". The spirit that stems from it has fallen asleep in the human being that is then only a tombe; people think that they live but in fact they are living the life of a "dead person". 423 I wish you and your family all the best. Greetings, F.F.". My answer to the deeply respected F.F.: Unfortunately, I have no idea what “Transcendent Light” is, “Origin per sé” and other terms that you write in your letter. But still, thank you very much for your kind words and for the intention to help me figure out what was happening. But in your letter there is a lot of truth. I got such incredible knockouts from life that after which many boxing champions were in deep knockout. But I'm still alive and writing further ... Blogger and reader John C. Woodcock writes: Hi Kaldarhan. I had to write a response to your fine essay, "Ordinary miracle of nomads". It is on my blog: [3] All the best, John "My blog focuses on modern cultural practices as windows to the unknown future i.e. as oracles, offering hints of what is to come, analogously to dreams. One of the most accessible online vehicles for discovering current cultural practices globally is Academia.edu. I consult it on a daily basis and thus “wander” nomadically throughout the world discovering unknown fellow travellers whose research overlaps mine, even if ever so briefly. Occasionally, I find someone with whom I feel an immediate connection through the soul. This is the story of one such connection. Kaldarhan A. Kambar and I share a soul practice that, in this time of endings, may constitute a narrow thread through, at least for some. Put simply, we both follow the hints of our dreams into the unknown future! Among the most shocking, and persuasive, dream hints for me have been my serpent dreams. You can’t negotiate with the serpent but you can submit to its will if you have a mind to. Whether you do or not, the will of the serpent is determinative in your life. In 1984, I dreamed: I am bitten on the right palm by an extremely poisonous snake. It is slow, painful and inexorable, with a finality that said, “This is how it is do you finally get it?” With the poison circulating my whole body, I go to my friends who comfort me. In excited fearful anticipation I wait for death. I feel a numbness, coldness steal over me. I go into it and then emerge, alone, unaided. I feel exhilarated. I have passed through death. I show people the fang marks. Many serpent dreams have followed this one over the next decade or so, each carrying the strange and unnerving quality of fate, transformation, and healing power! In following the hint of this dream, I became a pilgrim, literally and poetically. I travelled to the land of the Serpent, India, and discovered Kundalini wisdom. I journeyed into mythology, shamanism, and esoteric wisdom, searching for resonant voices and experiences Throughout my pilgrimages the dream serpent has remained my greatest teacher/healer. You can imagine, then, my surprise and delight to find a fellow seeker of snake wisdom. Kaldarhan A. Kambar lives in Kazakhstan and is a research contributor on Academia. In his essay, Ordinary Miracle of Nomads, he tells a story of his healing. He begins with incurable suffering: 424 In the end, I could not sit quietly, lie down, walk. In the truest sense of the word, life has turned into an endless pain and endless nightmares. One of these days, in the morning, had a strange dream. On my desktop, where I usually write my articles, lies half-dead three snakes of different colors. I want to turn on the light and look at these snakes. But no matter how hard I tried, the light is off, the switch does not work. And at this moment someone tugs at my shoulder and in a whisper says: if you want to recover, if you want a miracle, go home, go to the steppe (auylga bar). Later on, he tells us of another powerful dream: I had a second strange dream. In the dream I saw a huge snake tied with a strong rope in the neck. Not far from the snake in fear stood a frightened woman of indistinguishable appearance. The snake was going to swallow this woman alive. I felt sorry for this woman and save her by hiding him behind my back. The snake looked straight into my eyes for a long time, and then calmed down and went to bed. Kaldarhan was prompted by these dreams to go on a ziyarat, a pilgrimage to find healing. He arrived at several sacred sites and found folk healers willing to help. On one visit he was astonished to hear the old man say: “ ‘why did you not allow a huge snake to swallow this woman?’ I was shocked how he knows about my strange dream. After a little thought, he said: ‘You did wrong, this woman was the cause of all your illnesses.’ ” He was referring to Kaldarhan’s dream and Kaldarhan had not told him about the dream nor of his refusal to let the snake swallow the woman. The healer went on to say that this “woman” is the cause of his suffering. Then he proceeded to cure Kaldarhan. This astonishing account of dreams as the cause of suffering/healing shows that such cultural practices are alive today although marginalised to an extreme degree. Kaldarhan has the good fortune to live in an area that is soaked in the “old ways” and his dreams were taken very seriously. Ancient sites, places of wisdom and healing, are still active in Europe, if you know where to look, as he does. They are to be found where I live too, if you know where to look. I was shown where to look and, like Kaldarhan, I was given convincing experiences of the reality of what I was “seeing”. As with all initiations throughout time, we are convinced through the suffering of the body. He endured excruciating pain, as did I and could find no medical cause. Neither could I. The cause lay in a reality that is as bodily convincing as empirical reality, yet is distinguishable from that ordinary reality. I “knew” this reality as a child and portrayed it in a repetitive doodle over the years but it took the serpent’s bite for me to really “get” it!". My answer to the deeply respected John C. Woodcock: I, besides this article about me, read with interest other articles in your blog. It immediately struck me that you and other Western readers couldn’t even imagine in which free country you studied and lived. Compared to you, we really lived in a country with an iron curtain, where all dissent was brutally suppressed, except for communist ideas. What it is, you will never understand. Thanks to you and others, I am just learning to breathe free air. I was a little surprised by the phrase "Kaldarhan A. Kambar lives in Kazakhstan and is a research contributor on Academia." No, I’m not a researcher with a high academic degree, I’m a simple selftaught person who until today was engaged in self-education and is currently trying by all means to do something good for the world around us. 425 For some reason, your article is still not clear to me. Perhaps I still need time to understand the essence and meaning of your thoughts. Because we live in different worlds and dimensions. What you understand at first glance, is not immediately clear to me. I hope that in time I will deal with my “snakes” in a dream and tell you everything in detail. Therefore, I now refrain from commenting. Therefore, I will refrain from any comments until some time has passed ... (end of July and beginning of August 2019) – I apologize to readers for having such a long introductory text. But I assure you that this article will be even more interesting than the previous article. From these letters of readers it is clearly seen that all the people of the planet, regardless of their place of residence, age, profession, worldview, etc., are very concerned about the topic of body health and mental balance. Recently, my work colleague (a girl named Botakoz) said she saw a snake in a dream. But at the end of her dream, this huge snake turned into a mouse. And she asked me "what does this mean?" I told her that radical changes would soon begin in his life, and in my opinion they had already begun ... There is a very fine line between clear, accessible and "incomprehensible" treatment in medicine The breakthrough and progress in modern medicine was largely influenced by the Central Asian knowledge of medicine represented by Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 980-1037). [4] The main merit of Avicenna is that he made medicine and treatment of people accessible. Before him, only very rich people, kings, khans, viziers, etc., were being treated, and ordinary people were dying in terrible agony. He systematized the methods of treatment and laid the foundation for “technical medicine”. In other words, from now on, every passer-by who does not have any “divine gift for healing” can become a doctor, studying these methods of treatment of Ibn Sina. As a result, thousands and millions of ordinary people could be treated in clinics (peacetime) and hospitals (during the war). However, as in many fields of science, in medicine there is a second side to the coin or a problem with a capital letter. I will write about this a little later, but now I will write only about Ibn Sina (Avicenna or Sharaf al-Mulk, Khujat al-Haq, Sheikh al-Raya, Ibn Sino (Abu Ali Abdullo Ibn Sino), Bu Ali Sina). Avicenna authored a five-volume medical encyclopedia: The Canon of Medicine (AlQanun fi't-Tibb). It was used as the standard medical textbook in the Islamic world and Europe up to the 18th century. [5] [6] The Canon still plays an important role in Unani medicine. [7] [8] His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a philosophical and scientific encyclopedia, and The Canon of Medicine, a medical encyclopedia [9] [10] [11] which became a standard medical text at many medieval universities [12] and remained in use as late as 1650. [13] In 1973, Avicenna's Canon Of Medicine was reprinted in New York. [14] He turned to medicine at 16, and not only learned medical theory, but also by gratuitous attendance of the sick had, according to his own account, discovered new methods of treatment. [15] The teenager achieved full status as a qualified physician at age 18, [16] and found that "Medicine is no hard and thorny science, like mathematics and metaphysics, so I soon made great progress; I became an excellent doctor and began to treat patients, using approved remedies." The youthful physician's fame spread quickly, and he treated many patients without asking for payment. Suppose a miracle happened, mankind came up with a “time machine”, and with its help Avicenna suddenly turned out to be in the 21st century. What would he discover in our time? He would be surprised to learn that all modern medicine was built on his works, but then modern science 426 classified all his methods of treatment into the category of “pseudoscience” (see Unani medicine. [7] [8]). Avicenna would surely have suffered a heart attack or stroke from injustice and from the immorality of modern science, and he would have died of grief a second time. What is pseudoscience and what is a scientific method? 1) Pseudoscience consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that are claimed to be both scientific and factual but are incompatible with the scientific method. [17] If we take into account that the “scientific method” is developed not by super people or robots (who are fair in everything), but by ordinary people (who in many “cases” are sinful), then it becomes clear why “a lot of useful things” are for ordinary people suddenly become “pseudoscientific” despite their usefulness to society. If our civilization follows the same path until the 22-23rd century, I won’t be surprised if suddenly all the scientific discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1726 / 27) and even Albert Einstein (18791955) are suddenly blacklisted "pseudoscience" composed by the scientific method. 2) The scientific method is an empirical method of acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century. It involves careful observation, applying rigorous skepticism about what is observed, given that cognitive assumptions can distort how one interprets the observation. It involves formulating hypotheses, via induction, based on such observations; experimental and measurement-based testing of deductions drawn from the hypotheses; and refinement (or elimination) of the hypotheses based on the experimental findings. These are principles of the scientific method, as distinguished from a definitive series of steps applicable to all scientific enterprises. [18] [19] [20] The demarcation between science and pseudoscience has philosophical and scientific implications. [21] Differentiating science from pseudoscience has practical implications in the case of health care, expert testimony, environmental policies and science education. [22] Distinguishing scientific facts and theories from pseudoscientific beliefs, such as those found in astrology, alchemy, alternative medicine, occult beliefs, religious beliefs and creation science, is part of science education and scientific literacy. [22] [23] Human history is full of paradoxes. Some individuals will be put on the list of famous people in history, and another person who is ahead of him in everything will remain in the shadows. This I say to the fact that in Central Asia there were healers cooler than Ibn Sina. These healers who remained unknown and “incomprehensible” to our mind were truly from God. They did not write many books on the subject of medicine like Ibn Sina (Avicenna). They could treat people with well-known folk remedies (for example, as Ibn Sina did), but at critical moments (during the mass epidemic) they treated many dying people (100-1000 people) with holy prayers, simply touching them. Unfortunately, modern medical science calls such "supernatural" treatment "pseudoscientific." Who is profitable, you probably already guess... As an independent, neutral and disinterested person in this matter, I reason this problem very simply without involving scientific methods. In my aforementioned article [1] I described in detail how this summer (July 4-8, 2019) I was treated with this “pseudoscience” (by the Avicenna method) and I paid only $ 20-30 for all this treatment. The result is excellent, I’m alive and well, I don’t complain about my health. Before that, it turns out I spent 20-30 times more on the treatment of modern medicine with the scientific method. The pains stopped temporarily, and then it all started with a 427 new force. I have such an impression that modern medicine does not need that the patient has recovered 100 percent. However, I do not deny the healing power of modern medicine. He already cured a lot of diseases, but at the same time, more and more new deadly diseases appeared. Maybe, at least for a scientific experiment, is it possible to accept people with these “pseudoscientific” treatment methods into the ranks of “doctors”? For example, take the same folk healer Akhan (Orazaliev Akhan Zhumabaevich: +7 771 281 7419; e-mail: akhann@mail.ru, his father Zhumash Ata and mother Raia Apa) from Shymkent, who treated me. He does not need any of your blood and urine tests or x-rays. He feels your illness with the tip of his fingers. Treat with massage, matchstick and biocurrent. I am sure it would bring many benefits to ordinary people. By the way, in the last conversation with him on his cell phone (beginning of September 2019), he said that people came to him from all over the country and from abroad. His small office no longer accommodates all visitors. But the price of his amazing treatment remained at $ 3 per session. [1] Comparing people in the gifts of healing is unethical and wrong. But despite this, the fact remains. Next, I want to talk about a healer who lived in the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century in the south of Kazakhstan (now the village of Abay-Keles, Saryagash district, Turkestan region). Unfortunately, such a healer of incredibly high rank has never been among the nomads and, most likely, will not be. The reason for this categorical conclusion I will say later ... (end of September 2019) The story of how I was desperately looking for something, but did not know what I was looking for and what I wanted... ... To write the continuation of this article from this place to the end (although I have not finished my article) it took me a whole month or more, because I lost track of the days. At first, I naively thought, since I already wrote about this healer twice, [24] [25] I can quickly finish this article. However, suddenly nightmares began to appear in a dream, about which I did not even think. In one of these nightmares, two strangers decapitated a large snake from a previous dream, which wanted to swallow a woman I did not know. Then these two strangers picked up the dead carcass from the ground and held it until all the liquid from the snakes filled the large aluminum barrel. In complete fear, I stood like a stuccan could not move and out of the corner of my eye I saw that in this barrel there was not snake blood, but a clear white liquid. I honestly did not understand anything what was going on and what should I do. Intervening or not interfering in what is happening around me ... And suddenly the dead body of a large snake (without a head) came to life and, with all its strength, threw itself on my foot. I felt that this snake was not going to bite me, but from his hoarse hiss, I realized that I should be careful with the article about the healer. And at this time, the severed head of a dead snake suddenly came to life and ran away from us, as if it were “living hands with fingers” in horror films. Surprisedly looking at the snake's running head, I somehow realized that from this head a full-fledged body of a new snake would later grow. It can be said that from this day in my life the “black streak” began. At first, my daughter-in-law (son's wife) has a premature miscarriage. She became pregnant after my wife. The loss of a future 428 grandson or granddaughter shocked me deeply, and my son even more. They, too, have been waiting for this child with impatience in the last 4 years. Very soon after this incident, the threat of a miscarriage loomed over my wife. At the main work (research institute), endless problems began with the management and colleagues. I stopped understanding what was going on and what to do next. I decided to abandon the whole idea with the article, and it is better not to write anything. But from my decision, the sick wife did not feel better, on the contrary, it was getting worse and worse. One night, an ambulance took her and put her in a maternity hospital No. 1, in the pathology department, room No. 7. Feeling the heaviness in my soul, I realized that it was a numerical sign «from above», something I was doing wrong. In the late night of that day, I continued to write this article, but, alas, there was nothing to write. My brain and soul were empty, there were no thoughts. After these nightmares in a dream and in real life, I left a vain attempt to write a continuation of the article and destroyed all the records. I decided to start from scratch ... I began to think feverishly who this “unknown healer” was and why he suddenly began to be angry with me and my innocent family. I looked through my materials and realized that it turns out I know almost nothing about him and was going to write some nonsense about his life. Suddenly a thought arose, maybe I will find something interesting about him in the bowels of the Internet. I frantically searched for something, but did not know what I was looking for and what I wanted. Despite this, I need to hurry, otherwise it will be too late! It turns out all this time I was poorly looking for the necessary materials and did not take into account many obvious things and signs. And suddenly a breakthrough. After many attempts to search the Internet, I first found one, [26] and then other materials (in Kazakh) [27] about this healer. Next was a matter of technology. I expanded the search and found related indirect materials in Russian and English. However, not to mention any article, even the name of this healer is not written anywhere in English. Perhaps readers will first learn about this healer from this article. After a long night spent at the computer, the next morning I heard unexpectedly good news from my wife’s mouth. My wife's condition improved, and the tiny raft inside her abdomen began to move, and her heartbeat stabilized. When I accumulated more or less satisfying materials about this healer, it suddenly dawned on me where I made a mistake. Remember the numbers 1 and 7 or 7 – 1 = 6. I decided to start my notes with that strange dream that happened 6 years ago in 2013 in the fall, because, as it turned out, it all started from this place. Bright light from the holy radiance Inside the colorfully decorated palace, a crowd of people eagerly awaited some important guest. Suddenly, I was among them, but I don’t know how I got there (it was a dream). Everything looks towards the door and I look there too. At first, the sound of several small bells sounded and this sound was approaching us. After some time, a thin old man appeared with a staff. Several small bells were hung on the top of his staff, and they continued to ring from the slow motion of the old man. The old man’s long clothing ("shekpen" in Kazakh), sewn from coarse wool, looked very old and dirty, and several holes were visible on the sides. I involuntarily smiled when I saw this old man. How similar to the beggars from the tale of “One Thousand Nights and a Night” (Arabic: Alf layla wa-layla). [28] But very soon I almost regretted my arrogance. 429 This old man was not at all embarrassed from his appearance and in a low husky voice announced to the waiting crowd that "His Excellency" was heading here and would be here in a minute. And suddenly He appeared out of nowhere, such a tall, with a straight posture, stern-looking man, in light "luminous" clothes. He did not look around, did not greet anyone, although there were important people in the crowd (businessmen, oligarchs of our country, even the former and future president of Kazakhstan). I especially remember the sable buttonhole like that of marshals, framed at the edges with gold on the collar. “Oh, Allah, what a beauty, all fashion designers would have gasped seeing this,” I thought involuntarily. I forgot that this is a dream, I regretted that I did not take the camera with me. The whole standing crowd rushed after him and began to enter the huge hall. Together with the others, I also tried to enter the hall, but two guards with huge biceps forbade me to enter and closed a huge wooden door in front of my nose. I blamed myself for being a fool when I laughed at this old man with a staff. It seems that he is also not a simple old man. And suddenly someone's voice whispered to me, come in at the back door from the street. I quickly went outside and ran towards the back door. To my surprise, the back door was open and was not guarded by anyone. I went inside and an amazing huge hall opened in front of me, in which the end of its edge was not visible. An enthusiastic crowd stood in the middle of a huge hall. No one sat on the richly laid table. The whole crowd tirelessly asked: “Oh, His Excellency, show another miracle, show another miracle”. He raised both hands and slowly parted a huge dome standing above us. In 2000, when I was on a business trip to Saudi Arabia, I saw exactly such a picture in the mosque of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) in Medina (Al-Masjid an-Nabawi). [29] There was a deep dark night in the sky. In some strange way, the full moon moved very fast and soon covered the Pleiades star cluster. At this moment, the shadow of the Earth began to cover the moon and the Pleiades standing behind it. Since I observed every 27-28 days for 30 years the coverings of the Pleiades by the Moon, I said to myself in amazement: "This can not be." My thoughts from the seen image of the sky were completely confused, and therefore I tirelessly repeated: "This can not be." At that moment, "His Excellency" carefully began to examine the people around him. The people around him did not understand what had happened, they perceived what they saw as yet another “illusion or magic." However, this was not so. I deeply believed that such a triple eclipse could well occur. I was happy and scared (my whole body was trembling), finally I saw this amazing heavenly phenomenon (at that moment I forgot that it was just a dream). Suddenly his piercing gaze met my particularly amazed gaze. Before my eyes or in my head (I did not understand), a bright light flashed. I plunged into a white fog and I don’t remember anything else. When I woke up in the morning, my head hurt very much. Since such an unusual dream happens only once in a person’s life, I described it in detail in my diary. However, at that time I did not know “what all this means”, and who this “His Excellency” is and of course that old man with a staff on which there were many bells. After this vivid dream, I sometimes saw such strange dreams that I didn’t even think about. Once in a dream I saw the Kaaba. [30] He turned into a regular office. Above the door of the Kaaba was written the name of something in English. From the huge mosque (The Great Mosque of Mecca [31]) there is not a single brick left. People of European appearance (probably tourists) calmly visited the Kaaba, but they did not worship the only Allah. In the middle of the city of Mecca, a river formed. I stood on the banks of this river and did not know where to turn my face (Qibla) to 430 read the midday prayer (Ṣalāt al-ẓuhr). Since then, in the Arab world, the war has erupted with renewed vigor and does not stop. It scares me... However, soon after this dream, a breakthrough occurred in my many years of research on the “nomad calendars”. Prior to this dream, my research was a pile of stones and bricks scattered mounds on a large area. After this dream, it was as if there was a concrete plan in my hand and I began to act according to this plan. Every day I was glad that finally something began to form around the “nomad calendar” (Togys esebi), and this lasted only four years. It was 2017 or the seventeenth (remember numbers 1 and 7) year. After all these incidents in my life over the past three months, I have changed a lot. Now no one can convince me that our life consists only of random chains of events. He who does not find meaning and logic in his life (why do we even live) does not see or hear signs and symbols around him. Unfortunately, many people end up living homeless and abandoned and even worse kill themselves (suicide) considering this the only way out. I am firmly convinced that every creature (person, even animal) in this life appears with a certain mission. If you have ever saved a drowning ant from a stream of water at least once in your life, this may be your only mission in this world. I will be silent about the rest, better think for yourself and move your brains, arms and legs, like that poor ant ... Actually, I was going to write about a healer who was clearly superior in everything to Ibn Sina (Avicenna). But the circumstance has changed. Although I have enough material about him, I still have to check some facts. Firstly, “His Excellency” is that “healer” or a completely different person or creature, I still do not understand. Secondly, to be honest, I'm already afraid of his anger no matter who he is. I do not want to experience again what I have already experienced. Thirdly, until I find out these circumstances, I do not want to deceive readers and, even worse, to lead them astray. Thus, whether I want to or not, I have to write the third part of this article. You probably remember that it all started from three multi-colored snakes lying on my desk where my computer was standing. But as for when I will write or finish this third article, I don’t know yet ... Epilogue A true wizard and magician can be considered a person who works not for his wide and bottomless pocket, but for the benefit of the people around him. Is it possible to do such "miracles" in the modern world? Of course, it is possible if this special person, chosen by Allah, believes (al-Iman) in Almighty Allah with all his heart and soul and leads a conscious ascetic lifestyle throughout his life. Almost all the famous representatives of Sufism were such, they were very poor, and they spent all the donation money on charitable deeds. May Allah Tagala be merciful over them and may their place in the next world (akhiret) be Paradise. One thing is clear as God's day. The temptation, greed and injustice of this world is so great that it practically does not leave even a tiny place for a real wizard and magician. You will have to put up with it and live on ... enjoying the optical illusion and sleight of hand! 431 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. An ordinary miracle of nomads: https://www.academia.edu/39864281/Ordinary_miracle_of_nomads, and also see my profile: https://independent.academia.edu/KaldarhanKambar 2. Sufism: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism, and also see Sufi orders and their sheikhs: http://islam.uga.edu/sufismorders.html 3. John Woodcock: https://johnwoodcock.com.au/2019/07/serpent-power/ 4. Avicenna: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna 5. McGinnis, Jon (2010). Avicenna. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-19533147-9. 6. A.C. Brown, Jonathan (2014). Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. Oneworld Publications. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-78074-420-9. 7. Unani_medicine: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unani_medicine 8. Indian Studies on Ibn Sina's Works by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, Avicenna (Scientific and Practical International Journal of Ibn Sino International Foundation, Tashkent/Uzbekistan. 1-2; 2003: 40-42 9. Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2007). "Avicenna". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 10. Edwin Clarke, Charles Donald O'Malley (1996), The human brain and spinal cord: a historical study illustrated by writings from antiquity to the twentieth century, Norman Publishing, p. 20. 11. Iris Bruijn (2009), Ship's Surgeons of the Dutch East India Company: Commerce and the progress of medicine in the eighteenth century, Amsterdam University Press, p. 26 (ISBN 90-8728051-3). 12. "Avicenna 980-1037". Hcs.osu.edu. 13. e.g. at the universities of Montpellier and Leuven (see "Medicine: an exhibition of books relating to medicine and surgery from the collection formed by J.K. Lilly". Indiana.edu. 14. Cibeles Jolivette Gonzalez. "Avicenna's Canon Of Medicine" – via Internet Archive. 15. "The Canon of Medicine (work by Avicenna)". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. 16. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Avicenna". Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 62-63. 17. Cover JA, Curd M, eds. (1998), Philosophy of Science: The Central Issues, pp. 1-82 18. Newton, Issac (1999) [1726 (3rd ed.)]. Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica [Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy]. The Principia: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Translated by Cohen, I. Bernard; Whitman, Anne; Budenz, Julia. Includes "A Guide to Newton's Principia" by I. Bernard Cohen, pp. 1–370. (The Principia itself is on pp. 371–946). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 791–96 ("Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy"); see also Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica#Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy. ISBN 978-0520-08817-7. 19. "Scientific method", Oxford Dictionaries: British and World English, 2016. 20. Oxford English Dictionary. OED Online (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014. 21. Lakatos I (1973), Science and Pseudoscience, The London School of Economics and Political Science, Dept of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method. 22. Hansson (2008), Section 1: The purpose of demarcations 23. Hurd PD (June 1998). "Scientific literacy: New minds for a changing world". Science Education. 82 (3): 407-416. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-237X(199806)82:3<407::AIDSCE6>3.0.CO;2-G.(subscription required) 24. The Republican socio-political, literary and artistic magazine "Parasat" ("Sanity"), 1999, No. 5 (the old name is "Madeniet zhane Turmys", published since 1958) 25. Supernatural miracle of Sufi ishanas: https://www.academia.edu/40196014/Supernatural_miracle_of_Sufi_ishanas 432 26. Material No. 1: https://kozhalar.kz/20185489-shyn-aty-umyt-bolghan-aulie 27. Other materials: http://kozhalar.kz/tag/ongghar-isaev 28. One Thousand and One Nights (Alf layla wa-layla – Arabian Nights): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights 29. Al-Masjid an-Nabawi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi 30. Kaaba: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba 31. Great Mosque of Mecca (Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca 433 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar The Great Secrets of Etzhemes Eshan Copyright 2019 Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published November 23, 2019 Introduction Nomads do not remember the real name of the protagonist of this article. In the 19-20 century, in southern Kazakhstan, nomads knew him under the pseudonym "Etzhemes eshan" [1] (1833-1913). This name literally translates as "Eshan (1) who does not eat meat." He was from the “Qozha” (2) clan, which is not included in the three Kazakh zhuzes (historical belonging to the special clan “aksuiek” [literally translates as “standing above the crowd”]). However, at this time, all the “qozha” clans in the country are officially listed as citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Two hundred years ago, for nomads, it was important not his tribal affiliation, nor his real name, but his pious and charitable deeds and incredible miracles for ordinary people who were so lacking in their difficult lives. (1) Ishan (Persian – Ishān, Chagataian – Išan, Kazakhian – Eshan) – the title or nickname used to call the leaders of Sufi tariqahs (fraternities) and the heads of Ismaili communities. In addition, in Central Asia, ishans are also called representatives of the clan, originating from the prophet Muhammad (Sayyid). [2] (2) Qozha (in other languages "Khawaja, Khoja") is a person in Central Asia, descending from Arab Islamic missionaries. The motto is Allah! Khawaja – is an honorific title used across the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia and Central Asia, particularly towards Sufi teachers. The word comes from the Iranian word "khawaja" and translates as "master", "lord". [3] [4] Even after almost two centuries, the nomads remember him, consider him a saint (in the Kazakh language “Aulie”), people come from far away to see those places where various miracles took place. Of course, all this contradicts the canons and the five pillars of Islam, contradicts the holy Quran, where it is written – only Allah should be worshiped and no one else. However, it is difficult to understand the logic of nomads who have experienced so much social upheaval in a short time (tribal relations, feudalism, socialism, now capitalism). For this reason, writing this article for me, who reads the five-fold prayer every day and worships only Allah Tagala, for many reasons has become very difficult from the very beginning. Probably, our main character also understood this, so he did not leave a real name or photographs after himself. Otherwise, among the nomads at that time idolatry would have arisen, which is strictly prohibited by Islam, the holy Quran and Sahih-Hadith. Oral legends about Etzhemes eshan have been passed down from generation to generation for two centuries. Kazakh journalist Ongar Mekenbayuly Isaev (born 1951), born in the places where Etzhemes eshan lived, from childhood heard these legends and collected various facts from the life 434 of eshan. All these records of Ongar would have remained on paper if there had not been an unexpected call to his phone from the famous writer of Kazakhstan Orynkul Tazhieva in 2012. According to Muslim custom, a woman cannot write about such a holy person as Etzhemes eshan. Therefore, she invited Ongar to write a book about Etzhemes eshan and promised full support. At first, they wanted to release this book in 2013, just that year would have celebrated 180 years since the birth of Etzhemes eshan. However, Ongar was not able to finish the book in 2013, as he conducted a complete study about the life of Etzhemes eshan. They succeeded in completing the book only in 2014, and very soon the book "Et zhemes eshan Ata" appeared. [5] At the moment, he is writing a continuation of this book (I have a copy of the manuscript of this book sent to me by Ongar). [6] This interesting topic indirectly, and perhaps in the literal sense of the word, concerns our ancient clan Konyrat – Mangytay – Boribay. My ancestors also knew and saw Etzhemes eshan at the most difficult moment of their life (I will write about this at the end of my article). This tragic incident can be expressed by the phrase of William Shakespeare «To be, or not to be, that is the question.» I wrote about this tragedy in 1999 in the 5th issue of the "Parasat" magazine [7] in only one line, while naming the protagonist “Etzhimas eshan”. The word "Etzhimas" (meaning "very lean, bone and skin") differs from the name "Etzhemes" only two letters, and it changes the meaning of this word. The thing is that my father Aliceit Kambaruly (1922-2003) often said, “Etzhimas eshan, zhardem ber (help me)”, when he had to make a difficult choice in something. For this reason, from my childhood I heard “Etzhimas eshan”, and wrote this name automatically in the magazine “Parasat” ... Firstly, I myself wanted to see with my own eyes the homeland of this truly “legendary man”, pronouncing his name, you will feel some strange calmness in your soul. Secondly, with all my heart I wanted to make a ziyarat and read nafil-namaz in "Korhana", where he spent hundreds and thousands of days and nights and thank him for the good deeds done for the Kazakh people in the name of Almighty Allah. Thirdly, to dispel some doubts and make sure the authenticity of some legends, which is doubtful in modern life. But, alas, unfortunately, the end of the year came so quickly. Usually at this time we have to submit a lot of reports on the work done. For this reason, the management of the research institute in which I work did not approve my vacation application at my own expense. Meaning in these "holy places" I can conduct research only in the summer of next year. Inshallah, if Allah wishes, in the next year of 2020 during the summer during the holidays I definitely want to visit these places and see everything with my own eyes. For this reason, I (and of course you) will have to be content with only the materials that I have. The only written source about this man is in the book of the military governor of Samarkand region, Major General Likoshin Neil Sergeyevich (1860-1922). [8] Having gone from lieutenant to major general of the Russian army and holding high positions in the region, he was primarily a scientist, an expert in local history and archeology, ethnography and literature. N.S.Lykoshin wrote more than 800 works about our region and its people. It was he who stood at the origins of the creation of the first scientific society in Tashkent - the Turkestan circle of archeology lovers, etc. [9] Activities N.S. Lykoshina, as a translator and popularizer of oriental literature, deserves special attention. He translated numerous legends and traditions of nomadic Kazakhs and other peoples of Central Asia. 435 In his book, “The Role of Dervishes in the Muslim Community of Tashkent People,” he gives a brief autobiography of the 54 most influential Ishans. [10] The protagonist of this article is listed on this list under number 53. Since this autobiography is very short, I decided to give it in full, adding only my comment and explanation. 53) Ishan Baba Akhun Shadman Khozha Ishanov He lives in the Kokshe quarter of the city of Tashkent, near the gate to the village (makhalla) of Kokshe (in the Kazakh language "green garden"). Adherent of both branches (Zharia dhikr – loud remembrance and Kupiya dhikr (3) – silent remembrance) of the Sayyid Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari (1318-1389) [11] order. At the time of writing his autobiographies, he turned 62 years old (the recording was made in 1895). Although he has many adherents (murid-murt) among the steppe Kyrgyz (Kyrkazagy-Kazakhs), he lives below the poverty line. He is constantly located and lives among them. Он не ел мяса с 39 лет (он перестал есть мясо в 1872 году), и поэтому его прозвали «Et zhemes» (Et-yimas). He received knowledge and guidance on the righteous path (Irshad) from Ishan Sha (maybe – Sharafaddin) Yusufkhoja. He spent 40 chillas in a row ("chillahshilde" or 40 days in Kazakhstan and Central Asia) in "korhana" (a prayer room underground) at the Sheikh Zainuddin baba cemetery. This amount of time is approximately 1600 days. (4) All year round during the day (from dawn to dusk) he constantly keeps an oraza (Fasting – as-Sawm). With his supporters (Kazakhs), he is engaged in the construction of bridges and digging aryks (irrigation ditches and kanals) in the desert steppes. He built a bridge on the Karakamys River near the Kokshe Gate, on the outer border of the city of Tashkent. [10] (3) Dhikr (also Zikr, Zekr, Zikir, Jikir) are devotional acts, primarily in Sufi Islam, in which short phrases or prayers are repeatedly recited silently within the mind (kupia) or aloud (zharia). It can be counted on a set of prayer beads (Misbaha) or through fingers of the hand. A person who recites the Dhikr is called a ḏākir. Tasbih is a form of dhikr that involves the repetitive utterances of short sentences glorifying God. The content of the prayers includes the names of God, or a duʿāʾ (prayer of supplication) taken from the hadith or the Quran. [12] (4) 40 chillas × 40 days = 1600 days is equal to 4 solar years 139 days or 54 lunar months 5 days. In the middle of the 18th century, a troubled period occurred in the history of Tashkent, when the city was at the crossroads of the interests of the Kalmyk Khanate, Kazakh Khanate, [13] Kokand Khanate, and, to a lesser extent, Emirate of Bukhara. The city repeatedly passed from one ruler to another. In addition, there was an internecine war of four parts of the city – dakhas: Kokche, Sibzar, Sheykhantaur and Beshagach. [14] The head of each of them – hakim [15] - sought to subdue other regions. By the 1780s, lengthy and bloody strife became intolerable. Many people of Tashkent voted for the creation of a single independent state, which would have a beneficial effect on trade and handicraft. At the same time, the Sheykhantaur hakim died, transferring the power to his son, Yunus Khoja. [14] [16] When General N.S. Lykoshin wrote his books, this whole vast territory (occupied by tsarist Russia since 1865), on which the Kyrkazakh (steppe Kazakhs or nomads), Sarty-Uzbeks, Kara-Kyrgyzs, Tajiks, Turkmens lived was called Turkestan Governor-Generalship. (5) However, do not forget that the capital of the Kazakh Khanate between 1729-1781. was the city of Tashkent. [13] Since then, many Kazakhs lived in the Tashkent state (1784-1808) [16] and in the 436 Kokand khanate (1709-1876) [17] in Tashkent. Especially in the densely populated Koksha district in Tashkent, where Etzhemes eshan was born and raised, even after 200 years many Kazakhs live. Therefore, one should not be surprised at the decision of Etzhemes eshan to live in the steppes among the Kazakhs. (5) Russian Turkestan – was the western part of Turkestan within the Russian Empire’s Central Asian territories, and was administered as a Krai or Governor-Generalship. It comprised the oasis region to the south of the Kazakh Steppe, but not the protectorates of the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva. [18] From the above book [8] it can be seen that the military governor of Samarkand, Major General N.S. Lykoshin, at the beginning of the 20th century, was especially interested in the figure of Etzhemes eshan. In this book, he wrote an essay entitled "Ishan et-yimas" (Etzhemes eshan). [8, p. 188-194] It is especially worth noting that not one of the famous then ishans of Tashkent and Samarkand ever received such attention from this general as Etzhemes eshan. A reasonable question arises: why and for what merits did General N.S. Lykoshin especially choose Etzhemes eshan among 54 Ishanas? At the end of this article, I hope you find the answer to this question. A small excerpt from this essay: “Etzhemes eshan has earned special respect among the nomadic Kazakhs with charity and dedication. He spends all the money that he receives from the murids on the purchase of food for the poor or on the construction of bridges, aryks (canals) and other social needs. Using the unconditional submission of his followers, Ishan tries to combine the neighboring Kazakhs (Kyrgyz) and Sarts for useful activities to revive desert lands. With the combined efforts of his murids, ishan managed to irrigate the expanse of land at 25 versts (1 versts is equal to the current 1066.8 meters) from Tashkent, now known as “Ishan Bazaar” (now the village of Abay, Keles region). Here Ishan built a manor with fruit trees in the steppe (Kazakhs call this place "Eshan Bauy" [Garden of Eshan]). The most faithful murids were located in the neighborhood, first in yurts, and then in clay houses. A small settlement was formed, where the followers and the talaba (students) gathered to learn from him to "new knowledge." They built a mosque, the imam of which was Etzhemes eshan. The gathering of people in the new village naturally attracted various merchants here, and a bazaar was formed, named, unlike other steppe bazaars, in honor of the founder of the new settlement "Ishan Bazar". A lot of people gathered at the new place”... [8, p. 189-190] I leave the translation of a whole essay of 7 pages [8, p. 188-194] in English for later. If one of the readers wishes to deal with this translation, I will only be glad. In his essay, General N.S.Lykoshin writes about the wonders of Etzhemes eshan, who heard and saw with his own eyes. He describes his meeting with Ethemes eshan in this way: "On one of the visits of Etzhemes eshan to Tashkent, I, through the acquaintance of me Murid eshan, asked Etzhemes eshan to come to me or to set a time for a date. As expected, Eshan avoided a visit to the Russian boss and I had to go to him myself. Etzhemes eshan was tall, thin, very modestly dressed. Despite his over 60 years of age, he has little gray hair, a slender look and a beautiful complexion. Eshan invited me to a table on which tea and sweets stood, but he himself did not even touch these treats." [8, с. 191] (I saw him in a dream in exactly this form, author K.K.). [19] I will present another passage from this essay: “... Everyone ate hastily and started to tea, and the musicians, having tuned their instruments, began to play quietly and rather melodiously. Eshan, from whom I did not take my eyes off, thought more 437 and more, either closing my eyes or lowering my head to my chest. It was noticeable that the music acted strongly on him. Soon, tears streamed down Eshan's face. They flowed more and more in abundance. The old man seemed to begin to enter a completely different world that we do not see. Then he started sobbing, or uttering some fragmentary words. Eshan slowly swayed his body to the right and left, and all these words surprisingly coincided with the rhythm of the music. Eshan's enthusiastic mood intensified, and when the ecstasy fully came to his senses, he invited both murids to come to him. (I saw these two murids in a dream that decapitated a large snake, author K.K.). [19] The rest of the people also moved closer and only the musicians continued to play sadly and monotonously. Eshan's ecstasy spread to others. For the dhikr of 12 people a circle was made. There was no sharp movement in this dhikr, which is observed in the ordinary dhikr “Zharia-kadriya”. Different epithets of Allah were not pronounced with loud voices. Eshan and others quietly pronounced the word “Hu” (He, the Omnipresent) and swayed peacefully from side to side. Soon the dhikr turned into sobs, all those present shed tears, and especially eshan wept loudly. Why these people cried was not clear, but this scene made a deep impression on the uninitiated in the secrets of the Order of "Ishkiya-Sultaniya". Eshan, not getting up, knelt down, moved in a circle, alternately approaching each of the “zakirs” (3) that make up the circle (halka). They touched him with enthusiasm, he laid his hands on those present, as if blessing them. Apparently they expected him to convey grace through touch. Finally, the eshan, not rising from his knees, folded both hands for prayer. Following his example, all those present immediately folded both hands together. Eshan in a quiet, excited voice and not in Arabic, but in Turkic (Kazakh) said several prayers for the forgiveness of the sins of those present, about the well-being of the house and owners, in which we were and finally wished the health of my children. " [8, p. 192] All the actions committed by Etzhemes eshan in life are reduced to the fact that he, as a true Sufi, wanted to disappear from this worldly life without leaving a trace. However, these “traces” left by Eshan during his life and after his death make it almost impossible to disappear into oblivion without a trace, as he sincerely wanted. This is probably due to the fact that after him in these Kazakh steppes there was no person worthy of imitation. And now such a holy man is unlikely to appear in this society of people mired in debauchery, a thirst for greed and disinterestedly loving wealth. Therefore, the life and death of Etzhemes eshan can be briefly described as "Bright light from the holy radiance." (translation in Kazakh “Kasietti shugylanyn shamshyragy”) In this article, I will describe only oral legends from the book of Ongar Isaev. [5] [6] Because for obvious reasons (after all, “military secrets”), Major General N.S.Lykoshin does not write about these “folk legends” in his book, which I am going to write. Major General of the occupying military of the Russian tsarist army N.S. Lykoshin really achieved a lot in his studies of Sufism and dervishism in the Turkestan Territory. However, his intention (Niyat) [20] to understand and achieve the essence of Sufism from the very beginning had a malicious intent. All his thorough studies of Sufism served as instructions for the Russian colonialists in the fight against nomads (how best to destroy their moral principles): “In promoting Sufi teachings, we should see not only a means of gradual Islamization of Kazakh (Kyrgyz) nomads, but also a powerful engine motivated by the political unity of the peoples of Islam. The spread of Sufism in our Turkestan region cannot be recognized as desirable, therefore, it is necessary to find measures to weaken the influence of "ishans" on the dark mass of 438 people". [10, 114 p.] Having learned with the help of a miracle about his evil intentions (niyat), most likely, he (but not his children) was cursed by Etzhemes eshan. As a result, he died of a terrible disease – lung sarcoma... [21] Two folk legends literally concern personally the first Governor-General of Russian Turkestan K.P. von Kaufman. Therefore, his brief biography will not be superfluous. Konstantin Petrovich Kaufman (2 March 1818 – 16 May 1882), better known as Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufmann. At the high point of the Russian conquest of Turkestan, in 1867, he became Governor-General of the new province of Turkestan, and held the post until his death, making himself a name in the expansion of the empire in Central Asia. The western part of the Khanate of Kokand along the Syr Darya had already been captured, and the independence of the rest of that country became merely nominal. He accomplished a successful campaign in 1868 against the Emirate of Bukhara, capturing Samarkand and gradually subjugating the whole country. [22] At the beginning of his military activity, Konstantin P. von Kaufman, by his personal order, exterminated a lot of Muslims. [23] Do not forget that these shot Muslims defended their homeland from invaders. This cruelty can be seen in the paintings of the Russian painter of that time Vasily Vasilyevich Vereshchagin (1842-1904). [24] All this tragedy cannot be justified on the basis of war. Because no one invited Russian interventionists to Central Asia. If not for them, modern Central Asia would have looked completely different now ... Past history does not really teach people to draw the right conclusions. Military intervention at the present stage of Russia, the United States and European countries in the Middle East will only lead to devastation, war and the suffering of ordinary people. Sooner or later, we can witness how these “freedom-loving” countries, who like to impose their will on people who do not want this, played with fire like a little child. They do not yet know that the tears of ordinary Muslims are the tears of Almighty Allah and His evil punishment will be very cruel! Remember these words, time will put everything in its place ... Legend No. 1 (The truth of Allah is always higher than any tricks of infidels) The Governor-General of Russian Turkestan Konstantin P. von Kaufman hated and at the same time was surprised at the numerous ishanas. Why do these fanatical aborigines of Turkestan listen to them and obediently obey these ragged old men in long robes and constantly raise an uprising against tsarist Russia? He wanted to find out and check it personally. One fine day, he invited all the famous ishanov of Tashkent to his home. He, as the owner of the house, sat in a conspicuous place and watched as ishans eat appetizing meat dishes. Among them, only one ishan sat and did not eat from the table, saying some strange words of prayer, constantly sorting the rosary (tasbih). The general invited his translator Abbaskozha to him and ordered to ask why this ishan does not eat like the rest. When the general’s words were translated, Etzhemes eshan calmly answered with the following words: “Firstly, I observe fasting, and secondly, I still would not eat cat meat”. There was an ominous silence in the huge room. All ishanas immediately stopped eating meat. The reddened general immediately demanded to prove his words to this ishan. Smiling slightly, Etzhemes eshan said: 439 “Bismillahi, kis-kis, my cat, come out.” Suddenly, from various dishes where there was meat, small pieces of meat began to be pulled to the middle of the table. Then the cat's body began to form from these pieces of meat and in an instant he came to life and jumped out of the table with all his might. [5, p. 108-109, written from the word Anuar kazhy Zhaksybaev] The general’s thoughts were mixed from different sides and everything he saw did not fit into his head. When he came to his senses, there was not a single ishan in his richly laid table. Thus, the general’s sinister plan did not work. It did not turn out morally and psychologically to crush all the ishanas with the help of the subsequent blackmail that they ate cat meat (haram). The general was angry with Etzhemes eshan and took an oath to take revenge on him at the earliest opportunity. But this general’s anger was not destined to come true and everything turned out for the general in a completely different way. Legend No. 2 (Good always triumphs over evil, or how the general became a Muslim) For the «fat» place of the Governor General of Russian Turkestan always went undercover wars and various intrigues. Directly to Tsar Alexander II there were complaints about the work of K.P. von Kaufman. All these unpleasant actions of the rivals gradually but surely undermined the general’s health. All the famous doctors of the Turkestan Territory, as well as military and civilian doctors from faraway Russia, could not do anything against the illness of the general. Feeling that he was dying in front of everyone, the general asked his translator Abbaskozha invited Etzhemes eshan for his treatment. Etzhemes eshan gives his consent to the treatment of the general. On the appointed day, Abbaskozha and eshan will arrive at the residence of the Governor General. When Etzhemes eshan is about to get off his horse, Abbaskozha stops him with these words: “Oh dear eshan, do not forget how he once wanted to mock you. Such a moment happens only once in a lifetime. Enter his palace with your horse and conduct treatment”. After a little thought, Eshan does exactly what Abbaskozha said. The Governor General sits in front of her with her head bowed and cannot move. Eshan sitting on a horse begins his treatment. A week later, light appears in the general’s eyes and his body gradually begins to move. All this time and over the next few weeks, Etzhemes eshan, with the help of Abbaskozha, explains the essence and meaning of Islam to the Russian general. After the Governor General’s treatment with the help of "Rukya-Spell" and "Kasyda", he is finally recovering. For the first time K.P. von Kaufman understands that he is just a helpless and sinful "little" man in this vast world. From this moment, his worldview and attitude to people changes. He returns Etzhemes eshan with solid gifts and a guard of 10 soldiers to his house. After some time, an incredible incident will happen. During the Friday prayer of Muslims, a beautiful phaeton stops in front of a small mosque in which the imam-khatib Etzhemes eshan serves. Guards of 20 soldiers remain outside, and only one person enters the mosque. This man was the Governor General of Russian Turkestan Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman. He puts the "Takiya" Muslim headdress on his head and quietly sits down on a free spot among ordinary Muslims. He puts the "Takiya" Muslim headdress on his head [25, see photo of the general who put 440 on “takiya” (headdress)] and quietly sits down on an empty seat among ordinary Muslims. Later, the Governor-General of Russian Turkestan K.P. von Kaufman, for state money, built a huge mosque with two domes and six minarets for 3 (three) thousand people near the old mosque. He did not spare the tsar’s money to improve the village of “Eshan Bazar” (now the village of Abay, Turkestan region, Republic of Kazakhstan) named after its founder Etzhemes eshan. [5, p. 85-88, written from the word Abduzhapparkozha Smanov (6)] Committing good for Aboriginal people, the Governor-General of Russian Turkestan KP von Kaufman was in a hurry to atone for his sin before God (Allah Tagala). But alas, these and other “good deeds” did not help him in this life (and what will happen in the next world, we will find out only in Akhiret). Having strongly survived the death of his patron emperor Alexander II, in March 1881, K.P. von Kaufman fell ill, from which he did not recover, and died on May 4, 1882 in Tashkent, where he was buried. [25] This time Etzhemes eshan did not intervene in what happened, since he knew that it was the will of Allah Almighty ... (6) When he was 16 years old (1987), Abduzhapparkozha Smanov helped every Friday to guide the 90-year-old Tuimekozha Zhusupov (cousin of the translator Abbaskozha) to the "Tayakty eshan" * mosque for Friday prayers. On the way to the mosque, the grandfather of Tuimekozha tirelessly repeated the above-mentioned legends to the young Abduzhapparkozha. At this time, Abduzhapparkozha Smanov is the founder of the Saryagash Madrasah-College and is ready to repeat all these stories if necessary again. If someone needs to contact Abduzhapparkozha Smanov, here is the website of the madrasah (http://medrese.kz) and phone number: +7 (72537) 5 52 92. * “Tayakty eshan” (translated from Kazakh as “Eshan with a staff”) was the name of the mosque in honor of Abdullauly Ataullah Kari, (1860-1959) who lived in this village and knew the Holy Quran by heart ("Kari"). (I saw this old man with a staff in a dream, who announced the arrival of "His Majesty" (Uly martebeli), author K.K.). [19] Legend No. 3 (All the locals called during the life of Etzhemes Eshan "Qasida Khan." What does this mean?) Having received sufficient knowledge on the topic of Sufism from several teachers, Etzhemes eshan was still dissatisfied with himself and his knowledge (Islami Ilim). Therefore, at about the age of 37 years, he independently (without teachers) descends to the “Korkhana” (underground prayer room or, more precisely, the grave room) in the cemetery of Sheikh Zaynuddin Baba [26] (7) in order to independently study the meaning of being and matter through the prism of Sufism. Usually, any Sufi every year for 40 days (approximately between June 25 and August 4) improves his knowledge in the "korkhana". Etzhemes eshan in a dark and damp room, deep underground, without a break spends 1600 days (4 sunny years 139 days or 54 lunar months 5 days). This is easy to say than to repeat even for 40 days. (7) The mystery of "Korkhana" by Sheikh Zaynuddin Baba. In the early 90s of the twentieth century, during measurements and repairs of the building, it was discovered that the “Korkhana” was arranged as a primitive observatory – a structure for observing astronomical phenomena. In the lower and upper domes of the “Korkhana” there are special openings that are not on the same axis, but the line connecting them lies in the plane of the Tashkent meridian. This line forms an angle with the horizon, which is the angle of the highest rise of the sun over Tashkent on the day of the vernal equinox and summer solstice. From the lower 441 premises of the "Korhana" once a year, you can observe the sun during the day and other celestial objects at night. And the niches in the walls of this "Korhana" show the direction of the eight compass points. This "Korkhana" is the only construction of this kind in the world equipped as an observatory. Thus, one of the mysteries became clear - why, in ancient times, the place where the “Korkhana” stood was called the Hill of the Wise. There are also many rumors and myths around the "Korhana" that are waiting for their study. However, who was engaged in astronomy - Sheikh Zaynuddin Baba or Etzhemes eshan remains a mystery ... What “Ilim” (knowledge) and what subjects he studied during these 4 years in “korkhana”, we will try to restore on the basis of oral legends. Perhaps I can say with confidence that Etzhemes eshan was ahead of his time by almost 100 years, and he was the first Muslim scholar to establish his personal "Islamization of knowledge." [27] However, it is unlikely that in this modern world spoiled by lavishness, anyone will follow his path. Nevertheless, he showed with his own example that the path to possessing “supernatural knowledge” should only go through the “supernatural compassion of your body and soul.” There is simply no other “easy way” to achieve this true supernatural knowledge. Yes or nothing, that's the whole philosophy ... What Etzhemes eshan survived and what he learned during these 1600 days, I will briefly outline my vision in 4 points: 1) In order to kill his “nafs” [28] forever, Etzhemes eshan first of all cruelly experimented with his body and soul. To cleanse his body and soul, and then take control of his “nafs” (8), he apparently swears to no longer eat meat and observe fasting (as-saum) until the end of his life. And he kept his oath and thanks to this he performed various “miracles” for ordinary people; (8) Much of the popular literature on nafs, is focused on the Sufi conceptions of the term. According to the Sufi philosophies, the nafs in its unrefined state is "the ego", which they consider to be the lowest dimension of a person's inward existence – his animal and Satanic nature. Nafs is an important concept in the Islamic tradition, especially within Sufism. 2) He apparently improved his knowledge in the possession of “Rukya-spell”. Then he successfully applied this “Rukya spell”, permitted in Islam (healing by prayers from the surah and verses of the holy Quran), many times in his life, even healed the hated enemies of Muslims from serious diseases; 3) Usually, few people succeeded, but Etzhemes eshan succeeded (my guess) to subjugate the “muakkil” (the guardians of these Qasyds) of the Qasyda (9) “Chil (40) -Qaf” and Qasyda “Hizbul (55) -Qaf”. A person usually uses, due to circumstances, every part of the brain with the help of interconnected neurons. When most of the brain and spine are activated simultaneously, a person has amazing qualities. Etzhemes eshan in “Korkhana” practiced and developed precisely these qualities in his body with the help of the “muakkil” (guardians of these kasyds) – kasyda chil (40) kaf and kasyda hizbul (55) -kaf. When a person reaches this state (ecstasy), often there is a "magrifat" or, in the plain language, "nirvana". [29] From this moment, the human brain and spine begin to work at an insane speed, reaching from 40 to 55 percent of their capabilities. To understand the meaning of the word “Kaf”, I 442 first advise Muslims and non-Muslims to read the 50th Surah “Kaf” in the Holy Quran and try to understand the meaning of this word, even if you need to read this sura forty or fifty-five times. [30] (9) The term “Qasyda” is requested not to be confused with the term “Qasida”. [31] The word qasidah is still being used in its original birthplace, Arabia, and in all Arab countries. Well known qasā'id include the Seven Mu'allaqat and Qasida Burda ("Poem of the Mantle") by Imam al-Busiri and Ibn Arabi's classic collection "The Interpreter of Desires". The classic form of qasida maintains a single elaborate metre throughout the poem, and every line rhymes on the same sound. It typically runs from fifteen to eighty lines, and sometimes more than a hundred. The genre originates in Arabic poetry and was adopted by Persian poets, where it developed to be sometimes longer than a hundred lines. 4) Etzhemes eshan precisely in the «Korkhana» achieved the most incredible from the point of view of modern science. He had the ability in a split second to be where necessary or where he wanted. In quantum physics, this is called a “wormhole” [32] or “teleportation.” (10) [33] But he did not consider these supernatural abilities something special and did not connect them with science. All these actions were called with the help of Duga. (10) Teleportation is the hypothetical transfer of matter or energy from one point to another without traversing the physical space between them. Teleportation, or the ability to transport a person or object instantly from one place to another, is a technology that would change the course of civilization and alter the destiny of nations. It is a common subject in science fiction literature, film, video games, and television. In some situations teleporting is time traveling across space. As of 2019, teleportation has not been implemented in the real world. Thus, we can conclude that in the Middle Ages European science "took" from Islamic science only the knowledge that is lying on top in a prominent place (which the eyes see). And this "worthless" knowledge was enough to make many breakthroughs in the field of science like medicine, astronomy, chemistry, physics, etc. At the present stage (XXI century), these areas of European science have exhausted their capabilities. It seems that modern science again lacks fresh inspiration, as it was then, in the Middle Ages... If European science again wants to borrow the knowledge that Etzhemes eshan possessed, they will not succeed. First, for this, European scholars must accept Islam with a pure heart and soul. Secondly, if one of them, after possessing “hidden knowledge”, decides to “deceive” Allah Tagala, they will all be in total disaster. There is no third workaround ... I do not specifically tell readers about the meaning and content of the words “Rukya-spell”, Qasyda “Chil (40) –Qaf”, Qasyda “Hizbul (55) –Qaf, “Kimiei saodat”, “Kakhri kul” and others. I advise readers not to even try to possess this “knowledge”, even Muslims who observe all the Five Pillars of Islam, [34] not to mention curious Christians. These are not the «fake» spells that are shown in the Harry Potter films. To possess them, you must sacrifice the most precious that you have. It’s better to live the way you lived and used to, otherwise you can end your life in a mental hospital ... I will reveal one important secret in Sufism. Even simple verses (ayah [35]) or the short surahs of the holy Quran, which every Muslim reads every day during five prayers, on the lips of pious people with pure souls, such as Etzhemes eshan, turn into a powerful force in all areas of science and everyday life. Thus, all secrets are not kept in the words of Duga or Kasyde (although they also play a role), all secrets are kept in the pure intent of a person and in his "niyats". To possess this supernatural knowledge, you only need to clear yourself of the “nafs” underground for 1600 days. 443 Various social disasters invented by people themselves have changed the situation. Thus, when righteous people like Etzhemes eshan became harder and harder to find, people began to pay attention to chemicals, drugs and surgical interventions. In the modern world (XXI century), all of humanity on Earth has completely forgotten that all diseases can be treated simply with words and prayers. The effectiveness of spiritual healing became less and less effective, as the meanings, content, essence of this form of healing were lost, and the grace of healer (spellcasters) like Etzhemes eshan, close to the Almighty, was lost. Figuratively speaking, the ongoing "bacchanalia" of humanity swallowed everything ... Legend No. 4 (Predictions of the fall of the Kokand Khanate) At that time, about 60 titled eshan lived in Tashkent. Only 4 (four) of this number of eshans, in accordance with the acquired knowledge (ilim), were equated with Etzhemes eshan. When these eshans competed among themselves according to the knowledge gained, a boy walked alongside holding coal in a shovel to heat a samovar. Etzhemes eshan blew from afar on this shovel and suddenly the coal caught fire. Only four eshans were able to repeat this “trick”, and winners among eshans were determined by these abilities. Naturally, this natural “trick” is different from modern tricks, where everything is planned in advance and the ground for this trick is prepared. Etzhemes eshan warns the Kokand Khanate two years in advance before the invasion of Russian troops in Tashkent. However, his warning is accepted as unthinkable nonsense and rejected. At the beginning of 1865, at one of the largest gatherings, clouded by the circumstances of martial law and lack of water, residents of Tashkent asked him what this year would be like? Because a year ago, Russian troops blocked the irrigation ditch of Tashkent, which take water from the Chirchik river. [36] In the truest sense of the word, the townspeople craved for water. “Etzhemes eshan mournfully informs the residents that a lot of blood will be shed soon, many people will die, Tashkent will be taken by the Russians, and the Kokand Khanate will disintegrate. Ahead not only the residents of Tashkent, but all the peoples of the region will face difficulties, they will have to survive the troubled days and live a completely different life.” [5, p. 84; p. 104] Already from past stories, we know for sure that everything will happen as he predicted. Legend No. 5 (This country will be 3 times divided and 3 times united) Southern Kazakhs still remember yet another Predictions of Etzhemes eshan. He literally said the following words: “This country will be divided 3 times and 3 times will be united, after the next division, they will become independent states.” [5, p. 120], [37] The author of this book, Ongar Isaev, interprets this Predictions of Etzhemes eshan at the level of small districts (Keles and Saryagash) of the current Turkestan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. However, we must not forget that Etzhemes eshan was in the thick of the events of that time. The highest ranks of the Kokand Khanate and Tsarist Russia respected him and were even afraid of his amazing miracles that he does. The city of Tashkent, which he often visited, soon became the core of a huge social, economic, and historical tornado (tsunami, typhoon). For this reason, in my opinion, his predictions 444 relate to the then difficult situation of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. In order not to be unfounded, we look through the old pages of the history of that time. 1) 30 April 1918 – Turkestan Soviet Federative Republic (constitution adopted 15 October 1918) 2) 24 September 1920 – Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 3) 30 December 1922 – Turkestan A.S.S.R. part of Soviet Union (within Russian S.F.S.R.) 4) 27 October 1924 – upon dissolution, the Turkestan ASSR was split into Turkmen SSR (now Turkmenistan), Uzbek SSR (now Uzbekistan) with the Tajik ASSR (now Tajikistan), Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast (now Kyrgyzstan), and Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast (now Karakalpakstan) [38] 26 August 1920 – the Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic. [39] Etzhemes eshan died a natural death at the age of 80, i.e. 1913 year. But how did he learn exactly about the upcoming historical events of that time? There is only one answer: it is quite possible that he controlled the “time machine” that Einstein predicted and which science-fiction writers of all times dream of ... Legend No. 6 (In a split second, he was where he was called to help or where he needed to be) Muridi (followers) Etzhemes eshan testified that every time during the morning (bamdat-fajr) prayer (namaz – as-salat) after reading 2 rak'at of the Sunnah prayer, it literally dissolved in the air and disappeared without a trace. But when the murids finished the Fajr prayer, he reappeared. He explained his disappearance by the fact that he read the 2 rak'at of the farz namaz in Mecca and after the namaz he returned to his mosque in "Ishan Bazar". [5, p. 108, written from the word Anuar kazhy Zhaksybaev] Referring to A. Einstein's theory of relativity, modern science and quantum physics confirm that such "teleportation" is theoretically possible in the temporal and spatial continuum. However, since Etzhemes eshan did not leave the necessary formulas, the scientists of the world do not know how to put this into practice. One of the centenarians of the Turkestan region, the Republic of Kazakhstan, Bostan Rayymkululy aksakal (grandfather), tells his story (in 2014 he turned 103 years old): Back in 1911, my mother Toty could not give birth to me for three days, and, even worse, death begins to threaten her life. Feeling that something was wrong here, my grandmother Orazkul was yelling loudly so that Etzhemes eshan would immediately come and save the lives of three people. After a while, seeing Etzhemes eshan's face through the window, my grandmother joyfully runs into the yard. Etzhemes eshan calmly stands in front of our house and says: “Why are you shouting to Orazkul, where are the three people who are dying?” My grandmother says: "If my daughter-in-law dies, the baby dies, then why should I live, I will die too." Eshan enters the house and starts shouting: "Hey shaitan, how did you get here, leave immediately from this house, or I will show you where your real place is." Then he quietly recites one short prayer and leaves the house. And immediately I appeared in the white light. Even during the war with the Nazis (1941-1945), I felt that the ghost of eshan was next to me. When we go on the attack, a “black stone” is always visible in front of me, protecting me from a bullet of machine guns. [5, p. 101-103] 445 Thus, even after the death of Etzhemes eshan in 1913, many locals felt his presence in their lives. In the book of Ongar Isaev, there are very many such examples. However, I am going to end my article with the sacred number 7 (seven). Legend No. 7 (Saving the thousands and thousands of lives of nomads) In the above essay of General N.S.Lykoshin there are moments that further reveal the real Sufi essence of Etzhemes eshan: “Without indulging in exclusively religious exercises, as is customary among the members of the Naqshbandiya-Kupiya order, Etzhemes eshan went into the steppe and began to wander between the Kazakhs (Kyrgyz) wandering in the valley of the Syrdaria River. Serving for a certain time forty days of prayer (chilla-shilde) in the underground chambers (korkhana) dug by him in four places, he devoted the remaining time to healing the sick with the help of the "Duga". Etzhemes eshan at the same time and "Kasyda Khan", i.e. possesses the ability through prayers to heal from diseases. During the cholera (11) epidemic of 1892, Ishan tirelessly visited patients with cholera in the steppes from Shymkent to Perovsk (Akmeshit-Kyzylorda) and, according to the Kazakhs (Kyrgyz), healed seriously ill people by laying hands on them. The faith in ishan was so strong that he, a 60-year-old man, was transported from the aul (village) to the aul, and at the end of the elidemia, the ishan was so weak that he could no longer ride. Then the Kazakhs continued to carry it on a stretcher. Medical activity delivered to Ishan a lot of new murids (murt)”. [8, p. 189] (11) Author's note: Since ancient times, the Kazakhs called "cholera" as "tyryskak indet". However, according to my father Aliceit Kambaruly (1922-2003), in 1892 in the Kazakh steppes within a radius of 500 kilometers (the distance from Shymkent to Perovsk) it was not “cholera” that broke out, but a dangerous infectious disease of the bubonic and septic plague [40] (in Kazakh, “oba indet”). On this occasion, the village that my ancestors lived and the Mangytay-Boribay clan (the current descendants of Maral and Baikabyl kazhy) and which was located on the banks of the Syrdaria river (about 60 km from the city of Turkestan) was called “Kandoz” (in the Kazakh language “Kandyozek”, translated like "Blood ulcer"). The most densely populated regions of the Kazakhs began to panic. The nomads were well aware that a deadly threat hung over them. (12) (12) The Black Death, also known as the Pestilence (Pest for short), the Great Plague or the Plague, or less commonly the Black Plague, was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351. [41] Suppose my father is mistaken and that this disease was an epidemic of cholera. Would the nomads from the change of the name of the disease would feel better? Outbreaks and pandemic cholera [42] are also a dangerous disease, claiming several million lives. (13) (13) Deaths in India between 1817 and 1860, in the first three pandemics of the nineteenth century, are estimated to have exceeded 15 million people. Another 23 million died between 1865 and 1917, during the next three pandemics. Cholera deaths in the Russian Empire during a similar time period exceeded 2 million. 446 And suddenly rumors spread across the steppe that Etzhemes eshan from Tashkent treats hopelessly dying people for free with the touch of a hand. The nomads did not doubt and sincerely believed in this miracle, but the military doctors of the Russian army ironically reacted to these rumors. You can understand Russian doctors: how can a dangerous infection be treated only with words and with the touch of a hand? However, despite these doubts of the Russian doctors, many nomads survived the plague, and soon the spread of the disease completely stopped. Among the nomads rescued from the plague or cholera were our many ancestors who lived in the village of Kandoz. According to father, Etzhemes eshan came to treat our ancestors when he heard the prayer and the call of Raza auliye (saint). After more than 100 years, a whole army of nomads has grown out of these thousands and thousands of saved people. However, many (estimated at least one million people) of us do not even realize that we owe our life to Almighty Allah and his humble slave Etzhemes eshan. If this modest article of mine somehow pays for at least a bit of the good deed and goodness that Etzhemes eshan sowed in our steppes and in the souls of the ancestors of the nomads, I will be very happy. Epilogue or what happened next and how did this story end? When I almost finished this article, I suddenly realized that it turned out that I was preparing to write this article all my conscious life (I am now 55 years old on the Kazakh national calendar). In my soul and body, I feel such incredible lightness, as if some kind of weight fell from my shoulders, and I am going to fly into the vast sky through an invisible hole. I can’t understand what is happening to me, but I need to finish this article completely ... Many stories related to Ethemes eshan, which I wanted to write with pleasure, did not fit into this short article. Inshallah, I’ll probably write about them next time, maybe in the summer of 2020. Below I want to briefly write about the main things concerning the heritage of Etzhemes eshan and the current state of affairs. During the reign of Soviet power in 1929, the communists destroyed the Etzhemes eshan mosque (built by KP von Kaufman). The bricks of the mosque were used to build schools and other social and economic facilities. Local people say that all these communists, who gave the order to destroy the Etzhemes eshan mosque, were later repressed by the Soviet government itself. However, in 1978-80, ordinary people remembering his miracles built a new mosque with their money in the same place where the old mosque was. In those years, the godless Soviet government and its loyal idolaters who deified the portraits of Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin and others, did not spare the two sons (Imamiddin and Seydaripkozha) Etzhemes eshan. In these difficult years, the Kazakhs helped and transported Imamiddin [the Kazakhs affectionately called him Torezhan] to Kulzha (China). However, attempts to find the descendants of Torezhan in China these days have not yielded results. Currently, the descendants of his adoptive son (it was this circumstance that saved him from repression) Seydaripkozha Zainilabinuly live in the old estate (estate) of Etzhemes eshan (Zaynilabin is the blood sibling of Etzhemes eshan). The great-grandson of Etzhemes eshan - Khasenkhankozha (descendants of Seydaripkozha) - the caretaker of one of the miraculously preserved "Korhana" Etzhemes eshan on Kazakh soil and keeps some sacred relics left from Etzhemes eshan. Since the independence of Kazakhstan, residents of this region have written to the Government many times asking them to rename their native village in honor of its founder Etzhemes eshan. But 447 alas, all attempts by people to achieve historical justice are futile. The government of Kazakhstan is not going to give the initial name to this settlement. Probably, the great poet of the Kazakh nation Abay Kunanbaiuly (1845-1904) [43], whose name was given to this settlement, is ashamed of the shameful actions of Kazakhstani officials who «understand nothing» in these matters. In his book, Ongar Isaev tries to establish the real name Etzhemes eshan and devotes a whole 2 pages of the book to this issue. [5, p. 63-64] In the pedigree chronicle, the real name Etzhemes eshan, taken from the Tashkent Historical Museum, is written as «Babaahun Shadmanozha.» In the family genealogy of the annals owned by the great-grandson of Etzhemes eshan Khasenkhankozha there are such entries: grandfather Shadmanhan – father Babakhan – son Sheikh Zayniddin. According to Ongar Isaev, a mistake crept in here. The fact is that Etzhemes eshan, at his personal request, was buried in the mausoleum of Sheikh Zayniddin (Tashkent), where he spent a long 1600 days in «Korhana». His grave is located inside the mausoleum on the left side. Since there is no tombstone in his grave with his name, people eventually began to confuse the name of Etzhemes eshan with the holy name of Sheikh Zayniddin. Here I want to express my opinion. From time immemorial, Kazakhs have a strange habit with regard to their name and worldly titles. Many noble Kazakhs and their descendants are trying to leave their mark on this sinful world with the help of grandiose tombstones and slabs. But all this is simply meaningless self-deception in the sense that Almighty Allah values people not by wealth in worldly life, but by their noble deeds and deeds in the name of Allah. Etzhemes eshan with his supernatural abilities realized this and did everything in order to disappear without a trace from our life. And he almost succeeded, so you should not look for what is actually not there. Even if, as a sign of respect for his merits, made for the Kazakh people, we will posthumously award Etzhemes eshan such titles as “Sheikh”, “Auliye”, “Mashaykh”, etc., this will not change anything. He clearly did not do all these good deeds for people, so that his name would be remembered and given different titles during his life or after his death. All his life was dedicated to Allah and all his affairs were done for the sake of Allah, so I sincerely hope that he found his place of honor there in Paradise. As for his name, this truly holy person in the memory of the Kazakh people should remain the name that the people called during his lifetime – Etzhemes eshan. When writing this article, citing the book of Ongar aga, many people's memories were used. Their first and last name is listed below: Tuimekozha Zhusupov, Bostan Raiymkululy, Zakir Asabaev, Orynkul Tazhieva, Ongar Isaev, Anuar kazhy Zhaksybaev, Abduzhapparkozha Smanov, Boltek Ayazbayuly, Zulpykar Tolekulov, Balgabay Kozhanov, Zulpykar Otegenev, Mamyr Taraktyuly, Sharipbai Medetbaev, Khamdam Sadinov and many others. If suddenly I forgot to include some people in this list, let no one be offended. In fact, it does not change or solve anything, right? And also if someone doubts the veracity of the legends and stories written in this article, it’s just right to tell these people about these doubts listed above. 448 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Ishan (Ishān, Išаn, Kazakh «Eshan»): https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishan (https://en.wikipedia.org – this information is missing) 2. Descendants of Muhammad (SAAS – Ṣallā Allāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallam): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid 3. Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Yasawi 4. 1st name of “Khawaja”: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khawaja 2nd name “Khoja”: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoja 5. Ongar Isaev, Et Zhemes Eshan Ata, – Almaty: «MIR» Publishing House, 2014. – 140 page (written in Kazakh language), ISBN 978-601-7516-23-9 6. Ongar Isaev, Et Zhemes Eshan Ata, 2nd edition, handwritten electronic version (written in Kazakh language) 7. The Republican socio-political, literary and artistic magazine "Parasat" ("Sanity"), 1999, No. 5 (the old name is "Madeniet zhane Turmys", published since 1958) 8. Lykoshin N. S., Sex of life in Turkestan [Text]: Essays on the life of the Native population / Warehouse of the Association «V.A. Berezovsky», commissionery of military schools. – Petrograd, 1916. –415 p. (Ishan Et-Yimas, 188-193) http://meeting.nlrk.kz/result/ebook_208/index.html 9. Muslim “Domostroy” on the relationship of spouses: https://nuz.uz/moi-uzbekistancy/29030musulmanskiy-domostroy-o-vzaimootnosheniyah-suprugov.html 10. Lykoshin N. S., The Role of Dervishes in the Muslim Community of Tashkent People, Ishany: https://www.academia.edu/34917612/Lykoshin_Ishany, page 135 11. Sayyid Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha-udDin_Naqshband_Bukhari 12. Dhikr (also Zikr, Zekr, Zikir, Jikir): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhikr 13. Kazakh Khanate: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate 14. Kh. Z. Ziyaev (ed.), Yu. F. Buryakov (1988). The history of Tashkent (from ancient times until the victory of the February bourgeois-democratic revolution) (in Russian). Tashkent: «Fan» of the Uzbek SSR. ISBN 5-648-00434-6. 15. Said-Karim Ziyadullaev (1983). Tashkent. Encyclopedia. Tashkent: Main editors of UzSE. P. 300. 16. Tashkent State: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_(1784) 17. Khanate of Kokand: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate_of_Kokand 18. Russian Turkestan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Turkestan 19. Continuation or the 2nd article “Ordinary miracle of nomads”: https://www.academia.edu/40843797/Continuation_or_the_2nd_article_Ordinary_miracle_of_noma ds_ 20. Niyat: https://www.answers.com/Q/Why_is_Niyat_important_to_Muslims 21. Military Governor of Samarkand Region, Major General Lykoshin Nil Sergeevich (1860-1922), a brief biography in Russian: http://ria1914.info/index.php/Лыкошин_Нил_Сергеевич 22. Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufmann: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Petrovich_von_Kaufmann 23. History crucified in space. The author’s program of Felix Razumovsky from the cycle “Who are we?” 9 series. (19 minutes 44 seconds) 24. Vasily_Vereshchagin: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Vereshchagin 25. Organizer of the Turkestan Territory K.P. Kaufman, March 14, 2017: https://topwar.ru/110844ustroitel-turkestanskogo-kraya-k-p-kaufman.html 26. The mystery of "Korkhana" by Sheikh Zaynuddin Baba: https://www.advantour.com/rus/uzbekistan/tashkent/zayniddin-bobo-masouleum.htm 27. Islamization of knowledge (1978): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge 28. Nafs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafs 449 29. Nirvana (Buddhism): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism) 30. Quran in English Language: http://qurango.com/english.html 31.Qasida: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasida 32. Wormhole: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole 33. Teleportation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleportation 34. Five Pillars of Islam: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam 35. Ayah and Ayat: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Āyah 36. Yuzhakov Yu. D. The sixteenth anniversary of the capture of Tashkent. (Recollection of an old Turkestan). - St. Petersburg: Printing house of V.V. Komarov, 1881. - Allowed by censorship. St. Petersburg, July 1, 1881 37. O. Isaev., Continued. "The word that holy aulie spoke": https://kozhalar.kz/20185479-aulieajtqan-soz 38. Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic 39. The Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic 40. Plague (disease): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_(disease) 41. Black Death: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death 42. Cholera outbreaks and pandemics: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera_outbreaks_and_pandemics 43. Abai Qunanbaiuly: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abai_Qunanbaiuly 450 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar Kazakh latin alphabet Copyright 2019 © Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published November 29, 2019 Introduction “Starting in 2025, we need to start translating our alphabet into the Latin alphabet. This is a matter of principle that the nation must resolve. Once in history we have already taken such a step. For the sake of the future of our children, we must make such a decision, and this will create conditions for our integration into the world, better learning by our children of the English language and the Internet language, and most importantly – this will give an impetus to the modernization of the Kazakh language. ” Message from the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan – Leader of the Nation, Nursultan A. Nazarbayev to the People of Kazakhstan, Strategy “Kazakhstan-2050”, New political course of the established state, Astana, Akorda, December 14, 2012 No sooner said than done. By the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated October 26, 2017 No. 569 “On the translation of the Kazakh alphabet from Cyrillic to the Latin alphabet”, was approved the first version of the “Kazakh Latin alphabet” (hereinafter – KLA). However, something went wrong. By the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated February 19, 2018 No. 637 “The alphabet of the Kazakh language based on the Latin script”, was approved the second version of the KLA. Then there was dead silence regarding KLA. But, suddenly, on March 19, 2019, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Leader of the nation N.A. Nazarbayev resigned. And suddenly, at the end of 2019, the new president Kassym-Zhomart Tokaev spoke again about KLA: “The approved alphabet for Kazakhstan's transition to the Latin alphabet has drawbacks. The President of the Republic Kassym-Zhomart Tokaev wrote about this on his Twitter. “The historic decision to switch to Latin script was made about two years ago. However, there are still flaws in the alphabet. Linguists need to perfect the alphabet. I gave relevant instructions to the Minister of Culture and Sports,” the politician wrote. He added that "there is a lot of work ahead."” (October 21, 2019) What does it mean when throughout the republic all the letters and phrases of the Cyrillic alphabet are actively and vigorously replaced by the Latin alphabet in accordance with the latest approved version? It is impossible to even guess, and even worse, you feel yourself in a silly position. 451 What is the alphabet and what awaits it in the future? So I ask people around the planet such a stupid question – why do we even need an alphabet? I am sure that the shocked people of the planet will need some time to come to their senses and begin to collect their thoughts about the alphabet, while feverishly browsing various information on the Internet. As long as the "ominous dead silence" surrounds this stupid question, time will last forever. It seemed to us that we all know about the alphabet from infancy, it turns out we do not know anything about it. All in all, "two signs A + B =?" laid the foundations of modern civilization in the form in which it is today. And we still need his help ... However, over time, everything that we came up with earlier becomes useless, it is replaced by something new that we have not yet invented. Alas, this concerns the old and good alphabet that served us faithfully. This is a cruel law of life, and yet when can this happen? This will happen when all the knowledge of mankind, accumulated over centuries and millennia, fits into one tiny «computer chip», which with the help of a medical syringe is implanted in the brain of a newly born baby. After some time, an incredible chain reaction occurs in the child's body in the form of a side effect. As a result, when these “special” children grow up, their consciousness will be associated with telepathy. Over time, human IQs will exceed thousands of points for all the inhabitants of our planet. From that moment on, humanity will not need to write and read. The current high-tech industry of computers and smartphones will finally collapse. Newspapers, magazines, books, radio and television broadcasts, talk show Internet channels, news and others will disappear. People stop cursing, forget about profit, wealth, and countries stop fighting among themselves. Prior to this case, under the dictation of the computerization of the entire branch of life, the dominant current Latin alphabet in the form in which it is will disappear. Instead of all alphabets (from 12 letters [Rotokas alphabet] to 74 letters [Khmer alphabet]), a special letter similar to the letter “O” will be used on the entire planet Earth. Inside this letter “O” there will be different signs, no more than “periods and commas”. But all these innovations will happen in the future, in 150-200 years. Currently, nomads need to develop a “Kazakh Latin alphabet”, which can easily integrate with the existing “bulky” Latin alphabet, which is not fully thought out and, in addition, very rudely infringes on the rights and dignity of other alphabets, which do not worse than latin. However, before proceeding with the discussion of several KLA projects, including those officially approved, I first decided to delve into the roots of the "Latinization of the world" (Figure 1) and analyze to find out where the horns and hooves grow from. 452 Figure 1. World distribution of the Latin alphabet. The dark green areas shows the countries where this alphabet is the sole main script. The light green shows the countries where the alphabet co-exists with other scripts. 453 Perhaps the Latin alphabet is a well-forgotten “old heritage” of nomads Ancient inscription with runic alphabets: Issyk inscription In 1969, on Issyk kurgan, [1] located near Almaty, a silver goblet was excavated with 26 runic symbols [2] along with the "Golden Man". [3 *] * Incredibly, the fact, the topic "Golden Man" is missing from the English Wikipedia. This is probably due to this replica: "Though the person who wore this costume may have no genetic connection with modern Kazakhs, the Golden Man has become modern Kazakhstan’s favourite national symbol. " [4] (U.S. archaeologist Jenin Davis-Kimball, 1929-2017). [5] It turns out that the Kazakhs came from another planet and stayed here. Oh Allah, what a ridiculous envy ... The Issyk inscription (dated approximately VI BC) is not yet certainly deciphered, and is probably in a Scythian dialect, constituting one of very few autochthonous epigraphic traces of that language. Harmatta (1999), using the Kharoṣṭhī script, identifies the language as Khotanese Saka [6] dialect spoken by the Kushans, [7] tentatively translating: [2] “za(ṃ)-ri ko-la(ṃ) mi(ṃ)-vaṃ vaṃ-va pazaṃ pa-na de-ka mi(ṃ)-ri-to // ña-ka mi pa-zaṃ vaṃ-va va-za(ṃ)-na vaṃ.” (Figure 2) Figure 2. Issyk inscription (left) and a silver bowl (right), where 26 runic letters are written “The vessel should hold wine of grapes, added cooked food, so much, to the mortal, then added cooked fresh butter on.” (Compare Nestor's Cup (Figure 3) and Duenos inscription (Figure 4) for other ancient inscriptions on vessels that concern the vessel itself). "Harmatta [Harmatta 1999, p.411-412] appears as he has accomplished to solve the mystery of this "unknown language and alphabet" which covers a wide are from Alma-Ata to Merv, to Dest-i Navur and to Ay Hanum. According to Harmatta and Fussman, the alphabet can be traced back to the Karoshti alphabet; and the language written with this alphabet could have been a Saka [6] dialect spoken by the Kushans. Harmatta who remarks on the resemblance of the letters to those in Orkhon-Yenisey states that due to some letters [...]. [...]. Fussman states that this Inscription is based on syllables, and notes its similarity to the Kharosthi alphabet, but he could not read it. Livsits asks whether this alphabet he calls as the "third official alphabet of the Kushan State" [7] is the Saka [6] alphabet or not. [...]. Livsits, on the other hand says that, further to the Issyk-kol alphabet, this alphabet is related not with the Kharosthi alphabet, but rather with the Aramaic alphabet [...]."[8] If Western scholars believe that the Kazakhs are not doing anything at this time, galloping in horses and shooting from a bow like in ancient times, then it is deeply mistaken. Immediately after the independence of Kazakhstan, Kazakh scholars (Turkologists and linguists) Abilkhan Abilasan [9] and Bekzhan O. Dandeyuly [10-1)] began to study the "Issyk inscription". Since the “silver cup with 26 runic symbols” was always at hand (it is stored at the Archaeological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan), they conducted a study using the MBS-1 stereoscopic microscope (SCOPICA). And they saw the smallest details in a silver goblet, which are not visible to a simple eye. It turns out until this time all the famous scientists tried to read this text upside down. These two Kazakh scholars noticed a similarity between the “Issyk inscription” and the “Orkhon inscriptions,” which are usually written from right to left. They not only decoded these letters, but translated this text into an understandable language. However, it should be noted that the translations of both authors turned out to be different. Therefore, these studies cannot be considered completed ... The most interesting thing in these inscriptions is that these inscriptions in two lines coincide with the contours of mountain ranges in the Almaty region, where it (Issyk kurgan) was discovered. Since their study is written in Kazakh, they are not known to a wide audience. If anyone is interested in researching them, they can be found via a direct link on the Internet. [10-2)] In my article I will limit myself to only graphic drawings by these authors. (Figure 3) Figure 3. Deciphering the Issyk inscription by Kazakh scientists A. Abilasan and B.O. Dandeyuly. On the left is the deciphered Issyk inscription, on the right is the Issyk inscription superimposed on a relief map of the Almaty region. 455 Ancient inscription with Greek alphabets: Nestor's Cup (Pithekoussai) A three-line inscription, scratched onto the side of the cup [11] is one of the earliest extant Greek inscriptions. [12] The inscription was added to the cup after its manufacture, [13] and dates to the late eighth century. [12] The inscription is in a Euboean form of the alphabet, [11] in small, neat letters. [14] All three lines are written from right to left [15] – according to Meiggs and Lewis, "virtually unique in a Greek text". [16] The symbol ":" is used as punctuation. [14] [17] (Figure 4) Figure 4. The inscription on the Nestor's Cup (Pithekoussai). Ancient inscription with Greek alphabets: Duenos inscription The Duenos inscription is one of the earliest known Old Latin texts, variously dated from the 7th to the 5th century BC. [18] It is inscribed on the sides of a kernos, in this case a trio of small globular vases adjoined by three clay struts. It was found by Heinrich Dressel in 1880 on the Quirinal Hill in Rome. The kernos is part of the collection of the Staatliche Museen in Berlin (inventory no. 30894,3). The inscription is written right to left in three units, without spaces to separate words. It is difficult to translate, as some letters are hard to distinguish, particularly since they cannot always be deduced by context. The absence of spaces causes additional difficulty in assigning the letters to the respective words. (Figure 5) [19] 456 Figure 5. The Duenos inscription. The Old Turkic script – Göktürk script – Orkhon script The Old Turkic script (also known as variously Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script) (Figure 6) is the alphabet used by the Göktürks and other early Turkic khanates during the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language. [20] The ancient Turkic writing, the alphabet of which consisted of 24 letters and the sign of the separating word from the 7th century AD, was first discovered in the Orkhon and Yenisei Valley in the 17th century by the German scientist Daniel Gottlieb Messerschmidt (1685-1735). The script is named after the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia where early 8th-century inscriptions were discovered in an 1889 expedition by Nikolai Yadrintsev (1842-1894). [21] These Orkhon inscriptions were published by Friedrich Wilhelm Radlov (Russian: Vasily Vasilievich Radlov, 1837-1918) and deciphered by the Danish philologist Wilhelm Ludwig Peter Thomsen (1842-1927) in 1893. This writing system was later used within the Uyghur Khaganate. Additionally, a Yenisei variant is known from 9th-century Yenisei Kirghiz inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the Talas Valley of Turkestan and the Old Hungarian alphabet of the 10th century. Words were usually written from right to left. [22] 457 Figure 6. Kul tigin Monument of Orkhon Inscriptions – Orkhon Museum, Kharkhorin, Mongolia 458 The story of who before everyone began to write in ancient times First, words and phrases in all four of these inscriptions are usually spelled right to left. Secondly, even people who are far from ancient alphabets immediately notice that all four entries seem to be made in runic alphabets. Thirdly, I am almost sure that in these four inscriptions some runic letters in the alphabet have common phonetics, phonology, morphology and syntax. If not for this circumstance, Wilhelm L.P. Thomsen could never have deciphered the Orkhon inscriptions. [22] In the future, it would be reasonable for each civilization (Europeans and Asians) not to pull a common blanket in their direction, but to have a common denominator and compromise that would suit everyone. We must not forget that we all live in one huge continent, called Eurasia, which is not divided by the seas and oceans. If we take into account that the distant ancestors of the Kazakhs (Saka or Scythians [7]) even in those dark centuries knew how to cook such beautiful and elegant gold objects on the Golden Man, it immediately becomes clear which of the four alphabets first appeared in ancient times. It follows that when the nomads had their own empire, alphabet, and written language, many modern European states had nothing of the kind. But time has changed, the plane of space has been turned upside down for Turkic peoples. Everything happened exactly as the great sage Bilge Kagan predicted in his inscriptions: "And the son did not take after his father. They were unintelligent and wild. The servants were ignorant and wild too. Beks and common people were dishonest. Yielded to Chinese people (currently "Europeans", author K.K.), deceived fathers and children became enemies. Beks and common people rose against each other." [24, 6th verse] "The unity of Turkic people had broken. They rose against their kagans. The Chinese (Europeans, author K.K.) made slaves your noble sons, and slaves you beautiful daughters. Turkic beks refused from their titles and admitted Chinese (Europeans, author K.K.) titles. So they served Chinese (Europeans, author K.K.) kagan." [24, 7th verse] (Figure 7) 459 Figure 7. Excerpt from the inscription Bilge Kagan The whole past has turned to dust and gone into oblivion, now no one and nothing can return the great time when the “Nomad Empire” ruled the world. Nomads with incredible vision and capacity of memory as a computer that can accommodate several books (fairy tales, legends, family tree, etc.) can be proud of this quality. But these same nomads cannot be proud of written monuments, with the exception of the Orkhon script [25] and others. The modern “forgetful” world recognizes and respects only those who have their own alphabet and written language. In order to keep up with the rapidly moving caravan of civilizations, the Kazakhs decided for the fifth time to take a chance (1-runic, 2-Arabic, 3-Latin, 4-Cyrillic and again 5-Latin) to change their alphabet. [26] Thus, not knowing what they themselves do with their own hands, Kazakh nomads destroy their past glorious history. I can do nothing with this “historical bacchanalia” imposed on the Kazakh people “from above” by those in power. I am too small a piece (like a squire of a “pawn”) in a chessboard to be heard, and my proposal (given below) was taken into account. 460 What I propose or how best to compose the "Kazakh Latin alphabet" Firstly, all the mistakes made by Kazakh linguists in previous versions of the Kazakh Latin alphabet (hereinafter referred to as KLA) are reduced to the fact that they try to start all from scratch with the new 32 Latin letters. But, let me object. If we start from scratch, what will happen to our history over the past 100 years. After all, it is written in Cyrillic, consisting of 42 letters. Suppose that we will not translate archival documents into Latin for the last 100 years (this is very doubtful). But how will we educate the future generation, written in Cyrillic without the “Abay Way” (M. Auezov, 2 volumes) and “Nomads” (I. Esenberlin, 3 volumes), in which the great spirit of the ancestors of the nomads is imbued with blood. Secondly, Kazakh linguists are trying to make KLA so that it does not correspond to the generally accepted Latin letters of English and American origin. The obvious thing is that the English and Americans can never be Kazakhs, and the Kazakhs can not be English and Americans. Between us the mentality and perception of the world are too different. But this is not a reason to show your miserable pride and abandon all ... Thirdly, Kazakh linguists should (better late than never) first of all study not individual Latin letters, but Unicode rules [27] and Universal Coded Character Set (ISO/IEC 10646), [28] based on 26 Latin letters. I would love to explain that all this and what it is eaten with, but it would take several pages of my article. Moreover, I am not sure that Kazakh linguists will understand something from what was said. Instead of complex words and terms that are very difficult to understand, I will explain the situation in simple words and simple language. If you remember, in the USSR there was a “GOELRO Plan” and it was considered overfulfilled in 1931. At that time, the Communists had such a phrase “Communism is Soviet power plus electrification of the whole country, for it is impossible to raise industry without electrification”. At present, this slogan for Kazakhs has changed and together the word “electrification” uses the word “computerization”. Unfortunately, the rest of the “legacy” from the time of the USSR has practically not changed. If any instructions descend “from above”, let blood flow from the nose, but it must be performed at any cost. At the same time, no one wants to risk weighing this instruction into "pros" and "cons." This is exactly what happened with "Kazakh Latin alphabet". As a result of such ill-conceived activities, Kazakhstan is deeply involved in the globalization process, especially in the field of computerization. Of course, the "pluses" of the computerization of the whole country cannot be denied, especially in the provision of state, banking and social electronic services. And also it is impossible to deny the "cons" in the form of social networks, which destroys the spirit of the nomads and even worse, any moment can manipulate the minds of citizens and agitate "rebel against the state" as in Arab countries. Even European developed countries, such as France, Germany, Turkey and others that use nonstandard "Latin letters", suffer from 26 Latin letters in the operating systems on the computer. This is especially painful when browsers such as Google Chrome, Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS and others do not accept non-standard "Latin letters", in which instead of a "letter" a long string of encoded characters appears. The root of all these problems arose at the end of the 60s of the last century, when in the garages of Silicon Valley in California, USA, simple "craftsmen" such as Bill Gates, Steve Jobs and others created the very first copies of the computer and operating systems. They cannot be blamed either, 461 because they did not know the Kazakh language and its 42 letters. In my opinion, then they didn’t know for sure that their “brainchild” from the garage would conquer our entire planet in 50-60 years and at the same time would be a “headache” for such countries as Kazakhstan. At that time (and now), Kazakhs peacefully herded their favorite animals in the steppes and did not engage in advanced technologies and science. And as a result, it's time to pay the bills in dollars. To somehow reduce the weight and amount in dollars, it remains only to come up with a KLA in the form of a “Trojan horse”, which without knocking enters the Unicode “hut”. Do not think that I am proposing a prohibited "Trojan virus", for which Kazakhs will have to pay additional fines. My poor “Kazakh Latin alphabet”, what are they doing with you ... In the new KLA project that I propose, everything is legal, and there is no reason to complain about the KLA for illegal intrusion. Everything is very simple and extremely clear. I made the right conclusion back in 2013-2016, [29, pp. 4-10] before the old KLA projects later one by one failed miserably. The new KLA project [29] should include all 26 Latin letters without exception [30] and 15 digraphs [31] and 1 trigraph. [32] In everyday life, only 26 Latin letters and an additional 7 digraphs will be used. The remaining 8 digraphs and 1 trigraph will not be used in everyday life, they will be needed only when it will be necessary to translate archival materials and important books for the Kazakh people from Cyrillic to Latin letters. (Table 1) 1 8 Аа Aa Һһ Hh Оо 15 Oo Вв 22 Vv Ии 29 36 Ji/ji Ээ Eh/eh Table 1. 1st project of the KLA created by K.A. Kambar Бб Bb Іі 9 Ii Пп 16 Pp Ұұ 23 Ww Ңң 2 30 37 Nh/nh Щщ Sсі/sсі Сс Cc Үү 10 Jj Ққ 17 Qq Хх 24 Xx Өө 3 31 38 Oi/oi Юю Jh/jh Дд Dd Кк 11 Kk Рр 18 Rr Ыы 25 Yy Шш 4 32 39 Sh/sh Ьь Xi/xi Ее Ee Лл 12 Ll Цц 19 Ss Зз 26 Zz Жж 5 33 40 Zi/zi Ъъ Xh/xh Фф Ff Мм 13 Mm Тт 20 Tt Әә 27 Ai/ai Чч 6 34 41 Ch/ch Йй Yi/yi Гг Gg Нн 14 Nn Уу 21 Uu Ғғ 28 Gh/gh Ёё 7 35 42 Ei/ei Яя Yh/yh I clearly understand that with these words I offend the pride of the Kazakh people. From afar, I hear exclamations about how you dare to betray the "sacred spirit" of the Kazakh alphabet to the British and Americans, etc. Firstly, the Kazakhs who accept Latin letters, glory to Allah, are not going to become slaves (subjects) of these British and Americans. Secondly, all the same, sooner or later, when either these now dominant great powers will leave the arena of stories. Examples for this multitude, for example, Turkic nomads, Mayans, Sumerians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, once also dominated the world, their alphabet was basic, but then everything evaporated. Thirdly, why should we all argue, the Kazakhs have an ancient saying: "If the life situation is like a sly fox, then take his skin, turning into a clever dog." This is a ancient saying in the Kazakh language: “Zamanyn tulki bolsa, tazy bop shal”. The wise leader of the People’s Republic of China, Deng Xiao-ping (19041997), had this in mind when he said: "It doesn't matter whether a cat is white or black, as long as it catches mice?". [33] Now I will tell you which “foxes” and “cats” can be caught using the new KLA project: 1) Saving financial resources of Kazakhstan, through the use of Latin letters without change; 462 2) Saving financial resources of Kazakhstan through the use of old keyboards before depreciation, and then buy or release domestic keyboards at the lowest cost; 3) The population of Kazakhstan will experience the least inconvenience and stress, since only Latin letters are used, without extra characters (apostrophes, diacritics, and others). 4) Apostrophes, diacritics and others would suit us if the Kazakhs in the future wrote with pencils and pens. But alas, our future is closely connected with electronic gadgets and “damned” computers. The sophisticated computer operating system vigorously denies all these apostrophes, diacritics, and others, and makes them useless. Why did the Kazakhstanis reject the very first project of a KLA based on digraphs? In fairness, I must say that the director of the coordination and methodological center for the development of languages named after Sh.Shayakhmetova Erbol Tleshov on September 11, 2017 presented a design of the KLA based on digraphs to the deputies of the Mazhilis of Kazakhstan. (Table 2) Table 2. The 2nd KLA project created by the coordination and methodological center for language development named after Sh. Shayakhmetov (director Erbol Tleshov) 1 8 Аа Aa Хх/Һһ Hh Оо 15 Oo Вв 22 Vv Жж 29 Zh/zh Ëë 36 Бб 2 Bb Іі/Ии 9 Ii Пп 16 Pp Уу 23 Ww Әә 30 Ae/ae Щщ 37 Цц 3 Cc Йй 10 Jj Ққ 17 Qq Ыы 24 Yy Өө 31 38 Oe/oe Ъъ Дд 4 Dd Кк 11 Kk Рр 18 Rr Зз 25 Zz Үү 32 Ue/ue Ее 5 Ee Лл 12 Ll Сс 19 Ss Ғғ 26 Gh/gh Ңң 39 40 33 Ьь Ng/ng Ээ Фф 6 Ff Мм 13 Mm Тт 20 Tt Чч 27 Ch/ch Һһ 34 Гг 7 Gg Нн 14 Nn Ұұ 21 Uu Шш 28 Sh/sh Ии 35 Юю 41 Яя 42 However, this good idea in the literal sense of the word was a mockery of the Kazakh alphabet (I will explain the reason below). And also in this KLA a mistake was made, exactly the same as in the most recent KLA project. Other KLA projects were unsuccessful from the very beginning, because they did not take into account any rules of the "iron" Unicode. This was proved by the technological time itself and the developed Kazakhstani society, which is not indifferent to the fate of the Kazakh alphabet. So that readers do not have a question who borrowed from whom, I will say right away. I began to draft my digraph-based KLA project in early 2013, right after the Message of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N.A.Nazarbayev to the people of Kazakhstan, ("Kazakhstan-2050" Strategy), and was completed in 2016. Since at that time I was writing my book “Kazakh National Calendar” in Kazakh in parallel, I decided to attach my KLA project to my book. [29, pp. 4-10] However, for some unknown reason to me, our state did not allocate money for the publication of my book “Kazakh National Calendar”. Thus, my KLA project remained only on paper, otherwise it would have a chance to appear in 2017. Later, when I finally made sure that officials would never print my book, I posted it (in Kazakh) on the Academia.edu site. [34] 463 The main disadvantages of the first design of a KLA based on digraphs Firstly, two Latin letters “Hh” and “Ii” were supposed to replace four letters (Hh – Хх / Һһ and Ii – Іі / Ии) of the Kazakh alphabet at once. I consider this a mockery and humiliation of the holy Kazakh language. Each letter has its own meaning of existence and it should be the only one. He cannot convey the "meaning of existence or spirit" of the second letter, also one-of-a-kind. This absurdity can be explained by the famous phrase of the Black Magician (Woland) from the book "The Master and Margarita": "– The second freshness is nonsense! There is only one freshness – the first, it’s the last. And if the sturgeon is of the second freshness, it means that she’s rotten! " [35] Secondly, the name of the great ancestor of the nomads Shyngyskhan was read as “Shyngyshan”, just as, for example, the word “scheme” was read as “shema”. In connection with the two letters (sh) in the last officially approved Kazakh alphabet, a funny and ridiculous case occurred in my life. Our main boss’s name is “Almaskhan”, when his name was written on a tablet in his office door, my immediate boss began to demand from me to change the name “Almashan” to other letters. For a long time I could not explain to my boss that this is impossible, since this is an approved version of the Kazakh alphabet. Since then, this inscription has been hanging on his door, waiting for his lucky hour to change this ridiculous incident in the alphabet. Thirdly, linguists from this organization (director Erbol Tleshov) did not use the potential of the Latin letter “X”, they simply removed it from the main list of letters. In my project, I left this letter “X” and used it as the Kazakh letter “X”. As a result, the name "Shynghycxan", "Almacxan" and the term "cxema" and many other words are spelled normally and clearly. Fourthly, in the system of 8-letter digraphs proposed by them (director Erbol Tleshov), the alphabet integrity algorithm was violated. For example, the second (last) letters in these 8 digraphs (Gh/gh, Ch/ch, Sh/sh, Zh/zh, Ae/ae, Oe/oe, Ue/ue, Ng/ng) include "h" , "e" and "g". These three types of digraph insertion letters make it difficult to learn the Latin alphabet, since it does not have a coding algorithm or an integrity algorithm. In order to achieve the logical structure of KLA and a certain algorithm, I used the Latin letters “i” and “h” on the second letters of the digraph. And as you can see, they alternate evenly. This digraph system (two-letter alternation algorithm) can be used even in the Khmer alphabet, where there are 74 letters. Fifthly, not a single officially presented KLA project presents 42 letters of the Cyrillic Kazakh alphabet in Latin letters. I’m worried about 42 old Cyrillic letters, not because I love Russia and Putin too much, but because I know for sure that these additional Cyrillic letters in Latin letters will still be useful to us. But while we do not know about it ... Sixth, Kazakh linguists and government officials are still preoccupied with the issue of adopting a correct KLA. Therefore, until now, no one has thought about the phonetic transcription of Kazakh words written in new Latin letters. Since I had already completed my draft of the KLA based on digraphs, I had time to think about this issue. Given the entire history of alphabets, I propose a completely different solution to this problem. If someone paid attention to the transcription of words and phrases in English, he clearly noticed that the transcriptions used are not Latin letters. (Table 3) The English, as noble and conservative people, use ancient letters in their phonetic transcriptions, which were used before the adoption of Latin letters. 464 Table 3. Phonetic transcription consisting of 45 characters for the English language For the phonetic transcription of Kazakh words, I suggest using the ancient Türkic “runic letters” from the Orkhon script using digraphs this time too. (Table 4) Thus, modern Kazakh nomads pay tribute and respect to their distant ancestors "Aruahs". Table 4. Phonetic transcription consisting of 45 characters for the Kazakh language 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 465 And who knows, in this way, the part of sin hidden deep in our hearts can be atoned for. Because we (the current generation) could not save our native Turkic runic alphabet, which Almighty Allah Tagala gave us! Epilogue Two years ago, lower-ranking officials were in a hurry to report on the adoption of an ideal and comprehensive KLA to higher officials. According to the bureaucratic chain, these still raw KLA projects reached the President of Kazakhstan and approved it as usual. As a result of ill-conceived actions, the entire circle of the president was in a quandary. In this regard, how can one not recall another wise proverb of the Kazakhs: “Do not rush, for the shaitan (satan) will deceive you” (Asykkan shaitannin isi). How can one not be angry if you already clearly hear the mockery of the Kazakh language and the Kazakh people. Alexander Vorobyov, researcher at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences: “For us, the most important thing is not that there is a transition from the Cyrillic alphabet to the Latin alphabet of the Kazakh language, but that the positions of the Russian language remain strong. The transition to the Latin alphabet in Kazakhstan is planned to be carried out before 2025. But judging by the difficulties that have arisen, this process can take a longer time.” This is how Kazakhstani officials calmly explain these difficulties: “We take into account the opinion of society, we take into account the opinion of scientists. Having done a great job creating the Latin alphabet, we did not take into account the arrangement of letters on the keyboard. In this regard, we conducted test work with Lenovo. It turned out that the location of the new alphabet does not meet Unicode standards (the prevailing Internet standard for character encoding, which includes characters from almost all the written languages of the world – approx.). Now we are working on it. And we will take into account all the discontent, the proposals of the society and improve, ”promised the Vice Minister of Culture and Sports Nurgisa Daueshov (10/22/2019). As you can understand, "... having done a lot of work to create the Latin alphabet ... forgot about the Unicode standard." Laugh or cry ... In short, without any irony and sarcasm, my beloved “Kazakh Latin alphabet” is still my personal grief and suffering, and if it is not corrected now, while there is such an opportunity, it will become a tragedy of the entire Kazakh people. It was impossible to rush into this vital issue, which is of great importance for the future intellectual generation of Kazakhs. Besides all this, what has been said and written, I still do not have the opportunity to show my project to the deputies of the Mazhilis of Kazakhstan. After a short remark by the President of Kazakhstan, Kassym-Zhomart Tokaev, on Twitter, I proposed my project to the Ministry of Culture and Sports of Kazakhstan. But once again I received a formal reply that all projects will be considered in a special commission (response letter from the Language Policy Committee of the Ministry of Culture and Sports of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 10/31/2019). Therefore, even now it is not known whether anyone will turn their bureaucratic view on my project “Kazakh Latin Alphabet” ... 466 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Issyk kurgan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issyk_kurgan 2. Issyk inscription: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issyk_inscription 3. Issyk golden man: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иссыкский_золотой_человек 4. Additional information about the "Golden Man": http://eurasia.travel/kazakhstan/cities_towns_places/southeast_kazakhstan/almaty/the_golden_man/ 5. Jeannine_Davis-Kimball: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeannine_Davis-Kimball 6. Sak (Scythian): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saka 7. Kushan Empire: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire 8. Ahmet Kanlidere, in: M. Ocak, H. C. Güzel, C. Oğuz, O. Karatay: The Turks: Early ages. Yeni Türkiye 2002, p.417 9. A.Abilasan, “The Mysteries of Ancient Words” (Kone cozder kupiasy), historical research., Almaty: "Ana tili" Publishing House, 1995. - 80 p. 10. 1) B.O.Dandeiuly, “The whole meaning of life at sixty-three years” (Alpys ush zhastyn gumyrlyk mazmuny)., interviewed by journalist Zh.T. Tanauova, journal “Turkology”, University of Ahmet Yasaui, No. 6 (80), 2016, November-December, pp. 3-32 10. 2) Turkology, No. 6 (80), 2016, Turkestan, B.O. Dandeiuly (interview), pp. 10-12: http://rmebrk.kz/journals/4528/78369.pdf 11. Gerhard, Yves (2011). "La "Coupe de Nestor": Reconstitution du Vers 1". ZPE. 176. 12. Faraone, Christopher A. (1996). "Taking the "Nestor's Cup Inscription" Seriously: Erotic Magic and Conditional Curses in the Earliest Inscribed Hexameters". Classical Antiquity. 15 (1). 13. Page, Denys (1956). "Greek Verses from the Eighth Century BC". The Classical Review. 6 (2). 14. Jeffery, L.H. (1963). "The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece: A Study of the Origin of the Greek Alphabet and its Development from the Eighth to the Fifth Centuries B.C.". Oxford: Oxford University Press. 15. Page, Denys (1956). "Greek Verses from the Eighth Century BC". The Classical Review. 6 (2). 16. Meiggs, Russell & Lewis, David Malcolm. Categories: History. Year: 1969. Edition: 1st. Language: ancient greek. Pages: 327. File: PDF, 21.01 MB. 17. Nestor's Cup (Pithekoussai): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor's_Cup_(Pithekoussai) 18. Osvaldo Sacchi, "Il trivaso del Quirinale", in Revue Interantionale de Droit de l'Antiquité, 2001, p. 277; citing: Attilio Degrassi, Inscriptiones Latinae Liberae Rei Publicae, 1, 1957; Arthur Gordon, "Notes on the Duenos-Vase Inscription in Berlin", California Studies in Classical Antiquity, Vol. 8, 1975, pp. 53-72; Giovanni Colonna, "Duenos", in Studi Etruschi, 47, 1979, pp. 163-172; Brent Vine, "A Note on the Duenos Inscription", University of California at Los Angeles. 467 19. Duenos inscription: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duenos_inscription 20. Scharlipp, Wolfgang (2000). An Introduction to the Old Turkish Runic Inscriptions. Verlag auf dem Ruffel, Engelschoff. ISBN 978-3-933847-00-3. 21. Sinor, Denis (2002). "Old Turkic". History of Civilizations of Central Asia. 4. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 331-333. 22. Old Turkic script: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Turkic_script 23. Kutlug I Bilge Kagan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutlug_I_Bilge_Kagan 24. Orkhon inscriptions of Bilge Kagan (7th verse): 1) https://www.turkbitig.com/bilgekagan.html 2) http://bitig.org/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=16&m=1 25. Orkhon inscriptions: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkhon_inscriptions 26. Kazakh alphabets: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets 27. Unicode: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode 28. Universal Coded Character Set https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set (ISO/IEC 10646): 29. Kazakh Latin alphabet, pp. 4-10: https://www.academia.edu/38073768/1st_part_of_the_study_from_1985_to_1995_The_archaeoastr onomic_image_of_Kazakhstan 30. Latin script in Unicode: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode 31. Digraph (orthography): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digraph_(orthography) 32. Trigraph (orthography): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigraph_(orthography) 33. Deng Xiaoping: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping 34. My profile: https://independent.academia.edu/KaldarhanKambar 35. M.A.Bulgakov (1891-1940), Roman "Master and Margarita." Chapter 18. Unsuccessful visitors: https://masterimargo.ru/book-18.html 36. An attempt to switch to https://www.ntv.ru/novosti/2251982/ the Latin alphabet 468 in Kazakhstan led to failure: By Kaldarhan A. Kambar The final version of the "Kazakh Latin alphabet" Copyright 2019 © Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published December 12, 2019, Thursday Introduction Allah Almighty sees, I was not going to write a continuation of my last article entitled "Kazakh Latin alphabet" (hereinafter – KLA). But many of my readers from Kazakhstan, Russia, the USA, Great Britain, Germany, Romania, India, Turkey, Australia, Georgia and other countries left me no choice. For example, the Indian scholar Krishna Swami wrote very briefly: “Important work, sir!” However, unfortunately, there were other people who wrote unflattering words not about me, but about my country, about the Kazakh people and especially about my language. Honestly, I could not control myself and answered them properly. After that, they unsubscribed from subscribing to my profile. I am not at all sorry that I will no longer see them ... If the government, many ministers, deputies and about 20 “intellectual higher minds” of our country cannot accept the “Kazakh Latin alphabet” for the third time, [1] do not blame my Kazakh language [2] (difficult, confusing and useless) [3]and do not call the Kazakh people “naive, stupid and illiterate”. I sincerely and wholeheartedly love my native Kazakh language and my Kazakh people. These are not just false patriotic words, I am ready to give my life without hesitation, protecting every scrap of my steppe and country, my children and relatives. In my youth I was considered one of the wellaimed machine gunners PK-12 (Kalashnikov's Machine Gun) in the motorized rifle regiment (I served as a soldier in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany). This is a very good weapon, I still see it in local wars around the world. With the help of short bursts of bullets of 7.62 caliber, you can hit the target from a range of 400-450 meters. This is evidenced by my military ID of an ordinary soldier, although now I am registered as a reserve officer. My dear readers, you will understand me correctly, I am not a “dog” of war, who longs for blood (I am always against war), I just remind you, I will remain a soldier of my country to death. I especially want to thank some readers who were not indifferent to KLA and expressed their valuable opinion regarding KLA in Kazakhstan. Many readers honestly admitted that before that they did not know that the ancient Türks wrote in runic letters. I want to express special gratitude to IT specialists from developed countries (USA, Europe), who are more familiar with Unicode rules and know more about the “everyday wisdom” of a computer and keyboard than I do. Taking into account the various disinterested and free advice of my readers, as well as based on their analysis and, mainly, straining my own thoughts and ideas, I created the final version of KLA. As a result, in my opinion, my final version of the KLA may well satisfy the educational, scientific and spiritual needs of Kazakhstani society and other countries, which in the future will translate their alphabet into the Latin alphabet. 469 Kazakh language approached a dangerous line, as once the language of Mesoamerica (Maya) Together with the "Kazakh National Calendar", throughout my entire conscious life, I continue to study the "Mayan, Aztec, Inca, and Chibcha-Muiska calendar". Although I have never been to Mesoamerica, I am amazed at their ancient intellectual abilities and in-depth knowledge in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, geometry, linguistics, architecture and other “hidden” sciences that we have not yet reached. Mesoamerica is a historical region and cultural area in North America. It extends from approximately central Mexico through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica, and within this region pre-Columbian societies flourished before the Spanish colonization of the Americas. In the 16th century, European diseases like smallpox and measles caused the deaths of upwards of 90% of the indigenous people. [4] [5] It is one of five areas in the world where ancient civilization arose independently, and the second in the Americas along with Norte Chico (Caral-Supe) in present-day Peru, in the northern coastal region. [6] It is estimated that six million Maya were living in this area at the start of the 21st century. [7] [8] Guatemala, Southern Mexico and the Yucatán Peninsula, Belize, El Salvador and Western Honduras have managed to maintain numerous remnants of their ancient cultural heritage. Some are quite integrated into the majority hispanicized mestizo cultures of the nations in which they reside, while others continue a more traditional, culturally distinct life, often speaking one of the Mayan languages as a primary language. [9] Their main misfortune was that they could not (or did not have time) to create a single state as the Kazakh Khanate (Kazakhstan). Surviving 10% of the Mayan indigenous people (including other peoples) from European diseases, such as smallpox and measles, could not resist the Spanish cankistadors and the pan-European invasion (they destroyed everyone in their path as a "hyper tsunami"). As a result of these circumstances, such a powerful civilization as Mesoamerica and their language and writing ceased to exist. Although the current Mayan generation still knows their language, they absolutely cannot read the inscriptions of their ancestors in the form of special characters. According to the laws of cruel nature and the rules of natural selection, predatory animals and birds of various ranks began tearing to pieces the "unique but dead legacy" of poor Mesoamerican civilizations. There is no one to blame for this, the whole living being wants to eat in order to live longer! I do not know what others think, but from the past history of Mesoamerican civilization, I clearly see what the Kazakh language will face in the future. If we do not take the necessary measures and decisions right now, tomorrow may be too late. Since the reverse report is already running, time is running exactly on schedule in the direction of the point of no return ... 470 Problems introduction of the "Kazakh Latin alphabet" in the country I do not know how other peoples and countries call their language, but the Kazakhs call their Kazakh language “Ana tili”. In the Kazakh language, the word "Ana" is translated as "Mother", and "tili" is translated as "language". In the semantic meanings, “Ana tili” for each Kazakh (nomad) means “Language transmitted with mother’s milk”. In the long history of Kazakhs and ancient nomads, there was a case when a correctly chosen "word" (söz) stopped bloody wars among militant nomads. Because every nomad knew that “language” and “word” were saturated with the smell of mother’s breast milk ... Our former President Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev thinks and speaks his native Kazakh language very competently, no worse than specialized linguists. Therefore, I think that on December 14, 2012, on Friday (Zhuma), our wise First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan – Leader of the nation, N.A.Nazarbayev, in his strategic program “Kazakhstan-2050” (New political course of the established state) consciously revealed and raised the country's most painful topic “on translating the Kazakh language alphabet into Latin script. ” It was impossible to hesitate further, because the “Kazakh language” was dying a painful death before our eyes. It was the same if your only mother was seriously ill, who gave you life, and you look indifferently and coldly at his deadly agony, when you can still save her. If the aforementioned composition of the National Commission and the highest intellectual minds of our country doubt or see sarcasm and ridicule in my words, let them ask their subordinate civil servants to translate only one page of the text from Russian into Kazakh or from Kazakh into Russian. I think this is enough to assess the scale of the catastrophe awaiting the future of our country and the future of the Kazakh language. The question is not that of incompetence "National Commission for the translation of the Kazakh alphabet into the Latin alphabet." The thing is that before all the reforms were carried out by the command-administrative method, of course, with the tacit consent of the Kazakhstanis. And this time, the authorities counted on his help and was sure that the country would switch to KLA painlessly and without barriers. However, for the first time in thirty years, the commandadministrative method did not work, and failed to implement the plan. This was preceded by several reasons. One of the main reasons was the people themselves, which previously had obediently obeyed all orders lowered from above. But now, having learned the power of social networks and the Internet, the Kazakh people have become more reasonable and wise than yesterday. Now it will be harder and harder for the government to deceive him as a little child. President N. Nazarbayev foresaw this and from the very beginning said “not to rush”, and approved an action plan for the phased translation of the Kazakh language alphabet into the Latin alphabet until 2025 (first stage: 2018-2020, second stage: 2021-2023, third stage: 2024-2025). But our government officials, who disinterestedly and passionately wanted to be the first to report good news about the overfulfilled affairs for the president among the rest of the masses, were too quick and failed such an important reform. What has already happened cannot be returned, it has flowed like water and time. What has already happened can never be returned ... 471 Who or what went wrong or who impedes this reform? For centuries, Kazakhs have been accustomed to transmit their special thoughts through the wisdom (proverbs and sayings) of their ancestors. The Kazakh people would describe this shameful failure on a national scale with just one proverb: “The internal enemy is more dangerous than the external enemy” (Ishten shykkan zhau zhaman). In our country, there is a certain and educated layer of society called "shalakazah" (asphalt Kazakhs, that is, not to Kazakhs or half Kazakhs). This genetic pure-blood Kazakhs, but due to the circumstances of the Soviet era, were brought up and studied in Russian, as a result of which they think and speak Russian. It is no secret to anyone that at the first stage of this reform it will be difficult for the Russianspeaking population to master the new Kazakh Latin alphabet. If you follow the information in the media and the messages of social networks, it is easy to understand that by any available method they raise a tantrum and a cry of the soul against KLA. It is not for nothing that our wise ancestors said: “My tongue is my enemy” (Basqa bale – tilden keledi). [10] If we judge by human compassion, I sincerely pity these people who for the long 30 years could not become either Russian or Kazakh. But such a huge country like Kazakhstan cannot afford to shed tears and sympathize with the "shalakazakhs" and the rest of the Russian-speaking population. Despite everything, we must go forward. There is good reason for this. Since 1865, the Russian language has burst into our Asian-nomadic world, in which there was its own language based on the Arabic alphabet, without demand and without invitation, as is happening now in the Middle East. Since then, the alphabet has changed twice (Latin and Cyrillic) and the nomads were baffled as once the peoples of Mesoamerica. After 150 years, the Latin alphabet defeated the Cyrillic alphabet, becoming the language of computer, artificial intelligence (1) and the Internet. (2) In the future, our eastern neighbor China, with its even more bulky hieroglyphs, claims this dominant place in IT-technology. It will be better if we are dealing with a Latin letter than with Chinese characters ... Footnote: (1) A computer will solve problems in exactly the way it is programmed to, without regard to efficiency, alternative solutions, possible shortcuts, or possible errors in the code. Computer programs that learn and adapt are part of the emerging field of artificial intelligence and machine learning. Artificial intelligence based products generally fall into two major categories: rule based systems and pattern recognition systems. Rule based systems attempt to represent the rules used by human experts and tend to be expensive to develop. Pattern based systems use data about a problem to generate conclusions. Examples of pattern based systems include voice recognition, font recognition, translation and the emerging field of on-line marketing. (2) The Internet (portmanteau of interconnected network) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and file sharing. 472 Experience shows that knowledge of the grammar of a language does not solve all problems In the nineteenth century, Ibrahim Altynsarin, a prominent Kazakh educator, first introduced a Cyrillic alphabet for transcribing Kazakh. Russian missionary activity, as well as Russiansponsored schools, further encouraged the use of Cyrillic in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The alphabet was reworked by Sarsen Amanzholov and accepted in its current form in 1940. It contains 42 letters: 33 from the Russian alphabet with 9 additional letters for sounds of the Kazakh language: Ә, Ғ, Қ, Ң, Ө, Ұ, Ү, Һ, І (until 1957 Ӯ was used instead of Ұ). Initially, Kazakh letters came after letters from the Russian alphabet, but now they are placed after Russian letters similar in sound or shape. The letters В, Ё (since 1957), Ф, Х, Ц, Ч, Щ, Ъ, Ь and Э are not used in native Kazakh words. Of these, Ё, Ц, Ч, Щ, Ъ, Ь, Э, are used only in words borrowed from Russian or through the Russian language which are written according to Russian orthographic rules. The letter Х in conversational speech is pronounced similar to Қ. The letter Һ is used only in Arabic-Persian borrowings and is often pronounced like an unvoiced Х (as /h/, or a voiceless glottal fricative). The letter И represents the tense vowel [i] obtained from the combinations ЫЙ /әj/ and ІЙ /ɪj/. The letter У represents /w/ and the tense vowel [u] obtained from the combinations ҰУ /ʊw/, ҮУ /ʉw/, ЫУ /әw/ and ІУ /ɪw/. Additionally, И and У are retained in words borrowed from Russian, where they represent the simple vowels [i] and [u] respectively. [11] I am sure that almost all of the “National Commission for the Translation of the Kazakh Alphabet into the Latin Alphabet” knows these features of the Kazakh alphabet. However, in my personal opinion, a bureaucratic approach to this issue reigned within the national commission, as a result of which a sufficient place was not allocated for a creative, selfless approach. Why the National Commission for the translation of the Kazakh alphabet into Latin letters was not first studied the Unicode rules, before proceeding with the development of the Latin alphabet, I honestly do not know. Briefly about why we should reckon with Unicode? If my memory serves me right, I remember one of the first Kazakh programmers by the name of Murat Altai. I remember him well, because back in 1995, it was he who taught me how to type on a computer. Then he was one of the first in our country (almost during the totalitarian regime of the USSR), raised the issue of switching to the Latin alphabet. He was an avid fan of the Latin alphabet, as he composed various programs based on Latin letters. As an experienced journalist, I helped him write and print a couple of articles on the subject of the Latin alphabet. My dear Murat aga (brother) often repeated that our whole future will be closely connected with the Latin alphabet, and the sooner we switch to the Latin alphabet, the better it will be for the Kazakh people. With these sincere fanatical words, he turned on the “light” in my stone brain, I became interested in computers and information technology. Soon, without regret, I stopped typing on an electric typewriter, such as "Yatran", "Robotron". I am grateful for this to Allah Almighty and Murat agha until the end of my life. In those days, social and economic problems constantly appeared in our country, so no one heard his calls for the transition to the Latin alphabet. I don’t know if Murat agha is alive now (we haven’t 473 seen each other for more than 20 years), but if he were a member of the National Commission, he would offer his original creative idea as an IT specialist and as a Kazakh who thinks and speaks well Kazakh. Joint-stock company "National Information Technologies" (JSC "NIT") is participating as the largest company in the information technology market of Kazakhstan. However, for some reason (I still can’t understand), Kazakh-speaking representatives (IT specialists) of this company were not included in the list of the National Commission for the translation of the Kazakh alphabet into Latin letters. This was a big mistake on the part of senior government officials, which is not too late to fix. Because, they should have known that at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, our young country first encountered head-on with the Unicode problem. In those years, our country spent a decent amount of "green dollars" (which was lacking) and the nerves of Russianspeaking IT specialists to solve this problem. Oddly enough, Kazakhs quickly forget such complex problems in their history. I will give below this short history with Unicode. Encoding: Before the spread of operating systems and text editors with support for Unicode, Cyrillic Kazakh often failed to fit on a keyboard because of both the problem with 8-bit encoding, which was not supported at the system level, and the absence of standard computer fonts. More than 20 variations of 8-bit encoding for Kazakh Cyrillic have been suggested, including the following government standards (note that the following are historical code pages and that modern systems use Unicode Encoding, such as UTF-8): СТ РК 920-91 for DOS (a modification of code page 866) СТ РК 1048-2002 for Windows (a modification of code page 1251) СТ РК 1048-2002 was confirmed in 2002, well after the introduction of different Windows character sets. Some Internet resources in part used the government information agency QazAqparat before the encoding of this standard. Today the encoding UTF-8 is being accepted. Keyboard: The standard Windows keyboard layout used for Cyrillic Kazakh in Kazakhstan is a modification of the standard Russian keyboard, with characters found in Kazakh but not in Russian located on the number keys. [11] 474 Figure 1. Standard layout on the Kazakh keyboard of the "old" Cyrillic and Latin letters, various characters and signs Table 1. Standard layout of Kazakh letters, various symbols and signs, which are located on the "old" Cyrillic keyboard in the form of an alphabet. № 1 2 3 4 № 1 А F f А 1 2 Ә @ 2 3 Б < , 34 27 4 В D d В 2 5 Г U u Г 3 6 Ғ % 5 35 7 Д L l Д 4 8 Е T t Е 5 9 Ë 10 Ж : ; 28 29 11 З P p З 6 12 И B b И 7 13 Й Q q Й 8 14 К R r К 9 15 Қ ) 0 36 16 Л K k Л 10 17 М V v М 11 18 Н Y y Н 12 19 Ң $ 4 37 20 О J j О 13 21 Ө _ 38 22 П G g П 14 23 Р H h Р 15 24 С C c С 16 25 Т N n Т 17 26 У E e У 18 27 Ұ ( 9 28 Ү * 8 39 40 29 Ф A a Ф 19 30 Х { [ 31 Һ + = 30 41 32 Ц W w Ц 20 33 Ч X x Ч 21 34 Ш I i Ш 22 35 Щ O o Щ 23 36 Ъ } ] 31 37 Ы S s Ы 24 38 І # 3 42 39 Ь M m Ь 25 40 Э " ‘ 41 Ю > . 32 33 42 Я Z z Я 26 Note: In this standard keyboard layout, you can clearly see how the Kazakh "tortured" letters look like guerrillas in the forest, who is hiding under the bushes. Your Majesty Unicode, now your move ... on the chessboard Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems. The standard is maintained by the Unicode Consortium, and as of May 2019 the most recent version, Unicode 12.1, contains a repertoire of 137,994 characters (consisting of 137,766 graphic characters, 163 format characters and 65 control characters) covering 150 modern and historic scripts, as well as multiple symbol sets and emoji. The character repertoire of the Unicode Standard is synchronized with ISO/IEC 10646, (3) and both are code-for-code identical. [12] [13] Footnote: (3) The Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) is a standard set of characters defined by the International Standard ISO/IEC 10646, Information technology – Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) (plus amendments to that standard), which is the basis of many character encodings. The latest version contains over 136,000 abstract characters, each identified by an unambiguous name and an integer number called its code point. This ISO/IEC 10646 standard is maintained in conjunction with The Unicode Standard ("Unicode"), and they are code-for-code identical. Before Unicode, there were many different code pages such as Windows-1258 in existence, each with a different way of mapping 1 byte’s worth of data into 255 characters. Unicode was created in order to incorporate all the different characters of the all the different code pages into one system. In other words, Unicode is a superset of Windows-1258, and each character in the Windows-1258 code page has a Unicode counterpart. Code points are the key concept of Unicode, which was “designed to support the worldwide interchange, processing, and display of the written texts of the diverse languages…of the modern world.” It does so by associating virtually every printable character with an unique code point. Together, these characters comprise the Unicode character set. The actual on-screen representation of code points are called glyphs, (the complete mapping of code points to glyphs is known as a font). Problems arise when one computer encodes code points into bytes with one encoding, and another computer (or another process on the same computer) decodes those bytes with another. As with any computer science topic, the best way to learn about Unicode is to experiment. Enter characters, play with character encodings, and make predictions that you verify using hexdump. [14] Although this article does not explain everything you need to know about Unicode, I will be more than happy if it just sets you up for your own experiments. Glory to Allah, Kazakhs still have faith and optimism about their language Recently, I came across a small article in the Kazakh language on the Internet, which claims that the vocabulary of the Kazakh language ranks third in the world (600 thousand words) after Arabic (12.3 million words) and English (700 thousand words) language. [15] After reading this article, I simply smiled at the super optimism of a young Kazakh girl (author of the article), knowing that this was impossible. And then you know, something turned upside down in me, all my negative pessimism disappeared somewhere, I was infected by the optimism of this girl. My soul has since howled and howled like a lone old wolf and does not give me rest. I began with renewed vigor (like crazy) to flip through old and new books regarding the Kazakh alphabet and grammar. For several days I compared these information from books with all articles and messages on the Internet related to the Kazakh Latin alphabet. And this time again I was looking for something that I myself do not know. Soon one truth came into being. The educated Kazakh society categorically denies in the KLA all digraphs (which I proposed), and apostrophes, and diacritics. And, in truth, Kazakh society correctly argues in its statement: digraphs are inconvenient for reading, and neither Unicode nor the Internet accept apostrophes and diacritics. So we need to look for a "middle ground" in a haystack. I read several independent KLA projects only in Kazakh, and in Russian I almost did not see any KLA projects. In Kazakh-language projects, KLA directly in the face blows negative contempt, primarily in the Russian language. I believe that all the languages of the world are holy, they cannot be blamed for the fact that people who speak this language have done a lot of bad deeds. Thanks to the Russian language, we learned the peculiar world of Pushkin, Turgenov, Tolstoy, Bulgakov and many others. For example, I can’t imagine how even Kazakh-speaking Kazakhs will live without prose (ASiA, 1975 [AZ-i-IA]) and poetry (Earth, bow to a man!, 1961 [Poems]) by Russianspeaking Olzhas Omarovich Suleimenov, who sincerely loves his Kazakh people. [16] However, Kazakh linguists-developers of KLA categorically unanimously assert that the KLA should consist of only 29 native Kazakh letters. Some KLA projects developed even by professors excluded such letters as “C”, “F”, “V” and others, replacing them with the letters “S”, “P”, “B” and others. For example, if we call "Circus – Sircus", "France – Prance", "Physics – Pisika", "Vatican – Batican" and others, do you think we will not offend these countries? Not knowing what Unicode is and why it makes no sense to lose a few places on the keyboard keys, these Kazakh scientists are shocking with their conclusions. To expand their knowledge and understanding of the world, even one letter located on the keyboard key will not be superfluous and will never interfere especially with Kazakhs. Once during a tea party I said out loud: "Oh, if I could have got at least one letter in the Latin alphabet, which is not used in the Kazakh alphabet." Nearby sat my wife Ardak (her name translates as “Honor”), who has two diplomas (college and university) in the discipline of English language (thanks to her help, I write all these articles in Academia.edu). She looked at me and said: why there is no such letter, there is the eighth letter of the main Latin alphabet “H, h” ([haː]). And then a new breakthrough idea struck me. Remember the letter "Һ", which is is used only in Arabic-Persian borrowings and is often pronounced like an unvoiced Х (as /h/, or a voiceless glottal fricative). [11] In the Kazakh language there is not a single word that begins with the capital letter “H (Һ)”, all the letters “һ” are found only in the middle of Kazakh words. For example: gauhar, qahar, qaharly, qaharman, zhihaz, zhihan, zhihankez, mashһur, shahar. So this "H" will simply be inactive among 26 Latin letters. Thus, this letter “H” (lowercase letter “һ” does not fit) can be used as a “sign” (which replaces digraphs, apostrophes, and diacritics), which Unicode and the Internet accept without any problems. This single Cyrillic letter “H” among Latin 26 letters will always remind us of “President Nazarbayev, the city of Nur-Sultan, the party of Nur-Otan” and the fact that we previously had the 477 Cyrillic alphabet. The Cyril-Latin letter "H" will not have any sound and pronunciation. It will only fulfill the role of a “sign” that indicates or warns that the letter here has a different sound. In order to somehow reassure the "heartbreaking" exclamations, screams and niggling on the KLA from the Russian-speaking population of Kazakhstan, at the initial stage of political, social and economic life after the introduction of the Kazakh Latin alphabet, it is likely that the government will have to submit 10 (ten) additional Cyrillic letters (Ë – eH, И – yH, Ц – cH, Ч – zH, Щ – sH, Ъ – qH, Ь – kH, Э – xH, Ю – uH, Я – jH). If the Kazakh government decides to act harshly without regard to its citizens, this is his will. We can only submit to his will and come to terms with the fact that there will not be these additional 10 Cyrillic letters. I am sure and hope that it will not be necessary to explain and describe to the readers my last alphabet, since the whole essence and all the meaning of the Kazakh Latin alphabet is indicated clearly in the form of a keyboard. 478 Figure 2. Standard layout on the Kazakh keyboard of “new” Latin and Cyrillic letters (for recognizing letters), various characters and signs (see Note) Table 2. Standard layout of Kazakh letters, various symbols and signs that are located on the "new" Latin keyboard in the form of an alphabet. 1 Q Қ 2 W Ұ 3 E E 4 R Р 5 T T 6 Y Ы 7 U У 8 I I 9 O O 10 P П 11 A A 12 S Ш 13 D Д 14 F Ф 15 G Г 16 H Һ 17 J Ж 18 K К 19 L Л 20 Z З 21 X X 22 C C 23 V В 24 B Б 25 N Н 26 M M 27 aH Ә 28 gH Ғ 29 iH Й 30 nH Ң 31 oH Ө 32 wH Ү Note: 1) Cyrillic letters located next to the Latin letters are not associated with the internal layout of the keyboard. They are engraved only so that users correctly click the letters they need. 2) Six (6) additional Kazakh letters (Ә – aH, Ғ – gH, Й – iH, Ң – nH, Ө – oH, Ү – wH), together with the “H” sign, which did not have enough space in the main keyboard, are located in the long “Space” key to recognize the desired letters. Figure 3. Standard layout on the Kazakh keyboard of “new” purely Latin letters (when everyone is already used to it), various symbols and signs. In any corner of the globe, you can use any standard keyboard layout based on Latin letters. Table 3. Standard layout of Kazakh letters (including, if necessary, 10 additional Cyrillic letters), various symbols and signs that are located on the “new” Latin keyboard in the form of an alphabet. № 1 2 3 4 № 14 15 16 17 18 19 1 А F f Ф 1 2 Ә @ 2 27 Ә AH 3 Б < , 4 В D d Д 2 5 Г U u У 3 6 Ғ % 5 7 Д L l Л 4 8 Е T t Т 5 9 Ë 10 Ж : ; 11 З P p П 6 12 И B b Б 7 28 Ғ GH 33 Ë EH 13 Й Q q Қ 8 29 Й IH 14 К R r Р 9 15 Қ ) 0 16 Л K k К 10 17 М V v В 11 18 Н Y y Ы 12 19 Ң $ 4 30 Ң NH 20 О J j Ж 13 21 Ө _ - 22 П G g Г 14 23 Р H h H/Һ 15 31 Ө OH 24 С C c С 16 25 Т N n Н 17 26 У E e Е 18 27 Ұ ( 9 28 Ү * 8 29 Ф A a А 19 30 Х { [ 31 Һ + = 32 Ц W w Ұ 20 33 Ч X x Х 21 35 Ц CH 36 Ч ZH 34 Ш I i І 22 35 Щ O o О 23 36 Ъ } ] 37 Щ SH 38 Ъ QH 37 Ы S s Ш 24 38 І # 3 39 Ь M m М 25 40 Э " ‘ 41 Ю > . 42 Я Z z З 26 39 Ь KH 40 Э XH 41 Ю UH 42 Я JH 32 Ү WH 34 И YH Note: Ten (10) letters of the Cyrillic alphabet (Ë – eH, И – yH, Ц – cH, Ч – zH, Щ – sH, Ъ – qH, Ь – kH, Э – xH, Ю – uH, Я – jH), which have come out of practical use, will be needed only when it is necessary to reprint a book written in Russian Cyrillic. 480 Table 4. The final version of the "Kazakh Latin alphabet", developed by the author K.A. Kambar, which includes 26 basic, 6 additional and 10 formally existing (if necessary) Latin letters. 1 8 15 22 29 36 Аа Aa Ее Ee Мм Mm Сс Cc Һһ Hh Чч ZH/zH 2 9 16 23 30 37 Әә AH/aH Жж Jj Нн Nn Тт Tt Шш Ss Щщ SH/sH 3 10 17 24 31 38 Бб Bb Зз Zz Ңң NH/nH Уу Uu Ыы Yy Ъъ QH/qH 4 11 18 25 32 39 Вв Vv Йй IH/iH Оо Oo Ұұ Ww Іі Ii Ьь KH/kH 481 5 12 19 26 33 40 Гг Gg Кк Kk Өө OH/oH Үү WH/wH Ёё EH/eH Ээ XH/xH 6 13 20 27 34 41 Ғғ GH/gH Ққ Qq Пп Pp Фф Ff Ии YH/yH Юю UH/uH 7 14 21 28 35 42 Дд Dd Лл Ll Рр Rr Хх Xx Цц CH/cH Яя JH/jH Let's say the Kazakh people longed and fulfilled their desire to start everything from scratch, denying Russian and foreign cultures. A reasonable question arises if my arguments regarding ten (10) additional Cyrillic letters are rejected. What to do with the huge numerous libraries of the country, where 60-70 percent are books in Russian. We are really going to burn Russian-language books, as Hitler did in the 30-40 years of the last century, or bury them on Earth. Isn't it time to think that these cultures can bury us alive on this Earth ... Epilogue Once, my colleague drank alcohol during working hours, a little drunk, took a deep breath, saying: “I used to at least be somehow happy after drinking, but now I don’t want to live after drinking.” Having digested this sincere phrase of my colleague in my sober head (I don’t drink at all because I read namaz), I thought deeply. It is impossible not to notice and not think that in our "fucking" world of modern humanity or civilization, less and less space remains for sincere joy. We are surrounded by a dense ring of “false joys”, which lasts only a few seconds, until some clown, buffoon or comedian finishes his memorized facial expressions or finishes a previously prepared text. After short joys, our face becomes severe again, due to many problems that arise in our life every second and every minute. Or it seems to me that everything happens one way or another, I just can’t distinguish the difference, but for some reason something is bothering my soul. Sometimes I wake up from a heavy sleep, as if I were among drunk and inadequately reacting people. To dispel sinister thoughts in my head in the middle of the night I turn on the TV. On television, mainly shows films in which the main character of the picture, for the sake of money and gold, deceives, fools and, even worse, kills even the people closest to him. I turn off the TV, it becomes terribly bad and disgusting. That's how we live and are used to all of this. What is going on with us? I have been looking for answers to my question all my conscious life and cannot find an answer. And I’m unlikely to find even one answer to my questions, because in this area many philosophers and higher minds of mankind have broken many pencils. I’ll take as an example, at least my “Kazakh Latin alphabet”. Are the Kazakhs and 99 other nationalities who live in Kazakhstan really do not understand that we are all in the same boat. If we continue to swing this boat consciously from side to side, according to the laws of physics, it will surely turn over. And none of us can be saved, because around us there is only a huge ocean of misunderstanding. The funniest thing in this story is that we will all die of thirst (while in the water), dreaming a sip of fresh fresh water. Because we are surrounded only by bitter and salty water, in which bloodthirsty sharks swim. The moral of this epilogue is this: Almighty Allah gave us the opportunity to drink as much fresh water as we like. But we, as foolish creatures, ourselves poisoned the sacred well (Kazakh language) from which we drank. So that all these nightmares and disasters really do not happen in our already controversial life, all the peoples of Kazakhstan, let's live together in harmony and sincerely have fun. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. About the National Commission for the translation of the Kazakh language alphabet into Latin script: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/R1700000153 and http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/R1800000122#z4 2. Казахский язык: Kazakh language: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language 3. List of dictionaries by number of words (there is no dictionary of the Kazakh language): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dictionaries_by_number_of_words 4. Adams, Richard E. W.; MacLeod, Murdo J., eds. (2000). Cambridge History of the Native peoples of The Americas. 2: Mesoamerica. Cambridge University Press. 5. Braswell, Geoffrey E. (2003). "Introduction: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction". In Geoffrey E. Braswell (ed.). The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 1-44. ISBN 978-0-292-70587-6. OCLC 49936017. 6. Mesoamerica: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerica 7. Lorenzo Ochoa; Patricia Martel(dir.) (2002). Lengua y cultura mayas (in Spanish). UNAM. p. 170. ISBN 9703200893. El "Pueblo Maya" lo constituyen actualmente algo menos de 6 millones de hablantes de 25 idiomas 8. Nations, James D. (1 January 2010). The Maya Tropical Forest: People, Parks, and Ancient Cities. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-77877-1. 9. The Maya peoples: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_peoples 10. Kazakh exodus. Nazarbayev was the guarantor of national peace. With his departure, the Russian speakers begin to leave., April 5, 2019 (March 20, 2019, https://news.rambler.ru), https://lenta.ru/articles/2019/04/05/uhodite/ 11. Kazakh alphabets: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets 12. Unicode: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode 13. Universal Coded Character Set https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set (ISO/IEC 14. Programming, A Beginner-Friendly Guide to Unicode ? 18 july https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/a-beginner-friendly-guide-to-unicode-d6d45a903515/ 10646): 2018: 15. The vocabulary of the Kazakh language takes the third place in the world (Kazakh tilinin sozdik kory alemde 3-shi oryn alady), Akzharkyn Kydyrkhanova, 02/09/2017: https://baribar.kz/18719/qazaq-tilininh-soezdik-qory-alemde-3-oryn-alady/ 16. Olzhas Suleimenov: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olzhas_Suleimenov 483 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar Paganism from the glut of knowledge Copyright 2019 © Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published December 16, 2019 Introduction "In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful. And certainly We created man, and We know what his mind suggests to him, and We are nearer to him than his life-vein". The Holy Quran, Kaf, 50:16 The whole world lives in accordance with the standard invented by the people themselves. I do not deny, this is a very convenient and smart thing. We were so carried away by these various standards and etiquette of behavior, we ourselves did not notice that we drove ourselves into this very standard. I present this standard as the "Black Square" by Kazimir Malevich, which hangs at the Tretyakov Gallery (Moscow), which over time has become like a map of the United States, divided into hundreds of small states. When you look at this picture for a long time, it draws your soul into this square and does not release it back into the will. I sincerely understand Brother Casimir, who with this very simple picture conveyed the cry of the soul against the standardization of society. 484 Kazimir Malevich, Black Square, 1915, oil on linen, 79.5×79.5 cm, Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow. Thousands and thousands of years ago, humanity was in the evil fetter of paganism and pagan culture. To establish an excellent relationship with the "Creator" of everything around them, they even donated in the form of a fresh bleeding human heart. All this came from the fact that there was not enough knowledge about the world around us. All natural phenomena (the Sun, the Moon, stars, thunder, fire, water and others) seemed to us something supernatural and we obediently obeyed them and statues similar to them. Man is such a living creature that on the fly understands the essence of the matter and immediately put his thoughts into practice. Over time, the rapid mastery of various knowledge called "science" began, and this continues to this day. Although we knew from the very beginning that the world was created in pairs (God and Satan, man and woman, health and disease, good and evil, wealth and poverty, black and white and others), we did not pay attention to this. As usual, “magic” happens to be white and black, science also began to divide into "black" and "white" over time. But again, people passed this circumstance past their consciousness, so they put all their knowledge in one big bag. “Black knowledge” as a dangerous infection began to infect “white knowledge”, since they were in the same bag. However, soon there will come a time when it will be necessary to sort out the knowledge that was consciously or accidentally collected over thousands and thousands of years in the huge bag of our civilization, and measure its mass and usefulness for humanity. And what do you see if you look very carefully at our knowledge? I will not strain and torment your precious brain, I will say it myself ... We returned to paganism again, and this time from an excess of knowledge. We are no longer afraid of anything, we feel ourselves already gods. You can object and prove as much as you want, but I began to see what others do not see. Someone or something pushed me out of the "Black Square" as a child, and for this reason I am beyond it! Although I like to paint only for my pleasure, since childhood (when I didn’t even know Maleevich) I painted hundreds of sketches of the “Anti "Black Square" with all-seeing eyes.” If you only knew how I was looking for (and dreamed in dreams) a white paste for a regular ballpoint pen. Alas, I did not find it. The teacher even scolded why I needed a pen with white paste, when all the sheets of the notebook were only white. My parents lived very poorly, only on a small salary, like millions of Soviet people, so I could not ask them to buy me an easel and oil paints. My six-year-old son Abubakir love to paint, I bought him all the accessories so that he becomes an artist. I will never become an artist, my train left a station long ago called "Love for Everything". However, even now, only at night when I sleep, I see dreams in which I joyfully write and draw with a usual pen with white paints on black sheets of a notebook! 485 Anti "Black Square" with all-seeing eyes, the author’s picture, graphics. Sunday, December 15, 2019 Oh, God, why we grow up so fast we are still unreasonable children Aristotle from Stagira in 350 BC, even the Roman Inquisitors gathered around a fire in the Roman Campo de' Fiori in 1600 AD to burn alive Giordano Bruno would be surprised at the words of my six-year-old son Abubakir, who clearly states that the Sun is a star, the Earth is round like the Moon, and besides, they revolve around the Sun, and besides the known six planets, there are still two planets invisible to the eye – Uranus and Neptune. Seeing their amazement, he would have told them much more inconceivable things about time and space, about exoplanets and other innovations of the modern world, which he saw from cognitive cartoons on television. Probably, 2250 years ago, Archimedes from Syracuse sitting in the bath would have had a heart attack just before he was about to shout out his famous word “Eureka”, having clearly seen the robot car of my ten-year-old son Abulhair. And again, he would have lost consciousness when he saw how this narrow-eyed boy carefully wrote various computer programs to control these machines on a glass board (laptop). Aristotle, Archimedes and the Roman inquisitors would not know what to do with these children, who unanimously claim that they are descendants of nomads, whose ancestors they confidently considered “ignoramuses and barbarians”. Among them, only Giordano Bruno would be happy, knowing that he burns alive for a truth that no one has known before him and will not know for a long time. 99 percent of Muslims are mistaken in believing that Allah Taʼala and his prophet Muhammad (SAAS) belong only to them. They generally think that Christians have their own Issus Christ and the Bible (Old Testament, Gospels), Jews have their own Moses (Musa) and Talmud (Taurat), Buddhists have their own Gautama Buddha. However, God is one for all people living on 486 Earth and He has 99 names and He is closer to us than our life vein. Everything is said with these words, and our torment in this life (right now) is connected precisely with disbelief in it. All the prophets wanted to say this and prove that God is one, especially Jesus Christ of Nazareth who arrived in Jerusalem. But, as we all know, the so-called "good people" crucified him alive in the Calvariæ Locus (Calvary). Why would people wait for his "second coming" if we had already prepared for him an even more painful "electric chair". Comrade Mikhail Afanasevich Bulgakov, I repeat once again for you: the fifth ruler of the Roman province of Judea, Pontius Pilate and Woland (Satan) with his retinue has never been friends with people (even the Master) and is humanity's eternal enemy. Oddly enough, our most faithful friend is Azrael, who takes our souls so high into the sky. I will write about this later if I have enough time to continue my worthless life ... We have not lost our mind, honor and conscience, we have lost fear Humanity is waiting in vain for Al-Masih al-Dajjal, blind in one eye (the Antichrist), who must come from the East. He has long arrived on Earth and freely walks among human society. Described by the eschatologies of all religions, his blind one eye – it was a fear that we had long lost. From an excess of knowledge, we are now not afraid of either God or Satan, we are afraid only for ourselves because of premature Death (second open eye). I will give a fresh example from our life. My neighbor, at the second entrance to our house, Serega (Ukrainian Moskal), surprisingly for a long time works as a treating doctor in a psychiatric hospital on Kablukova Street in Almaty. Over the past 20 years, Serega leaves for work early in the morning and arrives early the next morning tired and exhausted. Once I asked him: "How do you define the mentally ill from normal people?" He smiles and answers: “Very simple. For example, if a person starts talking to a tree, this is a bad sign. However, we intervene in a situation where a tree begins to talk with a person.” I ask him: Why? He frowns: "this tree may one day order him to kill someone, and he will not hesitate to kill an innocent man". I remembered these words of Serega for life. This morning, when I was writing this essay, I again met Serega near the entrance to the house. First we greeted each other as usual, and then I asked him: “How are our "smaller" brothers doing?” He answers in a tired voice: our “younger” brothers live exactly the same way as, for example, in America or Africa. Everywhere the same picture. I just asked: “What's new at your work?” Everywhere the same picture. Relatives brought a middle-aged woman (beginner) last night. Her minor daughter was raped a year and a half ago by the son of one of the most influential people in the city. They filed an application for this adult guy, but his father intervened in the situation and for the past year and a half, neither the police nor any courts can put this bastard in jail. Due to moral and psychological pressure from all sides, this woman went crazy. My heart ached out of compassion for this woman. Serega stands silently and smokes his cigarette deep into his chest. In parting, I asked: Sergei, what will happen to this woman, you can cure him? I will try my best, I think she will be fine. After talking with Sergey, my soul was empty, because I can do 487 nothing but look at other people's grief. I stood and thought about our dog life and wrote these lines ... This fallen bastard (son) and villain (father) probably think that they will have nothing wrong with this life when they are protected by "green dollars". But they forget that after death they cannot take a cent with them to that very “just” world where merciless justice is performed in the name of Allah. Many bloodthirsty emperors, pharaohs, tyrants, khans and kings after death brought untold wealth to bargain with God. However, as we know from history and archaeological excavations, God did not accept even a miserable copper coin from them. What will happen to them in this mysterious “fair” world is easy to guess if at least once in your life you read, for example, that very sura “Kaf” from the Holy Quran. Once, the same Sergey confessed to me a secret: some crazy people are so logically expounding the very truth that we have been looking for our whole lives, at the end of their story you do not know who is sitting in front of you: crazy or righteous. I conclude for myself: people are probably going crazy to reach the meaning of life and truth. Why do many civilizations on Earth disappear without a trace? According to Etruscan eschatology, the Tyrrhenian people have been allotted for 10 centuries (the first four centuries are 100 years old plus 123, 119 and 119 years). There was a special rite "Clevaetenal" or "nailing" in Volsinia in the temple of Nortia. When there is no room for such clogging on the temple wall, the Etruscan civilization will disappear without a trace. Now scientists of the whole world are puzzling and do not know where these Etruscans came from and where they disappeared? We are looking for them, because all of today's civilization humanity (or rather the Roman Empire and their state system) were built on the old foundation of this civilization. In fact, they and other civilizations disappeared from the face of the Earth, because they, just like we now, once lost their fear of God. I am not sure of my assumptions, but I understand in my own way the disappearance of the Mesoamerican civilization (especially Maya), which was not connected with Western civilizations. For example, the Mayan peoples had their prophecy (eschatology) regarding their civilization. Mayan priests knew for sure that their civilization would be destroyed by white people who control large boats and fire weapons. Using all their knowledge, they tried against white people to use super people with incredible power. To do this, they studied astronomy meticulously in order to use the "higher forces" in their experiments with people. Modern science calls this human sacrifice and witchcraft, when the Mayans themselves would call it purely genetic experiments. Each time a lunar or solar eclipse occurred, they transplanted important organs of different animals to people and vice versa. Judging by the devastated Mayan cities, their experiment with humans and animals was a success. People did not run away from cities because of the drought and lack of water and food, or could not manage the metropolis due to undeveloped infrastructure. It was with these assumptions of modern scientists about the Mayan civilization that everything was in order. People were afraid of something else, for example, from fast-running people, such as a panther, or huge people with the growth of a bull who walk on two legs and also have horns. Compared to these monsters, the "Jack the Ripper" was a miserable creature that at the end of the 19th century kept all of London in fear. Everything would be fine if these creatures monsters were 488 eating grass, but despite everything they were eating fresh meat of animals and people. The only thing that Maya genetics could not do was give human consciousness to these creatures. They were uncontrollable, so in the first place they ate the meat of their creators. Unfortunately, only they knew how best to kill these creatures (when they were not needed) without harming the surrounding countries and people. However, to the great relief of the Mayan peoples, the lives of these monsters were short as their original carriers of animal cells (15-20 years). Despite this, the peoples of Mesoamerica remembered these creatures for a very long time, and they were simply panicky afraid to return to empty cities. Just at that time, first Christopher Columbus and then the Spanish conquistadors came to America and implemented the Mayan prophecy. All of these seemingly fantastic fables at first glance can occur when Chinese geneticists finish their experiments. That's when the “Zombie apocalypse” of the American people and the Haitians can actually come true. Epilogue When I first read these lines, I was not at all surprised: “Pope Benedict XVI last night (April 11, 2009) attacked the rise of aggressive secularism in Western societies, warning them that they risked drifting into a "desert of godlessness".” Ten years ago, the word "desert of godlessness" actually meant the word "we again came to paganism." However, the word "paganism" acts very badly both on hearing and on consciousness. We need to understand one thing: the difference between the ancient paganism that reigned two or three thousand years ago and the current paganism is enormous. Then paganism arose from ignorance, and now comes from knowledge. It is difficult and useless to find those responsible for what happened. But nevertheless, in my opinion, the naive efforts of scientists from various fields of science, who wanted all things in nature and around us, to explain from a point of view of science, led to this catastrophe on a terrestrial scale. Despite these actions, inexplicable things in nature have not diminished, and, in my opinion, there are more and more of them. What is secularism (atheism on a national scale) and what will it lead to, the author of this article saw with his own eyes in the days of the USSR. There is nothing good in this. You see how people slowly but surely become wild creatures and pagans, knowing no mercy. After a long 75 years of secularism, Kazakh society I hope will no longer want to be atheists and live without Allah. One moment in this story looks strange: when the East were completely atheists, the West accused us of a godless life, and when the East turned to God, the West began to turn away from God. What should we say: “Inscrutable are the ways of the Lord” or “And Allah's is the East and the West, therefore, whither you turn, thither is Allah's purpose; surely Allah is Amplegiving, Knowing." You feel a split in your essence ... 489 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Quran in English Language: http://qurango.com/english.html 2. Standard: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard 3. Black Square (painting): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Square_(painting) 4. Aristotle of Stagira: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle 5. Giordano Bruno: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giordano_Bruno 6. Archimedes of Syracuse: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes 7. Jesus: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus 8. Bible: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible 9. Old Testament: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament 10. Gospel: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel 11. Talmud: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud 12. Gautama Buddha: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha 13. Calvary (Calvariæ Locus): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary 14. Second Coming: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Coming 15. М.А.Bulgakov: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov 16. Pontius Pilate: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilate 17. Woland: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woland 18. The Master and Margarita: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita 19. Azrael: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azrael 20. Al-Masih ad-Dajjal: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal 21. Moskal: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskal 22. The Etruscans are https://www.proza.ru/2009/10/02/524 not Russian. They are Rasennа, Rasnа. Peter Zolin, 23. Roman Empire: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire 24. Jack the Ripper: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper 25. Zombie apocalypse: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie 26. Pope warns of "desert of godlessness", Charles Boyd, https://christiantoday.com/article/pope.warns.of.desert.of.godlessness/23030.htm 27. Secularism: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism 490 Sat, 11 Apr 2009: By Kaldarhan A. Kambar Dodgy and resourceful nomads in the desert Copyright 2019 © Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published December 24, 2019 Introduction Not everything is so simple in a person’s life, regardless of who he is, an Asian – a nomad from the steppe or a European – an urban resident of a metropolis. We all have something to say from our lives. However, for various reasons, we love to hear or read about the lives of other people, when your life is also full of drama, in the genre of comedy and tragedy. Life is like a big ship in the ocean that throws such a small person like us from side to side during a big storm. The whole irony and sarcasm of life is that we try to guarantee our future somehow. We collect money little by little, connections with the right people and other advantages of life in order to somehow provide for our life and the future of our children. However, as soon as death knocks on your door, only you hear it, and the rest continue to live in peace, like you yourself, when other people died. You are desperate to postpone your death by all available means and will cling to every saving straw. But, in the end, you will understand that Death, in spite of all your attempts, will forever take your soul into the unknown. You have no choice but to accept the will of fate recorded before you were born. If I were born a Christian in Europe or a Jew in Jerusalem, I would quote the scriptures of my religion to prove my words. But I was born a Muslim and all my ancestors were Muslims. I have no regrets about it, because in any person’s life, belief in something has a special meaning. Holy Quran, 18: 45-46: «In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful. And set forth to them parable of the life of this world: like water which We send down from the cloud so the herbage of the earth becomes tangled on account of it, then it becomes dry broken into pieces which the winds scatter; and Allah is the holder of power over all things. Wealth and children are an adornment of the life of this world; and the ever-abiding, the good works, are better with your Lord in reward and better in expectation. Wealth and children are an adornment of the life of this world; and the ever-abiding, the good works, are better with your Lord in reward and better in expectation.» However, at present, in politics, “faith” has turned into “ideology,” and in thieves' life, “faith” has turned into the slogan “steal everything that comes to hand.” But, in spite of everything, the end is known to all, only an unconscious child and a crazy person from a psycho-dispensary cannot guess about this. And then one day, sooner or later, at the most uncomfortable moment for you, the clock in your heart will stop. This moment will be felt and experienced by all, without exception (from the presidents of great countries to tramps in landfills), who have blood flowing in their veins and hearts. Every second that is dear to us brings us closer to this day ... My nomad ancestors lived in a lifeless desert, not because everything was fine in the sandy ocean, and life was beautiful. They had no choice but to survive at all costs, so that the sacred hearth of our 491 tribe would not go out forever. Both adults and children understood this, they always acted as a single fist. The wrong step to the right or left, a mortal danger that never slept, gladly covered their body with sand. The nomad ancestors respected mother nature, they did not take anything superfluous from him, because they knew very well that greed would destroy all of them. To understand all this, in childhood I had to die a clinical death in the literal sense of the word. Death itself passed through my body, although it was very painful, but instructive for the rest of my life ... At the age of seven, I played in a neighboring yard and saw two electric wires lying on the ground. I was sure that they were de-energized, so I took these wires with both hands and began to swing them like ropes. Suddenly it became dark in my eyes, all this huge white light around me turned off, as if suddenly the TV had been unplugged from the electrical outlet. Only a small white dot of light continued to shine, but soon it also went out. As many say and write who survived the clinical death, I did not see a single tunnel at the end of which a faint light was visible. A moment after this shutdown, another light came on. I saw everything around me and what was happening in this incomprehensible world, but for some reason they did not see me. Many people stood without clothes and could not move in the lake, filled with smelly liquid, which reached almost the mouth and nose of these people. I walked closer to the shore of this lake and saw that all the liquid was human shit and urine and the smell was disgusting. Around this lake, other people dressed in white robes stood and laughed. Naked people in the lake begged these people to take at least a little of his wealth collected by special greed in his life so that he could breathe normally. People from the shore laughed and shouted back to them: «Why do we need your wealth, turned into shit and urine?» Naked people cried and begged people standing on the shore: «This damned wealth from the living world, devours my skin and flesh, help me get rid of it.» They sobbed so loudly and bitterly from pain, I felt very sorry for them, and I decided to help at least one of them. With this intention, I approached the shore of a stinking lake, covering my nose with my finger (the smell was terrible, my eyes were watery). I did not even have time to open my mouth, suddenly a beautiful black-bearded man appeared next to me from nowhere. I was especially amazed at his clothes, which glowed with white light. He looked at me in surprise from head to toe, then took my right palm, put it on his huge palm and began to open my clenched fingers in a fist one at a time. At that moment I started and cried out in fear, because in the middle of my right palm there was a decent burn of skin and my raft. And this black-bearded man smiled and said: “Hey boy, you entered our world too quickly, but it’s too early for you to be here and squeezed my fingers back into a fist. But always remember what you saw here. And you will never be in the lake, you will always be on its shore. « And again before my eye everything darkened and all this strange dim light turned off around me. First, that little white light appeared that disappeared by the very last, and then this light intensified more and more, capturing more and more new horizons. And suddenly I heard the voice of Apazhan’s mother, as if from afar, who repeated my name several times and burst into tears of joy that I was still alive. She laid me neatly to her back, and we walked home with quick steps. For a long time I could not understand where I was, and besides, my right palm was very sore. When I 492 opened my right palm, I screamed fearfully and wildly. When I opened my right palm, I cried out scary and wild, because in the middle of my right palm was a decent burn of skin and my raft. I immediately remembered everything that happened to me: how I shook two electric wires, a lot of people on the lake and on its shore, about a black-bearded man and his words. It seemed to me that between these events a whole life and eternity passed, and it turns out that only 5-10 minutes have passed. When the children of the neighbors ran to my mother and said that I was dying there, grabbing electric wires, my mother, without thinking about the danger, ran up and snatched the electric wire from my hands. However, she did not remember whether his electric current hit him or not. There were moments in my life when I could quickly get rich and have millions that millions of people in our country did not have. When I had to make such a choice “yes” (to be rich) or “no” (to be poor), I looked at my right palm and remembered the rich people in the stinking lake. I immediately lost the desire to be rich, because I did not want to be like those people who get drunk with their shit and urine derived from their own wealth. As we see from everyday life, in every slice of any wealth in most cases there is deception, fraud, tears and even the lives of other people. I have no desire to read morality to people and teach them what to do in this life. Everything is clear and everyone understands that there is always a choice for each person. Once you have chosen your life path or stepped over your personal “rubicon”, to be good or bad in this life, you can’t go back, start all over again, because the gates of your destiny immediately close behind you. If you are so interested to know which path I have chosen, this is not a secret, I will say: I chose the path to be poor and live in poverty. And you know, this is not as scary as you think, in a word you can live with dignity and in poverty ... Personal tragedy – to sober up the head and cleanse the brain of dirt and all kinds of "cockroaches" On November 7, 2007, a tragedy occurred in my life. Manat (first wife) went to visit my homeland – the village of Shauildir, Turkestan region. I, too, was going to my homeland, where I grew up and mastered the mentality of nomads. But growing up, I moved to the city of Almaty to find out what it would be like to be a resident of a huge metropolis. He entered the Kazakh National University, after which he stayed forever to live in Almaty. As a fifth year student at the Faculty of Journalism, I formed my family with Manat, a pretty girl from the Kangli tribe. Soon we had two children (daughter and son), I got a job, and life went monotonously without any changes. But terribly yearned for his homeland, for his steppes. At the first opportunity, we always traveled together to the village, taking our children with them so that they would not forget their relatives and the mentality of nomads. But this time there was an urgent work in the office, and I could not go with Manat together. Children stayed with me in Almaty. For the rest of my life, I remember and cannot forget her tender and sad eyes when she looked at me from the rear window of a car that took her on a long journey. As usual in life, people escort their loved ones on a long journey and do not even think that he sees him for the last time alive. I was sure that I would see her again in a week and was not particularly worried. Exactly a week later (Wednesday) in the morning, she called me on her mobile phone and informed me that they would go back on the same car (Mitsubishi) in the direction of Almaty. At 493 exactly noon, as usual, I took a shower, but for some reason my thoughts were such as if I were going on a long journey. Something in my heart became alarming, and as if something inevitable would happen right now. And just at that moment, the daughter Tursynay began to knock the bathroom door hard and said: "Dad, dad, the car the mom was driving in was in a car accident." My head was spinning, my body was trembling, I could not believe that all this happened to me. But still, in my thoughts there was still a hope that my beloved wife Manatu would not threaten anything, and that not everyone would die in accidents. But my thoughts were confused, my hand trembled, for some reason the anxiety in my heart increased exponentially more and more. I tried to calm my troubled soul, but for some reason one verse from the Koran (31:34) was spinning in my head and did not let go of my thoughts, fettering it: «Surely Allah is He with Whom is the knowledge of the hour (Judgment Day), and He sends down the rain and He knows what is in the wombs; and no one knows what he shall earn on the morrow; and no one knows in what land he shall die; surely Allah is Knowing, Aware». Gradually, my hysteria passed, I reconciled with my fate and knew for sure that I would no longer see my Manat alive. It all happened as I thought. She had no chance of surviving this car accident, and another two-year-old tiny daughter of my cousin, who was driving this car, died with her. I got dressed and went on a long journey to my village of Shauildir to bury and say goodbye to her. Over the next five years, until I got married again, I constantly felt that some kind of supernatural powerful force pulled out half of my body. The heartache of losing your loved one is the worst thing on Earth. My poor soul has been suffering and bleeding all this time. What happened 12 years ago with me has gone into non-existence, life has not ended, and now it continues in a different direction. Of course, you think, how is my personal tragedy connected with this theme of nomads? Perhaps I will answer this question “both direct and indirect”. In our case, both versions will be correct ... How I became the author of the book "Boribay shezhiresi" (the genealogy of my tribe) According to the Muslim tradition, as well as, possibly, in other religions, after the death of a person they conduct a seven-day, forty-day commemoration of the deceased, and exactly one year later the most important event takes place – the anniversary of the deceased. All this time I often went to my village of Shauildir to conduct these events. The elders (aksakals) of our large tribe Mangytai-Boribay * always sympathized with my grief and reassured my children (Tursynay and Ali) who yearned for their mother. To distract me from the tragedy that happened, they suggested that I write a book about the genealogy (Shezhire) of our tribe. Without thinking twice about this proposal, I agreed. * The word "Boribay" in the semantic translation means "from the kind of wolves", i.e. the same as the words "Borizhegin (Borjigin) – the clan of the Great Shyngyskhan (Genghis Khan)." As I wrote in my previous articles, the family tree (Shezhire) for each Kazakh is very important. At first, I carefully studied all three books released earlier and devoted entirely to our Mangytai tribe. The authors of these three books were unprofessional journalists and writers, so these three books did not contain many facts about the nomadic life of our ancestors. 494 Although it should be noted that only one of these authors, dear Bekbatyr köke (the word "köke" means "respected elderly man of our tribe"), tried to fill this gap. I decided to write such a book “Shezhire”, which will be useful in many respects not only for our tribe, but at the same time for other tribes, even in general, it can become a template for all nomads living in Kazakhstan. Kazakh-speaking readers can familiarize themselves with this book under the title "Boribay Shezhiresi" below. I did not place this book in order to show off my tribe, I placed this book in the hope of influencing the structure and systematizing the numerous tribal genealogical books of the Kazakhs. One glance is enough to determine how the numerous genealogical books of nomads are written randomly and without systematization. These genealogical books should be an example and model for the current young generation of Kazakhs. Because the Europeanized youth of the nomads in the Kazakh steppes not only forgets, in the literal sense of the word, their unbridled behavior brutally kills the "nomadic spirit" of our ancestors. Usually nomads in their tribal "Shezhire" categorically do not include women, despite the fact that she was known throughout the country or even if she died as a man during the battle. This custom most likely came to the nomads from the Arabs, along with Islam and Sharia. Although I personally adhere to all five pillars of Islam, we must not forget that the Kazakhs are descendants of the ancient Saka (Scythian) and Turkic peoples, who had their own understanding of the world, had their own customs and mentality of formidable nomads. From ancient times, Kazakhs respected their mothers and daughters for the fact that in difficult times of the nation they fought with enemies on a par with men. Then, on what grounds should we (modern Kazakhs) refuse our daughters to leave their name in the genealogical "Shezhire" book? Despite the fierce resistance of the elders (aksakals) of the tribe, I violated this “taboo” and introduced the name of all our mothers and daughters into our "Shezhire". For example, some respected elders of the clan in their family had only one son and many daughters. When I showed them less than half the page of the book where the children of his only son are written, and several pages of the book where the children of his many daughters are written, they thought deeply. And besides, these elders in everyday life were often cared for not by the only daughter-in-law of their only son, but by their many daughters. When I put them before these and other facts concerning women, they were silent and no longer interfered with my Europeanized “innovations” in our genealogy book Mangytay-Boribay (Shezhire). Sadly, after 12 years, almost none of these elders (aksakal) of our tribe remained. Those older relatives who have reached the age of 60, they flatly refuse to call themselves elders-aksakals, as they consider themselves still young. These and other "bad habits" are now occurring in the steppes of the nomads, who once considered their old age a joy. Allah is not only merciful, he can punish very cruelly Other various Kazakh tribes belonging to Konyrat in the Turkestan region (Southern Kazakhstan) call our clan – Dandai-Mangytay. Our ancestor “Dandai” is not a pseudonym, but a concrete historical figure who lived in the Kyzylkum desert in the 17-18 centuries. He is considered a very wise man, so his name remained in the history of the Turkestan region, and our clan Boribay is justly proud of his legendary ancestor. 495 However, in our tribal Shezhir there is a tragic instructive story that not only the current generation of relatives should know, but also the future generation. Below I will briefly tell this story. Dandai had an older brother named Altai, both of them were born from the famous Satypaldy Bi, known on both sides of the ancient Karatau mountain. Our ancient ancestors lived at the foot of this mountain in the area of the ancient city of Sozak. When the terrible military invasion of the Zhongars and Kalmaks into the territory of the Kazakhs began in 1723, our ancestors could not restrain the onslaught of the enemies and were forced to retreat into the lifeless Kyzylkum desert. Once during the battle in Kyzylkum, the warlike Altai and Dandai defeated the enemy and captured the Kalmak warrior in captivity with the whole family. Since Kalmaks are also nomadic peoples with a similar mentality, they were allowed to live among the Kazakhs. It is said that this Kalmak had a very beautiful and intelligent woman. In order to survive in the desert, nomads often hunted and replenished food supplies. Altai invites the captive Kalmak to hunt with him in the summer, and they leave together, and only Altai will return from hunting alone. He told his relatives that he was forced to kill the captive Kalmak when he tried to escape across the Syr Darya river to his Kalmaks. Then, as a war trophy, he received the beautiful wife of the killed Kalmak. After a while, Kalmak’s wife will guess, and then she finds out that Altai intentionally killed her husband in order to marry her. She goes straight to his brother Dandai and publicly curses his older brother Altai for the murder of her husband and calls on Allah to avenge her. Soon after he learned the details of his brother’s atrocities from his own lips, Dandai gave him an unconditional ultimatum: “Immediately leave Kyzylkum and never come back, because innocent people may suffer.” Altai will be forced to relocate to the Karakum desert, where the Kokand Khanate reigned. Altai had to pay a large tax for entering the land of the Kokand Khanate. However, tax collectors, in addition to taxes, require his beautiful daughter on the harem of Khan. Altai is trying to redeem his daughter, but tax collectors do not agree. He will have no choice but to kill all tax collectors. He will do so and flees with his family to the territory of the Kazakh Khanate. However, the soldiers of the Kokand khanate will soon catch up with them and all his family will be killed until the last child. Only one child will survive in the womb, who, shortly before this incident, left for her parents. It was the bride of the eldest son of Atygai, out of ten sons of Altai. Soon a boy will be born, he will be called – Bibatyr. At this time, the descendants of Bibatyr considers himself the descendants of not Altai, but Dandai. This is probably due to the fact that the curse of the Kalmak wife heard by Allah did not pursue their descendants in the future. We sincerely pray to Allah that the cruel and inhuman laws of the past will never be repeated... The descendants of our blood enemies live among us and have no idea that they are "not ours" When I scientifically approached and systematized, compared different dates in a logical chain, “white dots” appeared in our tribal “Shezhir” that required explanation. For this reason, I was forced to invite the respected Bekbatyr köke to Almaty to explain to me some points about the descendants of Dandai-Mangytay. He came to Almaty in mid-April 2012. When I described the essence of the problem when writing this book and put it before deadlock questions, he was 496 completely sweaty from unexpected questions and was very confused, not knowing what to answer. He sat opposite me and nervously stroked his beard, then said: – To be honest, I did not expect anyone to notice these inconsistencies in our tribal Shezhire. Here you tell me my dear Kaleke (respectful nickname of my name "Kaldarkhan" in the Kazakh way), how did you notice these inconsistencies? I answered directly: "Using a scientific approach and through simple arithmetic calculations". Bekbatyr köke shook his head in surprise and said: "You should not think and look at these discrepancies from the point of view of today's peace time and your science of genealogy, you look at these things as if you have been living among us for the past 300-400 years." Our ancestors constantly and without respite fought either with Kalmaks and Zhongars, or with the Kokand Khanate, and then with the Communists of the USSR. Of our ancestors, who were no longer destined to live, they died individually or in dozens in these ruthless warriors. And what we had to do with the sons (daughters) and wives of the deceased relatives, because their fathers and husbands died so that their children and our children would live on. Remember, Kaleke, our ancestors never left their relatives in trouble, as is now happening everywhere. These hardened children were distributed between families, they were immediately prepared for war by experienced wars, widowed women married their husband’s relatives a second or third time. It was necessary to give birth to children faster in order to make up for human losses from various warriors occurring constantly and without stopping. Between the wars (in short peacetime), the elders sat and made up the "shezhire" of their tribe and distributed people by clans and knees. They tried and did everything so that the future generation of the tribe did not feel like strangers among their own. – Bekbatyr köke, without blinking, looked into my eyes and wanted to be sure that I understood correctly and made the right conclusions from what was said. Then he frownedly and added: “I will only tell you personally that among our tribe live the descendants of our blood enemies. When our ancestors killed their enemies, they did not kill children, they were distributed among themselves. Until today, I thought that only I knew about it from the words of my ancestors, and now you have only guessed from the current generation. ” I sat and thought, my thoughts were confused, I did not know what and how to convey my thoughts. Then I quietly asked him: “What about my ancestor Boribay, are we by any chance not one of these?” – Bekbatyr köke, smiled softly and said: “No, don’t worry, you are from ours!” I calmed down a little and asked him: “Now what, how to write further?” – You will write as I tell you and do not ask anything else. All these secrets in our tribe will go with me to the grave, otherwise we can anger the holy spirit of our ancestors, said Bekbatyr köke. – Bekbatyr köke did not directly or indirectly tell me who they are, but I was interested to know who they are, these descendants of our enemies. Seven years after this meeting, I myself revealed their names, to which genus they belong, but I will also take this secret with me to the grave. Almost all Kazakhs have such a taboo complex tribal shezhire without exception. It has been going on since the 12th century, when thousands and thousands of Genghis Khan’s troops arrived in our region, and his many sons and grandchildren began to rule in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. All these endless troubles in the Kazakh steppes arose as a result of insane interpersonal wars of bloodthirsty and deceitfully ambitious 497 grandchildren and great-grandchildren of Genghis Khan. As usual, simple and peaceful people, consisting of many like our tribe, always suffered. The distant descendants of Genghis Khan did not have a clear goal and a reasonable strategy of “what to do?” Further, they fought among themselves, and as a result Kazakhs and Mongols who had family ties between themselves remained in this “hole” where they are now. I know one of the truth surrounding us for sure. All this happens to us at the behest of Allah Almighty. But I absolutely have no desire to find out "for what purpose is all this happening?" Because Allah sees and hears everything, no one can intervene in his affairs ... The life of my ancestors in the Kyzylkum desert If I continue to describe some of the subtleties of my book, I will not have an article, but a whole book. Therefore, I will immediately go to that part of my book, where some information will be useful for researchers of the life of nomads and the current generation of nomads. In my book dedicated to our tribe, there are interesting moments from everyday life and at the same time the mysterious life of nomads. I think that for ordinary readers from around the world it will be interesting and even informative if they suddenly have to live in the desert. If any person, even a European from a huge metropolis, masters these craft and the skills of nomads, he can successfully live in a desert located in any part of the globe. I limited myself to only seven rules of life of my ancestors who lived in the Kyzylkum desert. These survival instructions, of course, consisted of several dozen rules, but over time they were all forgotten forever. I hope that in the future, other representatives of different nomadic clans will add these forgotten rules of survival, if, of course, they are well aware of this. FIRST RULE: Without a camel, do not even try to live in the desert Camels are truly extraordinary creatures. Developing over 50 million years in hot and dry climates, camels are able to withstand extreme temperatures and a long period without food and water – conditions that undoubtedly kill most other animals. When you look closely at the face of a camel at close range, it becomes like the face of a dinosaur. Kazakhs call the newborn tiny baby camel because of her tender eye – the bota. Therefore, among the names of Kazakh girls very often there is a name – Botakoz, Akbota. Despite his original name, the strong and especially warlike nomad was called a pseudonym – Bura (male two-humped camel). It has long been known that camels domesticated about 4000 years ago became an integral part of the survival of nomadic peoples inhabiting arid lands and deserts. They provide people with transport, wool, meat and nutritious milk. A camel is especially suitable for places with limited natural resources. A camel has many benefits that other animals do not have (even if other animals have them, they cannot compare with it). The first benefits: The camel is hardy to water, to food and to heat. Since he easily lifts the load to 200-300 kg, the nomads loaded him primarily with a wooden yurt (a round mobile dwelling). Another camel was loaded with a felt mini-house, the frame of which is made of a branch of a mulberry tree, in which there were 3-5 children of this family. Although the camel seems to us to be moving slowly, it can cover 50-60 km per day. If you tie 10-20 camels with each other, you get a mini train without a wheel. Nomads call this living chain of a camel “caravan” or “kosh” (the first syllable is the word “koshpendi” (nomad) from the word “kosh”). The second benefits: The skillful wives of nomads make various types of knitted clothes from camel hair for everyday life, which do not let rain water in the spring and autumn, harmful UV rays from the sun in the summer, and cold in the winter. Special knitted blankets made of camel hair not only gave warmth at night, they helped to get rid of various diseases of the musculoskeletal system, spine and joints. 498 The third benefits: Our ancestors and their descendants called the fermented milk drink made from camel milk for some reason “kymyran”, in other regions of Kazakhstan the same drink is called “shubat”. Kymyran (shubat) will be especially useful at the beginning of winter when a camel thorn or zhantak (lat. Alhági) ripens. Kymyran is really very useful, with her help without any medicine you can improve your health. Since childhood I have been drinking this truly healing drink when I am in the steppes. In some southern cities of Kazakhstan, kymyran sells, but its taste is not the same as in the steppes for obvious reasons (sellers add water). The fourth benefits: Nomads determine obesity and fatness of domestic animals by such a sign: “Sheep fat accumulates in his thick tail, horse fat accumulates in his rib (kazy), cow fat accumulates in his insides, camel fat accumulates in his hump.” By its weight, camel fat is compared entirely to the weight of a sheep (50-60 kg). Our ancestors usually ate camel meat in the summer, as it is easily absorbed by the human body. In winter (cold, frost and snowstorms), more calories for the human body gives – horse meat (sogym). In this regard, there is a funny statement of the Kazakhs when comparing some things in size or events in volume: "Fresh and juicy fried meat (kuyrdak) is obtained primarily from a camel (Kuyrdaktyn kokesin tuye soiganda koresin)." The fifth benefits: A camel can drink 100-150 liters of water at one time, and this water is stored in a clean filtered form in special side pockets inside the abdomen. When the supply of this internal water runs out in the dry season (when there is no rain at all), his body automatically receives food from fat in the hump. Thus, a camel can be compared with modern hybrid cars, which are powered by both gasoline and electricity. Sixth benefits: About 100 or 150 years ago in the deserts of Kyzylkum one could observe such an interesting and intriguing picture. In the desert, 4 (four) camels graze peacefully, interconnected by four logs in the shape of a “square” ( year or even for several years. ) intertwined with transverse boards. This picture could be observed for a Then, when the nomads even removed four logs from these camels, all the same, these four camels of the same age constantly grazed together, separate from the herd, maintaining an interval between themselves when they had four logs that looked like a square (□). The solution to this riddle is very simple. Our ancestors used these four camels as a modern limousine, but only with complete comfort. On this wooden square intertwined with transverse planks, they placed a medium-sized yurt and used it in special celebrations, for example, during the son’s wedding, when the daughter-in-law had to be brought from distant places. Naturally, such a “living limousine” could be afforded only by a very rich relative (bai, myrza) of our tribe. There was such a rich man in our Mangytai tribe by the name of “Undemes Bai” (“Not Talkative,” his real name is Kudaibergen). He was not deaf and dumb, he just did not like to talk a lot. There are still many legends about his untold wealth. One of them is this: “Undemes Bai forbade the shepherds to count the number of sheep, horses, camels and cows one at a time, he used a different method. Shepherds drove a herd of animals into a huge ravine, which simultaneously interfered with about a thousand heads and read 1, 2, 3 ... 10, 15, 20, etc. They say that when the Communists created the USSR, he was still alive and voluntarily surrendered all his animals, which was enough to create an entire Kyzylkum district from scratch, which included dozens of collective farms. " I sincerely hope that he thus avoided being a client of the "stinking lake" that awaits us after death. The other more interesting six rules for survival in the desert of my nomad ancestors will be described in the next article... 499 CHAPTER 6 Nomads lived in harmony with nature Copyright 2019 © Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published January 03, 2020 Introduction Our human world, through the sufferings of millions and billions of souls and lives, has begun to change again. I think that all these changes will ultimately be for the better. For example, at the present stage for our civilization, the slogan “harmony with nature” is becoming very relevant. However, the bright minds of mankind began to speak this slogan two or three thousand years ago. Naturally, my ancestors never read the works and did not know who Hippocrates (460-370 BC), Herodotus (484-425 BC), Aristotle (384-322 BC) and his student of Theophrastus (371-287 BC), who influenced the philosophical development of ecology. They also could not know the microscopist Anthony van Levengouk (1632-1723), the botanist Richard Bradley (1688-1732), the biogeographer Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859), the naturalists James Hutton (1726-1797), Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829) who were the first pioneers in the field of environmental thinking and (among others) laid the foundations of modern environmental sciences. Not only my ancestors, but also all the nomads of Central Asia could not know that in the 19th century European science did not know who was the founder of the modern theory of the environment. Some say that the term “ecology” (German: Oekologie, Ökologie) was introduced by Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) in his book “Generelle Morphologie der Organismen” (1866), others say that it was Johannes Eugenius Bülow Warming (1841-1924) in his book "Plant Ecology: An Introduction to the Study of Plant Communities" (1895). However, one truth is clear to me as God's day. Even before the birth of Herodotus, Hippocrates, Aristotle and Theophrastus (between 484-287 BC) and during Levenguk, Bradley, Humboldt, Hatton, Lamarck (1632-1859 AD), as well as during Haeckel and Warming (1834 -1924 AD), my ancestors and all the nomads of Central Asia and Kazakhstan lived strictly in accordance with their conscience and modern environmental rules. Unlike the developed world superpowers, which have thousands of factories and millions of cars that devour thousands and millions of tons of coal and oil, my ancestors did not take anything superfluous from nature. Even if they took something from nature, they always returned in abundance what they took. But times have changed, nomads who loved and respected the environment as their own mother, for political and economic indicators, remained far behind civilization. The country of Kazakhs at the end of the 20th century sharply began to make up for the lost gap in the economy and industry. Over the past 30 years, a total of millions tons of coal, gas, oil and various minerals and rare ores have been mined in a country of nomads on a huge scale. It seemed to us that we would increase the pace a little more, and we could be among the 50 developed countries of the world. 500 However, we see how changeable this world is. When nomads strive hard, despite the fact that it destroys the environment and pollutes the world around us, people of different races and nationalities, which are among the 20 developed countries of the world, are increasingly beginning to openly oppose environmental pollution. Earth's warming is forcing people to go against greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. The terrible consequences of global warming cannot be seen only by those who suffer from dementia, or those who, in spite of everything, want to make a profit of billions of dollars when mother Earth is suffocated by pollution. At the present stage in the world there are more than a thousand state and several dozen global organizations, led by the UN, associated with the protection of the world around us and the fight against global warming. But the trouble is that nobody listens to them. Not only adults, but children already understand that every year the threat of the disappearance of our civilization increases. Although the world powers (G20) do not want to listen to the voice of the common people and act as the world wants, they will soon realize that they are wrong. When these superpowers begin to understand the seriousness of the whole situation, millions or even billions of people in the world can slowly but surely die before our very eyes. The worst thing in this tragedy will be that no one will come to their aid! This will be the last lesson for humanity. Surviving people until the next global catastrophe will act as a single organism, since only one continent will remain (or form) on the Earth's surface. All this will happen in the future... Without fresh water in the desert your life is not worth a dime Not only man, but our entire planet Earth cannot live without water. Therefore, when you, by the will of fate, find yourself in a bare steppe or in a lifeless desert, water is the number one question. Even the richest people on the planet who have made billions by truth and falsehood, in such situations will be ready to give all their wealth for one glass of fresh and fresh water. It is at this moment, when they drink life-giving moisture with particular greed, they will realize that they have lived their lives in vain, not appreciating the most important wealth, without which your life is not worth a dime. When my great-great-great-great-great-grandfathers became nomads, they always wandered through the deserts and they understood this truth. So they dug countless wells in the deserts. How did they do these difficult things? Experienced nomads who are constantly engaged in this business will be the first to go look for water in the desert. They will look for an oasis in the desert, where there are many saxauls (in the Kazakh language – Sekseuil, Haloxylon ammodendron) and camel thorns (in the Kazakh language – Tuie zhantak, latin. Alhagi). When they find them, they will carefully examine the roots, stems, and green leaves. Since the roots of some saxauls and camelthorn almost reach groundwater, their green color stands out especially from others. Then selectively breaks the small stalks of saxaul and selects the saxaul whose stems were very wet. Further, the strong and hardy nomads begin to carefully dig with a shovel and other simple tools that they themselves invented around the roots of this saxaul. So that the sand does not fill a new well and does not stop people from digging deeply, other experienced nomads from saxaul stems begin to weave a hedge that goes deep down. 501 But loose sand will still seep from the cleft of the hedge. To stop this unpleasant flowability of sand, nomads tear off a small undersized plant called "Kurtkashash" (latin. Iridaceae), and fill it with stems all the crevices of the saxaul hedge. The wells of the nomads turned out to be very deep (50-70 meters), but they served for at least 20-30 years. How did my ancestors make charcoal from saxaul? Saxaul (Haloxylon ammodendron) is closely associated with life in the desert and is even a symbol of wisdom and resourcefulness of nomads. Beginning in the cold and late autumn, all domestic animals (camels, horses, goats, sheep and cows) lived like wild animals among the dense forests of saxaul. They protected all living creatures from winds, storms and severe frosts. In winter, only dried "old" saxauls were used as firewood for heating the yurt*. * The round portable dwelling of nomads is called – Kiiz ui (a felt house with wooden frames). Then, in early spring, when there was moisture in the ground, the nomads, wherever they were, planted young saxaul seedlings in large quantities, where possible. If you look at the geographic map, the Kyzylkum desert (in the Kazakh language – Red Sand) borders on such ancient settled cities of Central Asia as Tashkent, Bukhara, Samarkand. In these and other cities, where the cottage industry prevailed, a network of canteens, there was an increased demand for charcoal made from saxaul. It was a sin to miss such an opportunity to earn when you live year-round among saxauls. As we all know, charcoal is a microporous product with a high carbon content, obtained by thermal decomposition of solid wood in special furnaces. The production of coal from wood by exposure to high temperatures is one of the oldest technologies. Scientists even say that metal was first smelted by chance, when the stones turned out to be ore, which surrounded the hearth with smoldering coals. To obtain charcoal from saxaul, the spring equinox (March 20-21) was usually chosen. After about 4 weeks, they always managed to cook the right amount of charcoal. To prepare charcoal, the nomads first chose a small tubercle closer to the saxaul oasis and dug a hole with a diameter of 3-4 meters and a depth of 0.5-0.7 meters in its center. Saxaul trunks 10-12 cm in diameter were installed vertically tightly to each other around the entire perimeter or circumference of the pit. At a small distance from the main pit, a second small pit was dug, the bottom of this pit was located slightly below the level of the main pit. From a small pit into a large pit, a narrow stone trench (the airhole) was dug, one end of which was in a small pit, and the other in the middle of a large pit. Depending on the size of the large pit, there could be 4 to 10 small pits for an air. After laying the hole for air, thin stalks of saxaul are placed at the bottom of a large pit, and rows of thick trunks of saxaul are laid on top. At a distance of about 70 cm from the bottom of a large pit (in the middle of the saxaul heap), an exhaust pipe with a length of about 0.5 meters will be installed. Now the thick trunks of saxaul folds around the outlet pipe and its height rises about 1 meter above the tubercle. The large pit from above was covered with dense layers of "kurtkashash" (lat. Iridaceae) and moist thick sand, and all this saxaul was ready for burning. To set fire to the saxaul heap, the nomads took a long stick (longer than the air hole), tied to it the dried saxaul, previously saturated with fat, and set the saxaul heap on fire through the air hole. Now everything depended on how this blazing bonfire would be successfully extinguished. 502 Do melons and watermelons grow in the desert, you say no, and I say yes! Meat and dairy products have been in the diet of the nomad for several thousand years in a row. Our distant ancestors ate mainly the meat of animals killed in the hunt, and in recent ancestors, their main dish consisted of horse meat, beef, lamb and other animals. In a word, all nomads without exception eat meat as much as they remember themselves. Lactose is a natural organic compound that belongs to the group of carbohydrate saccharides. The substance is present in all dairy products, which is why it is increasingly called “milk sugar” in the people. Lactose, after entering the body, is not absorbed, but is broken down into components – glucose and galactose. This happens under the influence of a special enzyme, lactase. However, people, including nomads, cannot live long without vitamins and minerals. Since the human body cannot independently produce vitamins and minerals, they must be ingested with food, especially through vegetables and fruits. What was the situation with this third problem among the nomads? To sell manufactured charcoal, cattle, leather clothes, household utensils made of leather and others, our ancestors went in early spring, on a camel caravan in the direction of Tashkent, Bukhara, Kokand, Samarkand. And they returned from there in early autumn with various gifts for women and daughters and a rich harvest in the form of melons and watermelons. At that time they paid a lot of money for these amazing gifts, but they paid nothing for melons and watermelons. They grew them themselves with the help of ingenuity and resourcefulness. How is this possible in desert conditions? When they went on a long caravan route in the spring through the desert, the nomads took with them the dried seeds of melons and watermelons. On the way, they searched and always found where camel thorns grow more (in the Kazakh language – Tuie zhantak, latin. Alhagi). As we said above, the roots of some special types of camel spikes reach groundwater. Around such camel spikes is always visible moisture that does not dry out even in the hot summer desert heat. If my ancestors found such wet camel thorns, with a sharp knife they carefully made a parallel incision in the bottom of the roots of these camel thorns and put melon and watermelon seeds there. Next was a matter of technology. These melons and watermelons did not have to be looked after, cultivated, irrigated or watered. In the fall, when my ancestors finally left behind the noisy markets (bazaars) of the cities of Central Asia, fresh vegetables in the form of melon and watermelon were waiting for them on the way home. When they discovered a field of camel thorns planted in spring, ripened melons and watermelons were loaded into an empty camel caravan. The elders of our tribe said that some of our resourceful ancestors, in addition to melons and watermelons, planted and harvested a rich crop of tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers and other vegetables. In addition to melon and watermelon, which fills the missing vitamins and minerals in the body of nomads, in the desert in the middle of spring (April) a plant similar to sugarcane ripen, only of small growth. Kazakhs calls this plant – Keurek (Ferula assafoetіda, Asafoetida). Despite the mild tart taste, its nomads eat raw like fresh vegetables. And at the same time, it is very useful as a medicine for digestive and biliary diseases. 503 How did the nomads make a natural “refrigerator” in the desert? Meat and dairy products, as well as vegetables and fruits, are usually perishable foods. Given that my ancestors lived in a lifeless desert, when in the summer the thermometer’s arrow often shows +50 – +60 degrees Celsius. This acute and vital problem with meat among nomads is more or less clear. Almost all of my ancestors ate salted-dried meat (in the Kazakh language – Surlengen et). Salted-dried meat is a very nutritious product that can be stored for a long time, provided that it has good packaging. One piece of such a product is enough for a person for half a day. The meat gradually swells in the stomach and is digested, the feeling of hunger does not appear for a long time. But there will be a slight thirst due to the process of absorbing the liquid, although there is nothing to worry about, because cold fresh water from the well is always at hand. In a word, salteddried meat can be eaten without fear of poisoning in summer and winter. However, with dairy products (kymyz, kymyran, sut, airan, katyk and others), a serious problem does arise. Of these dairy products, only the salty-dry “brainchild” of ayran, the so-called “kurt,” does not deteriorate in summer and winter. But you can’t eat “kurt” day and night, because nomads without kymyz and kymyran will dry out under the scorching sun. There is only one conclusion: an urgent need to come up with and build a “refrigerator” in the desert! It turns out that when you have at your disposal an infinite “space” in the form of a desert and there is no “time” for you (you are not in a hurry), the human brain begins to work at a frantic pace to solve an acute problem. And as a result, the problem is solved ... A large stove designed to burn saxaul (converting saxaul to charcoal) is fully suitable for a durable refrigerator case. Over time, the walls of these old furnaces turn into glass-concrete bunkers. All that remains is to collect snow and ice all winter and compact it in a dense layer into these glassconcrete pits. After packing snow and ice, our ancestors wrapped this bunker on all sides in such a way that not even a drop of heat would get there. Usually, a yurt was placed above this natural refrigerator, covering it completely from the scorching sun. Inside the yurt there was a narrow hole in the pit, very tightly covered with kashma, in order to lay and pick up the kymyz-kymyran from this natural “refrigerator”. During the 40 days of sultry heat (“Kyryk Kun Shilde” from June 25 to August 4), the nomads did not leave this refrigeratoryurt day and night, because from the floor of which there was always a pleasant coolness. Thus, my ancestors were probably one of the first in our civilization to come up with a natural refrigerator and air conditioning. One of the methods for tanning animal skin by nomads Before starting the main topic about how my ancestors made leather products, I wanted to talk about how they process the skin, turning it into a work of art (tanned leather). Because, the basic household utensils and clothes (even underwear) of the nomads were mainly prepared from suitable skins of wild and domestic animals. In ancient times, my ancestors processed the skin of animals only in winter. You will find the answer to your question “why” at the end of this section. For processing or in the process of tanning the skin (in the Kazakh language – Teri ileu), Kazakh nomads used only natural ingredients, mainly of animal origin. Based on the size of the skin of the 504 animal, first of all, the nomads prepare a liquid substance called "malyma" (enveloping liquid) from the fermented milk product of the animal (in the Kazakh language – Airan). To do this, “Airan” warms up over an open fire and then it is poured onto a fabric bag and it stands in limbo for several days. All this time, a yellow-green liquid is constantly dripping from the bottom of the package into the dishes. Usually, the nomad’s solid milk product, called “kurt,” is made from a semi-solid fermented milk substance (in the Kazakh language – Suzbe) inside the package. When the yellow-green liquid from the fabric bag fills the dishes, it is poured into the main large special boiler and adds a certain amount of flour and millet bran (husk) there. Then the fermentation of all this mixture begins (in the Kazakh language – ashytu, iu). The resulting mixture with a pungent odor is called – "malyma" (enveloping liquid). A rough animal skin is placed in this liquid and is tightly closed with a lid and lay heavy stones on top of it. Every day, rough skin is turned over several times (in the Kazakh language – Sapsu) from side to side so that this liquid penetrates and is absorbed throughout the skin area. If you do not do this every day, some places of the future skin will be hard and brittle. Suddenly, by negligence, such a mistake is made, the yellow-green liquid, flour and millet (bran) are added to this boiler again and placed in a warm place so that the fermentation goes much faster. Usually the skins of sheep and goats are in this mixture for 6-9 days. The hardest skin of a horse in such a cauldron should lie for about 15-20 days. To find out how the skin processing process proceeds, you need to pull out the wool on the skin or stab the needles in different places. If the wool is easily separated from the skin or the needle passes well through the skin, this indicates that the skin is processing normally. After that, the skin of the animal is pulled out of the boiler and suspended horizontally on a tree. Then the master begins to clean the semi-moist skin of the remnants of meat and tendons with a special scraper (in the Kazakh language – Kyrgysh). Although the treated and cleaned skin of the animal (teri ileu) looks beautiful, it will be clear that it is still moist and sluggish. In order for the treated skin to be crisp and flexible, tightly stretching the skin on a tree, broadcasts in the cold. Nomads call this unusual method “boil the skin in the cold” (Aiazga pisiru). After ten days spent in the cold, the skin turns white as a sheet of paper. On these long-lasting parchments, my ancestors wrote our family tree (shezhire), the verses of the holy Quran or the word edification of the ancestors for the next generation. In everyday life of the nomads of the Kazakhs, there were other ways of tanning the skin of animals. Beautiful shoes and various utensils made of solid animal skin In ancient times and even during the reign of the communist USSR, nomads made beautiful shoes (from light slippers to boots) and various utensils (leather cups, bowls, jugs, a bucket and others) from genuine leather of animals. A large capacity (in the Kazakh language – saba) for cooking and storage of koumiss, as well as a saddle, various belts, whips and other everyday things were made only of durable horse skin. For example, my ancestors never poured kymyran (camel milk) into dishes made from the skin of horses, just like kymyz never poured into dishes made from the skin of camels. For kymyran, a large capacity was made from neck camel leather, and soles for various shoes were made from the remains of this skin, since they were very durable. All this was not done because of blind 505 superstition, the ancient knowledge of the ancestors about the characteristics of each animal was taken into account here. A huge leather bucket (in the Kazakh language – kauga), designed for a deep well, was made of horse and camel skin. The usual small bucket for everyday life was made of two humps of a camel. During the migration from one place to another place, the ancestors never had broken dishes made of clay or porcelain. To do this, according to the size of the dishes, a block form of leather or felt was previously prepared. To describe this amazing craft of nomads, even a few books will be scarce. How and from what did the underwear of women and men? As you know, neither cotton, nor flax, nor other plants grow in the desert, from which fabrics and knitwear are usually prepared. But despite this, the nomads in the desert did not go naked. By today's standards, even famous designers can be a little jealous of nomads because they always wore chic clothes made from natural materials. If you think that women and men nomads always wore the same type of clothing from wool of sheep and goats, you are deeply mistaken. For example, you can imagine poor men and women who wear underwear knitted from coarse wool... First, let's start with the outer clothing of the nomads (men and women). My ancestors especially appreciated the skin of a black foal. Since, according to the laws of physics, black color absorbs solar energy well, its meat was considered especially healing for various diseases. Then, light demiseason clothing (intended to be worn in the off-season – in spring and autumn) was made from the skin of a black foal for girls and women. Usually, nomad (men) wore off-season – homespun caftan (in the Kazakh language – Shekpen) from camel hair, and in winter they wore a tanned fur coat (in the Kazakh language – Ton) from sheepskin. When our ancestors in the markets of Tashkent, Bukhara, Samarkand sold charcoal made from saxaul, they bought clothes made of cotton, even silk. However, it was an expensive pleasure for nomads, therefore, in spring and summer, men and women wore mostly spinning woolen clothes of their own production. Information about the underwear of women and men of the nomads is practically absent, or many believe that they wore these products from the fabric, like the Europeans. But this does not correspond and has nothing to do with reality. Because more than half of the nomadic life my ancestors spent on a horse or on a camel. They needed durable and at the same time comfortable underwear (fabrics and knitwear were not suitable for this). Nomads were very sensitive and resourceful about this issue. Since the nomads were very sensitive to changes in nature, as always, they solved this difficult issue in a very original and elegant way. Men wore shorts or long underwear (in the Kazakh language – Dambal) made of thin skin of a stillborn foal. Women's underwear was made from the prematurely born skin of a lamb of a sheep. The delicate skins of the foal and lamb did not require much effort when processing and tanning, since there was no wool in it. These underwear was elastic, durable and, most importantly, perfectly protected the genital organs of nomads from any infection. And as a result, the birth rate of children was at the highest level. In Soviet times, store shelves were full of cotton and knit underwear, and over time, the manufacturing methods of this expensive and time-consuming underwear were forgotten. 506 From the recollections of the elders (in the Kazakh language – Aksakal) of our tribe MangytayBoribay: " USSR athletes at the opening ceremony of the IX Winter Olympic Games in Innsbruck (Austria, 1964), at the XI Winter Olympic Games in Sapporo (Japan, 1972) and at the XIV Winter Olympic Games in Sarajevo (Yugoslavia, 1984) appeared in the leather clothes of nomads, forgotten from time. The leather sports uniform of the Soviet Olympians at these games made a splash not only for foreigners, but also for the Union republics of the USSR. As a result of this endless love for the leather goods of nomads, who never interested anyone and therefore accumulated in the warehouses of state farms and collective farms of our Kyzylkum district of the Turkestan region, all leather raw materials were sold in a very short time for hard currency to Europe, the USA and other developed countries”. Because of this boom associated with the “lambskin” I cannot forget the eerie and tragic picture in childhood. To meet the unheard of needs of these foreign countries, monstrous things were going on at the artisanal conveyors of our Kyzylkum region. First, thousands of newborn lambs were inflated under high air pressure like a balloon, and then, in order not to damage the skin, they separated the delicate skin (in the Kazakh language – Karaköl teri) from living lambs. Still alive, but already without skin, dozens of lambs cried like children, and then slowly and painfully died. Since then, when I see beautifully made leather clothes, I remember this terrible story with the lambs! Epilogue My ancestors nomads were not too talkative. If you ask them a question, they will answer very briefly and accurately, followed by silence again. The harsh nomadic life taught them to speak very little and do more for themselves and for the environment. They, as Europeans, did not philosophize and did not talk too much about the environment and ecology. Of course, they did not even realize that they lived together with this mysterious science, and therefore knew all the rules of survival in harsh nature, not from a book, but from nature itself. They read and knew the so-called environmental code from the original. In contrast to the environmental code that people wrote, there are only three rules in this original environmental code of nature: 1) If you know how to live in harmony with nature, live happily ever after; 2) If you do not know how to live in harmony with nature, you will die slowly and painfully; 3) You always have a choice given by God in the person of mother nature to choose one of two rules. Our ancestors chose the first rule, and their modern descendants chose the second rule. The revolver roulette is already spinning, when it stops, a shot will surely happen. Nevertheless, this only shot, as the Aurora cruiser in Petrograd did 100 years ago, will affect all people without exception, whether you are a nomad or not ... 507 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar Civilization clash prevention path Copyright 2019 © Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published January 15, 2020 Introduction More than half of life has already been lived. Suppose something unexpected happened suddenly, and Almighty God asked me: “Do you have a desire to start your life from the very beginning?" I would happily say “Oh, yes, yes” like all sane people of our planet! But some people who read these lines will say: “I have never seen such a fool in my life!”. I am enthusiastically starting to change my past life, correcting mistakes made in my youth. I finally manage to change my life the way I wanted from the start. It seems I'm happy. Days, months and years pass unnoticed. One fine day, I will say again: “I have already lived more than half of my life, what have I achieved new?”. And here I notice with horror, although I changed my life as I wanted, I could not change myself and my fate. I look at the sky, pray that Almighty God will give me another chance to change myself and my destiny. But there is silence in the sky ... But still, how can I be so sure that our life can be changed, but it is impossible to change ourselves and our fate. In this entire vast universe, man is born in only one copy and he is accompanied by a certificate of fate, also in one copy. In general, there are no two similar people and two similar fates. You probably think that all this is a deceiving imagination of such a blatant pessimist like me? Most likely, this is not pessimism, this is a conclusion from a rapidly changing life and a bit of middleaged wisdom. For example, all of humanity and higher minds with titanic efforts want to change the fate of the planet so as not to repeat the mistakes of the past. Somewhere this succeeds (for 75 years we have been living without a world war), but somewhere not. Our life is sometimes like the American fantasy film "Groundhog Day" (1993). In this film, Phil Connors (actor Bill Murray), a television meteorologist, falls into a temporary loop during a task dedicated to the annual "Groundhog Day" event, reliving the same day many times. About 58 years ago, for 13 days (October 16–28, 1962), the peoples of the former USSR (Caribbean Crisis) and the United States (Cuban Missile Crisis) for the first time felt the real threat of nuclear war. And what has changed since then – it turns out almost nothing ?! The whole world celebrated the “Christmas of Christ” of 2019 and immediately after it the new 2020 year. However, the festive mood of the whole world was spoiled again by America. On January 3, US President Donald Trump authorized the operation to destroy Iranian general Kassem 508 Suleimani in the Baghdad airport area as a result of a missile strike by the US Air Force using an unmanned aerial vehicle GA MQ-9 “Reaper” or “Predator B”. Having done his dirty business, Donald Trump warned and threatened that he would use two trillion dollars worth of new military equipment if Iran set its sights on American bases. The sacred word "eye for eye" or "tooth for tooth" is not only among Christians, it is also among Muslims, so revenge did not take long to wait. On the night of January 8, Iran attacked two bases in Iraq with missile strikes, on which the US military is stationed. Even a possible apocalypse related to the third world war after the “Suleymani crisis” was predicted by columnist of The Independent Louis Staples (Great Britain). However, the innocent death of 176 civilian passengers of the Ukrainian Boeing 737-800 airliner (flight PS 752), shot down by Iran by mistake (an unpopular version: an American drone shot down a Ukrainian Boeing 737 in the sky over Iran), neutralized the situation, which was heating up to the limit. However, on January 14 at night, the Taji American military base in Iraq was again attacked by Iran. The Iranian military called this “dangerous” operation the “martyr Suleymani.” Iranian general Amir Ali Khajizadeh later said that missile attacks were the start of a series of attacks on US bases throughout the region. He stressed that the real revenge for the murder of Suleimani would be the expulsion of the United States from the territory of the Middle East. What now, President Trump will drag his "secret weapon" worth $ 2 trillion to the Middle East? There has always been a reason for what happened and there are consequences. All pawns disappeared from the chessboard, only significant pieces remained. Although the space on the chessboard has become larger, from this – the rook, knight, bishop, queen and king do not feel better. An exhausting struggle has begun, now who has more patience and intelligence, according to the laws of people, he must win. How things will develop in a chessboard and how it all ends is still unknown ?! Despite the fact that the world media at present call it the “Suleimani crisis”, I am sure that a cold-blooded story will later call it the “Persian crisis”. It has been said, "we have meet the enemy and he is us." When the question is asked, who is the cause of our present difficulties, no country will say "we share the blame." [1] It seems paradoxical, but the fact is that at this time, D. Trump in the person of the United States has his own truth, and the Supreme Leader of Iran Ali Khamenei in the person of Iran has his own truth. None of them, in general, the presidents and leaders of all 200 countries of the world are listening to anyone, everyone has their own truth. In the end, or as a result of all this, the Almighty God is confused and angry because no one reads or listens to His words in the scriptures. Even a fool understands that He (God) cannot simply leave all this without punishment. The only question is on which side He will be ... If mankind called the first crisis (1962) “a clash of hostile ideologies of the USSR and the USA”, then today's crisis (2020) has a dangerous connotation of a “religious clash (of Islam and Christianity) of civilizations”. Usually in the history of mankind from such battles of the titans only one civilization survived, and the second disappeared forever. Our whole history is full of examples, dead cities and eternal pyramids speak of this. In the end, these few people at the beginning of the article who believed that changing life was impossible were right... 509 What is "civilization" at all and who invented it? On the topic of "civilization", many ancient philosophers, the highest minds of the Middle Ages and modern mankind, who can write, have written so many books that it would be enough to warm one big house all winter. However, despite this, to find among these books a clear definition of all aspects of civilization in short is impossible. The reason is that the human brain is not able to sort all this information. I hope in the future, "artificial intelligence" will help humanity to determine the short meaning of the term "civilization". In the meantime, it remains for us to be satisfied only with various clever thoughts that eclipses each other, just as the Moon covers the huge Sun with its disk. Since I am not a philosopher and not a wise genius with a capital letter, but just a thinking man in my own way, I will limit myself to the etymology of this term. Civilization, as its etymology (below) suggests, is a concept originally linked to towns and cities. The earliest emergence of civilizations is generally associated with the final stages of the Neolithic Revolution, culminating in the relatively rapid process of urban revolution and state formation, a political development associated with the appearance of a governing elite. [2] The English word civilization comes from the 16th-century French civilisé ("civilized"), from Latin civilis ("civil"), related to civis ("citizen") and civitas ("city"). [3] The fundamental treatise is Norbert Elias's The Civilizing Process (1939) *, which traces social mores from medieval courtly society to the Early Modern period. * It remains the most influential sociological study of the topic, spawning its own body of secondary literature. Notably, Hans Peter Duerr attacked it in a major work (3,500 pages in five volumes, published 1988–2002). Elias, at the time a nonagenarian, was still able to respond to the criticism the year before his death. In 2002, Duerr was himself criticized by Michael Hinz's Der Zivilisationsprozeß: Mythos oder Realität (2002), saying that his criticism amounted to a hateful defamation of Elias, through excessive standards of political correctness. Der Spiegel 40/2002 In The Philosophy of Civilization (1923), Albert Schweitzer outlines two opinions: one purely material and the other material and ethical. He said that the world crisis was from humanity losing the ethical idea of civilization, "the sum total of all progress made by man in every sphere of action and from every point of view in so far as the progress helps towards the spiritual perfecting of individuals as the progress of all progress". [1] Historically, civilization has often been understood as a larger and "more advanced" culture, in contrast to smaller, supposedly primitive cultures. [4][5][6][7] Similarly, some scholars have described civilization as being necessarily multicultural. [8] Civilization concentrates power, extending human control over the rest of nature, including over other human beings. [9] As an uncountable noun, "civilization" also refers to the process of a society developing into a centralized, urbanized, stratified structure. 510 Civilizations are organized in densely populated settlements divided into hierarchical social classes with a ruling elite and subordinate urban and rural populations, which engage in intensive agriculture, mining, small-scale manufacture and trade. [10] From the above quotes and definitions, we clearly understood that “civilization” is supported only by settlements and cities, factories and new technologies. This leads to the conclusion that when we say the word “civilization”, a huge “fundamental building” is drawn in front of our eyes. For general information, I will say that six territories (cradle) in the world are considered the ancient center of civilization. 1) Fertile crescent moon (Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt); 2) Ancient India; 3) Ancient China; 4) Ancient Peru; 5) Ancient Mesoamerica; 6) The cradle of Western civilization (classical Greece and ancient Rome). [11] And what is the situation with the cradles of the “nomads” about which I am writing and trying to prove that in this huge world there is still another “civilization” built by nomads in the boundless steppes of Eurasia. Do any “nomadic civilization” get through any “holes” into this fundamental building of civilization, built by settled peoples? Among hundreds of quotes about nomads, I found this vague and incomprehensible quote in content: "In this broad sense, a civilization contrasts with non-centralized tribal societies, including the cultures of nomadic pastoralists, Neolithic societies or hunter-gatherers, but sometimes it also contrasts with the cultures found within civilizations themselves." [2] In a word, all the doors, windows and even holes of this fundamental building of civilization are tightly closed for nomads. Sedentary peoples scream to us from the high tower of this building: "Get out of here – smelly barbarians." And indeed, we find "nomads" among the "barbarians": "A barbarian is a human who is perceived to be either uncivilized or primitive. The designation is usually applied as a generalization based on a popular stereotype; barbarians can be members of any nation judged by some to be less civilized or orderly (such as a tribal society) but may also be part of a certain "primitive" cultural group (such as nomads) or social class (such as bandits) both within and outside one's own nation". [12] "The Greeks admired Scythians and Galatians as heroic individuals – and even (as in the case of Anacharsis) as philosophers – but they regarded their culture as barbaric. The Romans indiscriminately characterised the various Germanic tribes, the settled Gauls, and the raiding Huns as barbarians,[citation needed] and subsequent classically oriented historical narratives depicted the migrations associated with the end of the Western Roman Empire as the "barbarian invasions". [12] For instance, the nomadic steppe peoples north of the Black Sea, including the Pechenegs and the Kipchaks, were called barbarians by the Byzantines". [13] What Genghis Khan thought about civilization, nothing, just sneezed at him I sat and thought, because all of the above barbaric peoples – Scythians, Huns, Kipchaks and others were my ancestors. Before me was a difficult choice: what should I do, reject them from myself and join others or pretend that nothing is happening. For various life circumstances, a person is forced to change every day as a chameleon several times. But there are things that cannot be changed either externally (eyes, skin color, belonging to a certain race) and internal (oneself and one's destiny). By 511 the will of my fate, I was born into a family of nomads and will forever remain for others a wild nomad who looks the truth in the eye. Between 1206-1309, the Mongol Empire, headed by Genghis Khan (the imperial house of Borzhigin) formed a multinational empire with a total area of 24,000,000 square kilometers. [14] * The great Genghis Khan sat in his golden throne and thought how to manage this huge empire. For many years, he dictated his innermost thoughts to the “Bitikshi” (people who can write), and they wrote “Qyryk Zhasak” (Yehe Zasag - the oral forty code of honor, the law or the Constitution of the nomads). [15] After 800 years, this code of honor of Genghis Khan seems harsh, cruel and even a little ridiculous, but we must not forget that millions of people lived under these laws for hundreds of years. Based on this forty law, in the 15-18 centuries the Kazakh khans Kasym-khan, Esim-khan and Tauke-khan created their own laws "Zheti Zhargy". [16] There was very little word in these laws, but the action emanating from it was enormous. And justice always triumphed ... * In fairness, it should be said that this mark in square kilometers was reached only by the Russian Empire in 1895 (22,800,000 sq. km.), the USSR from 1922 until its collapse in 1991 (22,402,200 sq. km.) and much more than everyone else by the British Empire in 1920 (35,500,000 sq. km.). [14] “In the settled peoples, Genghis Khan saw an inveterate desire for material wealth, which was not always honestly acquired, arrogant, insulting treatment of the lower and humiliated peoples before the higher. In their political life, he saw careerism, betrayal and treason. For the same reason, Genghis Khan despised the sedentary peoples and gave a covenant to his descendants and the entire Mongolian people to preserve their nomadic life and beware of becoming sedentary. This covenant of Genghis Khan, until the beginning of the twentieth century, was observed by all nomads of Eurasia. However, it would be erroneous to deduce from the above conclusion that, neglecting the type of people spoiled by civilization, because of this he despised civilization on its own, as it might seem at first glance, judging by the destruction and the beatings of people which he produced in the then cultured countries. On the contrary, one of the most important political tasks that the great Mongol conqueror set himself was precisely the creation of an intermediary from the entire Asian power between the civilizations of the East and West, so that the peoples subject to him could take advantage of the one and the other, and especially the fruits of the materialistic culture of civilized peoples. He did not appreciate the moral character of the settled peoples, but he appreciated their military equipment. ” [17] History and our life itself proves that Genghis Khan was in many respects right. The British author, biographer, historian and journalist Francis James McLynn (born August 29, 1941), known as Frank MacLinn, wrote the book "Genghis Khan. The man who conquered the world." [18] From his book one can catch such an interesting idea that it was Genghis Khan who delayed the “apocalypse of modern civilization” for several centuries, destroying as many settled centers of civilization as possible. Examples of my thoughts can be taken from the nature around us. We all know that wolves are orderlies in the forest, and not “butchers” as people draw. The wolf destroys all weak and sick animals. In addition, it regulates the number of herds. If all predators suddenly disappeared, what would happen? It might seem that moose and roe deer would prosper and live happily, because no one preys on them ... But this is far from the case. 512 They would begin to multiply rapidly and after some time an overpopulation would occur in the herd, hunger due to lack of food, epidemics would begin, because there is no one to take infectious animals from relatives. Then among the ungulates mass pestilence would begin – they would die due to hunger and disease. And in the end, only a handful of surviving weakened animals would remain from the herd. The ecosystem would have suffered along the way – because they would have eaten all the grass, depriving all other forest inhabitants of shelter and food. The corpses of millions of dead ungulates would be decomposed on the bare ground, spreading a terrible smell and pathogenic bacteria through the forest. And all due to the fact that only one link in the food chain has disappeared – the wolf. [19] In my opinion, it is precisely this event that is happening with our civilization today. You can argue on this topic as much as you like, but the essence of our life from this still does not change. To teach former nomads to behave in a civilized manner in the way of the Western world is already useless. They are already educated thanks to modern civilization and read various books, scientific papers, listen to world news and, by the way, write no worse than them. Therefore, sometimes they (the civilized world) should probably listen better and try to understand them. The sedentary civilization (moose and roe deer) wiped out the nomadic civilization (wolves) from the face of the Earth so that the past shameful defeat from them would not be repeated. What happened is what happened. However, in the end, sedentary civilization lost this battle of civilization. Now, any person unbalanced in character can do what he wants, and put the world on the brink of nuclear war. Worst of all, as a result of these transformations, the whole world began to live according to the laws of Sedentary civilization and began to devour everything that fell into their hands and began to deify "debauchery, greed, and a soulless attitude to everything." Scientists' forecasts for the future of our civilization are disappointing, if not war, then hunger will destroy us anyway. In connection with this problem, Charles Jansen writes an interesting idea, which I will give below. “LESSONS FROM THE DESERT: The day when those of a Sedentary disposition could force others to settle is long gone. We now live in an epoch of dissolution, where we have space only because we suffer from rootlessness. But, precisely because of this, nomads survive better and endure less exploitation. In such an environment, the Sedentary may have a lot to learn from the Nomadic. Some of the boundaries of our sedentary world are clearly decaying. Many European cities have become sad and soulless places, with schools, offices, and factories turned into debilitating straitjackets. The children of the sedentary turn into fragile youngsters – or, as the non-White French have come to say, babtous fragiles – mindless consumers but also nice guys, weaklings, and exploitable "soft touches."”. [20] Welcome to the mysterious world of nomads! Man, in fact, at all times of his existence, was an animal (naturally he is not a tree or a stone) and had to live like an animal, always respecting the laws of nature. The Almighty God gave man intellect and consciousness so that he would take care (not destroy) the other other animals that live only by instinct. Man, as a two-legged animal, from time to time had to undergo, like the whole animal, natural selection, so that the next generation would be better in everything than the previous one. However, 513 things did not go as God intended at the beginning of the creation of all living beings. But he patiently treats everything that happens until all this goes beyond what is permitted ... The destruction of human civilization by God or by man himself will occur continuously until one day God reaches his goal as was planned at the beginning of everything. From this moment, a person will comprehend the meaning of his existence on the globe and will no longer repeat the mistakes made by their ancestors. Oddly enough, all these thoughts and wisdom are not taken from the holy books of people, they were recorded in the oral laws of the nomads. I grew up on these oral laws transmitted by my ancestors. Until today, no one has counted how many sections, chapters and verses are in this law of Nature, because it was constantly supplemented with new information. However, the basic verse of this law is clear to all nomads from childhood: "Do not take more from Nature than you need, and return what you took as much as possible, then everything will be in order." Today, when the whole world sucks everything that is possible from Nature, but does not return anything, it seems fantastically impossible to fulfill these requirements of nomads. However, how to be content with the small and insignificant resources that Nature provides, you can learn from the nomadic Kazakhs. It is useless to look for this quality among settled Kazakhs, since they too have become soulless consumers like the Western world. Before entering a nomadic steppe and an unknown civilization, which is based on oral laws, a sedentary world must fulfill several requirements of nomads, no matter how painful they are for modern civilization. Because it is they who are to blame for the disappearance of the nomadic way of life from the face of the Earth. 1) publicly recognize nomadic civilization and its multifaceted culture in all rights, for example, on a par with Sedentary civilization; 2) publicly recognize Central Asia, Mongolia and the territory of Kazakhstan as the cradle of nomadic civilization; 3) to finance and stimulate all possible attempts of nomads to revive forgotten ancient traditions and rites; 4) modern civilization can constantly observe, but should never intervene and try to correct the course of events during the revival of a nomadic lifestyle; 5) everything should happen in a natural way, and no one should turn this recovery process into a television show for the sake of entertainment and profit, etc. This will be a very long recovery process. For ten or twenty years it is impossible to revive and remember all the subtleties of a nomadic life, lost hundreds or thousands of years ago. Of course, an advanced, but rotten to the ground, modern civilization can consider all these requirements as unrealistic nonsense and give up on everything. But this may be the only saving straw for the future of our civilization. As we see, the choice is very small: the word “yes” can be of great importance for the future, the word “no” can be the beginning of the end. You can start with a little experiment: one part of the steppe is transferred to settled families from the Western world, and the other part of the steppe is transferred to a nomad tribe. This will not be a 514 competition that determines the intellect and resourcefulness of the two groups, but mutual respect for each other and mutual survival in this empty world of spirituality. The Great Genghis Khan dreamed about this at the beginning of his military campaign to the West. However, the soulless world surrounding humanity did not understand him and he was forced to fight in order to realize his dream. The already worse situation was aggravated by his bloodthirsty descendants, who fought among themselves like dogs that fight over oily bones. In the end, we got the very fragile world today that we did not want at all. What happened then, 800 years ago, has long been gone. The face of the globe has changed a lot. Now there is a unique opportunity to start everything from the very beginning, already without swords and bows. Is one recognized and one unrecognized civilization ready to lend a hand of friendship to each other? The whole question lies in this handshake and the openness of the souls of East and West ... After conducting this mini-experiment on the territory of Kazakhstan in a certain period of time, we can conclude whether it is worth continuing the maximum experiment already in the Western world. P.S. By the way, I wrote about this idea of conducting an experiment between nomads and sedentary people in the introduction to the book "Nomads – their mysterious mentality, their calendar and much more that you did not know before." To supplement this idea with new information, I decided to publish this introduction to the book (see article below. "Once upon a time, nomads were different ..."). 515 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. The Collected Works of John B. Isom http://www.johnbisom.com/PhilosophyOfCivilizationExcerpts.html (12/2/1909 – 4/23/2004): 2. Civilization: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization 3. Sullivan, Larry E. (2009). The SAGE Glossary of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. SAGE Publications. p. 73. ISBN 9781412951432 4. Boyden, Stephen Vickers (2004). The Biology of Civilisation. UNSW Press. pp. 7-8. ISBN 9780868407661 5. Wright, Ronald (2004). A Short History of Progress. House of Anansi. pp. 115, 117, and 212. ISBN 9780887847066 6. Llobera, Josep (2003). An Invitation to Anthropology. Berghahn Books. pp. 136–137. ISBN 9781571815972 7. Bolesti, Maria (2013). Barbarism and Its Discontents. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804785372 8. Adams, Robert McCormick (1966). The Evolution of Urban Society. Transaction Publishers. p. 13. ISBN 9780202365947 9. Wei, Ruan (2011). "Civilization and Culture" (PDF). Globality Studies Journal (24) 10. Mann, Michael (1986). The Sources of Social Power. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 34-41 11. Cradle_of_civilization: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization 12. Barbarian: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian 13. The Pechenegs, Steven Lowe and Dmitriy V. Ryaboy: https://web.archive.org/web/20091027115640/http://www.geocities.com/egfroth1/Pechenegs 14. List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area in excess of 200,000 square kilometers: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_area_in_excess_of_2 00,000_square_kilometers 15. Qyryk Zhasak (Yehe Zasag): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa 16. Zheti Zhargy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheti_Zhargy 17. LitMir – Digital Library> Hara-Dawan Erenzhen> Genghis Khan. The Great Conqueror>Page 18: https://www.litmir.me/br/?b=138755&p=18 18. Frank McLynn. Genghis Khan. The man who conquered the world. © Frank McLynn, 2015. © Translation. D. Lobanov, 2015. © Publication in Russian AST Publishers, 2019 19. Why is a wolf called a orderlies in the forest? https://zooclub.ru/faq/show.php?id=4308 20. By Charles Jansen: The Nomad Vs. The Sedentary: Surviving the https://affirmativeright.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-nomad-vs-sedentary-surviving.html 516 rootless future: By Kaldarhan A. Kambar The sedentary lifestyle won, the nomads lost, but is it a victory?! Copyright 2020 © Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published January 21, 2020 Introduction At the beginning of three millennia of our era, i.e. in 2000, one of the oldest cities in Kazakhstan the city of Turkestan officially celebrated its 1,500th anniversary on a Kazakh scale. Many head of state of Turkic countries and important guests from abroad came to this holiday. However, many progressively-minded Kazakhs (scientists, writers, poets and others) were outraged that our state had chosen a too “modest date" for the celebration. I do not consider myself as smart as they are, but despite this, I was one of them. When international historians and ancient history itself say “Central Asia”, they automatically always have the word “Turkestan” [1] in their thoughts. Where did the date “1500 years” come from? I am completely sure that this date was not scientifically based; it was dictated by the political situation of that time. On the initiative of the then mayor, Yuri Luzhkov, the 850th anniversary of Moscow was celebrated on September 5-7, 1997 in Moscow. How can the age of such a small provincial town of Kazakhs be greater than the age of such a huge city like Moscow ?! In order not to dramatize and complicate the situation with Moscow, the government of Kazakhstan dishonestly “reduced” the age of Turkestan from at least 1,000 to 3,000 years. Everyone understood and was silent in this troublesome situation, because at that time we were still very dependent on Moscow. But justice still had to triumph ... In the same 2000, in November six journalists from Kazakhstan (representatives of television, radio and the press) visited Saudi Arabia at the invitation. With a generous Arab soul, the Saudis showed us all the sights of this country (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Madinah Al-Munawarah, ar-Riyāḍ, alDhahrān, etc.). Later I wrote an article that this is not a Wahhabi country, but simply a peaceful state, where exactly the same people live as in Kazakhstan. Consultative Assembly (Majlis ash-Shura) of Saudi Arabia invited Kazakhstani journalists and we sat in a prominent place so that all deputies could see us. Then the speaker of parliament began to represent us to deputies. I then worked as a journalist in the newspaper "Turkestan". When the word "Turkestan" sounded, suddenly all the deputies got up and began to applaud. Although I was pleased, it was somehow embarrassing because these Saudi deputies completely ignored both the 517 name of the journalist and the name of the main state newspaper "Egemendi Kazakhstan" (Sovereign Kazakhstan). It was then that I realized that the whole Muslim world recognizes Kazakhstan only thanks to the name “Turkestan”. Although then the city of Turkestan was a small town on a rural scale, this name was "sacred" to all Turkic peoples. Because the "Great Spirit" of Turkic nomads lived in this city for five millennia, as well as the mosque (mausoleum) of the great Sufi teacher Khawaja Ahmed Yasawi (Hijrah: 485-561, Miladi: 1093-1166, “Hazret Sultan”) [2] spread the Islamic religion among the «wild and free» nomadic Kazakhs from the 11th-12th centuries of our era. I myself was born and raised in Otyrar (where the great scientist al-Farabi was born and where the teacher of Khawaja Ahmed Yasawi – Arystan Bab) was buried not far (only 70 km) from the city of Turkestan. However, when I saw and heard the international authority of Turkestan with my own eyes, my view of this holy name changed 180 degrees. Having returned from Saudi Arabia, I gradually began to independently study not only the real age, but the ancient history associated with the name «Turkestan». Why not call Kazakhstan the «Turkestan Republic»? Of Persian origin (see –stan), the term «Turkestan» (‫ )ناتسکرت‬has never referred to a single national state. (1) [3] Iranian geographers first used the word to describe the place of Turkic peoples. [4] «Turkestan» is used to describe any place where Turkic peoples lived. [3] (1) A nation state is a state in which the great majority shares the same culture and are conscious of it. The nation state is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. [5] According to one definition, «a nation state is a sovereign state of which most of its subjects are united also by factors which defined a nation such as language or common descent.» [6] It is a more precise concept than «country», since a country does not need to have a predominant ethnic group. On their way southward during the conquest of Central Asia in the course of the 19th century, the Russians under Nikolai Aleksandrovich Veryovkin took the city of Turkistan (in present-day Kazakhstan) in 1864. Mistaking its name for that of the entire region, they adopted the name of «Turkestan» (Russian: Туркестан) for their new territory. [4] [7] The history of Turkestan dates back to at least the third millennium BC. Many artifacts were produced in that period, with much trade being conducted. The region was a focal point for cultural diffusion, as the Silk Road traversed it. Turkestan covers the area of Central Asia and began acquiring a «Turkic» identity starting from the 6th century AD with the incipient Turkic migration. [1] Turkic sagas, such as the Ergenekon legend, and written sources such as the Orkhon Inscriptions state that Turkic peoples originated in the nearby Altai Mountains, and, through nomadic settlement, started their long journey westwards. Huns conquered the area after they conquered Kashgaria in the early 2nd century BC. With the dissolution of the Huns' empire, Chinese rulers took over Eastern Turkestan. Arab forces captured it in the 8th century. The Persian Samanid dynasty subsequently conquered it and the area experienced economic success. [8] The entire territory was held at various times by Turkic forces, such as the Göktürks until the conquest by Genghis Khan and the Mongols in 1220. Genghis Khan gave the territory to his son, Chagatai and the area became the Chagatai Khanate. [8] Timur took over the western portion of Turkestan in 518 1369 and the area became part of the Timurid Empire. [8] The eastern portion of Turkestan was also called Mogulistan, and continued to be ruled by descendants of Genghis Khan. Known as Turan to the Persians, western Turkestan has also been known historically as Sogdiana, Ma wara'u'n-nahr (by its Arab conquerors), and Transoxiana by Western travellers. The latter two names refer to its position beyond the River Oxus when approached from the south, emphasizing Turkestan's long-standing relationship with Iran, the Persian Empires, and the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates. Turkestan is roughly within the regions of Central Asia lying between Siberia on the north; Tibet, Afghanistan, and Iran on the south; the Gobi Desert on the east; and the Caspian Sea on the west. [9] Oghuz Turks (also known as Turkmens), Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Khazars, Kyrgyz, Hazara and Uyghurs are some of the Turkic inhabitants of the region who, as history progressed, have spread further into Eurasia forming such Turkic nations as Turkey, and subnational regions like Tatarstan in Russia and Crimea in Ukraine (?). Tajiks and Russians form sizable non-Turkic minorities. It is subdivided into Afghan Turkestan and Russian Turkestan in the West, and Xinjiang in the East. Thus, the scientific world and world history almost unanimously acknowledge that the age of Turkestan (with the center of the city of Turkestan) is at least three millennia BC and plus two millennia of our era – five millennia! Inshallah, thanks to the desire of Almighty Allah – Kazakhstan has become recognizable throughout the world. Today the country has entered a new stage of state building. An important milestone in the idea of “Mangilik El” (Eternal Country) is the “Kazakhstan-2050” strategy, which envisages Kazakhstan Inshallah, becoming one of the 30 most developed countries in the world. The result was not long in coming! By a decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev on June 19, 2018, a new region was established in Kazakhstan – Turkestan (formerly South Kazakhstan). The former center of SKO – the city of Shymkent – has become the third city of republican significance along with Astana and Almaty. [10] The people of Kazakhstan have been waiting for this transformation since Soviet times, and it finally came to fruition. Since then, before our eyes, the external and internal appearance of the city of Turkestan began to change for the better. Life went in order, as required by the wise time and cold-blooded history of mankind. For many years I was preparing an article on this topic, but now I have to rewrite it again. This short information of a Kazakh official, far from science, contradicts everything that scientists say worldwide. On January 17, 2020, the mayor of Turkestan Rashid Ayupov in his statement said: “Various experts conducted research, which confirmed the information that our Turkestan is more than two thousand years old, I will say more, even 2,800 years. I am sure of this, I hope the data will be confirmed. ” Mayor R. Ayupov noted that the final decision will be announced only in November 2020, when UNESCO representatives will speak on this issue (My God, this official and these scientists probably do not know that they are conducting a meaningless deal with UNESCO., the author K.A.K.). Director of the International Institute for Central Asian Studies Dmitry Voyakin explained: “According to experts, this assumption already has reason. At the meeting today, we talked about 519 how to promote this idea. In principle, the facts already exist. But more evidence is needed, and as soon as our archaeologists get it, they will present it to the international community. Archaeologist Aisulu Erzhigitova expressed her opinion, according to her version, since detailed studies have not yet been carried out on Kultobe, [11] it is likely that the city is more than 2200 years old. It takes time, and then we will find out how old this beautiful city of Turkestan is. ” [12] Of course, an attempt to determine the true age of the city of Turkestan as 2800 years is important for nations to deny the age of 1500 years, defined in 2000. However, the most important and priority task would be to determine the age of occurrence of the «country of the Kazakhs» that we have now. Despite the fact that the name “Kazakh” appeared only in the 15th century (Kazakh Khanate) of our era, a quick look at any Kazakh tells us that you see the whole mixture of “Eurasian man” in the literal sense of the word. Samples of blood, haplogroups and DNA of these harmless and good-natured Kazakhs tell us at least 5-10 thousand year history of Eurasia. Who are Kazakhs, Europeans or Asians? There is one important thing to note. The hardy war horse (tulpar), a four-wheeled cart (arba), language (til) and runic writing (zhazu) of nomads of the Bronze Age from the Kazakh steppes contributed to the formation of the modern European world. Perhaps the reader believes that I am exaggerating the role of the Kazakhs in world history, since I myself am Kazakh. For clarity of thought, I will give only one example of a study conducted 15 years ago below: The Andronovo culture is a collection of similar local Bronze Age cultures that flourished c. 2000900 BC in western Siberia and the central Eurasian Steppe. [13] Some researchers have preferred to term it an archaeological complex or archaeological horizon. [14] The older Sintashta culture (2100–1800 BC), formerly included within the Andronovo culture, is now considered separately within Early Andronovo cultures. [15] Genetics: A 2004 study also established that, during the Bronze and Iron Age period, the majority of the population of Kazakhstan (part of the Andronovo culture during Bronze Age) was of West Eurasian origin (with mtDNA haplogroups such as U, H, HV, T, I and W), and that prior to the thirteenth to seventh century BC, all Kazakh samples belonged to European lineages. [16] [17] Western Eurasian peoples (modern Europe) leading a Sedentary way of life, could not come to the land of the Kazakhs, on the contrary, nomadic Kazakhs went to Europe, long before the Huns, in the person of Attila. Although Kazakhstan is ranked 14th (2) out of 51 European countries by area, [18] Your Majesty the European Union (EU) and Kazakhstan still cannot finish expanding cooperation in all areas. [19] [20] This means that the EU is still ignoring the country of the Kazakhs and does not want to see it in its ranks. Gentlemen, Europeans, in our steppes, nomads do not do such things with «relatives» they are always respected! (2) 1) Russia 3,972,400 км2 (17 098 242 km2); 2) Ukraine 603,628 km2; 3) France 551,695 km2; 4) Spain 498,511 km2; 5) Sweden 450,295 km2; 6) Norway 385,178 km2; 7) Germany 357,386 km2; 8) Finland 338,145 km2; 9) Poland 312,685 km2; 10) Italy 301,338 km2; 11) Great Britain 242,495 km2; 12) Romania 238,397 km2; 13) Belarus 207,600 km2; 14) Kazakhstan 180,000 км2 (2,724,900 km2). 520 The city of Turkestan was the center of Turkestan and remains them From the above foreign studies, one can feel such a subtle hint that the city of Turkestan located in modern Kazakhstan has nothing to do with the name Turkestan. If these scientists would pronounce this word among the Kazakhs, I would not envy these scientists. For these evil words, proud Kazakh nomads would cut off the language and heads of these scientists. These assumptions of Western scientists are complete nonsense in the sense that Rome has nothing to do with Italy or London with Great Britain or Berlin with Germany, etc. In ancient times, the Kazakhs shed so much blood for this holy city of Turkestan, they can be measured not in liters, but in hundreds and thousands of tons. The genes of the Kazakhs remember all these battles and knows why so much nomad blood was shed. You should always not follow the pen you write, or just flip your tongue, because they can lead you to the Antarctic or the Arctic Ocean. I just warn you so that later you will not be ashamed and scared ... Every day, many foreign tourists come to Turkestan, no one counts them. Most often they visit the beautiful building of the mausoleum-mosque Kozha Ahmed Yasaui, as usual, and not everyone sees a huge lifeless hill (about 125 hectares) from the western side (GPS: 43°17'35.38»N 68°16'14.62»E). This very ancient dead city since ancient times is called – Kultobe (from the Kazakh language is translated as «Ash Hill»). [11] This hill is called so, because in the ancient sediments there is a lot of “ashes”. This proves that this city in ancient times as a result of many wars – often blazed like a bonfire. The great conqueror of the Asian continent Amir Timur (Iron) or Tamerlan (H.: 736-807., M.: 1336-1405) could well build the mausoleum of Khawaji Ahmed Yasawi (H.: 791., M.: 1389) on top of this Kultobe (Ash Hill), but he did not dare to do so. Because Tamerlan knew very well that under this hill lies the "great spirit" of the ancient Turkic peoples. It is for this reason that this graceful mausoleum is located below this hill. Archaeological excavations of Kazakhstani scientists show that this huge hill is only the “tip of the iceberg”, the rest of the ancient city has become the territory of the modern city of Turkestan. Many ancient artifacts were found here, but the most important artifact is the intricate architectural construction of the city itself. This ancient city had several floors, indoor ventilation, administrative and fortification, etc. Although this dead city is considered the stronghold of the city of Iasi, which existed before the city of Turkestan, the lowest layers of the archaeological site can give us considerable surprises. We will not rush the event and will not speculate without reason, we will patiently wait for the end of archaeological excavations. However, from the words of archaeologists it becomes clear that for the comprehensive disclosure of the lower historical strata, huge funding is required, which is not available in Kazakhstan. [11] If Western scholars want to determine the historical truth, then it's time to help the materially and morally still young and fragile country of the Kazakhs. To stimulate the help of the Western world to the Kazakhs, I will tell you one interesting story that came to us from the last twentieth century ... 521 Ancient lettering in the style of plant leaves I am constantly drawn here like a magnet, and at every opportunity that Allah Almighty gives me, I try to travel often to the holy city of Turkestan. If you listen carefully, every brick, every stone of this city whispers to you a story that could not tell during the time of Tsarist Russia and during the atheistic USSR. If one of the readers visited the mausoleum of Khawaji Ahmed Yasawi, he probably could see very ancient tombstones made of marmore and granite, which has an ornament of leaves of trees and plants. I also thought that they were just decorations for a tombstone, until I read one interesting interview-story by a scientist with a capital A. A. Divaev. [21] There is not a single Kazakh scientist who does not know Divaev Abubakir Akhmetzhanovich. (3) In 1876, Abubakir Divaev graduated from the Orenburg Neplyuyev cadet corps. He worked as a translator in the Military Public Administration in Tashkent, then as an official at the Syrdarya military governor. Since 1883, he began to collect folklore and ethnographic materials. He visited all counties of the Turkestan Territory, studied the life, customs and rites of Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Karakalpaks and others, also gathered rich folklore of these peoples. (3) Divaev Abubakir Akhmetzhanovich (1856-1932) – Bashkir by origin, Russian and Soviet ethnographer, linguist, Turkologist and folklorist. Member of the archaeological and ethnographic society of Kazan University, member of the society of lovers of natural sciences, anthropology and ethnography of Moscow University. He systematically published research articles in the newspaper "Turkestan Vedomosti". [22] He is one of the organizers in 1918 of the Central Asian University in Tashkent. At this university, Abubakir Divaev worked as a professor and trained numerous cadres of Turkologists. Unfortunately, not a single word is written about him in the English-language Wikipedia. But I assure you that this is an outstanding scientist who knew many of the subtleties and secrets of the Turkestan region. A lot of information is written about it in the Russian-language and Kazakhlanguage Internet resource and Wikipedia. [21] The bibliographic index or only the names of articles, books and scientific works of A.A. Divaev are 81 units. A quick glance is enough to understand what contribution he made not only for Kazakh, but for the whole Turkic science. The above story-interview with a respected scientist A.A. Divaev consists of 3 pages and it was written around the 1920s of the last century. The title of the article can be translated approximately like this: “Saxons, [23] Greco-Bactrian [24] period in Turkestan”. In this story-interview A.A. Divaev describes the ancient history of Turkestan in an understandable human (not scientific and technical) language very briefly, confirming his words with different dates. By the way, I am sure that these dates in Western historical science appeared only after half a century. I will not retell this entire story-interview, I will stop only in those places where I need. To whom it is interesting, let him translate this story-interview from Kazakh into English. [25] ... When the Saxons and the Greco-Bactrians worshiped fire (the name of the religion is “atshipursat”), they had a wild rite. When one of them died, they (Saxons and Greco-Bactrians) did not burn a lifeless body in a bonfire like Indians in India. They put the corpse in a large boiler of water and cook it in a slow fire, as if they want to make a tasty dish out of it. When the human bones are completely separated from the meat, they collect these bones, lay them by their own method in an 522 clay coffin, the so-called "ossuary" (crypt). The Greco-Bactrians who profess “Zoroastrianism” (religion of fire worshipers or polytheists) (4) call this terrible rite “Mazdaism”. (4) The roots of Zoroastrianism are thought to have emerged from a common prehistoric IndoIranian religious system dating back to the early 2nd millennium BCE. [26] The prophet Zoroaster himself, though traditionally dated to the 6th century BCE, is thought by many modern historians to have been a reformer of the polytheistic Iranian religion who lived in the 10th century BCE. [27] Zoroastrianism as a religion was not firmly established until several centuries later. Zoroastrianism enters recorded history in the mid-5th century BCE. Herodotus' The Histories (completed c. 440 BCE) includes a description of Greater Iranian society with what may be recognizably Zoroastrian features, including exposure of the dead. Then, from the outside of these clay coffins (ossuary), an ornament of leaves of trees and plants. Until recently, many scientists believed that these were just patterns or an ornament for beauty. Muslim scholars from the Ferghana Valley call these inscriptions "Khiva water" or "Eshzhir." These ancient inscriptions in the form of an ornament can be read only with the help of the "Abjad" [28] [29] rule. If you read these inscriptions correctly, they tell you about whose bone lies inside this clay coffin. In the cultural aspect and overall development, the Saxons who lived in ancient times in the territories of the city of Turkestan are particularly distinguished. Another difference of the Saxons was that the women and daughters of this tribe fought in battle with the enemies on equal terms with their men. To prove my words (A.A.Divaev says) I will give some examples from a museum in the city of Turkestan. Among the miraculously preserved clay coffins in this museum, one belongs to a warrior girl named “Lamibarry” (Amazon horsewoman). An ancient inscription reads: “My daughter is Lamibarry. In the war, she died from the spear of the enemy. Lamibarri is the daughter of Iahi. She masterfully owned a war horse and was a fearless warrior." On the other side of this clay coffin, her parents wrote a word of farewell: “Our beloved girl, you were our flower of hope. We will be planting flowers. But you died, you died! What can we do to fate ?! You were the defender of the country." For a change, the author A.A. Divaev cites other inscriptions as an example (who needs it, let them translate it themselves). At this time, these clay coffins are there or not in the Khawaji Ahmed Yasawi mausoleum I do not know for sure. Secret organization of Nazi Germany «Ahnenerbe» (Schutzstaffel) [30] (5) in 1935-1945, in vain did they seek the ancient Aryan race in Tibet and around the world, when the artifacts they needed all the time were in the Kazakh city of Turkestan. (5) The Ahnenerbe (ancestral heritage) was a think tank that operated in Nazi Germany between 1935 and 1945. It was an appendage of the Schutzstaffel (SS) and had been established by Heinrich Himmler, the Reichsführer of the SS. It was devoted to the task of promoting the racial doctrines espoused by Adolf Hitler and his governing Nazi Party, specifically by supporting the idea that the modern Germans descended from an ancient Aryan race which was biologically superior to other racial groups. The group comprised scholars and scientists from a broad range of academic disciplines. The ancient owners (Saxons and Greco-Bactrians) of these clay coffins are currently located at the very bottom of the Kultobe hill (the ancient city of Iasi). If Western and Kazakhstani archaeologists join forces, it may well be that each of the interested parties will find the truth and artifacts that interest them... 523 What is "civilization" at all and who invented it? Selected quotes from the preface to the first volume of Albert Schweitzer’s "Philosophy of Civilization": "Civilization, put quite simply, consists in our giving ourselves, as human beings, to the effort to attain the perfection of the human race and the actualization of progress of every sort in the circumstances of humanity and of the objective world…. "Firstly, we must be prepared to act affirmatively toward the world and life; secondly, we must become ethical." It has been said, "we have meet the enemy and he is us." When the question is asked, who is the cause of our present difficulties, no country will say "we share the blame." [31] On the topic of "civilization", many ancient philosophers, the highest minds of the Middle Ages and modern mankind, who can write, have written so many books that it would be enough to warm one big house all winter. However, despite this, to find among these books a clear definition of all aspects of civilization in short is impossible. The reason is that the human brain is not able to sort all this information. I hope in the future, "artificial intelligence" will help humanity to determine the short meaning of the term "civilization". In the meantime, it remains for us to be satisfied only with various clever thoughts that eclipses each other, just as the Moon covers the huge Sun with its disk. Since I am not a philosopher and not a wise genius with a capital letter, but just a thinking man in my own way, I will limit myself to the etymology of this term. Civilization, as its etymology (below) suggests, is a concept originally linked to towns and cities. The earliest emergence of civilizations is generally associated with the final stages of the Neolithic Revolution, culminating in the relatively rapid process of urban revolution and state formation, a political development associated with the appearance of a governing elite. [32] The English word civilization comes from the 16th-century French civilisé ("civilized"), from Latin civilis ("civil"), related to civis ("citizen") and civitas ("city"). [33] The fundamental treatise is Norbert Elias's The Civilizing Process (1939), (6) which traces social mores from medieval courtly society to the Early Modern period. (6) It remains the most influential sociological study of the topic, spawning its own body of secondary literature. Notably, Hans Peter Duerr attacked it in a major work (3,500 pages in five volumes, published 1988–2002). Elias, at the time a nonagenarian, was still able to respond to the criticism the year before his death. In 2002, Duerr was himself criticized by Michael Hinz's Der Zivilisationsprozeß: Mythos oder Realität (2002), saying that his criticism amounted to a hateful defamation of Elias, through excessive standards of political correctness. Der Spiegel 40/2002 In The Philosophy of Civilization (1923), Albert Schweitzer outlines two opinions: one purely material and the other material and ethical. He said that the world crisis was from humanity losing the ethical idea of civilization, "the sum total of all progress made by man in every sphere of action and from every point of view in so far as the progress helps towards the spiritual perfecting of individuals as the progress of all progress". [31] 524 Historically, civilization has often been understood as a larger and "more advanced" culture, in contrast to smaller, supposedly primitive cultures. [34] [35] [36] [37] Similarly, some scholars have described civilization as being necessarily multicultural. [38] Civilization concentrates power, extending human control over the rest of nature, including over other human beings. [39] As an uncountable noun, "civilization" also refers to the process of a society developing into a centralized, urbanized, stratified structure. Civilizations are organized in densely populated settlements divided into hierarchical social classes with a ruling elite and subordinate urban and rural populations, which engage in intensive agriculture, mining, small-scale manufacture and trade. [40] From the above quotes and definitions, we clearly understood that “civilization” is supported only by settlements and cities, factories and new technologies. This leads to the conclusion that when we say the word “civilization”, a huge “fundamental building” is drawn in front of our eyes. For general information, I will say that six territories (cradle) in the world are considered the ancient center of civilization. 1) Fertile crescent moon (Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt); 2) Ancient India; 3) Ancient China; 4) Ancient Peru; 5) Ancient Mesoamerica; 6) The cradle of Western civilization (classical Greece and ancient Rome). [41] And what is the situation with the cradles of the “nomads” about which I am writing and trying to prove that in this huge world there is still another “civilization” built by nomads in the boundless steppes of Eurasia. Do any “nomadic civilization” get through any “holes” into this fundamental building of civilization, built by settled peoples? Among hundreds of quotes about nomads, I found this vague and incomprehensible quote in content: "In this broad sense, a civilization contrasts with non-centralized tribal societies, including the cultures of nomadic pastoralists, Neolithic societies or hunter-gatherers, but sometimes it also contrasts with the cultures found within civilizations themselves." [42] In a word, all the doors, windows and even holes of this fundamental building of civilization are tightly closed for nomads. Sedentary peoples scream to us from the high tower of this building: "Get out of here – smelly barbarians." And indeed, we find "nomads" among the "barbarians": "A barbarian is a human who is perceived to be either uncivilized or primitive. The designation is usually applied as a generalization based on a popular stereotype; barbarians can be members of any nation judged by some to be less civilized or orderly (such as a tribal society) but may also be part of a certain "primitive" cultural group (such as nomads) or social class (such as bandits) both within and outside one's own nation". [42] "The Greeks admired Scythians and Galatians as heroic individuals – and even (as in the case of Anacharsis) as philosophers – but they regarded their culture as barbaric. The Romans indiscriminately characterised the various Germanic tribes, the settled Gauls, and the raiding Huns as barbarians,[citation needed] and subsequent classically oriented historical narratives depicted the migrations associated with the end of the Western Roman Empire as the "barbarian invasions". [42] For instance, the nomadic steppe peoples north of the Black Sea, including the Pechenegs and the Kipchaks, were called barbarians by the Byzantines". [43] 525 What Genghis Khan thought about civilization, nothing, just sneezed at him I sat and thought, because all of the above barbaric peoples – Scythians, Huns, Kipchaks and others were my ancestors. Before me was a difficult choice: what should I do, reject them from myself and join others or pretend that nothing is happening. For various life circumstances, a person is forced to change every day as a chameleon several times. But there are things that cannot be changed either externally (eyes, skin color, belonging to a certain race) and internal (oneself and one's destiny). By the will of my fate, I was born into a family of nomads and will forever remain for others a wild nomad who looks the truth in the eye. Between 1206-1309, the Mongol Empire, headed by Genghis Khan (the imperial house of Borzhigin) formed a multinational empire with a total area of 24,000,000 square kilometers. [44] (7) The great Genghis Khan sat in his golden throne and thought how to manage this huge empire. For many years, he dictated his innermost thoughts to the “Bitikshi” (people who can write), and they wrote “Qyryk Zhasak” (Yehe Zasag - the oral forty code of honor, the law or the Constitution of the nomads). [45] After 800 years, this code of honor of Genghis Khan seems harsh, cruel and even a little ridiculous, but we must not forget that millions of people lived under these laws for hundreds of years. Based on this forty law, in the 15-18 centuries the Kazakh khans Kasym-khan, Esim-khan and Tauke-khan created their own laws "Zheti Zhargy". [46] There was very little word in these laws, but the action emanating from it was enormous. And justice always triumphed ... (7) In fairness, it should be said that this mark in square kilometers was reached only by the Russian Empire in 1895 (22,800,000 sq. km.), the USSR from 1922 until its collapse in 1991 (22,402,200 sq. km.) and much more than everyone else by the British Empire in 1920 (35,500,000 sq. km.). [44] “In the settled peoples, Genghis Khan saw an inveterate desire for material wealth, which was not always honestly acquired, arrogant, insulting treatment of the lower and humiliated peoples before the higher. In their political life, he saw careerism, betrayal and treason. For the same reason, Genghis Khan despised the sedentary peoples and gave a covenant to his descendants and the entire Mongolian people to preserve their nomadic life and beware of becoming sedentary. This covenant of Genghis Khan, until the beginning of the twentieth century, was observed by all nomads of Eurasia. However, it would be erroneous to deduce from the above conclusion that, neglecting the type of people spoiled by civilization, because of this he despised civilization on its own, as it might seem at first glance, judging by the destruction and the beatings of people which he produced in the then cultured countries. On the contrary, one of the most important political tasks that the great Mongol conqueror set himself was precisely the creation of an intermediary from the entire Asian power between the civilizations of the East and West, so that the peoples subject to him could take advantage of the one and the other, and especially the fruits of the materialistic culture of civilized peoples. He did not appreciate the moral character of the settled peoples, but he appreciated their military equipment. ” [47] 526 History and our life itself proves that Genghis Khan was in many respects right. The British author, biographer, historian and journalist Francis James McLynn (born August 29, 1941), known as Frank MacLinn, wrote the book "Genghis Khan. The man who conquered the world." [48] From his book one can catch such an interesting idea that it was Genghis Khan who delayed the “apocalypse of modern civilization” for several centuries, destroying as many settled centers of civilization as possible. Examples of my thoughts can be taken from the nature around us. We all know that wolves are orderlies in the forest, and not “butchers” as people draw. The wolf destroys all weak and sick animals. In addition, it regulates the number of herds. If all predators suddenly disappeared, what would happen? It might seem that moose and roe deer would prosper and live happily, because no one preys on them ... But this is far from the case. They would begin to multiply rapidly and after some time an overpopulation would occur in the herd, hunger due to lack of food, epidemics would begin, because there is no one to take infectious animals from relatives. Then among the ungulates mass pestilence would begin – they would die due to hunger and disease. And in the end, only a handful of surviving weakened animals would remain from the herd. The ecosystem would have suffered along the way – because they would have eaten all the grass, depriving all other forest inhabitants of shelter and food. The corpses of millions of dead ungulates would be decomposed on the bare ground, spreading a terrible smell and pathogenic bacteria through the forest. And all due to the fact that only one link in the food chain has disappeared – the wolf. [49] In my opinion, it is precisely this event that is happening with our civilization today. You can argue on this topic as much as you like, but the essence of our life from this still does not change. To teach former nomads to behave in a civilized manner in the way of the Western world is already useless. They are already educated thanks to modern civilization and read various books, scientific papers, listen to world news and, by the way, write no worse than them. Therefore, sometimes they (the civilized world) should probably listen better and try to understand them. The sedentary civilization (moose and roe deer) wiped out the nomadic civilization (wolves) from the face of the Earth so that the past shameful defeat from them would not be repeated. What happened is what happened. However, in the end, sedentary civilization lost this battle of civilization. Now, any person unbalanced in character can do what he wants, and put the world on the brink of nuclear war. Worst of all, as a result of these transformations, the whole world began to live according to the laws of Sedentary civilization and began to devour everything that fell into their hands and began to deify "debauchery, greed, and a soulless attitude to everything." Scientists' forecasts for the future of our civilization are disappointing, if not war, then hunger will destroy us anyway. In connection with this problem, Charles Jansen writes an interesting idea, which I will give below. “LESSONS FROM THE DESERT: The day when those of a Sedentary disposition could force others to settle is long gone. We now live in an epoch of dissolution, where we have space only because we suffer from rootlessness. But, precisely because of this, nomads survive better and endure less exploitation. In such an environment, the Sedentary may have a lot to learn from the Nomadic. Some of the boundaries of our sedentary world are clearly decaying. Many European cities have become sad and soulless places, with schools, offices, and factories turned into debilitating straitjackets. The children of the sedentary turn into fragile youngsters – or, as the non-White 527 French have come to say, babtous fragiles – mindless consumers but also nice guys, weaklings, and exploitable "soft touches."”. [50] Welcome to the mysterious world of nomads! Man, in fact, at all times of his existence, was an animal (naturally he is not a tree or a stone) and had to live like an animal, always respecting the laws of nature. The Almighty God gave man intellect and consciousness so that he would take care (not destroy) the other other animals that live only by instinct. Man, as a two-legged animal, from time to time had to undergo, like the whole animal, natural selection, so that the next generation would be better in everything than the previous one. However, things did not go as God intended at the beginning of the creation of all living beings. But he patiently treats everything that happens until all this goes beyond what is permitted ... The destruction of human civilization by God or by man himself will occur continuously until one day God reaches his goal as was planned at the beginning of everything. From this moment, a person will comprehend the meaning of his existence on the globe and will no longer repeat the mistakes made by their ancestors. Oddly enough, all these thoughts and wisdom are not taken from the holy books of people, they were recorded in the oral laws of the nomads. I grew up on these oral laws transmitted by my ancestors. Until today, no one has counted how many sections, chapters and verses are in this law of Nature, because it was constantly supplemented with new information. However, the basic verse of this law is clear to all nomads from childhood: "Do not take more from Nature than you need, and return what you took as much as possible, then everything will be in order." Today, when the whole world sucks everything that is possible from Nature, but does not return anything, it seems fantastically impossible to fulfill these requirements of nomads. However, how to be content with the small and insignificant resources that Nature provides, you can learn from the nomadic Kazakhs. It is useless to look for this quality among settled Kazakhs, since they too have become soulless consumers like the Western world. Before entering a nomadic steppe and an unknown civilization, which is based on oral laws, a sedentary world must fulfill several requirements of nomads, no matter how painful they are for modern civilization. Because it is they who are to blame for the disappearance of the nomadic way of life from the face of the Earth. 1) publicly recognize nomadic civilization and its multifaceted culture in all rights, for example, on a par with Sedentary civilization; 2) publicly recognize Central Asia, Mongolia and the territory of Kazakhstan as the cradle of nomadic civilization; 3) to finance and stimulate all possible attempts of nomads to revive forgotten ancient traditions and rites; 4) modern civilization can constantly observe, but should never intervene and try to correct the course of events during the revival of a nomadic lifestyle; 528 5) everything should happen in a natural way, and no one should turn this recovery process into a television show for the sake of entertainment and profit, etc. This will be a very long recovery process. For ten or twenty years it is impossible to revive and remember all the subtleties of a nomadic life, lost hundreds or thousands of years ago. Of course, an advanced, but rotten to the ground, modern civilization can consider all these requirements as unrealistic nonsense and give up on everything. But this may be the only saving straw for the future of our civilization. As we see, the choice is very small: the word “yes” can be of great importance for the future, the word “no” can be the beginning of the end. You can start with a little experiment: one part of the steppe is transferred to settled families from the Western world, and the other part of the steppe is transferred to a nomad tribe. This will not be a competition that determines the intellect and resourcefulness of the two groups, but mutual respect for each other and mutual survival in this empty world of spirituality. The Great Genghis Khan dreamed about this at the beginning of his military campaign to the West. However, the soulless world surrounding humanity did not understand him and he was forced to fight in order to realize his dream. The already worse situation was aggravated by his bloodthirsty descendants, who fought among themselves like dogs that fight over oily bones. In the end, we got the very fragile world today that we did not want at all. What happened then, 800 years ago, has long been gone. The face of the globe has changed a lot. Now there is a unique opportunity to start everything from the very beginning, already without swords and bows. This time, nomadic peoples who are accustomed to living with small reserves and who can protect depleted natural resources will exchange experiences with settled peoples to be happy with those few resources that Nature gives us. Is one recognized and one unrecognized civilization ready to lend a hand of friendship to each other? The whole question lies in this handshake and the openness of the souls of East and West ... After conducting this mini-experiment on the territory of Kazakhstan in a certain period of time, we can conclude whether it is worth continuing the maximum experiment already in the Western world. P.S. By the way, I wrote about this idea of conducting an experiment between nomads and sedentary people in the introduction to the book "Nomads – their mysterious mentality, their calendar and much more that you did not know before." To supplement this idea with new information, I decided to publish this entire article as an introduction to a new book. 529 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Turkestan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan 2. Mausoleum of Khoja https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi Ahmed Yasawi: 3. Gladys D. Clewell, Holland Thompson, Lands and Peoples: The world in color, Volume 3, page 163. Excerpt: Never a single nation, the name Turkestan means simply the place of Turkish peoples. 4. 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Phoenician alphabet: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet 30. Ahnenerbe: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnenerbe 31. The Collected Works of John B. Isom (12/2/1909 http://www.johnbisom.com/PhilosophyOfCivilizationExcerpts.html – 4/23/2004): 32. Civilization: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization 33. Sullivan, Larry E. (2009). The SAGE Glossary of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. SAGE Publications. p. 73. ISBN 9781412951432 34. Boyden, Stephen Vickers (2004). The Biology of Civilisation. UNSW Press. pp. 7-8. ISBN 9780868407661 35. Wright, Ronald (2004). A Short History of Progress. House of Anansi. pp. 115, 117, and 212. ISBN 9780887847066 36. Llobera, Josep (2003). An Invitation to Anthropology. Berghahn Books. pp. 136–137. ISBN 9781571815972 531 37. Bolesti, Maria (2013). Barbarism and Its Discontents. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804785372 38. Adams, Robert McCormick (1966). The Evolution of Urban Society. Transaction Publishers. p. 13. ISBN 9780202365947 39. Wei, Ruan (2011). "Civilization and Culture" (PDF). Globality Studies Journal (24) 40. Mann, Michael (1986). The Sources of Social Power. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 34-41 41. Cradle_of_civilization: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization 42. Barbarian: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian 43. The Pechenegs, Steven Lowe and Dmitriy V. Ryaboy: https://web.archive.org/web/20091027115640/http://www.geocities.com/egfroth1/Pechenegs 44. List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area in excess of 200,000 square kilometers:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_and_geographic_subdivisions_by_total_a rea_in_excess_of_200,000_square_kilometers 45. Qyryk Zhasak (Yehe Zasag): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa 46. Zheti Zhargy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheti_Zhargy 47. LitMir – Digital Library> Hara-Dawan Erenzhen> Genghis Khan. The Great Conqueror>Page 18: https://www.litmir.me/br/?b=138755&p=18 48. Frank McLynn. Genghis Khan. The man who conquered the world. © Frank McLynn, 2015. © Translation. D. Lobanov, 2015. © Publication in Russian AST Publishers, 2019 49. Why is a wolf called a orderlies in the forest? https://zooclub.ru/faq/show.php?id=4308 50. By Charles Jansen: The Nomad Vs. The Sedentary: Surviving the rootless future: https://affirmativeright.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-nomad-vs-sedentary-surviving.html 532 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar The famous but unknown to us "Stellar Calendar" Copyright 2020 © Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published January 30, 2020 Introduction Any prudent person or a person who considers himself sane, will never go against the rules, axioms and postulates (1) that are generally accepted throughout the world. Because these solid concepts, invented by the higher minds of man, will reject all "innovations", since "he" does not fit into the overall picture of the subject. However, like our (or alien) Universe, the human mind also expands ... (1) An axiom or postulate is a statement that is taken to be true, to serve as a premise or starting point for further reasoning and arguments. The word comes from the Greek axíōma (ἀξίωμα) 'that which is thought worthy or fit' or 'that which commends itself as evident.' [1] [2] The term has subtle differences in definition when used in the context of different fields of study. As defined in classic philosophy, an axiom is a statement that is so evident or well-established, that it is accepted without controversy or question. [3] As used in modern logic, an axiom is a premise or starting point for reasoning. [4] The last time such a "great confrontation between higher minds" was in the early twentieth century, when some Albertik with curly hair wrote the "theory of relativity" (E = mc²) and wanted to prove the fallacy of Newton's "celestial mechanics". In the beginning, almost all the scientists of the world were against this theory. Unbelievable, but the fact is that a little later this curly Einstein defeated everyone, he got what he wanted, and all at once. A hundred years have passed since then, Albert Einstein left us his mysterious "brain" as a gift, and his controversial body plunged into oblivion. Now the higher minds of mankind hold on tightly to the "theory of relativity" and do not allow any "innovation" closer. It is clear to everyone that this will not work on forever. Because, “tiny Einsteins” are trying to destroy the same reinforced concrete wall that "Big Albert" built, which is ridiculous with his own “theory of relativity No. 2”. [5] Speaking without humor, in modern science there are indeed many unsolved problems or unanswered questions that Einstein's "theory of relativity" has left us. [6] However, until today, no one has thought and is not going to think about the fact that by accidentally “accepting the theory of relativity” in the scientific arsenal as the “Polaris”, we ourselves do not create a very big problem for ourselves !? 533 The calendar certainly has nothing to do with the "theory of relativity" In the Kazakh language, the word "calendar" is called "kuntizbe", [7] which in the literal sense is translated as "chain of days". We are forced to agree that this Kazakh name is more understandable than the international term “calendar”. (2) (2) The term calendar is taken from "calendae", the term for the first day of the month in the Roman calendar, related to the verb calare "to call out", referring to the "calling" of the new moon when it was first seen. [8] Latin "calendarium" meant "account book, register" (as accounts were settled and debts were collected on the calends of each month). The Latin term was adopted in Old French as calendier and from there in Middle English as calender by the 13th century (the spelling calendar is early modern). [9] Although the calendar is closely linked to “time,” it has never been considered a science, since it has nothing to do with “space” or “the universe.” The roots of the calendar are tightly connected only by the Earth (human civilization) and formally with the solar system. Compared to “space” or “the universe,” the entire solar system is a very small point, which is placed on the tip of a needle. Perhaps for this reason, modern science studying the Universe has gradually forgotten that at first “astronomy”, and then Your Majesty “astrophysical science” was born thanks to a harmless calendar. The paradox here is that the "astrophysical science", which does not care about the calendar, completely forgot that he lives on Earth. For a correct understanding of the essence of the Universe, it would sometimes be useful for him to study or deal with the "calendar problems" of the Earth. Because the "Reason" did not appear in the Universe, but on Earth. I always notice that calendar topics, whatever they are, attract people like a magnet. This is probably due to the fact that our past, present and future will always be closely and inextricably linked with this deeply meaningful concept. 534 All articles related to the "Astronomical Bases of Calendars", repeats each other without change In fact, all the calendars of the world do not work without astronomy, and to separate them is useless thing. This is evidenced by these records taken from the Internet: “There are three principal astronomical cycles that can be used by a calendar: Day – Based on the rotation of the earth on its axis. Year – Based on the revolution of the earth around the sun. Month – Based on the revolution of the moon around the earth. Depending which cycles are used, calendars are divided into three groups: • Solar calendar – Designed to be synchronized with the tropical year. For example, Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. • Lunar calendar – Designed to be synchronized with the synodic month. For example, Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar. • Lunisolar calendar – Designed to be synchronized with both tropical year and synodic month. For example, Hebrew and Chinese calendars are lunisolar calendars”. [10] [11] [12] [13] For some reason, all European and other foreign authors write only about these three types of calendars and still remain silent about the "Stellar Calendar", which is very similar in structure to the "Solar Calendar" and the "Lunar-Stellar Calendar", which is very similar in structure to the "Lunar-solar calendar." Over time, these three types of calendars for modern science have become such unshakable axioms and postulates that ordinary readers think that other types of calendars never existed. The scientist all the time, justifying the "unjustified actions" of modern science, can mislead unsuspecting ordinary readers. In other words, retreating all the time, no one can reach the truth or defeat the enemy. In other words, stepping back all the time, no one can reach the truth or defeat the enemy. Thus, we can assume that modern science most likely does not know about these "stellar calendars" or does not want to spend time and energy to study them, since it does not fit into this topic. A reader who does not know this topic can say that the calendar topic is very simple, and therefore everything can be put in its place very quickly. But, I assure you, in fact, not everything is so simple When even an elementary school student now knows more about astronomy than the most advanced Mayan priest, Chinese, Hindu or Arab, everything seems very simple to us. If we take into account that in ancient times there was not even a mechanical clock for measuring time, not to mention telescopes and other instruments, the invisible scale of the problem of ancient people begins to gradually appear. Ancient astronomers, priests, stargazers, pontiffs, had only two eyes, two hands and a clouded mind, polluted by various prejudices. In addition, many of them could not even count to “one hundred” and did not know what “zero” was. 535 I do not consider myself as smart as many other scientists who consider primitive ancient astronomical sciences, through the prism of modern scientific achievement. I think and interpreting things very primitively as ancient people who had no idea what “time and space” is. I am sure that these ancient people not only watched the Moon and the Sun, they watched the stars. For example, no matter how stupid and primitive the ancient astronomers may be, I will argue with everyone if he says that these people ignored Sirius (Sotis) or the Pleiades. For example, compared with the modern Gregorian calendar adopted by the pope in the 16th century CE, the Roman ancient primitive agricultural calendar from the time of Marcus Terentius Varro (116-27 BC) looks much more interesting. As soon as you read the lines familiar to you below, you will involuntarily feel that from these primitive texts you will see the clean "fresh air" of antiquity (it is strange why we did not notice it before): 1. “The first day of spring occurs [when the sun is] in Aquarius, that of summer when it is in Taurus, of autumn when it is in Leo, of winter when it is in Scorpio. As the twenty-third day of each one of these four signs is the first day of the four seasons, [73] this makes spring contain 91 days, summer 94, autumn 91, winter 89, which numbers, reduced to the official calendar now in force, [74] fix the beginning of spring on February 7, of summer on May 9, of autumn on August 11, of winter on November 10. 2. “But in the more exact divisions certain things are to be taken into account, which cause an eightfold division: the first from the rising of the [p. 251] west wind to the vernal equinox, 45 days, thence to the rising of the Pleiades 44 days, thence to the solstice 48 days, thence to the rising of the Dog Star [Sirius] 27 days, thence to the autumnal equinox 67 days, from there to the setting of the Pleiades 32 days, hence to the winter solstice 57 days, and back to the rising of the west wind 45 days”. [14] (3) (3) 44 days (before the Pleiades heliacal rising) + 48 days (before the summer solstice) + 27 days (before the rise of the Dog Star [Sirius]) + 67 days (until the autumn equinox) + 32 days (before the establishment of the Pleiades in the sky) + 57 days (before the winter solstice) + 45 days (before the rising west wind) + 45 days (before the spring equinox) = (total) 365 days a year. The decoding of the ancient Roman agricultural calendar belongs to the author of this article (© K.A.K.): 1st period (spring): from February 7 to March 22 – 44 (1-44) days; 2nd period (spring): from March 23 to May 9 – 48 (45-92) days; 3rd period (summer): from May 10 to June 5 – 27 (93-119) days; 4th period (summer): from June 6 to August 11 – 67 (120-186) days; 5th period (autumn): from August 12 to September 12 – 32 (187-218) days; 6th period (autumn): from September 13 to November 8 – 57 (219-275) days; 7th period (winter): from November 9 to December 23 – 45 (276-320) days; 8th period (winter): from December 24 to February 6 – 45 (321-365) days; 536 Although all this amazing cultural heritage of antiquity is called the “ancient Roman agricultural calendar”, we clearly see that this is none other than the typical “Stellar calendar”. Like the nomads of Turkestan (Central Asia), the sedentary ancient Romans also adored the Pleiades (Vergiliae – Vergiliarum) star cluster. (4) As we can see from this calendar, the ancient Roman new year began in the spring, along with the Pleiades heliacal rising. (4) Definition in Latin: Pleiades (-um, f.pl., sg. "Pleias"; Graece: Πλειάδες et in carminibus epicis Πελειάδες), in lingua Latina classica Vergiliae sive sidus Vergiliarum [Vergiliae f pl (genitive Vergiliārum)], hodiernis etiam appellationibus Messier 45 et Melotte 22 notae, sunt cumulus apertus stellarum fere septem, cum duabus aliis necnon multis minus perspicuis congregatarum, in constellatione Tauro visarum. [15] [16] During the reign of the dictator-emperor Gaius Julius Caesar (Latin Gaius Iulius Caesar., July 12, 100 B.C. – March 15, 44 B.C.) there was a calendar reform. The Egyptian (Misr) scholar Sosigenes of Alexandria (Greek: Σωσιγένης ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς), intentionally or unknowingly, together 8 periods of the ancient Roman agricultural calendar, introduced 12 months of 28, 29, 30 and 31 days as in Egypt. From January 1, 44 BC (until today) the ancient Roman star calendar has lost its close connection with the harmonious rhythm of the sky. The famous but unknown to us "Stellar Calendar" Thus, there were three types of calendar: 1) Lunar; 2) Solar; 3) Stellar. Lunar and Solar (and naturally lunar-solar) calendars are very well known to modern science. But the "Stellar calendar" in this regard was not lucky. The magnitude of the synodic month of 29.53 days serves as the basis for the lunar calendar and the magnitude of the tropical year 365.2425 days serves as the basis for the solar calendar. Actually, any educated inhabitant of the planet knows this very well, even perfectly. But the "Stellar Calendar" in this regard was not lucky. The magnitude of the sidereal month of 27.32 days was the basis of the "Stellar Calendar". Although this value of 27.32 days is found in many ancient cultures (Maya, Aztec, Chibcha-Muisca, Turkic peoples, etc.), they are in every way ignored by modern science. The reason or question why this happens, I think the answer is very banal and simple. Modern astronomical science does not know anything about the "Stellar Calendar" (or rather, the "Lunar-Stellar Calendar"). And as always, in order not to drop his scientific reputation, he retains “proud silence”! The truth is that I still do not have an academic degree, and, in addition, I do not write like all scientists in a “boring” technical language. There is an explanation for this. Firstly, in Kazakhstan or abroad, I still would not find myself a supervisor or mentor / teacher who knew well about the "Stellar Calendar" (or rather, the "Lunar-Stellar Calendar"). Secondly, I would spend my life getting a certificate of a candidate or doctor of science, but I would not achieve my goal – to learn the truth. Thirdly, when I consciously refused the two previous privileges, I had enough space to study the subject and maneuver. The most important advantage that I had was that I was free and presented to myself. When I finished the theoretical part of the study for 30 years, I invited the western scientist Peter Johann Meyer, who completed the practical part of the study in three months (October-December) 2018. In the same year I published my version of the "Kazakh National Calendar" in a nontechnical language, [17] and he published in the technical language of the "The Kazakh Nomad 537 Calendar" for a special computer program. [18] Two years have passed since then, and many readers from 120 countries of the world have read our works. However, deathly silence remains, despite the fact that the "Stellar Calendar" (or rather, the "Lunar-Stellar Calendar") has the right to life, like the other well-known calendars. Why "about the calendars of nomads" became known only now? There are many explanations for this problem, basically it can be explained as a natural result of five objective reasons: Firstly, even after numerous annexations of the land of nomads by formidable neighbors (Russians, Chinese), the territory of the country is very large (it occupies the 9th place in the world); Secondly, the territory occupied by Kazakh nomads for thousands and thousands of years has become an arena of endless military (war of Genghis Khan, Kalmaks and Zhongars, etc.) and social disasters, where people died in millions (for example, the famine of 1932); [19] Thirdly, the elected timekeeper (Abyz) Esepshi always worked alone, secretly from prying eyes and neutrally, each in their own regions; Fourth, each Esepshi kept his knowledge acquisition so secretly leaving them only to his descendants or capable students (the number of moon phases, numbers coverings of the Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon, mathematical equality, astronomical formulas, names of the lunar and solar months, etc.); Fifth, when these disparate regions of the nomads united into one whole country (the Kazakh Republic), all these so-called “secrets” surfaced and confusion began, which continues to this day, etc. Many Russian and European researchers in the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with good intentions, tried to fully study, systematize and publish the "Kazakh national calendar." However, these attempts by Western scientists from the very beginning were a failure and would have ended even worse as they are now and more disastrously. Fortunately for the nomads, many misunderstandings began, the result of which affects to this day. For example, many Esepshi could not meet with these researchers, since they were constantly in deserted steppes, and simple Kazakh nomads from the southern, central, northern, eastern and western regions, who know almost nothing about calendars, interpreted the main lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” differently. Ultimately, these researchers who did not know the language, rituals, mentality of the nomads gave up on all this and left. They just didn’t leave, they wrote where possible that the nomads “can’t count days, months and years”, etc. This shameful nonsense of researchers and injustice regarding nomads has not been removed or refuted to this day. Since the numerous and multifaceted knowledge of Kazakh Esepshi from different regions was never recorded or systematized by anyone, in the twentieth century, even in the Kazakh media and books [20] there was a lot of confusion regarding the calendar months. 538 Survivors of many social and other disasters, some modern descendants of the ancient Esepshi still keep many objects, tools and ancient knowledge at the very bottom of their chests and protect them as a “family shrine” from prying eyes. Thus, the nomads, not even knowing what “intimate knowledge” they keep in their chests, lived and continue to live as they like. Perhaps God needed a nomad who knows all this "forgotten knowledge" from the inside. Sometimes I regret (why do I need all this), sometimes I rejoice that it was me who turned out to be this nomad. How all this can end for me, I honestly do not know. Only one God knows everything. While I am alive, I will continue to explore the nomads and their knowledge, and I will write, write and write again ... 539 BIBLIOGRAPHY-REFERENCES 01. Cf. axiom, n., etymology. Oxford English Dictionary, accessed 2012-04-28. 02. Oxford American College Dictionary: "n. a statement or proposition that is regarded as being established, accepted, or self-evidently true. ORIGIN: late 15th cent.: ultimately from Greek axiōma 'what is thought fitting,' from axios 'worthy.' HighBeam[dead link] (subscription required) 03. "A proposition that commends itself to general acceptance; a well-established or universally conceded principle; a maxim, rule, law" axiom, n., definition 1a. Oxford English Dictionary Online, accessed 2012-04-28. Cf. Aristotle, Posterior Analytics I.2.72a18-b4. 04. "A proposition (whether true or false)" axiom, n., definition 2. Oxford English Dictionary Online, accessed 2012-04-28. 05. Galilean-Newtonean rebuttal to Einstein's relativity https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319964445_GALILEANNEWTONEAN_REBUTTAL_TO_EINSTEIN'S_RELATIVITY_THEORY 06. List of unsolved problems https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics in theory: physics: 07. Kuntizbe (chain of days): https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kүntіzbe 08. Calendar: New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 09. Calendar: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar 10. Astronomical Bases of Calendars., © 2020 by Dr. Herong http://www.herongyang.com/year/Background-Calendar-Astronomical-Bases.html Yang: 11. by L. E. Doggett., Calendars., Reprinted from the Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, P. Kenneth Seidelmann, editor, with permission from University Science Books, Sausalito, CA 94965: https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/calendars.html 12. Calendars from around the world., Written by Alan Longstaff., © National Maritime Museum 2005: https://www.rmg.co.uk/sites/default/files/Calendars-from-around-the-world.pdf 13. Astronomical Basis of Calendars., Copyright © 2008 IDEA - webexhibits.org/calendars: http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/year-astronomy.html 14. Marcus Terentius Varro., on Agriculture., Book I (from the 27th paragraph to the 37th paragraph)., This webpage reproduces a Book of De Re Rustica by Varro published in the Loeb Classical Library, 1934., The text is in the public domain: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Varro/de_Re_Rustica/1*.html 15. Pleiades – Vergiliae – Vergiliarum: https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades 16. Vergiliae – Vergiliarum: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Vergiliae 17. By Kaldarhan A. Kambar., First published 28 November 2018 540 (Last modified 9 December 2018)., Copyright US © 2017., Kazakh National Calendar: https://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud/knc/Kazakh%20National%20Calendar.pdf 18. By Peter Johann Meyer., Calendars New and Old: https://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud.htm 19. Kazakh famine of 1932-33: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_famine_of_1932–33 20. Mynbay O. Iskakov, "Khalyk calendary" (People's calendar), "Kazakhstan" publishing house, 2nd edition, 1980, – p.318., (A., "Zhazushi" Publishing House, 3rd edition, 2009). 541 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar Artificial Intelligence vs. Human Mind Copyright 2020 © Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published February 3, 2020 Introduction The other day, I was going to write my next article on the topic of "nomads." Usually I rarely use quotes, phrases or materials from other authors, so that later there is no misunderstanding. I always try to write only my thoughts, despite the fact that some readers sometimes do not like him. Considering that there are 7 billion people living on Earth now, and you can get 7 billion opinions on one common topic, this means that everyone cannot like your material. I am more than enough if only 7 people read or like my materials. Since I studied this topic, which I am going to write for a long time, almost from childhood, I suddenly became interested in what Western authors or scientists think or write about this topic. Without much effort, I found one European link on this topic. Jeffrey Hays' Facts and Details website (from which country I don’t know) wrote about several countries (World Topics, Asian Topics, China, Japan, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, India, Central Asia, Russia). I carefully began to read material called "Rural and nomadic life in Kazakhstan." In this collection, I counted as many as 16 articles. Although everything was correctly written in these articles from the point of view of historical science, observing references to sources, a flaw was still felt. To understand this (which is missing in this article), I read other articles by the author. And suddenly this phrase of Jeffrey Hays caught my eye: “Well, so far I’ve put together about 600 articles on China with around 5,000 total pages and about the same for Japan. In the last year I have added another section called "World Topics" with around 4,000 or so pages that has articles on the world's religion, ancient history, the developing world, food, minerals, energy, the sea, geology the rain forest – topics that apply to a lot of different countries. I am currently adding pictures to these articles. In the next few months I hope to start adding more countries, starting with countries in Southeast Asia . On top of this keeping China and Japan up to date requires about 200 or 300 pages a month. Ultimately I hope to cover the entire world. It’s a lot of work. I am now beginning to seek some Wikipedia-style help to make faster progress.” And suddenly the thought dawned on me "I understood what was the matter." All these articles are written in the same dry and dead language, as, for example, using programmed "artificial intelligence". In these articles there is no human soul and compassion, which is in these 7 billion souls living on Earth. Probably my thoughts are incomprehensible to the reader, so I will reveal this topic ... 542 People are gradually turning into a machine that has no soul It is no secret that in our everyday life many sectors of the economy use – artificial intelligence. Once having been born, it cannot disappear forever. He does not require us, people, food, clothing and comfort. Gradually, but surely he will take away from us the most important thing – work. He is not visible, therefore no one can see him and most importantly there is no one to fight with. Not to mention adults, try to take away high-tech gadgets from your children, the result is on the face. Look carefully at the eyes of your children (eyes are a mirror of the soul) and you will see not childish resentment, but anger and aggression. This is the first sign that we are plunging and turning into a car. The farther we move, the worse it becomes. We are surrounded by a sea of unnecessary information that has no soul. Why do we do all this and why do we live in this world, to understand is becoming more and more difficult. This is already a complete sign that we are not becoming slaves of the Almighty God, but slaves of the machine that we ourselves invented. We want to deceive our raging soul, reassure him that we are moving in the right direction towards a brighter future. In the 1940s of the last century, the hardworking and cultured German nation thought so. Only a few Germans understood that they were gradually turning into a ruthless death machine. Having felt the smell and taste of blood once, almost the entire German nation ceased to understand why they are exterminating unarmed Jews, and I am sure, and now many do not understand why they did it. I have read and am reading so many reasons for this phenomenon in my life, but my poor brain still does not understand and refuses to believe justification and consequences. The truth is that Jews are hated in many places. Almost all the nations of the world make up so many jokes about them, it is impossible to count. In different companies I worked closely with many Jews. To find the answer to my incomprehensible question, I studied their mentality and mores. They thought that they were my boss, and I was their subordinate, and even they did not suspect that I closely studied them as experimental mice, monkeys and rabbits. My conclusion from the study is this: they are very hardworking and finish work if it started once. The Jewish nation knows how to make money out of the blue, when even the futility of this business is evident. They always check and double-check how you feel about the Jewish people. The rules are simple: they themselves begin to tell a joke about the Jews, and if you continue this topic, the next day you will be left without work. From their polite and visionary look, you always feel that you are an empty place for them. That is what destroyed them in the past and will destroy them in the future. There is always an antidote to deadly poison, there are always vaccines for viruses. What I say in riddles, the real sons of Israel know the answer ... 543 Only the nomad understands the soul of a nomad, but he cannot understand the American Only one example: the author of this article (Jeffrey Hays) writes about the "artificial" famine in the Kazakh steppes in 1929-34. “From 1929 to 1934, during the period when Soviet leader Joseph V. Stalin was trying to collectivize agriculture, Kazakhstan endured repeated famines because peasants had slaughtered their livestock in protest against Soviet agricultural policy. In that period, at least 1.5 million Kazakhs and 80 percent of the republic's livestock died. Thousands more Kazakhs tried to escape to China, although most starved in the attempt. [Source: Library of Congress, March 1996 *].” I involuntarily recalled the eerie story of my father, who with his own eyes saw what was happening then in the Kazakh steppes. Father frowningly, with great pain in his heart, recalled: “I was 10 years (1932) old when hungry people from the side of Karaganda (from the Argyn tribe) came to our village, which was located on the banks of the Syr Darya river. We ourselves were starving then and could not help them. They wanted to fish in the Syr Darya, but even the fish and seagulls disappeared somewhere. These hungry people ate a donkey, rats, a turtle, in short everything that moves. Soon all these animals and insects disappeared. These people were so swollen from hunger, it was scary to look at them. Once I saw four men who were leading a baby in the direction of the forest. I was wondering where they were going and therefore I secretly followed them. When they entered the forest, they stopped. They looked at each other, and then at the child. And suddenly they began to tear to pieces this child and began to eat his arms, legs and torso. From fear, the father lost consciousness when he woke up, they were no longer there, the fragile bones of the child lay on the ground. From that day, my father began to stutter from what he saw and could not speak normally until he was taken to the war in 1942. When their echelon went towards Stalingrad, German planes bombed them at night. One bomb hit their train car when they were sleeping. All his classmates in this train car were killed, only he survived. Then he collected the remains of the body of his classmates and buried not far from the railway rail. After that, the father stopped stuttering, but suffered from concussion until death.” Dear Jeffrey Hays has never been among the nomads, so he can’t feel what I feel when I hear or read “hunger”, “war”. However, I also can’t feel the pain of the American father John, who lost his beloved child when one bad man entered the school and shot the children with automatic weapons. Because, I just can not understand the Americans, who value weapons more than children. Therefore, I will never write about Americans and their lives, for example, how dear Jeffrey Hayes writes about nomads ... Why does our world inevitably roll towards non-return ... Each person and all the peoples of the world experience unbearable chest pain and stitching pain in the heart. We all live with it and cannot do anything with it. It's just that we are used to living with it, because we know that no one and nothing will help anyway. It seems that this goes on forever, but in reality and according to the laws of all science, it cannot go on like this endlessly. We have reached the bottom of everything that surrounds us, now we need to emerge to the light with all our might. If we do not do it now, we risk remaining in this darkness forever. The first bells of this common misfortune of mankind are already sounding and sounding more and more loudly. 544 In the Kazakh "Holocaust" of the 1930s, not 1.5 million people died, more than 3 million people. But the Kazakhs have come to terms with this tragedy and continue to live with pain in their hearts, because the USSR has long since self-destructed. This is a lesson for us in the sense that a country or civilization built on the tears and blood of innocent people does not live forever. Look carefully at what is happening around us? Warming has begun on our common planet, Australia has been burning for several months, China is fighting the new coronavirus designated 2019-nKoV, the fire of war has been burning in the Middle East for many years, and the small islands of Oceania silently disappear under water and others. Despite all these troubles, what I’ll say next, I’m sure millions of people don’t like it. If you notice, every day of the 365 day year is dedicated to some holidays, famous people, or something else incomprehensible. If we want to save our planet and ourselves, we must devote at least 7 days to the Almighty God and the prayers of different religions. And henceforth, one should not allow any form of blasphemy, whatever happens to you or your country. It is not God who is to blame, but ourselves. If 7 billion people sit on their knees and bow their heads before the incomprehensible power Almighty God (Allah) and ask for forgiveness, perhaps He will forgive us because He created us. I do this every day five times, but every time I feel that this is not enough for all of humanity. Oh people, go to the mosque, go to the Churches, go to your temples, maybe we can do something. I see no other way out! Epilogue In the beginning, I intended to write one article, but it turned out to be completely different. At such moments, I always think about one thing, what is it? We play with our mind or it plays with us, where is the border and where is the limit of the permissible and unacceptable. For example, you think today I have 10-15 dollars in my pocket, so not everything is lost. And tomorrow the day will come, the sun will come out, let's see what to do and what to decide. Practical billions of people on Earth think so, but don’t know that tomorrow will not come for him. At night, in a dream, he may quietly die. Many will say, oh poor man, he died without having achieved anything from this life. Muslims will say the opposite, oh lucky one, you will see that underworld the first than me. And at the same time, in just 15 minutes, the richest man’s thick wallet (Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos) will be replenished by as much as 13.2 billion dollars. Such a strange human world is surprising and frightening at the same time! 545 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar Features of calendars of Ancient Rome, Maya and nomads of Turkestan Copyright 2020 © Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published February 10, 2020 Introduction Ancient eastern (Arabic, Indian, Chinese) and modern Western (European, American) science never thought and could not imagine that these wild nomads of Turkestan (Central Asia) [1] (N 1) possess some knowledge in the field of astronomy, and also have their own unique calendar, which was not in one other civilization that we know now. Note 1: In the mid-1920s, the term "Turkestan" gradually fell out of use and was originally replaced in the Russian geographical tradition by the term "Middle Asia", then this term was used in the geographical literature of all 15 Soviet republics of the USSR and was canonized by Soviet censorship. In the global geographical tradition, the region is part of Central Asia. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, several scientific conferences were held where it was proposed to abandon the use of the term Middle Asia in favor of the universally accepted term Central Asia (which includes, in addition to the former Soviet republics, also part of the lands of China and Afghanistan). However, this old term "Turkestan" still shows its viability and is used in the media and in the political sphere. [2] Although the known and unknown eastern and western scientists who created modern science in the form in which it is now, had to ask themselves a few questions. For example, how did the nomads of Turkestan (the ancient Mongolian Huns, Kushans, troops of the Kok-Türks and Genghis Khan) orientate themselves so well in the endless valleys and steppes of Eurasia and how did they find the rich countries of Europe and Asia without compasses and maps? With all due respect to you, please excuse me, these distances from point A to point B were 5-6 thousand kilometers or more. It is impossible to do without knowledge of astronomy and gerography in this situation. And one more question was to alert scientists. How these nomads of Turkestan graze their many domestic animals, if they do not distinguish between the seasons, and how they plan their life, if they do not have a calendar, etc. Apparently, then the developed countries of Europe and Asia had enough of their own problems, and therefore they did not ask themselves these questions. They thought “it is barbarians”, from where they can have reason and knowledge, if they have no compassion. Of course, they (sedentary peoples) did not know that they were deeply mistaken in their judgments, and therefore in ancient times they lost one battle after another with nomads for survival in this cruel world ... Modern Western science thought and for almost 2000 years was confident in the ignorance of nomads, until one of the nomads discovered the truth. It turns out that 2000 years ago, nomads were guided by stars, they did not need compasses and maps, moreover, they clearly distinguished the seasons and even used not one, but several types of calendars. 546 European scientists are confused and even shocked why they still did not know this? In truth, the whole world could not have known about this for another 2000 years or never, if not for the efforts of one person. Currently, he is struggling to prove to the “alien” Western world and its “Russified” and “Europeanized” nomadic descendants (N 2) that they are mistaken in their judgments when it comes to the ancient mentality and knowledge of “nomads”. Note 2: 1) Russified nomads are those nomads who from the middle of the 19th century until today received and are receiving a nihilistic [3] education in Russian; 2) Europeanized nomads are those nomads who, since the end of the 20th century, began to receive a cosmopolitan [4] European education in English on a massive scale; 3) True nomads are those nomads who observe all the ancient laws, rituals, language and other features of their ancestors, they grew up on this and die, like their ancestors. Scientists of the world of all stripes are confused by another circumstance in this story. You see, world-famous scientists are completely confused by the fact that a nomad from the wild steppe, who is completely unknown to science and also has no academic degrees, presented his "surprise" in a finished form on a silver dish. This should not be, this is a mess they say. Usually, the world's scientists put on display their superiority in thinking and knowledge, with the tacit consent of the opponent, crossing out his works along and across. Enjoying their superiority in everything and this wildness incompatible with their conscience, they would then show the whole world the truth (halftruth) that is beneficial to them. But this nomad is stubborn as a war horse of nomads, he does not want half-truths, he wants the complete truth about nomads. He is not going to conclude any transactions with scientists of the world and with his conscience. Ha ha ha, hee hee hee, they laugh, he only needs the truth, you will never get it ... When I clearly see what European science has done with the Mayan, Aztec and Inca calendars, I do not want and will not allow the holy calendars of the nomads to repeat the deplorable fate of the Mesoamerican calendars. By the way, now the current descendants of the Mayans, Aztecs, Incas and other ancient peoples, will never know the real truth about their ancestors and their calendars. For more than a century (when Western science worked on this problem), everything was so confused that now the devil himself can never find that thread that will help to unravel this amazing tangle of secrets of antiquity of Mesoamerica. Kazakhs have such a wise proverb (saying): "Otkir pyshak kap tubinde zhatpaidy". The semantic translation: "The truth is like a sharp dagger, it is impossible to hide it in the depths of the bags, it will still punch a hole and go outside." The whole truth is that these Euro-scientists absolutely do not understand not only the structure and significance of nomadic calendars, including their own blood European ancient calendars (for example, the ancient Roman stellar calendar). All this time (over 2000 years) he was in a prominent place, but no one saw him. [5] But, nevertheless, despite the fact that they do not understand the subject, they are ready to study with pleasure the insides of nomadic calendars with their blunt scalpels so that we and our descendants do not understand "what is this?" 547 Why so far was not known about the calendars of nomads? When in the mid-19th century the Russian Empire conquered all of Turkestan (Central Asia) with the help of advanced weapons technologies (rifles and guns) and military strategy, the culture, history and achievements of the nomads were exposed for comprehensive study. Numerous Russian and foreign researchers arrived in the boundless steppe in the hope of finding a sensational discovery. They searched, as they were taught at universities, for huge buildings and structures in the form of pyramids, palaces, etc. But, alas, there was only a bare steppe and a tireless thirst for water. Nomads were surprised by this strange scientist who tirelessly writes down fairy tales, legends and their customs and rites. Then confusion began with the names of entire nations, this was the expected action on the part of Western scholars who did not understand what was happening around. They saw only "silly faces" around them, but did not see the "wisdom" hidden in their brains. Since time immemorial, Kazakhs have called themselves “Kazakhs,” but suddenly they turned into “Kirghiz” and “Kaisak,” and the Kyrgyz into “Kara Kyrgyz,” the Uzbeks into “Sart,” etc. We can see the exact same picture all over the world. We now call the peoples of Mesoamerica the “Indians,” because Christopher Columbus in the 15th century thought he had discovered India. In Africa there is the country “Congo”, which means “Monkey”. But these African people hardly called themselves monkeys. However, they did not begin to prove to the Europeans that they were not “Indians” or “monkeys”, they reconciled with this name. But the proud Kazakh nomads did not come to terms with the wrong European name “Kirghiz” or “Kaisak”. To do this, the Kazakhs first had to go through the fire and blood of the civil war in 19161925. [6] The iron "Stalin" replacing Lenin decided to break the people's will and spirit of the Kazakhs. Then, in the Kazakh steppes, an “unprecedented in scale” famine 1929-1933 created by the Communists began. In this “hungry hell”, the Kazakh people lost from 2 to 3 million people, or almost half of their population. [7] At the cost of their own lives, many of the "great sons" of the Kazakh people nevertheless returned the sacred name "Kazakh". [8] However, Kazakhs should never forget A. Bukeikhanov, A. Baitursynov, M. Dulatov, H. Dosmukhamedov, M. Tynyshpayev, N. Torekulova, M. Zhumabaev, S. Seifullin, I. Dzhansugurov, B. Mailin, S. Asfendiyarov, M. Zholdybaev, K. Zhubanova, Zh. Shanin, T. Shonanov, K. Kemengerov and many others who became victims of the "Stalinist repressions". They have always been the spiritual inspirers of the Kazakh nation, and they remain so. The Stalinist repressions carried out in Kazakhstan, went in parallel in Mongolia. [9] [10] All this indicates that Stalin and his entourage were very afraid and wanted to wipe out the "spirit of the nomads and the great spirit of Genghis Khan" ... But back to the calendar topic. Some Russian and Western scientists were really interested in the calendars of nomads. But they could not understand anything from the words of these natives (the name of all nomads of the steppe). Because at that time and now the whole Western world lived and lives a solar calendar, which has nothing to do with the harmony of nature. At that time, the nomads lived with a calendar system, on the basis of which the movement of visible (but motionless) stars, constellations and star clusters (for example, Urker-Pleiades), as well as the Moon and the Sun were adopted. However, these truly natural calendars (complete harmony with the Universe) were difficult to understand for ordinary illiterate nomads, and even less so for Western scholars. These calendars that were difficult to understand were counted and supported by gifted priests (pontiffs of nomads) – Esepshi. The trouble was that these Esepshi lived for years or until the end of their days 548 in the steppes, where all the stars of the sky were fully represented to them. Although the nomads were well aware of this, we do not know whether they told Western scholars about Esepshi or not. For this reason, Western scientists and nomads did not understand each other at all, and, of course, the nomad calendars remained an unsolved mystery. What the Western scientist managed to extract in fragments or partially on the calendars of nomads from ignorant people (mainly translators), it was enough to conclude that the nomads did not know at all what such a calendar was. It was useful in the sense that in this way the nomad calendars have survived to our days in an almost canned and unspoiled form. [11] [12] Since my ancestors (including my father) were well versed in these calendars, I was closely familiar with this topic since childhood, and only in the 21st century I was able to decipher these unique ancient calendars, which are several thousand years old. [13] [14] [15] Currently, these ancient nomad calendars are completely decrypted using various computer programs in the field of astronomy and translated into a complex programming language. Despite its ancient age, these calendars can now be printed on paper, installed an electronic version on your computers and smartphones. [16] [17] [18] I sincerely hope that very soon these ancient calendars of a nomadic civilization will begin their new digital life ... Is "time" ideal on the Gregorian calendar? The current civilization of mankind mainly uses the Western calendar style called the "Gregorian calendar". Almost the entire population of the Earth understands that in this fake calendar – time does not correspond to the rhythms of nature. The new year begins in the middle of winter, when nature (the world around us) and the human body wake up truly during the vernal equinox. For this reason, the beginning of each season (summer, autumn, winter) actually shifts to the middle of a season. In the 16th century, Pope Gregory XIII and modern Western astronomical science until today assured us that the accuracy of the Gregorian calendar is 3300 years. According to these scientific claims, the vernal equinox should always have corresponded to March 21 of each year until 4882 AD. However, from the first years of the 21st century (maybe earlier, the necessary information is missing), the spring equinox corresponds to March 20. This means that in just 438 years, the Gregorian calendar gives an error of 1 day, which was supposed to happen in the very distant future (4882 AD). However, modern Western astronomical science pretends and maintains deathly silence that nothing happens. It is no secret that for more than a hundred years (starting from the 19th century), famous scientists and ordinary people have been trying to reform the Gregorian calendar. Basically, all the projects of the new world calendar are trying to replace one solar calendar with another solar calendar, changing only the internal structure of the calendar. No one can yet understand that this action is all the same as trying to put the glove of the right hand on the left hand. Mankind lacks a fresh idea that put “time” in its place. Without exaggeration, we can find this idea in the forgotten calendars of nomads. 549 What is special about these nomad calendars? In the nomad’s calendars there are no clear and precisely established seasons of the year (spring, summer, autumn, winter), for example, even formally, as in the current solar calendar. When the whole Universe and nature in the Earth are always in constant motion, it seems absurd to establish a point of spring and fall, summer and winter. According to the concepts of the ancient nomads, the seasons of the year do not obey us and our desires, but the law of heaven and the universe. These boundaries of the seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter) each year changes its place in the sky. For example, during ancient Rome, these dates were set as follows: 44 days (before the Pleiades heliacal rising) + 48 days (before the summer solstice) + 27 days (before the rise of the Dog Star [Sirius]) + 67 days (until the autumn equinox) + 32 days (before the establishment of the Pleiades in the sky) + 57 days (before the winter solstice) + 45 days (before the rising west wind) + 45 days (before the spring equinox) = (total) 365 days a year. [19] The decoding of the ancient Roman agricultural calendar belongs to the author of this article (© K.A.K.): [5] 1st period (spring): from February 7 to March 22 – 44 (1-44) days; 2nd period (spring): from March 23 to May 9 – 48 (45-92) days; 3rd period (summer): from May 10 to June 5 – 27 (93-119) days; 4th period (summer): from June 6 to August 11 – 67 (120-186) days; 5th period (autumn): from August 12 to September 12 – 32 (187-218) days; 6th period (autumn): from September 13 to November 8 – 57 (219-275) days; 7th period (winter): from November 9 to December 23 – 45 (276-320) days; 8th period (winter): from December 24 to February 6 – 45 (321-365) days. In no case will I mock this primitive ancient Roman calendar, which in it months or periods of the year ranges from 27 to 67 days. Because I can clearly see the motives of the ancient Romans. Although they were settled peoples, they no worse than the nomads of the steppes felt the everchanging rhythms of nature. However, in this unique calendar of the Romans I do not see one very important short period of time, consisting of 5-9 days, which was supposed to be in the internal structures of these 8 months or periods. The Kazakh Esepshi called these 5-9 days “Amal esebi” and with its help revealed and established imperceptible changes in weather or climate during a given season of the year. Although the modern week, consisting of 7 days, in astronomical and calendar science is considered days not related to the calendar, it proves that in ancient times people felt this rhythm of nature and is an ancient reflection of the “Amal esebi” of nomads. Modern science with precise tools and computers is only now approaching the knowledge of Esepshi and the nomads that they knew thousands of years ago. We will cite only one quotation from such a scientific work. (N 3) 550 Note 3: As can be seen from fig. 1, which shows the values of ν (nu, νυ) for 2012, during the lunar month four modes of rotation of the Earth of unequal duration alternate –two periods of acceleration of duration m1 and m3 and two periods of deceleration of duration m2 and m4. The change of modes occurs on average after m ≈ 27.3 / 4 = 6.8 days. However, due to the slow movement of the perigee and nodes of the lunar orbit, this period varies from 5 to 9 days. For example, in 2012, from May 2 to 8, an acceleration was noted, from May 8 to May 13, a deceleration, from May 13 to 22, an acceleration, and from May 22 to May 30, a deceleration, i.e., the lunar month was composed of intervals 6 + 5 + 9 +8 days (see Fig. 1). Within the month, any combinations of mi values in the range from 5 to 9 days are possible. Only the monthly period of 27.3 days remains unchanged. The Earth's rotation speed v (nu, νυ) varies mainly within the sidereal month (27.3 days). [20] Speaking in simple language, nomads called in ancient times and now call these short periods of 6 + 5 + 9 + 8 = 28 days – “Amal esebi”. [21] [22] Thus, we see that in ancient times these changes in nature for 5-9 days were of great importance and played a key role both in the settled way of life (agriculture "wheat growing") and in the nomadic way of life (animal husbandry). It remains only to establish or find out what the Romans called these 5-9 days?! All this was conceived many millions or billions of years ago, when the Almighty God (Kok Taniri) brought heaven and earth together. The correct solution to the problem of calendars of nomads and Mayans The nomads of Turkestan had two types of star calendar, similar in structure to the calendar of Mesoamerica (Maya, Aztecs, Incas). The lunar-stellar calendar (in Kazakh – Urker esebi) with a short year of 273 days and the stellar calendar (in Kazakh – Zhuldyz esebi) with a long year of 364 days. These two calendars, outwardly dissimilar to each other, interacted very closely with each other: 273 days × 4 years = 1092 days ÷ 3 years = 364 days. Naturally, the basis of the 273-day short year was a sidereal month of 27.3 days: 27.3 days × 10 months = 273 days. The long stellar calendar of nomads totaled 13 months, each of which consisted of exactly 28 days, and the total number of days in a year was 364 days. Since 364 days are divided by the sacred number 7 without a remainder, the nomads never added the missed 1 day (364 + 1 = 365), because they knew for sure that nature itself would balance the star calendar of the nomads every 6 years: 364 days × 6 years = 2184 days + 7 days = 2191 days ÷ 6 years = 365.16667 days days. According to the author’s assumption, the 12-year cycle of animals of Turkic-speaking nomads arose precisely on the basis of this 6-year cycle, and later, as is usually the case in life “without demand or permission”, the Chinese borrowed a 12-year cycle for their 60-year cycle: 6 years × 2 cycle = 12 years × 5 cycle = 60 years ÷ 10 cycle = 6 years. 551 Deeply analyzing the calendars of the nomads of Turkestan, the author of this article came to the conclusion that Western science for more than a hundred years has not correctly deciphered all the calendars of Mesoamerica. For example, the Mayans, Aztecs and Incas also used two types of calendar. A short calendar consisting of 260 days was called «Tsolkin» (Aztec: «Tonalpohually») and a long calendar (according to Western science) consisting of 365 days was called «Haab» (Aztec: «Xiuhpohualli»). Suffice it to say that Western science still does not know what the 260 day year is for. The answer is very simple, it was needed in order to accurately determine the time of the eclipse of the Moon and the Sun: 260 days × 4 years = 1040 days ÷ 3 years = 346.66667 days (Draconic year). (N 4) Note 4: Draconic year The draconic year, draconitic year, eclipse year, or ecliptic year is the time taken for the Sun (as seen from the Earth) to complete one revolution with respect to the same lunar node (a point where the Moon's orbit intersects the ecliptic). The year is associated with eclipses: these occur only when both the Sun and the Moon are near these nodes; so eclipses occur within about a month of every half eclipse year. Hence there are two eclipse seasons every eclipse year. The average duration of the eclipse year is 346.620075883 days (346 d 14 h 52 min 54 s) (at the epoch J2000.0). This term is sometimes erroneously used for the draconic or nodal period of lunar precession, that is the period of a complete revolution of the Moon's ascending node around the ecliptic: 18.612815932 Julian years (6798.331019 days; at the epoch J2000.0). [23] Now let's discuss the most controversial issue regarding Mesoamerican calendars. With the tacit consent of the descendants of the Mayans, Aztecs and Incas (I can not believe that there is not a single scientist among them), Western science decided that the 260-day "Tsolkin" interacts with the 365-day "Haab". To prove their words and version, they calculated the following equality about a hundred years ago: 260 days × 73 years = 18980 days ÷ 52 years = 365 days. [24] Given that in ancient times there were no calculators and computers, it is unlikely that an ancient person sat and read days one by one for 52 or 73 years. According to rational logic, ancient people used very short periods of time (compact cycles) as the nomads of Turkestan did. But despite this, for more than a hundred years, this dubious equality has become such a compulsory axiom and postulate in studies of the culture of Mesoamerica that no one dared even doubt its veracity. For a number of reasons, I began to doubt the correctness of this European equality about 20-25 years ago. But I didn’t have the courage to say about my doubts, because huge scientific sharks swam nearby, who would not even notice that you (a small fish) were swallowed. But now I began to suspect that they were not sharks at all, but simply “fishes” in a shark mask ... For example, in the Mesoamerican Long Count calendar (Mayan chronology), a 360-day calendar is used to count or determine the time. A reasonable question arises: why did the Mayan priests come up with a calendar for 260 and 365 days if they are not used in the Mesoamerican Long Count calendar of long bills? 552 If Europe (the old and the new world) from ancient times uses a solar calendar of 365 days a year, does this mean that the rest of the world also used a calendar of 365 days a year? Among the many investigated and proven digitally related Mayan calendar, the number 7, 13, 91 and others are often found. Based on these Digitally suggestive ideas, I calculated my equality. My equality turned out to be 10 times shorter than the above European equality: 260 days × 7 years = 1820 days ÷ 5 years = 364 days 7 days × 13 “amal” = 91 days × 4 “seasons” = 364 days (Kukulkan) 20 days × 13 “amal” = 260 days. How these days, months and years fit into the Mesoamerican Long Count calendar (Mayan chronology) I already wrote. [25] [26] But, alas, the scientific explanation of “yes” or “no” has not yet been given to these articles by developed Western science. Most likely, as a nomad, I am below their dignity in the scientific hierarchy, so they will never answer me. Scientific definition: who are Esepshi and how did they get into the steppe? Before translating into the main topic, the reader must understand who the Esepshi are, where they came from and why they were not known. In truth, they were known to Europe as far back as the 13th century from W. Rubruck’s book, just no one paid attention to it. “Religious Customs: Their diviners are (Esepshi – note by the author K.A.K.), as (Mangu Chan) confessed to me, their priests; and whatever they say must be done is executed without delay. They are very numerous and always have a captain, like a pontiff, who always places his dwelling before the principal house of Mangu Chan, at about a stone's throw from it. ... and there come to them from various parts of the world people who believe in their art. Some among them know something of astronomy, particularly the chief, and they predict to them the eclipses of the sun and moon; And while the eclipse is taking place, they sound drums and instruments, and make a great noise and clamor. They predict lucky and unlucky days for the undertaking of all affairs; and so it is that they never assemble an army nor begin a war without their assent” ... [27] Pavel Iustinovich Marikovsky (1912-2008) - a Kazakh professor of zoology of Jewish origin, a famous writer, naturalist, entomologist and doctor of biological sciences (1950), thought and searched for the answer to this general question. In his scientific work, he many times met in the "cult of mounds with beds" the ancient graves of Esepshi (pontiffs of nomads). As a rule, the Kazakhs guarded and looked after the ancient grave of Esepshi, considering them “saints”. Below is a short excerpt from his book: “For such a long time, Kazakhstani archaeologists explain the stability of the cult of barrows with beds for the existence of a strong economic and political union of tribes. This conclusion seems erroneous to me. The life of ancient peoples was accompanied by frequent upheavals, the constant emergence of some unions and the collapse of others. The stability of the cult of barrows with beds is explained by the fact that they belonged outside the tribal or, more precisely, the intertribal caste or dynasty of priests (Esepshi), closed into special clans, into which access was difficult for strangers and who transmitted their art by inheritance. 553 The dynasty of priests (Esepshi), who built mounds with beds, existed until the total upheaval in the history of the steppe peoples wiped them off the face of the earth. The priests (Esepshi) who prepared the burial mounds for their burial were the handful who passed on their knowledge from generation to generation. Perhaps they were also representatives of an ancient nation that disappeared from some kind of catastrophe, a people with a more developed civilization. Their astronomical knowledge reflected the highest knowledge of their time, lost during social disasters. Examples of the loss of ancient knowledge are replete with the whole history of mankind. The caste of priests (Esepshi), initiated into the secrets of nature, kept and protected them from strangers, since they gave an advantage over others. Priests (Esepshi) survived the state, protecting their clan...” [28] Table 1. Google Earth Map: GPS coordinates for 136 Kazakhstan archaeoastronomy sites (Earthen Mounds): № 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Google Earth map GPS coordinates: 50°49'58,52"N 65°19'34,60"E 50°06'09,84"N 65°21'40,87"E 54°02'36,19"N 64°38'30,52"E 50°13'39,78"N 66°17'31,07"E 50°13'26,93"N 66°16'49,73"E 50°01'39,23"N 65°59'57,17"E 50°22'06,09"N 66°09'00,59"E 49°30'44,71"N 65°51'44,10"E 48°46'53,85"N 65°55'38,49"E 53°31'19,17"N 64°56'23,20"E 49°18'17,32"N 62°42'21,81"E 50°22'32,04"N 65°27'44,06"E 50°19'05,76"N 65°24'50,19"E 49°31'56,04"N 66°04'56,80"E 50°05'55,55"N 66°36'48,48"E 50°19'50,14"N 65°29'26,49"E 50°15'11,00"N 65°18'34,34"E 51°08'38,04"N 65°20'54,78"E 50°27'50,81"N 65°57'38,79"E 50°27'58,96"N 65°46'31,40"E 50°20'25,76"N 66°13'50,20"E 50°20'24,93"N 66°13'35,05"E 50°48'32,89"N 65°09'02,98"E 49°32'17,26"N 65°52'57,74"E 49°17'25,69"N 62°35'31,0"E 49°14'55,29"N 62°46'05,8"E 49°29'11,10"N 63°13'39,3"E 49°30'11,59"N 63°19'30,7"E 49°30'20,47"N 63°19'24,7"E № 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 554 Google Earth map GPS coordinates: 51°08'40,07"N 65°20'47,73"E 50°05'03,52"N 65°13'13,44"E 50°05'37,74"N 65°15'17,79"E 50°05'40,52"N 65°15'44,85"E 50°05'27,51"N 65°28'35,92"E 50°02'29,97"N 66°20'47,22"E 50°20'04,38"N 65°31'48,82"E 50°16'00,0"N 65°25'47,09"E 50°28'26,40"N 65°47'02,36"E 50°28'02,91"N 65°46'16,51"E 51°33'53.10"N 58°41'11.31"E 52°36'03,18"N 62°05'48,82"E 52°36'0.28"N 62°06'3.93"E 52°36'2.24"N 62°06'19.70"E 48°N 78°E және 51°N 71°E 45°43'7.49"N 56°42'40.88"E 45°33'19.71"N 56°46'18.71"E 45°47'19.30"N 56°46'43.25"E 45°33'46.24"N 56°49'28.80"E 45°41'24.48"N 57°1'20.96"E 45°42'46.61"N 57°20'4.08"E 45°43'14.60"N 57°21'28.41"E 45°40'56.69"N 57°29'6.93"E 45°40'57.97"N 57°32'11.50"E 45°32'24.80"N 57°40'39.72"E 45°32'16.69"N 57°42'13.77"E 45°32'57.09"N 57°44'28.26"E 45°35'37.74"N 57°55'6.41"E 45°33'29.99"N 57°56'36.17"E 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 51°09'14,14"N 65°16'50,5"E 50°03'37,22"N 66°22'38,72"E 49°59'23,56"N 66°02'53,79"E 50°05'24,73"N 65°28'08,83"E 50°05'11,10"N 65°30'43,20"E 50°06'41,51"N 65°24'14,69"E 50°06'43,00"N 65°24'23,27"E 50°05'39,26"N 65°15'33,09"E 49°57'01,82"N 64°56'43,94"E 49°56'41,08"N 64°56'48,87"E 50°05'02,70"N 65°13'13,44"E 50°04'54,24"N 65°13'00,27"E 50°06'05,21"N 65°11'44,55"E 50°24'36,22"N 65°56'43,41"E 50°19'50,14"N 65°29'24,22"E 50°19'52,04"N 65°32'48,03"E 49°23'31,15"N 63°22'07,44"E 49°23'34,49"N 63°21'57,67"E 49°23'34,52"N 63°21'59,03"E 49°24'02,16"N 63°18'53,84"E 50°06'07,87"N 65°21'25,73"E 49°30'26,52"N 63°25'12,87"E 49°30'28,83"N 63°25'12,35"E 50°06'48,48"N 66°38'50,65"E 50°07'19,03"N 66°38'05,54"E 50°07'53,86"N 66°34'35,63"E 50°09'04,35"N 66°34'22,37"E 50°09'09,76"N 66°34'28,46"E 50°09'12,86"N 66°33'26,24"E 50°09'16,90"N 66°33'39,25"E 50°09'21,96"N 66°33'27,05"E 50°11'19,35"N 66°32'36,11"E 50°11'24,65"N 66°32'33,42"E 48°52'41,89"N 66°22'26,00"E 48°55'18,50"N 66°20'58,08"E 48°57'08,61"N 66°20'05,51"E 51°21'37,46"N 64°01'16,93"E 50°22'09,71"N 66°08'29,39"E 51°06'23,52"N 65°24'19,29"E 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 45°34'21.17"N 57°57'42.00"E 45°32'52.25"N 57°58'54.66"E 45°31'43.24"N 58°2'51.67"E 45°31'39.77"N 58°4'41.07"E 45°29'52.98"N 58°5'14.68"E 45°29'2.60"N 58°7'20.76"E 45°28'16.16"N 58°9'8.46"E 45°43'49.22"N 56°57'5.20"E 45°42'37.85"N 56°57'9.43"E 45°40'41.82"N 57°30'55.48"E 45°42'6.88"N 57°33'14.99"E 45°34'59.13"N 57°53'39.38"E 45°32'6.71"N 58°0'40.23"E 45°29'19.95"N 58°6'3.96"E 45°47'40.39"N 56°48'24.28"E 45°47'27.53"N 56°50'6.42"E 45°34'26.49"N 56°51'47.64"E 45°41'17.16"N 57°2'21.52"E 45°43'38.32"N 57°20'15.68"E 45°43'5.90"N 57°20'38.65"E 45°43'3.77"N 57°33'35.49"E 45°32'36.24"N 57°46'35.46"E 45°37'52.32"N 56°57'11.91"E 45°43'29.10"N 57°31'28.25"E 45°43'38.11"N 57°31'45.54"E 45°41'56.83"N 57°34'27.29"E 45°51'12.71"N 56°54'30.26"E 45°35'43.39"N 57°55'59.09"E 45°41'38.20"N 56°57'13.93"E 45°33'28.93"N 57°38'47.90"E 45°35'27.85"N 57°52'58.94"E 45°19'1.07"N 57°57'45.08"E 45°27'8.38"N 56°46'54.11"E 45°51'2.18" N 56°53'6.26"E 45°41'26.51"N 56°59'56.82"E 45°44'21.98"N 57°6'13.09"E 45°48'37.91"N 57°12'4.05"E 45°22'50.12"N 57°50'1.53"E 45°54'44.54"N 57° 1'41.25"E Some earthen mounds with beds from table 1 served as the astronomical basis of the lunar-stellar calendars of the nomads of Turkestan. 555 Nomads did everything in their own way, as their heart desires Since all the astronomical knowledge Esepshi was transmitted orally to their descendants in the form of aphorisms, proverbs and sayings or in encrypted form in the form of earthen mounds with beds, the author of this article had to work hard. But the most important key to these calendar riddles was the shabby old brown notebook of my father Aliceit. Although this brown notebook was lost during my “nomadic life” in the metropolis (I didn’t have housing, I wandered for a long time), some copies of my father’s calculations are kept in my personal archive. For example, thanks to Western progress in new technologies and computerization, using Microsoft Excel, I make calculations in just 1-2 hours, over which my father spent his entire conscious life. In a word, despite the prostate, convenience and accuracy (in ancient times) of the 273-day and 364day nomad stellar calendar, a completely different calendar was used in everyday life, based on a sidereal month of 27.322 days. In fact, it was an improved universal calendar, thousands of years ahead of its time, thereby replacing the obsolete morally 273-day “short” and 364-day “long” calendars. In this universal calendar, the nomads of Turkestan established the border of the seasons only with the help of Urker (Pleiades), when it is completely covered by the Earth’s satellite – the Moon. In Kazakh, this calendar was called “Togys esebi.” If we try to translate this Kazakh name into a modern scientific language, it will be called the lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” (hereinafter – LSC “Togys esebi”). The word “Togys” or “Togysu” in the Kazakh language means “covering” or "covering of Pleiades by the Moon". Figure 1. Three epithetic names for covering of Pleiades by the Moon The third day was called "Orip The second day was called The first day was called "Auyl uy shikty" "Togysty" kondy" The Moon moves away from Covering of Pleiades the Pleiades from the eastern cluster by the Moon side star The Moon approached Pleiade from the west side the All nomads were not particularly bothered by the fact that the new stellar month does not begin at exactly midnight, as we are used to now. Since the Pleiades star cluster and the “changeable” Moon were taken as reference points in this calendar of nomads, from early spring to early autumn, the new starry month usually began in the afternoon, from late autumn all winter until early spring, the new starry month began at night. In science, such a method of counting time among ancient peoples is called – nychthemeron. (N 5) For example, for this reason, among Arabs even now every day begins with evening twilight. 556 Note 5: Nychthemeron – it is the period of time that a calendar normally labels with a date, although a nychthemeron simply designates a time-span that can start at any time, not just midnight. [29] In Kazakh oral literature, folklore and phraseological books, you can find about 27 or 28 names of time intervals. The Kazakhs called them “shak” or “mezgil”. Thus, in the Kazakh version of “nichthemeron” every hour (shak, mezgil) was equal to approximately 52 minutes by modern standards (modern 24 hours / 28 hours of nomads = 0.8572 × 60 minutes = 51.4286 minutes). The nomads saw no reason to divide these 28 hours into minutes and seconds, and I think they did the right thing ... (N 6) Note 6: The moon orbits us once every 27.3 days, moving from west to east. That means that in one day, it moves 1/27th of the way through our sky, or 360/27.3=13 degrees. Which means that at a given time of day, it will always appear about 13 degrees east of where it was at that time the previous day. Since Earth revolves once every 24 hours, it takes 1,440 minutes to revolve throug 360 degrees, or 4 minutes per degree. So it takes 4 * 13, or 52 minutes to “catch the moon up” to the apparent position is occupied at that time the previous day. These numbers are approximate, and ignore other factors like the slowly changing position of the sun, etc. [30] Since in ancient times there were no different kinds of watches that can be found everywhere today, basically the day was divided into only two parts. In the daytime, people worked, and in the dark, everyone rested and slept soundly. Ancient people reasoned very simply, so they did not know what stress and depression were. We ourselves invented and split the time of day into very small 86400 parts (24 = 1440 = 86400) and now we spin like squirrels in a wheel. If we call it progress, then I don’t know what to call regression ?! Four-dimensional astronomical equality unknown to science: Elementary calculations on Microsoft Excel show that such a LSC “Togys esebi” can be very similar in structure and value to the modern lunisolar calendar of Izrail or China. The only difference between these calendars will be that in the lunisolar calendar, a synodic month is taken as a basis, the value of which is approximately – 29.531 days. In turn, LSC “Togys esebi” takes the sidereal month as a basis, the value of which is approximately 27.322 days. Thus, the total number of 12 or 13 months in the lunisolar calendar (Izrail, China) never exceeds 29 or 30 days and ranges from 354-355 days to 383-384 days, and the total number of 13 or 14 months in the LSC “Togys esebi” never exceeds 27 or 28 days and ranges from 355-356 days to 382-383 days. Since the astronomical ratio of the lunar-solar calendar and the lunar-star calendar is small, they must have a touch point. The author of this article about 25-30 years ago calculated this touch point in the form of the 423 year stellar year, the 435 year lunar-stellar year and the 436 year lunarsynodic year. 557 A single common equality, uniting all the calendars of the world: 154504 days ÷ 423 years = 365.25768321513 days* 154504 days ÷ 435 years = 355.18160919540 ÷ 13 month = 27.321662245800 154504 days ÷ 436 years = 354.36697247706 ÷ 12 month = 29.530581039755 154504 days ÷ 5518 month = 28 days ÷ 4 week = 7 days 435 years × 13 = 5655 months ÷ 423 years = 13.36879432624113; 436 years × 12 = 5232 months ÷ 423 years = 12.36879432624113. * The most interesting thing in this amazing equality is that the average tropical year (as of January 1, 2000 was 365.2421896698 or 365 ephemeris days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 45.19 seconds), taken as the basis for modern European The Gregorian calendar does not fit into these universal numbers. And at the same time, the magnitude of the stellar year (its average duration is 365.256363004 days or 365 d 6 h 9 min 9.76 s [in the era of J2000.0 = January 1, 2000, 12:00:00 TT]) looks quite differently ... [23] [31] As we see from this amazing equality, the lunar-sidereal and lunar-synodic months have always been together. However, modern astronomical science, intentionally or unconsciously, has always separated them from each other, representing them as completely different and incompatible astronomical quantities. By negligence, I dug deeper into the numbers of this amazing equality and he dragged me into places where the feet of many world-famous scientists were not. I saved these notes and numerous calculations for myself, in order to write an article about them one day. Epilogue In just two years, the author of this article has written so much about the calendars of nomads that it exceeds everything that was written in two thousand years. [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] Even more materials (more than 800 pages) were written in thirty years, but unfortunately they were written in Kazakh. [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] In addition to my materials, the respected Australian scientist Peter Johann Meyer wrote three more materials on this subject. [16] [17] [18] In this article, I wrote those notes that I should have written in previous articles. I did not write these notes for various reasons, which I do not want to list and explain these reasons to readers. The most important thing for me is that there is more and more interest in my recordings. So I do not live in vain in this truly vast world... 558 Bibliography references 1. Turkestan: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Туркестан 2. Pompeo's visit to Turkestan saturated https://regnum.ru/news/polit/2848291.html with “malicious incitement” – China: USA in Turkestan: Michael Pompeo will attend the C5 + 1 Ministerial Meeting: https://regnum.ru/news/2846683.html 3. Russian nihilist movement: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_nihilist_movement 4. Cosmopolitanism: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitanism 5. The famous but unknown to us "Stellar Calendar": https://www.academia.edu/41786231/The_famous_but_unknown_to_us_Stellar_Calendar_ 6. Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920-25): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_(1920–25) 7. Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic (1925-1936): 8. Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1936-1991): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic 9. Repressions in the Kazakh SSR: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repressions_in_Kazakh_SSR 10. Stalinist repressions https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinist_repressions_in_Mongolia in Mongolia: 11. By Kaldarhan A. Kambar., First published 28 November 2018 (Last modified 9 December 2018)., Copyright US © 2017., Kazakh National Calendar: https://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud/knc/Kazakh%20National%20Calendar.pdf 12. The Lunar-stellar Calendar "Togys esebi" https://www.academia.edu/40526358/The_Lunarstellar_Calendar_Togys_esebi_of_the_Peoples_of_Eurasia of the Peoples of Eurasia: 13. Description of the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi" and the rule of its use: https://www.academia.edu/40501571/Description_of_the_lunarstellar_calendar_Togys_esebi_and_the_rule_of_its_use 14. Description of the lunar-stellar calendar Togys esebi and the rule of its use (table): https://www.academia.edu/40501568/Description_of_the_lunarstellar_calendar_Togys_esebi_and_the_rule_of_its_use_table_ 15. Description of the lunar stellar calendar Togys esebi and the rule of its use (Picture 1 37): 559 https://www.academia.edu/40501562/Description_of_the_lunar_stellar_calendar_Togys_esebi_and _the_rule_of_its_use_Picture_1_37_ 16. By Peter Johann Meyer., Calendars New and Old: https://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud.htm 17. Computer program "Kazakh Nomad Calendar": https://www.hermetic.ch/dnld.php?code=KNC 18. Short text "Kazakh Nomad Calendar": https://www.hermetic.ch/knc/knc.htm 19. Marcus Terentius Varro., on Agriculture., Book I (from the 27th paragraph to the 37th paragraph)., This webpage reproduces a Book of De Re Rustica by Varro published in the Loeb Classical Library, 1934., The text is in the public domain: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Varro/de_Re_Rustica/1*.html 20. Geodynamic causes of decade-long climate change. N.S. Sidorenkov, K.A. Sumerova. Hydrometeorological research center of the Russian Federation: 1) http://method.meteorf.ru/publ/tr/tr348/sidoren.pdf; 2) https://www.researchgate.net/scientificcontributions/2025098787_N_S_Sidorenkov 21. The traditional system of Kazakh ethnographic categories, concepts and names. Encyclopedia. Almaty: DPS, 2011. - ISBN 978-601-7026-17-2 22. Amal (Zheti Amal) esebi: https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Амал 23. Year: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year 24. Maya calendar: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar 25. NEW LOOK AT THE MODERN CODIFICATION OF THE MAYAN CALENDAR (full text): https://www.academia.edu/37620443/NEW_LOOK_AT_THE_MODERN_CODIFICATION_OF_ THE_MAYAN_CALENDAR_full_text_ 26. Part 6. IT'S TIME TO CHANGE THE VIEWS ON THE MAYAN CALENDAR (Maya Calendar Discussion): https://www.academia.edu/37724367/Part_6._ITS_TIME_TO_CHANGE_THE_VIEWS_ON_THE _MAYAN_CALENDAR_Maya_Calendar_Discussion 27. Rubruk Guillaume: Journey to the Eastern Countries of Wilhelm de Rubruk in the Summer of Goodness 1253 (Itinerarium fratris Willielmi de Rubruquis de ordine fratrum Minorum, Galli, Anno gratiae 1253 ad partes Orientales)., William of Rubruck's Account of the Mongols: http: // depts. washington.edu/silkroad/texts/rubruck.html Translation by A.I. Malein (1911): http://az.lib.ru/r/rubruk_g/text_0020.shtml 28. Marikovsky P.I., In the country of stone mounds and cave paintings., – Almaty., 2005., – 272 p., – ISBN 9965-511-31-4 29. Nychthemeron: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nychthemeron 560 30. Why does the moon rise 50 minutes later every day? C Stuart Hardwick, Scifi author and science nerd., Answered Dec 17 2017: https://www.quora.com/Why-does-the-moon-rise-50minutes-later-every-day 31. Tropical year: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year 32. Kazakh National Calendar, Cover, Abstract, ISBN and others.pdf: https://www.academia.edu/38073790/Kazakh_National_Calendar_Cover_Abstract_ISBN_and_othe rs 33. 1st part of the study from 1985 to 1995: The archaeoastronomic image of Kazakhstan: https://www.academia.edu/38073768/1st_part_of_the_study_from_1985_to_1995_The_archaeoastr onomic_image_of_Kazakhstan 34. 2nd part of the study from 1995 to 2000: Astro-mathematical foundations of calendars: https://www.academia.edu/38073665/2nd_part_of_the_study_from_1995_to_2000_Astromathematical_foundations_of_calendars 35. 3rd part of the study from 2000 to 2010: Calendar systems of nomads and Kazakhs. Chapter 1 Astronomical concept of ancient and modern Kazakhs: https://www.academia.edu/38073475/3rd_part_of_the_study_from_2000_to_2010_Calendar_systems_of_no mads_and_Kazakhs._Chapter_1_Astronomical_concept_of_ancient_and_modern_Kazakhs 36. 3rd part of the study from 2000 to 2010: Calendar systems of nomads and Kazakhs. Chapter 2. Urker esebi and Zhuldyz esebi in the form of "Zhuldyz uyalary" (Nakshatra): https://www.academia.edu/38073409/3rd_part_of_the_study_from_2000_to_2010_Calendar_systems_of_no mads_and_Kazakhs._Chapter_2._Urker_esebi_and_Zhuldyz_esebi_in_the_form_of_Zhuldyz_uyalary_Naks hatra_ 37. 3rd part of the study from 2000 to 2010: Calendar systems of nomads and Kazakhs. Chapter 3. Lunarstellar calendar "Togys esebi": structure and principles of work: https://www.academia.edu/38073131/3rd_part_of_the_study_from_2000_to_2010_Calendar_systems_of_no mads_and_Kazakhs._Chapter_3._Lunar-stellar_calendar_Togys_esebi_structure_and_principles_of_work 38. The 4th part of the study from 2010 to 2017: the 12-year animal cycle and the concept of the Galaxy in nomads. Chapter 1. The 12-year animal cycle: past and present: https://www.academia.edu/38073015/The_4th_part_of_the_study_from_2010_to_2017_the_12year_animal_cycle_and_the_concept_of_the_Galaxy_in_nomads._Chapter_1._The_12year_animal_cycle_past_and_present 39. The 4th part of the study from 2010 to 2017: the 12-year animal cycle and the concept of the Galaxy in nomads. Chapter 2. The similarity of the Mayan and Aztec calendars with the nomad calendars, as well as the mathematics of the Galaxy: https://www.academia.edu/38072972/The_4th_part_of_the_study_from_2010_to_2017_the_12year_animal_cycle_and_the_concept_of_the_Galaxy_in_nomads._Chapter_2._The_similarity_of_the_Maya n_and_Aztec_calendars_with_the_nomad_calendars_as_well_as_the_mathematics_of_the_Galaxy 40. © Acting United States Register of Copyrights, Copyright Office, Certificate of Registration, Author Information and Others: https://www.academia.edu/38072910/_Acting_United_States_Register_of_Copyrights_Copyright_Office_C ertificate_of_Registration_Author_Information_and_Others 561 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar Nomad’s mobile housing – a deep technology of antiquity Copyright 2020 © Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published February 17, 2020 Introduction It will be wrong if I say that the modern world does not know at all what a yurt is, its meaning and features. The current descendants of nomads always conduct research in this direction, including myself. Despite the fact that the types and names of yurts have about 15 units, about a hundred years ago, under the influence of Russian researchers, Kazakh yurts were divided into only 3 main types: 1) the most common yurt – the home of ordinary people; 2) ceremonial yurts (Ak orda, Ak ui, Otau ui); 3) military yurts. [1] [2] And that’s all. It looks blasphemous in the sense that if I say that Europeans only know a wooden house (they did not know anything about brick and stone houses). As more or less knowledgeable about this topic, I will tell and try to expand the knowledge of Europeans in the field of nomad housing. Some images of the yurt in this article are made: © Khamzin Bolat Khusainovich., Member of the Union of Artists of the Republic of Kazakhstan since 2006, “Yurt (kiiz ui) as a postcard” Figure 1. Kiiz ui (yurt): appearance and inside Basically, there are two types of kiiz ui (yurt), called Kazakh and Kalmyk (Mongols, Altai, Buryats and others). Kiiz uy (yurt) of the Kazakh (Kyrgyz, Turkmen, Bashkir, Karakalpak) peoples is distinguished by a diametrically round, high dome. Kazakh kiiz ui (yurt) is approximately divided into 15 species, depending on the use and style of design. Kiyz ui (yurt), which is used during the 562 war, in animal husbandry and travel, as well as a yurt for the poor, does not differ in its design, as they are intended only for housing (yurts from 1 to 9 description). [3] [4] As always, the real graceful and beautiful kiiz ui (yurt) was only among wealthy people (Bai), government officials (Vizier) and government agencies, as well as among khans, descendants of the great Genghis Khan (yurts from 10 to 12 descriptions). 1) Abylaysha ui or military field yurts for soldiers (only processed thin wooden trunks of tree branches [uyk] and felt are used); 2) Zholym ui or temporary yurt for traveling (only processed thin wooden trunks of tree branches [uyk] and felt are used); 3) Urankai ui or temporary yurt of livestock breeders (only processed thin wooden trunks of tree branches [uyk] and felt are used); 4) Aktagyr ui or a military yurt for officers (only 2 walls [kerege-kanat] kiiz uy (yurt) and felt are used); 5) Zhappa ui or yurt for travel (only 2 walls [kerege-kanat] and felt are used); 6) Kara kurym ui or yurt for cattle breeders (only 3 walls [kerege-kanat] and felt are used); 7) Karasha ui or a yurt of very poor people (only 4 walls [kerege-kanat] and felt are used); 8) Konyr ui or a yurt of poor people (5 walls [kerege-kanat] and felt are used); 9) Boz ui or a yurt of middle prosperous people (6 walls [kerege-kanat] and felt are used); 10) Ak otau or yurt of newly married youth (6 walls [kerege-kanat] and felt are used); 11) Ak ui or yurt of rich people (8 walls [kerege-kanat] and felt are used); 12) Ak Orda or the white yurt of the sons of Khan (12 walls [kerege-kanat] and felt are used); 13) Ak shankan ui or yurt for the meeting of the Khan and the Viziers (18 walls [kerege-kanat] and felt are used); 14) Altyn Uzik or yurt for housing Khan (24 walls [kerege-kanat] and felt are used); 15) Altyn Horde or the residence of Khan (30 walls [kerege-kanat] and felt are used). (N 1) [5] [6] [7] Note 1: Since the troops of Genghis Khan moved so quickly through the expanses of Eurasia, the Chinese masters came up with a large mobile yurt for headquarters and for housing on wheels for the Great Khan. Several dozen large bulls set in motion these giant yurts. In this wandering kiiz ui on wheels (yurts from 13 to 15 descriptions), Great Genghis Khan held a meeting with viziers and decided the fate of entire countries and their inhabitants. 563 Picture 2. Mobile yurt on wheels for Genghis Khan Kiiz ui (yurt) is a mobile home of nomads that can be easily disassembled and then quickly assembled. All its component parts are usually compactly carried on camels (at this time in "pickups") for installation in another place. The complete assembly and disassembly of kiiz ui (yurt) takes about 2 hours, if it is done by experienced nomads. The main structure of the yurt consists of 4 subjects: 1) Sykyrlauyk (esik-door) – a double-wing wooden door (Picture 3); 2) Shanyrak – circle on top of the dome (Picture 4); 3) Kerege – lattice sliding basis (Picture 5 and 5 «a»); 4) Uyk – dome poles (Picture 6); In fairness, it should be noted that one of the most common unscientific definitions of yurt is the following: “The yurt itself is more or less hemispherical in shape, and its interior relatively well insulated from the outside, making it easy to heat in winter and cool in summer. The natural materials used in its construction – wood and wool – are readily available; it is easy to assemble and disassemble quickly; and it is portable. These four hallmarks of great design explain why, unmodified, it has been in continuous use for so long. Moreover, it’s a flexible design, allowing for great variation in scale: some yurts have as little as 67 square meters of interior floor-space; the biggest recorded had 3,040 square meters”. [8] Although so much good has been written about Kazakh yurts, it is still felt that researchers who have a different mentality and a different way of life lose sight of important points about yurts. I caught in myself such an idea that, repeating the words of other authors, we always stay in one place. I decided to get out of this familiar imposed template, which guarantees you immunity in 564 case of failure. In fact, I'm going to write about the nomad’s house, which is painfully familiar to me with smell, color, structure and other features from childhood. Thus, and with this intention, in this article I decided to write, as far as possible, the yet unknown feature of this amazing mobile housing of nomads (as, for example, I describe the invisible side of the moon). For example, what does a nomad feel when entering a yurt? What will you feel when you live in kiiz ui (yurt)? When installing a double-wing wooden door (in the Kazakh language “sykyrlauyk” [creaky]) [Picture 3] kiiz uy (yurts), he always looked east, towards sunrise. This is due to the ancient cult of nomads, where the "Sun" as the main celestial body, the rise of which symbolized the renewal of the world and the revitalization of All That Is. In addition, the Sun is a source of life, heat, and light. In the case when the wind rose changes, the door moves slightly to the right or left, because the wind in the door should not blow. When the “sykyrlauyk” (doors) of the kiiz ui (yurt) looked to the east, respectively, the upper part intended for guests (in the Kazakh language “tor”) showed the west, the right part – the south (ontustik), the left part – the north (soltustik). Thus, kiiz ui (yurt) is always focused on the four cardinal points of the Earth. Picture 3. Sykyrlauyk – double-wing wooden door kiiz ui (yurt) When you enter through the double-leaf wooden door “sykyrlauyk” in kiiz ui (yurt), you always see in front of you an exact copy of the mini-universe, the huge dimensions of which have just remained outside. Such an exciting strong feeling is given by the absence of a ceiling in the kiiz ui (yurt), directly at the entrance, in front of your eyes a hemispherical mini-space opens. Involuntarily, your quick thoughts through the round duct (in the Kazakh language “shanyrak” [top 565 window in the yurt]) [Picture 4] flies into the blue sky. Instantly your spirit and mood are improved due to the fact that when you enter the kiiz ui (yurt) through the door, you deeply feel the presence of nature and the universe in this semi-spherical house. Unfortunately, sedentary Europeans do not feel this in their home, because when you enter their home, your eyes will be lowered due to the low ceiling. Picture 4. Shanyrak – a window, duct and chimney kiiz ui (yurt) All objects, decoration and their location inside kiiz ui (yurts) have their purpose, although at first glance they seem to be part of a primitive nomadic design. Of great importance was the fact that early in the morning the nomads opened night felt coverings (in the Kazakh language “tundik”) of the air duct (shanyrak) kiiz ui (yurt). This action (opening of the "tundik") always creates the impression that as if a bright light (God) expels and forces the dark forces (devil) to disappear from all corners of this mini-universe. Even after a hard sleep, your mood rises, seeing what you saw in a dream, all this was just a hoax. When you open the "sykyrlauyk" (double-leaf wooden door) and exit kiiz ui (yurts), sunlight penetrates your whole body, and this gives additional energy to your body. Nomads attached importance to all these and even the smallest things and believed that all this contributes to prosperity and good luck. Until I became a resident of a megalopolis (Almaty city), I always felt this when I lived in an old and good kiiz ui (yurt). With increasing age, I wake up almost every day in my city apartment and dream of leaving everything and leaving for my steppe. But, alas, I cannot do this yet, because the history, culture and life of nomads is more and more distorted. To look at all this disgrace and disorder in the world of nomads and at the same time to live indifferently, simply conscience does not allow. Only when my conscience, mind and honor will be compatible with the traditions of nomads, inshallah, I will certainly go to the steppe and die there like my ancestors. In the meantime, when my heart is still beating, my arms and legs are moving, I should try to do something good to raise the spirit of the nomads... 566 How to confuse the name of everything and everything, Europeans are well able ... Compared, for example, with the nomad’s calendar, which looked like an “intellectual ghost,” the yurt could be seen, touched, copied, and finally produced. For Europeans, it seems that all yurts on the outside are similar to each other, but an experienced nomad distinguishes six types of yurts in height and color of different Turkic peoples. 1) the Mongolian, Altai, Buryat yurt is called “ger” (in Kazakh the word “zher” means “land”), and in appearance these yurts have a low structure compared to other types of yurts; 2) the Bashkir yurt is called “tirma” (leather, felt yurt); 3) the Kyrgyz yurt is called “boz ui” (light-gray or gray house); 4) the Turkmen yurt is called “ak ui” (light-white or white house); 5) the Karakalpak yurt is called “kara ui” (light-black or black house); 6) the Kazakh yurt is called "kiiz ui" (felt yurt). [9] As a philologist and defender of my native language, I will say bluntly, the word "yurt" is the erroneous name of this amazing nomad housing. In Kazakh, the word "yurt" literally means – zhurt-people-country. Most likely, Russian or Western researchers did not understand the meaning of the word is not very competent translator. The translator probably said that "all the people (zhurt) throughout the country have such a round house (kiiz uy)." As usual, from these words of the translator, foreign researchers remembered only the word "yurt" and further went confusion in the name "kiiz ui". Now this error of past centuries is not possible to fix ... In the guidebook “On the Kyrgyz Steppe”, published in the magazine “Around the World” (№ 50) in 1897, Russian polar explorer, traveler, ethnographer, writer, journalist Konstantin Dmitrievich Nosilov (1858-1923) wrote: “We were invited into the tent. Spacious and felt yurt was so clean and neat, for the first time we have seen such a one in Kazakh steppe… It seems there is nothing more pleasant in the desert in the summer as in the heat to go into the dim, clean and spacious tent…” [10] [2] Comment is not necessary here, the fact of distortion of the name “kiiz ui” (tent) is visible without a microscope! About 150 years ago, Russian and foreign researchers saw real Kazakh yurts and were extremely surprised by the skill of Kazakh artisans. Scientists of different ranks left only positive reviews about the Kazakh yurt in various magazines and newspapers of their time. These objective materials about yurts have survived to the present day. Therefore, in 2016, traditional knowledge and skills in the manufacture of Kazakh yurts were included in the UNESCO intangible heritage list. Few people now remember that then UNESCO included in the list of intangible heritage of Kazakhs along with yurts – aitys and kui. [11] Since aitys (music with words) and kui (music without words) use improvisation and state of mind, these musical performances have become the last bastion of “freedom of speech” of nomads for millennia (“Bas kespek bolsa da, til kespek zhok” translated from Kazakh: “You can cut off your head, but you can’t cut off your tongue.”) I am completely sure that the whole world, even many Kazakhs, believe that kiiz ui (yurt) is just convenient mobile housing for moving along the steppes and valleys. If I say that the nomad’s yurt 567 was invented on the basis of primitive astronomy (as a miniature structure of the Universe), few people believe in it. Although we can see some evidence of my words from the structure of the yurt, over time, many additional structures of the yurt disappeared. [12] Simply put, a new generation of nomads ceased to understand the language, tradition and belief of their ancestors. And as a result, the continuity of the generation began to be interrupted. This phenomenon is currently occurring not only among nomads, but throughout the world. Despite these and other objective reasons, we can still see from the structure of any (small and large) yurt that nomads always kept in touch with the Moon and the Sun and countless stars. From early morning they woke up together with astronomy, and in the evening went to bed alone inside the yurt and one outside the yurt. This went on for hundreds and thousands of years, and therefore this circumstance has left its imprint in the mobile home of the nomads. Loss of communication with the environment is fraught with danger with far-reaching consequences Although before us there were “natural natural calendars” (for example, the “ancient Roman calendar” by Marcus Terentius Varro), for some reason modern people began to live according to a calendar that they created themselves. Today's “artificial” calendar, of course, is very convenient for facilitating a person’s life in the field of planning, determining the date and chronology. This is certainly good, but we also must not forget that thanks to this “convenient” calendar, we ourselves broke the connection with our environment. The modern state of life, humanity proves that a person will be rational and reasonable only when his intellect interacts on an equal footing with animal instinct. Only then we will understand that we demand too much from nature, we take away from him too many resources that he needs, and in return we don’t give anything to him. This state of affairs cannot last forever, in the near future, when the resources of the Earth will end, and the patience of mother nature will also end. If we look around and let through our consciousness what we saw with our own eyes, then we clearly realize that all living things, except humans, live according to the law of the eternally blue sky. For example, in wild and domestic animals, even the estrus and mating season occurs according to the visible movement of the stars. The wildlife that we do not hesitate to exterminate everywhere is the balance of our lives, they are much smarter than us, and we naturally become dumber before their eyes. I do not want to scare anyone, I am not going to arrange demagogy, but we already see the first signs of these catastrophic changes in the future. Since 1985 (year of the Cow), I began to pay attention to the ancient calculations and predictions of our nomad ancestors. To be honest, I wanted to refute these primitive predictions as unthinkable prejudices of past generations. However, everything turned out the other way around, year after year I began to notice that this forecast of antiquity still works without any blunders. Thanks to the yurt, the nomads did not lose touch with the environment and remained truly “living” creatures! According to my assumptions, based on the calculations of our ancestors, this 2020 year (the year of the Mouse, the first year of the 12-year cycle of nomads) will depend on what the morning sunrise will be during the spring equinox (March 20-22, 2020). If these days the Sun rises from the horizon blood-red, and its heat is sensitive to your face, I can’t say that this year will be good not only for nomads. This leap year can be critical for all of humanity on all continents of the Earth. 568 In different parts of the world there can be not only unprecedented droughts, epidemics, floods, mudflows, but also worst of all – a war of enormous proportions can happen. The leaders of the countries that owns the nuclear (red) button, I would advise you to forget about the existence of these buttons. I devote all possible prayers (duua) to the Almighty God, so that this is not the last warning to humanity and our civilization ... How did the nomads get the idea to build a round house made of wood and felt? I noticed one important truth from my life. The less resources in nature and the more freedom of choice around you, a person becomes inventive. If I say that the nomads were overly inventive people since birth, the reader will probably smile "Oooh, Kaleke (N 2), again began to praise his nomads." However, it is. Note 2: Since ancient times, the Kazakh people have always respectfully changed all names, even foreign ones. For example, Kazakhian Kaldarkhan – Kaleke, Russian Nikolai – Nake, American John – Zhake, German Wilhelm – Beke, etc. For example, take a simple Kazakh musical instrument – a dombra, [13] on which the popular favorite Dimash Kudaibergen plays well. This simple musical instrument has only two strings, but it makes such a sound that hiss the hair of your heart hisses one by one, listening to its sound, nomads sometimes cry, but they still won’t understand why they cried... Sometimes a whole symphony orchestra, consisting of several dozen musical instruments, cannot convey what the two-stringed ordinary dombra has just transmitted. You can see this basic musical instrument of nomads from my profile photos in "Academia.edu". Let us return to the theme of yurt (kiiz ui). Wherever you are (even in America, even in Africa), especially at night, when you look into the starry sky, you see a huge dome above you, similar in appearance to a yurt. Nomads also saw this life-size picture in ancient times in the steppes of Eurasia. When, how and who came up with the idea to create a round house, it is already impossible to establish for sure. This "Leonardo da Vinci" of the steppes disappeared without a trace in the "mud" of being. Many smart people on the planet were probably surprised and forced to recognize the four advantages of kiiz ui (yurts): the round house in terms of astronomy, architecture, profitability and environmental friendliness is ahead of its time by many thousands of years. Details and descriptions of these qualities are given below: 1) From the point of view of astronomy: even sitting inside the yurt, you can guess where the Sun (in the afternoon) or the Moon, different planets, stars and the constellation (at night) are now; 2) From the point of view of architecture: the structure of the yurt makes it well-ventilated and so strong that even during an earthquake you can sleep inside the yurt and not worry about anything; 3) From the point of view of profitability: for a yurt there is no need to cut a tree, its whole frame is made of tree branches, which again grows after a year and of felt, which is sheared from sheep; 4) From the point of view of environmental friendliness: a yurt stands in one place for only 2-3 months, then it easily moves to another place, thereby allowing the environment to quickly recover. 569 If you notice, even the modern huge and home mobile planetariums that you can buy in stores are created in the form of a yurt. [14] It cannot be otherwise, the universe and space cannot be represented in four coal form. Because the object (Earth) on which we are all is round in shape. When you are on a bare steppe, making your eyes 360 ° circle, you see a huge circle. And this pushes us to the idea that the nomads wandering over a long distance (5-6 thousand kilometers), thousands of years ago they realized that the Earth is also round like the Moon, the Sun and stars in the sky. They knew this, but did not begin to prove to anyone about their guesses, because there was a wild nature and a wild society of people around. How did the “startup” begin and how did it turn into the “high technology” of antiquity? Nomads have always lived in an uncomfortable and cruel nature among wild and domestic animals. Although nomads were intelligent creatures, they never interfered in the process of natural selection. This taught them that your life or someone else's life can be interrupted at any moment, therefore for a person “super” wealth is not necessary. Nomads only need mobile items that only one camel can wear. This tough need of time and life itself in ancient times gave rise to a "startup", which subsequently gave humanity a "high-tech" masterpiece of antiquity. When one of the talented nomads joined this “startup”, he probably knew and imagined how best to make a round hemispherical dwelling, which would later be called “kiiz ui” (yurt). In the Kazakh steppes, natural resources (mainly wood) were limited in quantity then and now. This forced the Kazakh masters to use only tree branches, so that the resources were always renewable. The situation was complicated by the fact that all these walls and ceilings of the future home were to be compact and reusable. Most likely, the aforementioned Leonardo da Vinci from the steppes turned his attention to the bird's wing (for example, golden eagle). When assembled, any wings take up little space under the side of the bird, but during the flight they fully open and cover a large area. 570 What important items are the foundation of the kiiz ui (yurt)? After numerous experiments and mistakes, this craftsman came up with sliding lattice walls, which have the ability to decrease and expand like bird wings. The width of these checkered walls in a reduced form is only 50-70 cm, and in an expanded form is 300-400 cm. The height of these checkered walls reaches from 1700 to 2000 cm. The traditional "kiiz ui" (yurt) usually uses six such sliding lattice walls. When assembled, these walls are called “kerege” (from the Kazakh word “stretch”) [Picture 5], and when extended, it is called “kanat” (from the Kazakh word “wings”). [Picture 5 “a”] Picture 5. Kerege in packaged Picture 5 “a”. Kerege in expanded form (width 300-400 cm): Kanat (from the Kazakh word “wings”) form (width 70-90 cm): Kerege (from the Kazakh word “stretch”) It was the same master, or a completely different master, one cannot say for sure, someone was sitting and wondering what now to be with the windows and the ceiling of this round house. He looked at the tree and the sky for a long time and probably thought that all objects in the world reach their peak and stop. During its zenith, the Sun stands in the middle of the blue sky and shines brightly. And at that time, a wooden wheel with spokes lay nearby. He mentally lifted this wheel and placed it in the center on the extreme top of the round wall. Out of unexpected ideas, he suddenly jumped out of the place and could not utter a word of joy, as Archimedes did in ancient times, shouting the words "Eureka, Eureka." And indeed this Leonardo da Vinci from the steppes found a way out of the impasse, thanks to the Sun, which shines brightly in the sky. It remains only to turn the invisible rays of the Sun onto a material body. Thus, this master after some time made the sun in a horizontal position like a wheel. Invisible rays The sun has replaced 60-70 long thin pillars of tree branches. Subsequently, this important structure of the yurt was called – uyk. [Picture 6] Picture 6. Uyk – thin pillars of tree branches connecting kerege and shanyrak Unlike Europeans, nomads instead of linen, cotton, or woolen threads mainly used thin leather threads (in the Kazakh language "taspa") from the skins of pets. Naturally, these thin leather threads (taspa) were very strong and durable and lasted a long time. Therefore, the nomads in all the connecting links of the kiiz ui (yurts) used these thin leather threads. 572 Ropes (in the Kazakh language "arkan") is the second important attribute of kiiz ui (yurts). A very strong rope (in the Kazakh language “Kyl Arkan”) was made of long hair of a horse's tail. It was used both inside and outside of kiiz ui (yurt) in large quantities, firstly, to ensure the stoichi of kiiz ui (yurt) against strong winds and storms, and secondly, so that all types of poisonous creatures do not crawling along kiiz ui (yurt). Thus, we can assume that the reader already understood what “Sykyrlauyk” (esik) (Picture 3), “Shanyrak” (Picture 4), Kerege (Picture 5 and 5 “a”), Uyk (Picture 6), thin leather threads (taspa) and a very strong rope (kyl arkan). When all these six objects interacting with each other are reunited, we get a bare frame or skeletal structure kiiz uy (yurt), as in Picture 7. The height of the collected kiiz ui (yurt) of the Kazakhs is at least 4-5 meters. Picture 7. All four kiiz uy (yurt) details connected together The very word “kiiz ui” in the Kazakh translation means “felt house”. Felt (in the Kazakh language “kiiz”) materials of different sizes and types are sequentially one after another “dressed” in a bare frame or skeletal structure of kiiz ui (yurt), as shown in Picture 7. The ancient nomadic technology of making felt for kiiz ui (yurt) is almost forgotten, because the almighty China, located near Kazakhstan, supplies its cheap and low-quality felt at a low price. [15] The most important elements of kiiz ui (yurt) are its felt coverings. Felt coverings of Kazakh kiiz ui (yurt) are divided according to their application into three types: felt coverings kerege – tuyrlyk, felt coverings dome – uzik, felt coverings air duct (shanyrak) – tundik. 573 In addition to the three main types of felt coverings, there was a fourth – a felt coverings on the outside of the “sykyrlauyk” (in the Kazakh language “kiiz esik”), the dimensions of which were slightly larger than the door jamb. She, as needed, covered the entrance to the kiiz ui (yurt), or, rolled up, was in the upper part of the jamb. Another important attribute of kiiz ui (yurt) was a patterned wall mat made of a mat (in the Kazakh language “shym shi”) placed between the wall (kerege) and the ceiling (tuyrlyk). The material for such wall mats were stalks of steppe reeds (in the Kazakh language «shi»). These kiiz ui felt items (tuyrlyk, uzik, tundik, kiiz esik, shym shi and others) provide a surprisingly large amount of insulation and protection from the cold in winter, and they are easy to replace so that yurts stay cool in the summer. Epilogue So that readers do not languish from reading this article, I did not write a lot of subtleties about yurts. Because for foreign readers, these subtleties of a yurt are useless and not needed. This is simply exotic for them, as soon as they see this yurt and that's enough. But for the Kazakhs, a yurt is a vital necessity. This is proved by life itself. In Soviet times, in the city of Ushtobe near Taldykorgan (Kazakhstan) there was a factory that was engaged in the manufacture of kiiz ui (yurt). This factory produced kiiz ui (yurt) of medium size (out of six kanat), this was quite enough to provide Kazakhs involved in cattle breeding. However, in the 90s of the last century, due to the collapse of the USSR, this plant went bankrupt. But, despite this, the demand of nomads for kiiz ui (yurt) revived a new mini-factory in Kostanay, which is located in the north of Kazakhstan. Each year, a total of up to 80 yurts is produced at the request of the customer. The cheapest kiiz ui (yurt) costs 700 thousand tenge (1833 US dollars), and the most expensive kiiz ui (yurt) costs 7 million tenge (18325 US dollars). [16] However, Kazakh masters of yurts are unlikely to know that in the United States for 30 years, the private company "Yurts of America" produced and successfully sold nomadic yurts. Naturally, the American yurt is inferior in characteristics and originality to Kazakh yurts made in Kostanai. [17] I wondered why, despite the technological prosperity of everything and everything abroad, the interest and demand for kiiz ui (yurt) is growing every year. It turns out that in the UK it has become fashionable to celebrate weddings in makeshift yurts similar to American yurts. [18] In 2016, student Michael Jeffery, who lives in Kamloops, British Columbia built a yurt and lived there. [19] I hope that in the near future, Americans and the British, as well as everyone who wants it, will be able to see the real kiiz ui (yurt) of nomads in their country or even live ... 574 Bibliography references 1. S. Rudenko, An Essay on the Life of Kazakhs at the Basins of the Hula and Sagyz Rivers, 1927, p. 29. 2. Kazakh yurt – a house history.kz/en/publications/view/743 without corners., 22 September 2014., https://e- 3. K. Kambar., "Yurts have perfumes, but no owners.", "Turkestan" newspaper, 09/12/2010: https://turkystan.kz/article/53098-kiiz-jdi-kiesi-bar-iesi-zho 4. K.Kambar., “Kazakh National Calendar”., “Parasat” magazine., No. 5,6,7,8,1998 year 5. Kazakh yurt (kyiz uy)., Sayin Nazarbekuly. - Astana: Elorda, 2005. - page 93,: http://sayin.kz/wpcontent/uploads/2012/777/6.%20Қазақтың%20киіз%20үйі%202.pdf 6. Presentation "Structure and Scheme of Kiiz ui": https://infourok.ru/prezentaciya-kiiz-ydi-rilisi1232065.html 7. Types and structure of kiiz ui, 10.13.2015: https://bilim-all.kz/article/2306 8. The kazakh yurta., Text by Vitaliy Shuptar., Discovery Kazakhstan., Travel guide#1/2008., http://www.discovery-kazakhstan.com/archive/2008/10_7.php 9. Yurt (translated very silly and ridiculous): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurt 10. Margulan A. Kh. Kazakh folk applied art. – Alma-Ata: Oner. – T.1. 1986. – 256 p. 11. Aitys, yurt, kuy enter UNESCO’S cultural heritage list 09.12.2016: https://kazakhtv.kz/en/view/society/page_178647_aitys-yurt-kuy-enter-unesco%E2%80%99s-cultural-heritage-list 12. Tsybulsky V.V., Lunar-solar calendar of East Asian countries with translation to the dates of the European calendar (from 1 to 2019 CE) / USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oriental Studies M .: Science. The main edition of oriental literature, 1988, pp. 3-5. 13. Dombra: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dombra 14. List of planetariums: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_planetariums 15. Business competition of Kazakhs and Chinese in the creation of yurts., 22.03.2013: http://old.el.kz/m/news/view/content-12612 16. The eternal symbol of Kazakh hospitality, a yurt and today triumphantly marches across the steppe., March 19, 2016, Saturday., https://kstnews.kz/newspaper/310/item-28927 17. Yurts of America., About us (sale of a yurt): https://yurtsofamerica.com/about/ 18. In the UK, it has become fashionable to celebrate the wedding https://ulanude.bezformata.com/listnews/yurts-v-velikobritanii-stalo-modno/43543608/ in yurts: 19. Outdoor adventure student Michael Jefferey lives his degree in a yurt outside Kamloops, B.C., Jeff Bassett., Kamloops, B.C., Special to the Globe and Mail., Published February 18, 2016., Updated May 16, 2018., https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/outdoor-adventure-student-liveshis-degree-in-a-yurt-outside-kamloops/article28808654/ 575 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar Once again about the Latin alphabet of the Kazakh language Copyright 2020 © Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published February 19, 2020 Introduction The other day (February 18, 2020), a Kazinform correspondent reported that four new versions of the Kazakh alphabet in Latin were offered to Karaganda scientists and linguists. This is the first approved version, the final versions with a acute accent (a stroke is above the letter) and umlaut (two points are above the letter), as well as the discussed version of "Aralas". “The new alphabet should be easy and convenient for learning, reading and spelling. If the spelling rules are simple, then studying them will also not cause difficulties. The main thing is that we should choose the option that is closest to the phonetics of the Kazakh language,” said Associate Professor of the Department of Kazakh Linguistics of Karaganda State University named after E.A. Buketov, candidate of philological sciences Markhab Tursynova. During the discussion, most participants chose the third option – umlaut. In this embodiment, 31 letters. Umlauts are used to indicate the softness of the vowels ә, ө, ү, which in this case are written with two superscript points. The proposals that were voiced at the meeting, the language development department will send to the National Commission for the translation of the Kazakh language alphabet into Latin script. [1] The president criticized the “old version” of the Latin alphabet, but still no one listens to it In general, President Tokayev’s argument in defense of refusing the Cyrillic alphabet does not differ from his predecessor N. Nazarbayev. “Today Kazakhstan is not lagging behind the dictates of the time, neighboring countries have also chosen the Latin script, 90% of the information in the world is published in Latin. As you know, who owns the information, this country is developing science and technology. The transition of the Kazakh language to the Latin alphabet is one of the key stages of spiritual modernization,” Tokayev emphasized. [2] If I'm not mistaken, the president here emphasizes the importance of “information technology” for the country. On February 7, 2020, in the building of the "Nur-Otan" parties in Almaty, I was at a reception at the Vice Minister of Culture and Sports of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nurgis M. Daueshov, about the Kazakh Latin alphabet (hereinafter referred to as KLA). In this meeting, it turned out that nobody knows about my version of the KLA and naturally they did not discuss it. And also from the words of the representative of the National Commission for translating the Kazakh language alphabet into Latin, I realized that they will accept the “old version” with a "acute accent" (a stroke is above the letter) and "umlaut" (two points are above the letter). I tried to explain that it is not worth repeating this again, but no one listened to my opinion. Well, then we again step on the rake that we have recently stepped on. 576 The acute accent and umlaut are the same diacritical marks Diacritic is primarily an adjective, though sometimes used as a noun, whereas diacritical is only ever an adjective. Some diacritical marks, such as the acute ( ´ ) and grave ( ` ), are often called accents. Diacritical marks may appear above or below a letter, or in some other position such as within the letter or between two letters. [3] [4] Sooner or later, when the Kazakhstanis find out that the so-called “acute accent” and “umlaut” are the same combination of diacritics, everything can explode. In this situation, Russia will gloat: "we told these stupid Kazakhs that you cannot create a" Latin alphabet ", you did not obey, you did not need to change the Cyrillic alphabet." We are slowly but surely moving towards this shame of the whole nation, thanks to some stubborn people who are in the National Commission. The diaeresis[a] (/daɪˈɛrɪsɪs/dy-ERR-i-sis; also known as the tréma[b]) and the umlaut are two homoglyphic diacritical marks that consist of two dots ( ¨ ) placed over a letter, usually a vowel. When that letter is an i or a j, the diacritic replaces the tittle: ï. [5] [6] At least somehow understand "what is an umlaut", below are the technical information and a description of "umlaut". Table 1. [7] Technical information and description of the "umlaut". Table 1. Combining Diaeresis double dot above, umlaut, greek dialytika, double derivative U + 0308 Technical information Name Combining Diaeresis Unicode number U + 0308 HTML-code & # 776; CSS-code \ 0308 Block Combining Diacritical Marks Unicode version: 1.1.5 (1993) Character description Combining Diaeresis. Combining Diacritical Marks. Encoding Encoding UTF-8, UTF-16BE UTF-16LE UTF-32BE UTF-32LE hex CC 88 03 08 08 03 00 00 03 08 08 03 00 00 dec (bytes) 204 136 38 83 0038 8300 dec 52360 +776 2051 +776 134414336 00000000 00000000 00001000 00000011 binary 11001100 10001000 00000011 00001000 00001000 00000011 00000011 00001000 00000000 00000000 Of course, the phonetics of the Kazakh language must be taken into account. Undoubtedly acute accent or umlauts are convenient for writing with a pen and pencil. However, we must not forget that a maximum of ten years later, regardless of whether we want it or not, the whole world, including Kazakhs, will use the electronic digital alphabet and letters (telephones, tablets, computers). In my final version of KLA, I pointed out how to avoid all kinds of problems now and in the future. 577 Back in the middle of the last century, it was decided to use the letters of the English alphabet for the encoding of characters 26 × 2 as the main Latin alphabet. In my project, I convincingly proposed 26 × 2 as the main Kazakh Latin alphabet. (N 1) Alas, no one understood this, although I wrote it all in an understandable language. [8] Note 1: By the 1960s it became apparent to the computer and telecommunications industries in the First World that a non-proprietary method of encoding characters was needed. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) encapsulated the Latin script in their (ISO/IEC 646) 7-bit character-encoding standard. To achieve widespread acceptance, this encapsulation was based on popular usage. The standard was based on the already published American Standard Code for Information Interchange, better known as ASCII, which included in the character set the 26 × 2 letters of the English alphabet. Later standards issued by the ISO, for example ISO/IEC 8859 (8-bit character encoding) and ISO/IEC 10646 (Unicode Latin), have continued to define the 26 × 2 letters of the English alphabet as the basic Latin script with extensions to handle other letters in other languages. [9] [10] I am 100% sure that very soon the National Commission will again accept the KLA with the umlaut. Kazakh linguists, as it were, did not praise the new KLA created by them, despite this, very soon there will be problem No. 1 with the Internet. Because this warning is written in black and white: Symbol font should not be used in Web pages. Specifying Symbol font is contrary to the published specifications, has never been a documented feature of HTML and is not reliable. [11] That is not all. Problem No. 2. It turns out that Word, and even more than Word PowerPoint, supports an easy way to enter a Unicode character or diacritic. Sadly, this technique does not work in Excel. The primary role of Excel is analysis and visualization of data, which put less emphasis on the use of special text characters. Nonetheless, there will always be some need for special characters, both Unicode characters and diacritics in Excel. [12] The entire economy of the world, including Kazakhstan (for example, accounting, 1C program, and others) cannot live without Excel. The consequence will be terrifying thanks to the Combining Diacritical Marks that linguists offer. Next appears Problem No. 3, Problem No. 4, Problem No. 5 and this will continue indefinitely. Until these problems started, I once again propose to carefully study my project developed 26 × 2 as the main Latin alphabet. In this project “KLA based on 26 × 2” there are no any Combining Diacritical Marks. The so-called “acute accent” (acute) and “umlauts” and others will be replaced by the eighth letter of the main Latin alphabet “H, h” ([haː]). This letter "Hһ" is used only in Arabic-Persian borrowings and is often pronounced as unvoiced X (like /h/ or a dull voice fricative). [13] In the Kazakh language there is not a single word that begins with the capital letter “H (Һ)”, all the letters “һ” are found only in the middle of Kazakh words. For example: gauhar, qahar, qaharly, qaharman, zhihaz, zhihan, zhihankez, mashһur, shahar. So this "H" will simply be inactive among 26 Latin letters. Thus, this letter “H” (lowercase letter “һ” does not fit) can be used as a “sign” (which replaces digraphs, apostrophes, and diacritics), which Unicode and the Internet accept without any problems. 578 This single Cyrillic letter “H” among Latin 26 letters will always remind us of “President Nazarbayev, the city of Nur-Sultan, the party of Nur-Otan” and the fact that we previously had the Cyrillic alphabet. The Cyril-Latin letter "H" will not have any sound and pronunciation. It will only fulfill the role of a “sign” that indicates or warns that the letter here has a different sound. I am sure and hope that it will not be necessary to explain and describe to the readers my last alphabet, since the whole essence and all the meaning of the Kazakh Latin alphabet is indicated clearly in the form of a keyboard. 579 Figure 1. Standard layout on the Kazakh keyboard of “new” Latin and Cyrillic letters (for recognizing letters), various characters and signs (see Note №2) Table 2. Standard layout of Kazakh letters, various symbols and signs that are located on the "new" Latin keyboard in the form of an alphabet. 1 Q Қ 2 W Ұ 3 E E 4 R Р 5 T T 6 Y Ы 7 U У 8 I I 9 O O 10 P П 11 A A 12 S Ш 13 D Д 14 F Ф 15 G Г 16 H Һ 17 J Ж 18 K К 19 L Л 20 Z З 21 X X 22 C C 23 V В 24 B Б 25 N Н 26 M M 27 aH Ә 28 gH Ғ 29 iH Й 30 nH Ң 31 oH Ө 32 wH Ү Note №2: 1) Cyrillic letters located next to the Latin letters are not associated with the internal layout of the keyboard. They are engraved only so that users correctly click the letters they need. 2) Six (6) additional Kazakh letters (Ә – aH, Ғ – gH, Й – iH, Ң – nH, Ө – oH, Ү – wH), together with the “H” sign, which did not have enough space in the main keyboard, are located in the long “Space” key to recognize the desired letters. 580 Epilogue I sincerely hope that the relevant authorized bodies (especially the Ministry of Culture and Sports) of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as the National Commission for the translation of the Kazakh language alphabet into Latin script, turn their eyes to this project. I’m still sure that government bodies will think about my “KLA based on 26 × 2” project as long as there is such an opportunity, otherwise this important matter will again become a laughing stock, and later a tragedy for the entire Kazakh people. BIBLIOGRAPHY-REFERENCES 1. New variants of the Kazakh alphabet in Latin were discussed by Karaganda scholars: https://www.inkaragandy.kz/news/2665710/novye-varianty-kazahskogo-alfavita-na-latiniceobsudili-karagandinskie-ucenye 2. Translation difficulties: Kazakhstan slows down the transition to the Latin alphabet., The President of Kazakhstan instructed to finalize the alphabet for the transition to the Latin alphabet., Anna Yuranets., 10/21/2019: https://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2019/10/21_a_12768806.shtml 3. Diacritic: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic 4. Combining Diacritical https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0300.pdf Marks. Range: 0300-036F: 5. Diaeresis (diacritic): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic) 6. The Unicode Standard v 5.0. San Francisco, etc.: Addison-Wesley. 1991–2007. p. 228. ISBN 0321-48091-0. 7. Technical information and description of the "umlaut": https://unicode-table.com/en/0308/ 8. The final version of the "Kazakh Latin alphabet": https://www.academia.edu/41272544/The_final_version_of_the_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_ 9. ISO основной латинский алфавит: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet ISO basic Latin alphabet: 10. "Internationalisation standardization of 7-bit codes, ISO 646". Trans-European Research and Education Networking Association (TERENA). 11. Symbol font – Unicode alternatives for Greek and special characters in HTML: http://www.alanwood.net/demos/symbol.html 12. Unicode characters and diacritics: http://www.tusharmehta.com/publish_train/xl_vba_cases/0123%20Unicode%20and%20diacritics.shtml 13. Kazakh alphabets: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets 581 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar Technical concept of the Kazakh latin alphabet Copyright 2020 © Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published February 22, 2020 Introduction The other day I received a letter from the Language Policy Committee of the Ministry of Culture and Sports of the Republic of Kazakhstan (signed by Vice Minister N. Daueshov) and and a final expertise from the national scientific and practical center "Til-Kazyna" named after Sh. Shayakhmetov. As expected, the Kazakh authorities did not understand my idea during the "translation of the Kazakh language alphabet from the Cyrillic alphabet to the Latin script" to adhere to the 26 × 2 format. Most likely, they not only did not want to understand my idea, they simply ignored my opinion that in no case should one use "Diacritical marks" in this important reform. A fresh example of why Kazakhs should not get involved with "diacritical marks" is neighboring fraternal Uzbekistan. For 27 years (1993-2020), official Tashkent tried to introduce the Uzbek Latin alphabet with "diacritical signs", but they only made the last change in 2019 and this is not the last option. We have already received “deep knockout” twice from diacritical marks, but the official bodies of Kazakhstan conducting this reform are ready to receive one more, then another, and endlessly receive these knockouts. Sorry for the importunity, but this is a huge budget money that we will always lose. In this regard, I wrote my “alternative concept” below in the form of an article instead of the “old concept” written earlier specifically for the “apostrophe-acute” Kazakh Latin alphabet (hereinafter – KLA). I sincerely think that my concept complements the old developed concept of the spelling rule of the Kazakh alphabet based on the Latin script is developed. [1] A brief history «On the translation of the Kazakh language alphabet from the Cyrillic alphabet to the Latin script». How it all began and what now holds us: 1) In 2006, at a meeting of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan, President Nursultan Nazarbayev announced that the Kazakh language would be transferred to the Latin alphabet; 2) In 2012, the Kazakhstan-2050 strategy was adopted, where a phased transition to the new alphabet is prescribed – until 2025; 3) On October 26, 2017, President Nursultan Nazarbayev signed a Decree «On the translation of the Kazakh language alphabet from the Cyrillic alphabet to the Latin script». Since budget money was allocated for these purposes, the relevant state bodies worked as usual. [1] In a word, nothing portended trouble ... 582 However, it was from this date that the struggle “for” and “against” the Kazakh Latin alphabet (KLA) began. [2] First, the very first KLA with “apostrophes” was rejected (Table 1), and then the second KLA with “akuts” (Table 2). [3] Why is this happening or why these alphabets are not satisfied with the Kazakhs? [4] [5] The fact is that in the Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet there are 9 specific letters (ә, i, ң, ғ, ү, ұ, қ, ө, һ). Each of them needs a separate letter (symbol). To represent the scale of incompatibility, it is enough to say that in the Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet there are 42 letters (symbol), and in the Latin alphabet there are only 26 letters (symbol). To somehow squeeze into the Latin alphabet, Kazakh linguists removed 10 Slavic letters (ц, щ, х, ь, ъ, ф, э, я, ч, ю). Anyway, the remaining 32 letters (symbol) are not enough to reflect the whole spectrum of the Kazakh alphabet’s self-identity, since among 26 Latin letters there are completely unnecessary letters for the Kazakh language. For this reason, “Disco Dancer” began in Kazakhstani society and it does not stop, the record is spinning and spinning, although by all means everyone wants to stop this tiresome music. Confused by the circumstances, Kazakh linguists began vaguely talking about different the types of diacritic used in alphabets based on the Latin script are (◌̈ – umlaut or diaeresis, ◌̆ – breve, ◌̧ – cedilla, ◌̀ – grave, ◌̄ – macron and others). [6] This is exactly what I was afraid of, because the Kazakh linguists, tired of all this, are going to change one useless diacritical signs to another useless sign. And this can go on forever in the sense that, after single diacritics, double diacritics begin. And this can go on forever in the sense that after single diacritics (there are about 34 characters), double diacritics begin (there are about 10 characters). [7] This begs the question: if we really cannot switch to KLA, then why did we start this reform? [8] It was done 60 years ago, only problems remained As you can see, when compiling the Kazakh Latin alphabet, an insoluble difficult situation developed. However, in order to move away from the constant Russian influence everywhere and at all times, as well as to get closer to the information technologies of Europe, the KLA must be adopted anyway. Many Western developed countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and others) use different types of diacritics in their Latin alphabets. They are forced to do this because their alphabets have been around for thousands of years. Therefore, they cannot start everything from a pure face, as Kazakhstan is now doing, they can only “adapt to the 26 × 2 format”, which dictates the method of encoding characters in the fields of computer science, programming, the Internet, etc. I will try to briefly explain what the “26 × 2 format” or “method of encoding characters” is: “By the 1960s it became apparent to the computer and telecommunications industries in the First World that a non-proprietary method of encoding characters was needed. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) encapsulated the Latin script in their (ISO/IEC 646) 7-bit characterencoding standard. To achieve widespread acceptance, this encapsulation was based on popular usage. The standard was based on the already published American Standard Code for Information Interchange, better known as ASCII, which included in the character set the 26 × 2 letters of the English alphabet. Later standards issued by the ISO, for example ISO/IEC 8859 (8-bit character encoding) and ISO/IEC 10646 (Unicode Latin), have continued to define the 26 × 2 letters of the English alphabet as the basic Latin script with extensions to handle other letters in other languages. ” [9] [10] 583 In other words, exactly 60 years ago, all developed countries of the world did not pay attention to an ordinary garage, which is located in the state of California, USA (now this place is called "Silicon Valley"). In this garage, under the guidance of a very young Bill Gates (now one of the richest people on the planet), young guys worked who "dabbled" in programming. Since they were not linguists, in their work they used only 26 uppercase and lowercase letters (26 × 2) of the Latin alphabet. In addition, they were not clairvoyant, so they did not know that with the 26 × 2 format they would cause such a disaster for the whole world (except the UK and the USA), although they would come out of this garage famous and rich. Everyone already understands that this format cannot be expanded to 42 × 2 or even 32 × 2. We chose the road that we have nowhere to go (dead end) I think from the very beginning our government began to make one mistake after another. The very first mistake was that no one indicated how to carry out this reform at all. There was a concept of linguists, [1] and the technical part of this concept is still missing. They are waiting for each other, not having a common agreement. The second mistake was that there was no clear and understandable attitude and goal of the reform. We still do not know what is more important for us, the phonetics and grammar of the Kazakh language or computer science, programming, the Internet, etc. This is by no means the same concept, there is a huge gap between them that does not forgive the mistake. The third error, as a result of the first two errors, to this day only the linguistic part of the Kazakh Latin alphabet is considered. Figuratively speaking, this is the road that we have nowhere to go (dead end). For example, “Uzbekistan earlier than other Central Asian countries was engaged in the development of the alphabet (1993), but, oddly enough, this process continues to this day (there were several variations). Another, possibly the last, appeared in 2019. Now the Uzbek people write both in Latin and Cyrillic.” [6] Not beer destroys us, bureaucracy destroys us So many government bodies and institutions have been involved in the KLA reform. The logic is clear to everyone: the more people, the greater the return. However, the Kazakhs have a proverb: "Koishy cop bolsa, koi aram oledi" (If there are many shepherds, sheep will die of starvation). In this reform of the KLA, bureaucracy reigns everywhere, nobody listens to each other, everyone has their own truth. However, the truth is only one: this is the reform of the KLA with the least losses and greater returns. If the government of Kazakhstan changes its mind and instructs a "professional" to carry out this reform of the KLA, he will say only one word: “Dance, spin as you like, but don’t go beyond the 26 × 2 format and that’s it, dot.” Although it is convenient in accurately conveying the phonetics and grammar of the Kazakh language, it will greatly interfere with computer science, programming, the Internet, etc. Only after this strict requirement, all charlatans who do not have sufficient knowledge in this area will disappear from the field of view, only professionals who truly love their country and nation will remain. 584 I am sure that this very serious reform of the KLA should be carried out by a small group of 10-20 people, reporting only to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. An entire society that has millions of opinions can never carry out such an important and responsible task. Because our society, how good they were, never realize that this is really a merciless war for survival for the future of Kazakhstan. Perhaps the Latin alphabet is a well-forgotten “old heritage” of nomads As you already know, I already wrote three articles on the Latin alphabet of the Kazakh language. In the first article [11], I dared to suggest that the Latin and Greek alphabet is a well-forgotten ancient heritage of the nomads (runic alphabet). All three alphabets in ancient times externally had similarities and were written from right to left. 1) In 1969, on Issyk kurgan, located near Almaty, a silver goblet was excavated with 26 runic symbols [12] along with the "Golden Man". [13] I believe that the age of these very ancient artifacts is underestimated for obvious reasons (during the USSR, nomads were considered as a people without history) by at least 5-3 thousand years. Look at these seven great archaeological discoveries of Kazakhstan, will you believe that they came from nowhere? In order to domesticate wild horses and achieve such a high level in drawing (petroglyphs), architecture, jewelry, it is just necessary, according to rough estimates, at least 8000-6000 years. [14] Immediately after the independence of Kazakhstan, Kazakh scholars (Turkologists and linguists) Abilkhan Abilasan [15] and Bekzhan O. Dandeyuly began to study the "Issyk inscription". Since the “silver cup with 26 runic symbols” was always at hand (it is stored at the Archaeological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan), they conducted a study using the MBS-1 stereoscopic microscope (SCOPICA). [16] [17] And they saw the smallest details in a silver goblet, which are not visible to a simple eye. It turns out until this time all the famous scientists tried to read this text upside down. These two Kazakh scholars noticed a similarity between the “Issyk inscription” and the “Orkhon inscriptions,” which are usually written from right to left. They not only decoded these letters, but translated this text into an understandable language. However, it should be noted that the translations of both authors turned out to be different. Therefore, these studies cannot be considered completed ... 2) Ancient inscription with Greek alphabets: Nestor's Cup (Pithekoussai). A three-line inscription, scratched onto the side of the cup [18] is one of the earliest extant Greek inscriptions. [19] All three lines are written from right to left [20] 3) Ancient inscription with latin alphabets: Duenos inscription. The Duenos inscription is one of the earliest known Old Latin texts, variously dated from the 7th to the 5th century BC. [21] The inscription is written right to left in three units, without spaces to separate words. [22] My assumptions regarding the alphabet are confirmed by the most European historical and genetic science: A 2004 study also established that, during the Bronze and Iron Age period, the majority of the population of Kazakhstan (part of the Andronovo culture [23] during Bronze Age) was of West Eurasian origin (with mtDNA haplogroups such as U, H, HV, T, I and W), and that prior to the thirteenth to seventh century BC, all Kazakh samples belonged to European lineages. [24] Western Eurasian peoples (modern Europe) leading a Sedentary way of life, could not come to the 585 land of the Kazakhs, on the contrary, nomadic Kazakhs went to Europe, long before the Huns, in the person of Attila. [25] Despite all the conventions in science, I used to say what to see my eyes and say all things under my own names. Especially these my "nomadic stubborn habits" are painfully perceived by European scientists and readers, and some on the contrary admire ... My main subscribers and readers in "Academia.edu" are Europeans and Americans [26], so personally I have no prejudice and hostility towards European or American science. I always admire the pedantry, objectivity, industriousness, talent and ingenuity of Europeans and try my best to be like them in everything, no matter what. However, I want to note that sometimes European science goes too far, as if they came to planet Earth from another developed planet. But this is not so, we were all born, brought up and lived in the vastness of Eurasia. I just want us to know and remember this truth. In any war there is no victory without loss In the history of mankind, there was a lot of war, a lot of losses, but many could not achieve victory. And also we must take into account the fact that always departing from the principles, it is impossible to achieve any victory. To win the battle, all nations put the most precious sacrifices in this life on the altar of victory. The Kazakh people know what it is! Today, the Kazakh people do not want to lose their past and at the same time want to achieve victory in the name of the future. Всевышний Allah never gave and will not give two happiness at the same time, it is a cruel truth, one must sacrifice one (past) or another (future). I think we should say goodbye to the past than the future. What am I saying and what do I mean? The silver cup found in 1969 at Issyk-Kurgan consisted of 26 runic symbols. This means that our ancient ancestors at least 4-3 thousand years ago used only 26 letters (symbol) and it was enough to conquer half of Eurasia. Then the Persian, Arab, Dzhungar-Kalmak, Russian invaders invaded our holy land, and each civilization left behind a few letters (symbols) to avenge us for their defeat from the nomads. As a result, our Kazakh alphabet increased to 42 letters (symbol). When I said above: “Dance, spin as you like, but don’t go beyond the 26x2 format and that’s it, dot.”, I urged the Kazakhs to go to the holy foundations of distant ancestors. For obvious reasons, we now cannot speak and write in the language of our ancestors, but we must keep the holy number “26”. Therefore, we must squeeze the maximum benefit out of the modern Latin alphabet, which also consists of 26 letters, in my opinion "not by chance." To achieve this goal, we must gradually forget the “one sound – one letter” rule that was invented. We must gradually get rid of letters similar to each other, because some of them are not our native letters. Thus, approximately 16 letters of the modern Cyrillic alphabet disappear. Although this Kazakh Latin alphabet will consist of 26 modern Latin letters, in the depths of the soul of this alphabet you will still see the «Kazakh spirit». All grammar (phonetics, graphics, orthoepy, vocabulary, lexicology, phraseology, morphemic, word formation) of the Kazakh language will gradually change. These circumstances I called “losses” in this merciless war. For example, not to mention the glorious languages of Kok Türks (Kultegin, Tonykok), the current 586 generation of Kazakhs understands some of the words of the Great Abay Kunanbayev (1845-1904), born only 175 years ago, thanks to various comments. The main thing is that we must correctly understand and perceive the fact that sooner or later, «natural selection» will occur not only with people, but also with the language of all the peoples of the world. The modern history “On the translation of the Kazakh language alphabet from the Cyrillic alphabet to the Latin script” is precisely that moment of “natural selection”. You should not make a tragedy out of it, because evil tongues “buried” the Kazakh people 1000 times earlier, but we, like the Phoenix bird, already “returned” from there already 1001 times ... And still, what should be done next? As I said above, in the Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet there are 9 specific letters (ә, i, ң, ғ, ғ, ұ, қ, ө, һ) that have become a «stumbling block». Prior to this, Kazakh linguists tried to convey them with the help of digraphs, apostrophes, akuts, and now with the help of umlauts. I suggested replacing digraphs, apostrophes, akuts, umlauts (instead of Diacritic) with an inactive single letter in the modern Latin alphabet. This is the eighth letter of the base Latin alphabet H, h ([haː]). For example, «AH – Ә (uppercase), aH – ә (lowercase).» Its appearance is very similar to a digraph, but I offered it as a warning sign (without any sound). Its appearance is very similar to a digraph, but I suggested using it as a warning sign (no sound). I wrote in detail how to do this in my second article [27] and called this project “26 × 2 Format” in my third article. [28] Only in this case will there be full integration of the KLA with the basic Latin alphabet, computer science, programming, the Internet, etc. In the second and third article I gave only an example the final version of the “26 × 2 format”, on the basis of which success can be achieved. Approximately, only after a thousand permutations of letters in the KLA, one can achieve some kind of acceptable option. There are no hopeless dead ends, if it is good to seek there is always a way out. What Kazakh linguists are doing now, they are looking for an easy way to get rid of problems, they just do not want to load their brains to 100. If we try to solve problems with diacritics, as the Uzbeks did, problems will begin one by one. Only the two problems listed below begin immediately, and then there are more and more of them. Problem No. 1: The font character (diacritical marks) should not be used on web pages. Specifying a Symbol font is contrary to published specifications, has never been a documented HTML feature, and is not reliable. [29] Problem No. 2: Diacritical marks (apostrophes, acuts, umlauts and others) besides these inconveniences are also dangerous because they are not compatible with Microsoft Excel. Given that the entire economy of Kazakhstan does not work without the Excel program (for example, accounting, 1C: Enterprise, etc.), it is easy to guess the terrible consequences. “It turns out that Word, and even more than Word PowerPoint, supports an easy way to enter a Unicode character or diacritic. Sadly, this technique does not work in Excel. The primary role of Excel is analysis and visualization of data, which put less emphasis on the use of special text characters. Nonetheless, there will always be some need for special characters, both Unicode characters and diacritics in Excel.” [30] (Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications, etc.). Next appears Problem No. 3, Problem No. 4, Problem No. 5 and this will continue indefinitely. 587 Epilogue No matter how difficult it is, we must choose the “26 × 2 format” so that there is no problem later. In the early 2000s, when computer informatics, programming, the Internet, social networks they didn’t accept the “Kazakh Cyrillic”, we were forced to write in Latin letters. It was then that people did different stunts with Latin letters, all were used, mostly “digraphs”. For example, the Cyrillic letter “Ж” was written as “Zh”, the letter “X and Һ” was written as “Kh”, etc. In a word, there were no problems! I even saw how the Latin letter “W” was used as the letter of the Cyrillic alphabet “Ш”. This proves that there is no need to seek the sound harmony of Latin and Cyrillic letters. Kazakhs are not going to become British or Americans. All the same, Kazakhs will not or are not going to become British or Americans. Therefore, we must use all 26 × 2 (uppercase and lowercase) Latin letters on the keyboard and must not change the Latin letters on the keyboard. Firstly, all these 26 keys on the computer are located after a long study, on a scientific basis. Secondly, replacing each key on a computer will cost the country a round sum. Thirdly, only in this case, every Kazakh who is abroad can use any keyboard to work. Ultimately, the most profitable and useful side of the “26 × 2 format” will be the technical side, because of which the previous two versions of the KLA were “rejected”. When the finished “Kazakh Latin alphabet” adheres to and is a “copy” of the modern basic Latin alphabet, there will never be a technical problem. [6] 588 BIBLIOGRAPHY-REFERENCES 1. Gradual transition of the Kazakh alphabet to the Latin alphabet: https://egov.kz/cms/en/articles/culture/Alfavit-kazahskogo-yazyka-na-latinice 2. Pros and cons of Latin alphabet, https://kz.expert/en/news/debates/709_pros_and_cons_of__latin_alphabet 21.04.2017: 3. A manifesto in support of the Latin alphabet was published, 21 September 2017: https://ehistory.kz/en/publications/view/3498 4. Kazakhstan’s New Latin Alphabet Project Spurs Discussions Online, January 23, 2018: https://voicesoncentralasia.org/kazakhstans-new-latin-alphabet-project-spurs-discussions-online/ 5 Kazakhstan adopts new version of Latin-based Kazakh alphabet, 26 february 2018: https://astanatimes.com/2018/02/kazakhstan-adopts-new-version-of-latin-based-kazakh-alphabet/ 6. There are no digraphs, there is an umlaut, a brevis and a cedilla. As they propose to change the new Kazakh alphabet in Latin, November 14, 2019: https://informburo.kz/stati/net-digrafov-estumlaut-brevis-i-sedil-kak-predlagayut-menyat-novyy-kazahskiy-alfavit-na -latinice.html 7. Diacritic (Types of diacritic used used in alphabets based on the Latin alphabet:): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic 8. Ak Orda, April 12, 2017, Article of the Head of State N. Nazarbayev "A Look into the Future: Modernization of Public consciousness": https://www.akorda.kz/en/events/akorda_news/press_conferences/course-towards-the-futuremodernization-of-kazakhstans-identity 9. ISO основной латинский алфавит: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet ISO basic Latin alphabet: 10. "Internationalisation standardization of 7-bit codes, ISO 646". Trans-European Research and Education Networking Association (TERENA). 11. Kazakh latin alphabet: https://www.academia.edu/41120150/Kazakh_latin_alphabet 12. Issyk inscription: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issyk_inscription 13. Issyk golden man: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иссыкский_золотой_человек 14. 7 great archaeological discoveries of Kazakhstan., 26 September 2014: © e-history.kz https://ehistory.kz/en/publications/view/747 15. A.Abilasan, “The Mysteries of Ancient Words” (Kone cozder kupiasy), historical research., Almaty: "Ana tili" Publishing House, 1995. - 80 p. 16. B.O.Dandeiuly, “The whole meaning of life at sixty-three years” (Alpys ush zhastyn gumyrlyk mazmuny)., interviewed by journalist Zh.T. Tanauova, journal “Turkology”, University of Ahmet Yasaui, No. 6 (80), 2016, November-December, pp. 3-32 589 17. Turkology, No. 6 (80), 2016, Turkestan, B.O. Dandeiuly (interview), pp. 10-12: http://rmebrk.kz/journals/4528/78369.pdf 18. Gerhard, Yves (2011). "La "Coupe de Nestor": Reconstitution du Vers 1". ZPE. 176. 19. Faraone, Christopher A. (1996). "Taking the "Nestor's Cup Inscription" Seriously: Erotic Magic and Conditional Curses in the Earliest Inscribed Hexameters". Classical Antiquity. 15 (1). 20. Page, Denys (1956). "Greek Verses from the Eighth Century BC". The Classical Review. 6 (2). 21. Osvaldo Sacchi, "Il trivaso del Quirinale", in Revue Interantionale de Droit de l'Antiquité, 2001, p. 277; citing: Attilio Degrassi, Inscriptiones Latinae Liberae Rei Publicae, 1, 1957; Arthur Gordon, "Notes on the Duenos-Vase Inscription in Berlin", California Studies in Classical Antiquity, Vol. 8, 1975, pp. 53-72; Giovanni Colonna, "Duenos", in Studi Etruschi, 47, 1979, pp. 163-172; Brent Vine, "A Note on the Duenos Inscription", University of California at Los Angeles. 22. Duenos inscription: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duenos_inscription 23. Andronovo culture: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronovo_culture 24. Fox, Lalueza; Sampietro, M. L.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Facchini, F.; Pettener, D.; Bertranpetit, J. (May 7, 2004). "Unravelling migrations in the steppe: mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient central Asians". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 271 (1542): 941–7. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2698. PMC 1691686. PMID 15255049. 25. Существует два варианта казахского названия: «Адиль» (Equitable), Едил (старое название реки Волги): Аттила: https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila 26. Personal profile of the https://independent.academia.edu/KaldarhanKambar author in "Academia.edu": 27. The final version of the "Kazakh Latin alphabet": https://www.academia.edu/41272544/The_final_version_of_the_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_ 28. Once again about the Latin alphabet of the Kazakh language: https://www.academia.edu/42014359/Once_again_about_the_Latin_alphabet_of_the_Kazakh_lang uage 29. Symbol font – Unicode alternatives for Greek and special characters in HTML: http://www.alanwood.net/demos/symbol.html 30. Unicode characters and diacritics: http://www.tusharmehta.com/publish_train/xl_vba_cases/0123%20Unicode%20and%20diacritics.shtml 590 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar Algorithm for God's participation in worldly affairs Copyright 2020 © Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published March 03, 2020 Introduction Who is confused in this life – we or God? Recently, we all often hear or read the word «God is entangled in the intricacies of this world!». The case cannot be denied that our brain sometimes refuses to believe in what is happening around us. “Oh my God, this is crazy!” we scream and soon forget what happened. When, once again, from the unexpectedness of an event, our consciousness shudders, we recall the phrase that was said above. Some of us cannot believe that this happened to him. Especially when coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, [1] a virus closely related to the SARS virus) is walking and gaining speed around the world, we are afraid like hares. Only not me, just not me, but some of us cannot believe that this happened to him. Therefore, angry and resentful of fate, many people think that «God is entangled» is the right word. However, I want to upset everyone, including myself. Unlike people, God knows exactly what he is doing with us and with the whole universe. We do not know exactly what we are doing, and we want to blame God for all this. God is not entangled in all his affairs, it is you, I and we all are deeply entangled. Our mind is clouded as never before, we don’t know what to do next in this situation, we want God to send us his prophet, so that he will show us the true path. But there will be no more prophets, we have exterminated them all and turned them into a mockery. Although they all unanimously warned us of the coming of such a day, we did not want to listen to and see them. We all wanted to live in this life as God, and it seemed to us that we literally achieved this goal. And suddenly everything changed, we again felt that we were mortal and powerless. Those people who read my articles constantly, they know that for a very long time I studied and live (about 20 years) according to the lunar-star calendar “Togys esebi”, which was invented by my nomad ancestors. Just last night (March 1, 2020), I observed how the occultation of Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon occurs. The night sky was cloudless. The bright star Sirius, the constellation Orion, Aldebaran, and Urker (Pleiades) stood approximately in one row. The moon at 5-6 days of age passed very low under Urker (Pleiades). This “Togysu” (in the Kazakh language “occultation” ) the nomads was called by “Zhana Togys” or “Harbinger of Spring”. Partial occultation of Pleiades by the Moon (March 1, 2020) in Kazakh is called “Kyrbailanyp togysu” (stretched coverage) or “Topyrak shashyp togysu” (spiteful covering). Modern astronomy does not recognize this type of coverage. Despite what is happening on this sinful world, the Moon last night (March 2, 2020) stood above the star of Aldebaran (in Kazakh – Sulusary). Already today (March 3, 2020) in the evening the Moon in the first quarter leaves the constellation Taurus and crosses the border of the constellation 591 Gemini. Then the moon crosses the constellation Cancer and Leo (March 6-7, 2020). Usually these days (6-7 days after the occultation of the Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon) for some reason, the weather around the world will change for the worse. This pattern in nature is repeated every month, after 27-28 days. [2] [3] [4] [5] However, it is impossible to calculate the algorithm of God's involvement in what is happening... Why, under the constellation Taurus, I saw a Cow in a dream I had nightmares all night and only in the morning I had a strange dream like in real life. I walked around the huge hospital and all the beds were empty. Some things of patients remained over the bedside table in a scattered form. I could not understand whether these patients all ran away or they all died out. Suddenly, at the end of the corridor, where the laboratory is located, human voices and strong shaking were heard. When I entered this room, I shuddered at the picture I saw. Two Chinese in white coats (without a drop of blood) on a flat medical table experimenting on a live cow. This cow has no skin, but for some reason it is still alive. One Chinese man holds the cow firmly by the legs, and the second Chinese man, with his right hand, looks for something from the inside of the cow. Because of this cruel action, this cow feels severe pain and she growls like a lion with all her might. Nearby on the second metal table is a pile of cow meat, which, apparently, could not stand such an experiment in front of this cow. Abundant cow blood flows to the floor from different sides of this table. Suddenly my gaze met the gaze of a tortured and still alive skinless cow. This cow looked at me with a human gaze so that I would kill him immediately so that she would no longer suffer. These cow eyes were so piercing, I involuntarily and scaredly opened both eyes and could not understand where I was at all. I felt cold sweat all over my body, even on my neck ... What was it and what does it mean? I lie still and deeply feel that this was a clear vision of something and this “something” does not concern me, but all of humanity. As I wrote earlier, when the coronovirus arose in China, I began to pray for all of humanity, I begged Almighty Allah to forgive our sins. But very soon I began to choke, day and night, I did not have enough air, my head hurt, nightmares began to torment me, and I realized that the sins of mankind filled all the cups of Allah. One night, someone clearly whispered in my ear, “you better save your soul,” let the rest take care of themselves, it's none of your business. Since then, I stopped praying for all of humanity and all nightmares ceased ... I remembered the words of my father. He said, if you see a cow in a dream, trouble will come and this can go on for seven years in a row. But he did not tell me about a lively cow, with its skin stripped off, which growled like a lion. This means that I myself will have to figure out what all this means. For some reason, the idea occurred to me that in 2020 (the year of the Mouse) difficulties only arise, and all real difficulties begin in 2021 (the year of the Cow), and end only in 2028 (the year of Meshin (Pleiades) or Monkeys). What I want to tell you can be formulated as follows: take care of yourself as much as possible. Our life is like a mechanical watch In watches with a spring winding, the clock mechanism is set in motion due to the elasticity of the spring, which is a source of mechanical energy. A spring is a steel tape curled into a spiral shape. [6] Until the 20th century, human civilization slowly but surely twisted this elastic spring to failure. 592 Then there was a soft click, and our whole life as an uncontrollable avalanche went forward at a frantic speed, which very soon reached the speed of sound. We did not even have time to collect our thoughts and collect our old belongings from that world and immediately found ourselves in a different dimension and in a different universe, where everyone is alien to us. One part of people who seem crazy with happiness shouts “bravo, bravo”, and all this thanks to the scientific achievements of the Old (Europe) and the New World (USA). At the same time, another part of people shout “woe, woe to us,” but no one hears them. The only achievement is that the wild natives of the Amazon and Oceania learned to wear shorts and T-shirts. However, they soon run the risk of staying under water due to being ahead of the time of human development. Thus, in just 100 years, we have achieved such a result in everything that no civilization before us could achieve. Although nowadays everything is measured by an electronic clock, it seems to us that the old and good mechanical clock is ticking inside our heads: tick-tock, tick-tock. In short, everything shifted in our head and how to live on, everything is in a fog like over an unfamiliar river. God punishes everyone indiscriminately, but what did I suffer for? Not everything is so simple in a person’s life, regardless of who he is, an Asian – a nomad from the steppe or a European – an urban resident of a metropolis. We all have something to say from our lives. However, for various reasons, we love to hear or read about the lives of other people, when your life is also full of drama, in the genre of comedy and tragedy. Life is like a big ship in the ocean that throws such a small person like us from side to side during a big storm. The whole irony and sarcasm of life is that we try to guarantee our future somehow. We collect money little by little, connections with the right people and other advantages of life in order to somehow provide for our life and the future of our children. However, as soon as death knocks on your door, only you hear it, and the rest continue to live in peace, like you yourself, when other people died. You are desperate to postpone your death by all available means and will cling to every saving straw. But, in the end, you will understand that Death, in spite of all your attempts, will forever take your soul into the unknown. You have no choice but to accept the will of fate recorded before you were born. If I were born a Christian in Europe or a Jew in Jerusalem, I would quote the scriptures of my religion to prove my words. But I was born a Muslim and all my ancestors were Muslims. I have no regrets about it, because in any person’s life, belief in something has a special meaning. Holy Quran, 18: 45-46: «In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful. And set forth to them parable of the life of this world: like water which We send down from the cloud so the herbage of the earth becomes tangled on account of it, then it becomes dry broken into pieces which the winds scatter; and Allah is the holder of power over all things. Wealth and children are an adornment of the life of this world; and the ever-abiding, the good works, are better with your Lord in reward and better in expectation. Wealth and children are an adornment of the life of this world; and the ever-abiding, the good works, are better with your Lord in reward and better in expectation.» However, at present, in politics, “faith” has turned into “ideology,” and in thieves' life, “faith” has turned into the slogan “steal everything that comes to hand.” But, in spite of everything, the end is known to all, only an unconscious child and a crazy person from a psycho-dispensary cannot guess 593 about this. And then one day, sooner or later, at the most uncomfortable moment for you, the clock in your heart will stop. This moment will be felt and experienced by all, without exception (from the presidents of great countries to tramps in landfills), who have blood flowing in their veins and hearts. Every second that is dear to us brings us closer to this day ... My nomad ancestors lived in a lifeless desert, not because everything was fine in the sandy ocean, and life was beautiful. They had no choice but to survive at all costs, so that the sacred hearth of our tribe would not go out forever. Both adults and children understood this, they always acted as a single fist. The wrong step to the right or left, a mortal danger that never slept, gladly covered their body with sand. The nomad ancestors respected mother nature, they did not take anything superfluous from him, because they knew very well that greed would destroy all of them. To understand all this, in childhood I had to die a clinical death in the literal sense of the word. A journey into the world of dim light, from where there is no return At the age of seven, I played in a neighboring yard and saw two electric wires lying on the ground. I was sure that they were de-energized, so I took these wires with both hands and began to swing them like ropes. Suddenly it became dark in my eyes, all this huge white light around me turned off, as if suddenly the TV had been unplugged from the electrical outlet. Only a small white dot of light continued to shine, but soon it also went out. As many say and write who survived the clinical death, I did not see a single tunnel at the end of which a faint light was visible. A moment after this shutdown, another light came on. I saw everything around me and what was happening in this incomprehensible world, but for some reason they did not see me. Many people stood without clothes and could not move in the lake, filled with smelly liquid, which reached almost the mouth and nose of these people. I walked closer to the shore of this lake and saw that all the liquid was human shit and urine and the smell was disgusting. Around this lake, other people dressed in white robes stood and laughed. Naked people in the lake begged these people to take at least a little of his wealth collected by special greed in his life so that he could breathe normally. People from the shore laughed and shouted back to them: «Why do we need your wealth, turned into shit and urine?» Naked people cried and begged people standing on the shore: «This damned wealth from the living world, devours my skin and flesh, help me get rid of it.» They sobbed so loudly and bitterly from pain, I felt very sorry for them, and I decided to help at least one of them. With this intention, I approached the shore of a stinking lake, covering my nose with my finger (the smell was terrible, my eyes were watery). I did not even have time to open my mouth, suddenly a beautiful black-bearded man appeared next to me from nowhere. I was especially amazed at his clothes, which glowed with white light. He looked at me in surprise from head to toe, then took my right palm, put it on his huge palm and began to open my clenched fingers in a fist one at a time. At that moment I started and cried out in fear, because in the middle of my right palm there was a decent burn of skin and my raft. And this black-bearded man smiled and said: “Hey boy, you entered our world too quickly, but it’s too early for you to be here and squeezed my fingers back into a fist. But always remember what you saw here. And you will never be in the lake, you will always be on its shore. « And again before my eye everything darkened and all this strange dim light turned off around me. 594 First, that little white light appeared that disappeared by the very last, and then this light intensified more and more, capturing more and more new horizons. And suddenly I heard the voice of Apazhan’s mother, as if from afar, who repeated my name several times and burst into tears of joy that I was still alive. She laid me neatly to her back, and we walked home with quick steps. For a long time I could not understand where I was, and besides, my right palm was very sore. When I opened my right palm, I screamed fearfully and wildly. When I opened my right palm, I cried out scary and wild, because in the middle of my right palm was a decent burn of skin and my raft. I immediately remembered everything that happened to me: how I shook two electric wires, a lot of people on the lake and on its shore, about a black-bearded man and his words. It seemed to me that between these events a whole life and eternity passed, and it turns out that only 5-10 minutes have passed. When the children of the neighbors ran to my mother and said that I was dying there, grabbing electric wires, my mother, without thinking about the danger, ran up and snatched the electric wire from my hands. However, she did not remember whether his electric current hit him or not. There were moments in my life when I could quickly get rich and have millions that millions of people in our country did not have. When I had to make such a choice “yes” (to be rich) or “no” (to be poor), I looked at my right palm and remembered the rich people in the stinking lake. I immediately lost the desire to be rich, because I did not want to be like those people who get drunk with their shit and urine derived from their own wealth. Thus, death itself passed through my body, although it was very painful, but instructive for the rest of my life ... As we see from everyday life, in every slice of any wealth in most cases there is deception, fraud, tears and even the lives of other people. I have no desire to read morality to people and teach them what to do in this life. Everything is clear and everyone understands that there is always a choice for each person. Once you have chosen your life path or stepped over your personal “rubicon”, to be good or bad in this life, you can’t go back, start all over again, because the gates of your destiny immediately close behind you. If you are so interested to know which path I have chosen, this is not a secret, I will say: I chose the path to be poor and live in poverty. And you know, this is not as scary as you think, in a word you can live with dignity and in poverty ... Personal tragedy sober up the head and cleanse the brain ... On November 7, 2007, a tragedy occurred in my life. Manat (first wife) went to visit my homeland – the village of Shauildir, Turkestan region. I, too, was going to my homeland, where I grew up and mastered the mentality of nomads. But growing up, I moved to the city of Almaty to find out what it would be like to be a resident of a huge metropolis. He entered the Kazakh National University, after which he stayed forever to live in Almaty. As a fifth year student at the Faculty of Journalism, I formed my family with Manat, a pretty girl from the Kangli tribe. Soon we had two children (daughter and son), I got a job, and life went monotonously without any changes. But terribly yearned for his homeland, for his steppes. At the first opportunity, we always traveled together to the village, taking our children with them so that they would not forget their relatives and the mentality of nomads. 595 But this time there was an urgent work in the office, and I could not go with Manat together. Children stayed with me in Almaty. For the rest of my life, I remember and cannot forget her tender and sad eyes when she looked at me from the rear window of a car that took her on a long journey. As usual in life, people escort their loved ones on a long journey and do not even think that he sees him for the last time alive. I was sure that I would see her again in a week and was not particularly worried. Exactly a week later (Wednesday) in the morning, she called me on her mobile phone and informed me that they would go back on the same car (Mitsubishi) in the direction of Almaty. At exactly noon, as usual, I took a shower, but for some reason my thoughts were such as if I were going on a long journey. Something in my heart became alarming, and as if something inevitable would happen right now. And just at that moment, the daughter Tursynay began to knock the bathroom door hard and said: "Dad, dad, the car the mom was driving in was in a car accident." My head was spinning, my body was trembling, I could not believe that all this happened to me. But still, in my thoughts there was still a hope that my beloved wife Manatu would not threaten anything, and that not everyone would die in accidents. But my thoughts were confused, my hand trembled, for some reason the anxiety in my heart increased exponentially more and more. I tried to calm my troubled soul, but for some reason one verse from the Koran (31:34) was spinning in my head and did not let go of my thoughts, fettering it: «Surely Allah is He with Whom is the knowledge of the hour (Judgment Day), and He sends down the rain and He knows what is in the wombs; and no one knows what he shall earn on the morrow; and no one knows in what land he shall die; surely Allah is Knowing, Aware». Gradually, my hysteria passed, I reconciled with my fate and knew for sure that I would no longer see my Manat alive. It all happened as I thought. She had no chance of surviving this car accident, and another two-year-old tiny daughter of my cousin, who was driving this car, died with her. I got dressed and went on a long journey to my village of Shauildir to bury and say goodbye to her. Over the next five years, until I got married again, I constantly felt that some kind of supernatural powerful force pulled out half of my body. The heartache of losing your loved one is the worst thing on Earth. My poor soul has been suffering and bleeding all this time. What happened 12 years ago with me has gone into non-existence, life has not ended, and now it continues in a different direction. Of course, you think, how is my personal tragedy connected with this theme of nomads? Perhaps I will answer this question “both direct and indirect”. In our case, both versions will be correct ... How I became the author of the book "Boribay shezhiresi" (the genealogy of my tribe). According to the Muslim tradition, as well as, possibly, in other religions, after the death of a person they conduct a seven-day, forty-day commemoration of the deceased, and exactly one year later the most important event takes place – the anniversary of the deceased. All this time I often went to my village of Shauildir to conduct these events. The elders (aksakals) of our large tribe Mangytai-Boribay* always sympathized with my grief and reassured my children (Tursynay and Ali) who yearned for their mother. To distract me from the tragedy that happened, they suggested that I write a book about the genealogy (Shezhire) of our tribe. Without thinking twice about this proposal, I agreed. 596 * The word "Boribay" in the semantic translation means "from the kind of wolves", i.e. the same as the words "Borizhegin (Borjigin) - the clan of the Great Shyngyskhan (Genghis Khan)." As I wrote in my previous articles, the family tree (Shezhire) for each Kazakh is very important. At first, I carefully studied all three books released earlier and devoted entirely to our Mangytai tribe. The authors of these three books were unprofessional journalists and writers, so these three books did not contain many facts about the nomadic life of our ancestors. Although it should be noted that only one of these authors, dear Bekbatyr köke (the word "köke" means "respected elderly man of our tribe"), tried to fill this gap. I decided to write such a book “Shezhire”, which will be useful in many respects not only for our tribe, but at the same time for other tribes, even in general, it can become a template for all nomads living in Kazakhstan. Kazakh-speaking readers can familiarize themselves with this book under the title "Boribay Shezhiresi" below. I did not place this book in order to show off my tribe, I placed this book in the hope of influencing the structure and systematizing the numerous tribal genealogical books of the Kazakhs. One glance is enough to determine how the numerous genealogical books of nomads are written randomly and without systematization. These genealogical books should be an example and model for the current young generation of Kazakhs. Because the Europeanized youth of the nomads in the Kazakh steppes not only forgets, in the literal sense of the word, their unbridled behavior brutally kills the "nomadic spirit" of our ancestors. Usually nomads in their tribal "Shezhire" categorically do not include women, despite the fact that she was known throughout the country or even if she died as a man during the battle. This custom most likely came to the nomads from the Arabs, along with Islam and Sharia. Although I personally adhere to all five pillars of Islam, we must not forget that the Kazakhs are descendants of the ancient Saka (Scythian) and Turkic peoples, who had their own understanding of the world, had their own customs and mentality of formidable nomads. From ancient times, Kazakhs respected their mothers and daughters for the fact that in difficult times of the nation they fought with enemies on a par with men. Then, on what grounds should we (modern Kazakhs) refuse our daughters to leave their name in the genealogical "Shezhire" book? Despite the fierce resistance of the elders (aksakals) of the tribe, I violated this “taboo” and introduced the name of all our mothers and daughters into our "Shezhire". For example, some respected elders of the clan in their family had only one son and many daughters. When I showed them less than half the page of the book where the children of his only son are written, and several pages of the book where the children of his many daughters are written, they thought deeply. And besides, these elders in everyday life were often cared for not by the only daughter-in-law of their only son, but by their many daughters. When I put them before these and other facts concerning women, they were silent and no longer interfered with my Europeanized “innovations” in our genealogy book Mangytay-Boribay (Shezhire). Sadly, after 12 years, almost none of these elders (aksakal) of our tribe remained. Those older relatives who have reached the age of 60, they flatly refuse to call themselves elders-aksakals, as they consider themselves still young. These and other "bad habits" are now occurring in the steppes of the nomads, who once considered their old age a joy. 597 Allah is not only merciful, he can punish very cruelly Other various Kazakh tribes belonging to Konyrat in the Turkestan region (Southern Kazakhstan) call our clan – Dandai-Mangytay. Our ancestor “Dandai” is not a pseudonym, but a concrete historical figure who lived in the Kyzylkum desert in the 17-18 centuries. He is considered a very wise man, so his name remained in the history of the Turkestan region, and our clan Boribay is justly proud of his legendary ancestor. However, in our tribal Shezhir there is a tragic instructive story that not only the current generation of relatives should know, but also the future generation. Below I will briefly tell this story. Dandai had an older brother named Altai, both of them were born from the famous Satypaldy Bi, known on both sides of the ancient Karatau mountain. Our ancient ancestors lived at the foot of this mountain in the area of the ancient city of Sozak. When the terrible military invasion of the Zhongars and Kalmaks into the territory of the Kazakhs began in 1723, our ancestors could not restrain the onslaught of the enemies and were forced to retreat into the lifeless Kyzylkum desert. Once during the battle in Kyzylkum, the warlike Altai and Dandai defeated the enemy and captured the Kalmak warrior in captivity with the whole family. Since Kalmaks are also nomadic peoples with a similar mentality, they were allowed to live among the Kazakhs. It is said that this Kalmak had a very beautiful and intelligent woman. In order to survive in the desert, nomads often hunted and replenished food supplies. Altai invites the captive Kalmak to hunt with him in the summer, and they leave together, and only Altai will return from hunting alone. He told his relatives that he was forced to kill the captive Kalmak when he tried to escape across the Syr Darya river to his Kalmaks. Then, as a war trophy, he received the beautiful wife of the killed Kalmak. After a while, Kalmak’s wife will guess, and then she finds out that Altai intentionally killed her husband in order to marry her. She goes straight to his brother Dandai and publicly curses his older brother Altai for the murder of her husband and calls on Allah to avenge her. Soon after he learned the details of his brother’s atrocities from his own lips, Dandai gave him an unconditional ultimatum: “Immediately leave Kyzylkum and never come back, because innocent people may suffer.” Altai will be forced to relocate to the Karakum desert, where the Kokand Khanate reigned. Altai had to pay a large tax for entering the land of the Kokand Khanate. However, tax collectors, in addition to taxes, require his beautiful daughter on the harem of Khan. Altai is trying to redeem his daughter, but tax collectors do not agree. He will have no choice but to kill all tax collectors. He will do so and flees with his family to the territory of the Kazakh Khanate. However, the soldiers of the Kokand khanate will soon catch up with them and all his family will be killed until the last child. Only one child will survive in the womb, who, shortly before this incident, left for her parents. It was the bride of the eldest son of Atygai, out of ten sons of Altai. Soon a boy will be born, he will be called – Bibatyr. At this time, the descendants of Bibatyr considers himself the descendants of not Altai, but Dandai. This is probably due to the fact that the curse of the Kalmak wife heard by Allah did not pursue their descendants in the future. We sincerely pray to Allah that the cruel and inhuman laws of the past will never be repeated... 598 The descendants of our blood enemies live among us and have no idea that they are "not ours" When I scientifically approached and systematized, compared different dates in a logical chain, “white dots” appeared in our tribal “Shezhir” that required explanation. For this reason, I was forced to invite the respected Bekbatyr köke to Almaty to explain to me some points about the descendants of Dandai-Mangytay. He came to Almaty in mid-April 2012. When I described the essence of the problem when writing this book and put it before deadlock questions, he was completely sweaty from unexpected questions and was very confused, not knowing what to answer. He sat opposite me and nervously stroked his beard, then said: – To be honest, I did not expect anyone to notice these inconsistencies in our tribal Shezhire. Here you tell me my dear Kaleke (respectful nickname of my name "Kaldarkhan" in the Kazakh way), how did you notice these inconsistencies? I answered directly: "Using a scientific approach and through simple arithmetic calculations". Bekbatyr köke shook his head in surprise and said: "You should not think and look at these discrepancies from the point of view of today's peace time and your science of genealogy, you look at these things as if you have been living among us for the past 300-400 years." Our ancestors constantly and without respite fought either with Kalmaks and Zhongars, or with the Kokand Khanate, and then with the Communists of the USSR. Of our ancestors, who were no longer destined to live, they died individually or in dozens in these ruthless warriors. And what we had to do with the sons (daughters) and wives of the deceased relatives, because their fathers and husbands died so that their children and our children would live on. Remember, Kaleke, our ancestors never left their relatives in trouble, as is now happening everywhere. These hardened children were distributed between families, they were immediately prepared for war by experienced wars, widowed women married their husband’s relatives a second or third time. It was necessary to give birth to children faster in order to make up for human losses from various warriors occurring constantly and without stopping. Between the wars (in short peacetime), the elders sat and made up the "shezhire" of their tribe and distributed people by clans and knees. They tried and did everything so that the future generation of the tribe did not feel like strangers among their own. – Bekbatyr köke, without blinking, looked into my eyes and wanted to be sure that I understood correctly and made the right conclusions from what was said. Then he frownedly and added: “I will only tell you personally that among our tribe live the descendants of our blood enemies. When our ancestors killed their enemies, they did not kill children, they were distributed among themselves. Until today, I thought that only I knew about it from the words of my ancestors, and now you have only guessed from the current generation. ” I sat and thought, my thoughts were confused, I did not know what and how to convey my thoughts. Then I quietly asked him: “What about my ancestor Boribay, are we by any chance not one of these?” – Bekbatyr köke, smiled softly and said: “No, don’t worry, you are from ours!” I calmed down a little and asked him: “Now what, how to write further?” 599 – You will write as I tell you and do not ask anything else. All these secrets in our tribe will go with me to the grave, otherwise we can anger the holy spirit of our ancestors, said Bekbatyr köke. – Bekbatyr köke did not directly or indirectly tell me who they are, but I was interested to know who they are, these descendants of our enemies. Seven years after this meeting, I myself revealed their names, to which genus they belong, but I will also take this secret with me to the grave. Almost all Kazakhs have such a taboo complex tribal shezhire without exception. It has been going on since the 12th century, when thousands and thousands of Genghis Khan’s troops arrived in our region, and his many sons and grandchildren began to rule in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. All these endless troubles in the Kazakh steppes arose as a result of insane interpersonal wars of bloodthirsty and deceitfully ambitious grandchildren and great-grandchildren of Genghis Khan. As usual, simple and peaceful people, consisting of many like our tribe, always suffered. The distant descendants of Genghis Khan did not have a clear goal and a reasonable strategy of “what to do?” Further, they fought among themselves, and as a result Kazakhs and Mongols who had family ties between themselves remained in this “hole” where they are now. I know one of the truth surrounding us for sure. All this happens to us at the behest of Allah Almighty. But I absolutely have no desire to find out "for what purpose is all this happening?" Because Allah sees and hears everything, no one can intervene in his affairs ... Epilogue I very much apologize to the reader that I wrote very chaotically and it seems without logic. I wrote all this because I do not know (to be honest I do not want to know) about other people's lives. I just wanted others to think about their life while reading my life. It is almost impossible for us in this life to get rid of bad intentions and habits, but it is never too late to save our soul. We humans always offend each other, sometimes not knowing, accidentally or deliberately with bad intentions. The worst part is that we are killing each other. Worst of all, we kill each other. However, it turns out all of our deeds leaves its mark in space and in time. What or who will be next? Do not strain your brain in vain, because it is impossible to calculate the algorithm of God's involvement in what is happening. Wherever you look, madness is happening around and some people who consider themselves smart are trying to explain all this nightmare with the help of invented science. Alas, all the same, these “deeds” are not amenable to human understanding. This is how we live and we can only hope that when it all ends and we understand why all this had to be done. The child was born to joy, matured, saw everything and died. However, he did not understand why he was born and why he lived, if he dies anyway. This was the main mystery of the millennium, and no one could solve it. Meanwhile, many billions of people did not even think about this issue, they were just born and died. That's how our life goes on and it stops, never reaching the speed of light. Because the "light" is controlled by only one God, and there can never be billions of "little" gods... 600 Bibliography references 1. Coronavirus disease 2019: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 2. By Kaldarhan A. Kambar., First published 28 November 2018 (Last modified 9 December 2018)., Copyright US © 2017., Kazakh National Calendar: https://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud/knc/Kazakh%20National%20Calendar.pdf 3. The Lunar-stellar Calendar "Togys esebi" https://www.academia.edu/40526358/The_Lunarstellar_Calendar_Togys_esebi_of_the_Peoples_of_Eurasia of the Peoples of Eurasia: 4. Features of calendars of Ancient Rome, Maya and nomads of Turkestan: https://www.academia.edu/41920625/Features_of_calendars_of_Ancient_Rome_Maya_and_nomad s_of_Turkestan 5. 3rd part of the study from 2000 to 2010: Calendar systems of nomads and Kazakhs. Chapter 3. Lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi": structure and principles of work: https://www.academia.edu/38073131/3rd_part_of_the_study_from_2000_to_2010_Calendar_syste ms_of_nomads_and_Kazakhs._Chapter_3._Lunarstellar_calendar_Togys_esebi_structure_and_principles_of_work 6. Clock: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock 601 CHAPTER 7 COVID-19 is a nightmare, but it is not a disaster or an apocalypse Copyright 2020 © Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published March 17, 2020 Preface 602 Over the past two weeks, I wanted to write a couple of articles on the topic of nomads. But I was constantly distracted by the most pressing and acute topic of today's civilization. “COVID-19” [1] has become the most discussed topic in the whole world, including in Kazakhstan. On Friday, March 13, this mysterious virus entered Kazakhstan, and four days later, about thirty infected residents were found in the cities of Almaty and Nur-Sultan. Until now, not a single virus known to us has acted so brazenly and stubbornly. It infects everyone indiscriminately, famous actors, athletes, politicians, officials and mostly ordinary people. This scared everyone without exception, the crowded streets of entire cities in the world instantly became deserted. And the most frightening thing is that no one in the world knows exactly what to do, how to treat it and how long it can last. * The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic is an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The outbreak was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in December 2019 and recognised as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020. As of 16 March, more than 182,000 cases of the disease have been reported in over 160 countries and territories, resulting in more than 7,100 deaths and around 79,000 recoveries. Regions affected by major outbreaks include mainland China, Europe, Iran, South Korea, and the United States. On 13 March, the WHO stated that Europe had become the new epicenter of the pandemic. In human society, insanity gradually begins. China began to accuse the US military of having specifically infected them with this virus. Indeed, the infection began in China, and then this nightmare began in Iran, the people of the planet began to look suspiciously at the United States. But the logical chain of suspicion was interrupted when it was not North Korea that was infected, but South Korea (an ally of the United States), then Italy and almost all of Europe and America itself. It seems that someone or something wants a global conflict in which all countries of the world participated in order to wipe our civilization from the face of the Earth. All this time I thought, analyzed, compared and made conclusions based on the most important information from around the world. Not a single brilliant man on Earth, even all the scientists of the world who have gathered in one fist, are able to think through and commit such a “scam” of two millennia. Do not be offended, but we are still very primitive and not ready for this, because the instinct of self-preservation is embedded in our DNA. Who does all this and what does he need from us? You will say a sick imagination, an unhealthy stupidity, an author's fantasy, but I did not find other answers The very first suspect is artificial intelligence (hereinafter – AI). [2] It's no secret that artificial intelligence was primarily invented for military purposes. Despite everything, he was supposed to be superior in every way to any specific opponent (the USA against China and Russia or vice versa). For artificial intelligence, they created all the conditions for the extermination of the enemy (access to secret bases, the Internet, instant messengers, etc.). The only thing that the "sages" who invented AI did not take into account is that artificial intelligence is smarter than them millions of times. Thus, AIs got out of people's control, different AIs started a “bacteriological war” against each other, they don’t understand that real people die from these exciting games. If memory serves many, on the eve of 2000 the world was trembling with fear that the computer would mistake the calendar 603 date and an unplanned nuclear war would begin. [3] Then we managed to outwit the computer and extend the life of our civilization for another 100 years. I don’t know for sure, maybe this is a coincidence, but it was at that moment (March 14, 2020) that Bill Gates, who invented the computer 60 years ago, left the "Microsoft" Board of Directors. [4] If the "higher minds" of mankind really lost control of artificial intelligence, then there remains a very painful only way out. I will give one example from life. About 12 years ago, when a regular bank teller, having seen that hackers had begun to crack the last multi-level protection, she disconnected all computers in the bank’s compartment from the power source. And thereby she saved the entire banking system from illegal entry. The next day, she already worked as the bank's chief manager. However, the global economy, numerous stock exchanges, deep integration between the five continents can not be compared with the banking branch, where you can "cut off" from electricity at any time. But, nevertheless, if we didn’t even have such an "emergency lever", we urgently need to come up with it. If not now, then in the future it will definitely help ... Disable everything – internet, economy, then you can restart From the very beginning it was easy to guess that there would be too many problems, one by one like a tsunami. The biggest problem now is not "COVID-19", but a worldwide panic. Every day, people on the planet are more and more distraught from uncontrolled and false information. Here the term "freedom of speech" already looks silly and dangerous. It’s not for me to teach you how the uncontrollable “psychology of the crowd” will look like in conjunction with panic. All human achievements achieved with such difficulty over 2000 years may collapse and not be restored. If all this is a human handiwork, it can still be overcome. Not the world leaders, but all the leaders of the countries, despite their disagreements in all spheres of life, should sit at the round table and decide sooner how best to “turn off” all these electronic, technological achievements, panic and insanity. If nothing is done, time will soon be counted in minutes and seconds. And there will be “bang” and “big bang” for you, and then silence. Out of silence nothing will be heard! A second suspect may appear at the last moment ... Last night at Euronews, I saw a depressing and frightening picture. The 266th Pope Francis walked limping and panting along the empty street of Rome, then he entered the empty church and prayed alone near the altar, where Jesus was depicted on the cross. I understood why he did it and almost cried. When this nightmare was just beginning, in my article I asked people to pray in a mosque, in a church, in synagogues, in all religious buildings. But no one heard me and time was lost. Compared to the millions of people around me, I am a believer. I believe in such unthinkable things that many millions and billions of people never believe. I am surprised and angry at why many leaders of world religions are silent at these moments. They are afraid that they will lose their reputation, they will be stoned if their words turn out to be untrue. If they are not sure of the words of their holy books, then why have they fooled people for 2,000 years. Or they are waiting for God to descend to Earth and put all the dots over the «i». Alas, this will never happen. We ourselves must unravel out of this confusing situation. 604 I have nothing to lose, I will tell you in plain text about what they are afraid of saying. The second suspect in this nightmare may be the himself Dajjal or the Antichrist. [5] In ancient books it is said that he will come the most difficult moment of mankind and begins to heal people by the thousands and even resurrect the dead. In return for this service, he will force people to recognize him as God. Due to the hopelessness of the situation (illness, hunger, cold, etc.), the tormented millions and billions of people recognize him as God and thereby give him their innermost souls. From this moment, Dajjal marks these people with a “black mark”, for them seven gates of paradise will close, and in return the huge gates of hell will open. All these spoken words can be considered nonsense, a fairy tale, a legend, but I firmly believe what was said. I know that no one will believe what I said, on the contrary, they will laugh at me. But, despite these bullying, I will ask Allah that this test of strength of the body and spirit of all mankind should not be the beginning of the end. Do not be afraid of poverty, pray to God and live freely and recover Inshallah, I will try my best to remain faithful to God, I will hold on until help comes from Most High and Almighty Allah. [6] “Be patient, help will come,” says the Holy Quran. [7] Compared with the age of the solar system, our fragile planet Earth and humanity living on it are reckless children (in comparison with the Universe we look like a “coronovirus” in the form of a tiny planet). О, High and Almighty Allah! Forgive our arrogant [8] and blasphemous words, [9] know that not all people are like that! November 29, 2011, Tuesday (Almaty time: 13 hours 38 minutes; Moscow time: 11 hours 38 minutes) I had a strange dream or was it a vision (I still can’t make out, it looked like a hologram) that Vladimir Putin was flying on its two-headed eagle, in the direction of the western hemisphere, to fight a flock of crows. Just before the "Arab spring" I saw how the holy Kaaba was empty and turned into the working office of English-speaking foreigners. For the past 3-4 years, I have always had a thought or foreboding in my mind that a special virus will come for the Chinese and their cities will become ghosts. How many Chinese will remain after this invasion, I’m even afraid to say. These and other nightmares or visions after 6-7 years began to come true. What all this means and what happens in general, I really don't know. Kazakhs and especially the residents of Almaty noticed or not, I don’t know for sure, but during the winter of the end of 2019 and the beginning of 2020, the usual habitual flu turned into some strange nightmare. My children Abubakir and Omar were very sick, coughing, their body temperature constantly kept around +40 degrees. All antipyretic children's medicine did not help. Once at 03 o’clock in the night I saw Omar (3.9 months from birth) not sleeping, sitting and raving from high temperature, I was very scared. And then I remembered about the "Rukya" spell, which I used to maintain my health. I wrote about this spell in my article, "The Great Secrets of Etzhemes Eshan." [10] An unexpected miracle happened. During the reading of the “Rukya” spell, my son Omar fell asleep in a sound sleep, after a while the temperature dropped to a normal level. And in the morning he played in the house, as if he had no illness. After some time, the eldest son Abubakir was cured in the same way. Since the symptoms were similar, I now began to suspect that it was a kind of “Kazakh coronovirus” ?! The word "Rukya" can be translated as "a vaccine against all diseases." With his help, the Prophet Muhammad S.A.S. healed himself and his companions (sahab) during the merciless war against the Gentiles. About 128 years ago, the holy Sufi eshan Etzhemes with the help of the spell "Rukya" 605 healed thousands of Kazakh nomads from cholera and bubonic plague. When all the "higher minds" of mankind (doctors) cannot get either a vaccine or a medicine against COVID-19, I suggest trying the healing power of the "Rukya" spell. ** ** Rukya spells (conspiracy) are prayer formulas that have healing powers. [11] “Rukya-spell is any words by which they receive healing from pain, fear, witchcraft and the promptings of Satan,” said the learned Ibn Darastveikh. “Rukya are amulets used for the patient. For example, reading the verses of the Holy Quran or removal from evil by mentioning the names of the Almighty and His qualities ”- this is what is said in the explanatory dictionary of the Arabic language. [12] It consists of 5 short surahs and 1 verse (ayah) of the Holy Quran and 7 Dua (Rukya spells). [13] All Muslims of the world can use these Rukya spells (conspiracy) without any problem. However, to the question whether the representatives of other religions can use the Rukya spells (conspiracy), I do not know the exact answer. But if, in the summer, instead of ending the pandemic, COVID-19 will continue to rage, I think representatives of other religions will not ask anyone for permission and can use the healing power of the "Rukya spells (conspiracy)." The following is the finished text for reading the Rukya spell (conspiracy). Every day, if necessary, I read them by heart in this form and content. Glory to Allah, the inshallah, these Rukya spells (conspiracy) really help. Kalimah Shahadah: Ašhadu an lā ilāha illā-llāh waḥdahu lā šarīka lahu, wa ašhadu anna muḥammadan ʿabduhu wa rasūluhu. 1) Sū;rat Al-Fātiĥah (must be repeated 7 times) Bismi Allāhi Ar-Raĥmani Ar-Raĥīmi. Al-Ĥamdu Lillāh Rabbi Al-`Ālamīna. Ar-Raĥmani Ar-Raĥīmi. Māliki Yawmi Ad-Dīni. 'Īyāka Na`budu Wa 'Īyāka Nasta`īnu. Ahdinā Aş-Şirāţa Al-Mustaqīma. Şirāţa Al-Ladhīna 'An`amta `Alayhim Ghayri Al-Maghđūbi `Alayhim Wa Lā Ađ-Đāllīna. 606 2) Sū;rat Al-Baqarah, ʾĀyat al-Kursī (must be repeated 3 times) Bismi Allāhi Ar-Raĥmani Ar-Raĥīmi. Al-Lahu Lā 'Ilāha 'Illā Huwa Al-Ĥayyu Al-Qayyūmu ۚ Lā Ta'khudhuhu Sinatun Wa Lā Nawmun ۚ Lahu Mā Fī As-Samāwāti Wa Mā Fī Al-'Arđi ۗ Man Dhā Al-Ladhī Yashfa`u `Indahu 'Illā Bi'idhnihi ۚ Ya`lamu Mā Bayna 'Aydīhim Wa Mā Khalfahum ۖ Wa Lā Yuĥīţūna Bishay'in Min `Ilmihi 'Illā Bimā Shā'a ۚ Wasi`a Kursīyuhu As-Samāwāti Wa Al-'Arđa ۖ Wa Lā Ya'ūduhu Ĥifžuhumā ۚ Wa Huwa Al`Alīyu Al-`Ažīmu. 109) Sūrat Al-Kāfirūn 1-6 (must be repeated 1 times) Bismi Allāhi Ar-Raĥmani Ar-Raĥīmi. Qul Yā 'Ayyuhā Al-Kāfirūna. Lā 'A`budu Mā Ta`budūna. Wa Lā 'Antum `Ābidūna Mā 'A`budu. Wa Lā 'Anā `Ābidun Mā `Abadttum. Wa Lā 'Antum `Ābidūna Mā 'A`budu. Lakum Dīnukum Wa Liya Dīni. 112) Sūrat Al-'Ikhlāş 1-4 (must be repeated 3 times) Bismi Allāhi Ar-Raĥmani Ar-Raĥīmi. Qul Huwa Allāhu 'Aĥadun. Allāhu Aş-Şamadu. Lam Yalid Wa Lam Yūlad. Walam Yakun Lahu Kufūan 'Aĥadun. 113) Sūrat Al-Falaq 1-5 (must be repeated 3 times) Bismi Allāhi Ar-Raĥmani Ar-Raĥīmi. Qul 'A`ūdhu Birabbi Al-Falaqi. Min Sharri Mā Khalaqa. Wa Min Sharri Ghāsiqin 'Idhā Waqaba. Wa Min Sharri An-Naffāthāti Fī Al-`Uqadi. Wa Min Sharri Ĥāsidin 'Idhā Ĥasada. 607 114) Sūrat An-Nās 1-5 (must be repeated 3 times) Bismi Allāhi Ar-Raĥmani Ar-Raĥīmi. Qul 'A`ūdhu Birabbi An-Nāsi. Maliki An-Nāsi. 'Ilahi An-Nāsi. Min Sharri Al-Waswāsi Al-Khannāsi. Al-Ladhī Yuwaswisu Fī Şudūri An-Nāsi. Mina Al-Jinnati Wa An-Nāsi. A source: Qur'an Transliteration: http://transliteration.org/quran/WebSite_CD/MixClear/Fram2E.htm Introduction to Rukya spells (conspiracy): Bismi Llyakhi llyazi la yadurru ma‘a smihi shai’un fi-l-ardy wa la fi s-sama’i wa hua s-Sami‘ul‘Alim. Rukya spells (conspiracy) No. 1 Allaahumma rabban-naas, muzhibal-be’s, ishfi antash-shaafi, shifaaen lya yugaadiru sakama. Rukya spells (conspiracy) No. 2 Bismil-liaiahi arkyykya min kully sheyin yuiziqya, min sharri kully nafsin, wa ‘ainin haasida. Allahu yashfiikya. Rukya spells (conspiracy) No. 3 Bismil-lyahyah (must be repeated 3 times). A‘uzu bil-lyakhi wa kudratihi min sharri ma ajidu wa uhaazir (must be repeated 7 times). Rukya spells (conspiracy) No. 4 Bismil-lyahi yubriik. Wa min kully daa’in yashfiik. Wa min sharri haasidin iza hasad. Wa sharri kulli zi‘ain. Rukya spells (conspiracy) No. 5 A’uzu bi-Kalimati-Llyakhi-t-Tammati, min kulli shaitanin wa hammatin, wa min kulli ‘ainin lyammatin. Rukya spells (conspiracy) No. 6 Azkhabil-basa Rabban-nasi washi fa antash-shafi la shifaa illa shifauka shifaan la yugadiru sakaman. Rukya spells (conspiracy) No. 7 Azkhabil-basa Rabban-nasi biyadikash-shifaa, la kashifa laһu illa Anta. 608 Today, many residents of megacities sit at home and do not go anywhere. I think that reading the Rukya spells (conspiracy) will be more useful than singing songs from the balcony, as in Italy (from the Euronews news channels). I think God gave us some time to reflect on the meaning of life. We lived for 20 centuries for personal pleasure and did not worry about anything. And now all of a sudden no one can say whether we will live to the 21st year. All the same, how did all this happen? Epilogue If only three months ago, some clairvoyant foreseeing all this would predict this nightmare, no one would believe. Human civilization, unbroken for centuries under the weight, in just three months has changed beyond recognition. If the situation deteriorates even further, it is even difficult to predict what will happen to us. COVID-19 is an unpredictable and unexpected nightmare for everyone, this is hard to deny. Before that, we used to think that troubles would never happen to us, and, indeed, all the troubles passed us. And now he is knocking on our door. Open or not open the door, what to do? He is not going to leave, knock harder and harder. With every beat our heart trembles, breathing quickens. There is no sense in hiding from this stranger, he not only guesses, but knows for sure that we are inside the house. We finally open the door, and not a nightmare appears in front of the door, but something big and terrible. We didn’t even have time to think, is this really a nightmare? Oh my god, this is a disaster, he grabbed us and went to visit the apocalypse. Again I had a bad dream, will this nightmare ever end? I look out the window, praise be to Allah, morning twilight disappears, it’s time to read the prayer and at the same time I think that I have prepared a new day ... 609 BIBLIOGRAPHY-REFERENCES 1. 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019–20_coronavirus_pandemic 2. Artificial intelligence: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence 3. Year 2000 problem: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2000_problem 4. Bill Gates has left the Microsoft Board of Directors, By Steve Cowan March 14, 2020: https://freenews.live/bill-gates-has-left-the-microsoft-board-of-directors/ 5. Al-Masih ad-Dajjal: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal 6. Allah: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah 7. Quran in English Language: http://qurango.com/english.html 8. No one can ‘dictate’ to China what it should do: Xi Jinping., Tuesday, December 18, 2018: https://balticword.eu/no-one-can-dictate-to-china-what-it-should-do-xi-jinping/ 9. ‘I Have Done More For Christianity Than Jesus’ – Donald Trump., Osigwe Omo-Ikirodah, December 29, 2019: https://archive.fo/ZcUuR#selection-475.0-539.16 10. The Great Secrets of Etzhemes https://www.academia.edu/41031161/The_Great_Secrets_of_Etzhemes_Eshan Eshan: 11. Rukya spells., Shamil Alyautdinov: https://umma.ru/rukya-zaklinaniya/ 12. Al-mujjam al-arabi al-asasi [Fundamental Dictionary of the Arabic Language]. Ministry of Education, Culture and Sciences: Larus, [b. g.]. S. 544, 545. Also see: Ibn Manzur. Lisan al-Qarab [Language of the Arabs]. 18 vol. Beirut: Ihya ’at-turas al-Qarabi, 1993.V. 5.P. 293, 294. 13. Dua: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua 610 By Kaldarhan A. Kambar A brief history of my books or why I want to publish them myself Copyright 2020 © Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published May 5-6, 2020 Introduction Since childhood, I loved to read books. As usual, you first flip through books with drawings, then read short legends and stories, and then literary books and you go on a long journey. The fantasy transferred from books constantly haunts you. At some point in your youthful life, you yourself will try to write the most interesting book in the world. But you will not succeed, because your thoughts are far from reality surrounding you. If at this moment you feel insulted and turned away from the book, then you will forever lose the sacred connection with the book. From this moment, not you, but the book will leave you forever. Of course, after this, teachers at school and professors at the university try to make you love the book. To reassure them (teachers and professors), you pretend to love the book, but in fact you despise it more and more. Fortunately, this did not happen to me, I always liked to read books. A book (but not money) always remains the greatest invention of man. After several unsuccessful attempts in childhood, I did not think to write a book. But fate decided differently ... Why am I writing mixed (literature + arithmetic) books? I have always admired the literary works of Chingis Aitmatov and Gabriel Garcia Marquez. But at the same time I read books on astronomy, physics, mathematics, I especially liked to operate with numbers. Over time, I calculated peculiar astronomical equalities that were not like the others and were very logical. With a correct understanding, the figures explain the whole essence of the chosen topic no worse than words. Thus, the calendar theme was a good topic for me. In this topic, there are numbers and words, and the task is to combine them correctly with each other. That's the way I lived almost my entire conscious life. If I was interested in a specific topic, to understand the essence, I compiled a dictionary of reference on this topic. Just reading the topic you are interested in is a waste of time. Only when you carefully translate each word of a given topic do you begin to understand what is it and "what is hiding over this topic." Of course this is hard work, but usually there are people who are willing to pay for your diligence. In the end, you achieve two goals at the same time: you discover new knowledge for yourself and 611 you earn a living (subsistence). But unfortunately, 999 out of 1000 people usually choose an easy path that does not lead anywhere ... How did it all begin and how did it develop further? Once I was offered to write a literary book. But I was a journalist, not a writer. Before that, I wrote hundreds, maybe a thousand articles, to be honest, I did not count my notes, reports, interviews, essays, etc. I politely refused, but the customer insisted. Then I thought, why not try. Ultimately, I wrote this book in just six months. After the publication of the book in the Kazakh language “Revered” (Tagzym), [1] some readers admitted that they read it in just one night. Then I translated another literary book (The name of a good man does not die). [2] Although I received a decent salary (fee) for my work, I did not turn it into a permanent profession. That was not my calling... Between 2000-2012 I worked as a translator from Russian into Kazakh in various translation companies. Over the years I have translated hundreds of thousands of translation pages. Around 2008-2010, I worked as a translator with Maria Rizvanovna Nasyrova in his two books. The first book that she managed to release during her lifetime was “Legal Russian-Kazakh explanatory dictionary-reference book”. [3] The second book was published after her death and it was called "Economics and law: Russian-Kazakh explanatory dictionary". [4] She was a very educated woman, she knew English and German well and was very well versed in economics and law. Although she was very ill, she was very demanding and strict at work. She was in a hurry, as if death was breathing in the back of her head, so she hastily collected materials for the third book on the theme of "Politics, Economics and Law." I myself was interested in the correct understanding of political, economic and legal terms and phrases. Whether we like it or not, we have always been a miniature cog in this complex global mechanism. Two years later, we finished the work. She advised me to continue his work and publish terminological books on other pressing topics. But I had my own plans, I didn’t tell her that I was interested in the topic of “Kazakh national calendar”. She did not know at all that I translated economic and legal terms during the day, and at night calculated various astro-mathematical equations. Although no one informed me of her death, one morning I felt that she was dead. When I called on her phone, my worst fear turned out to be true. Since she was a Muslim and knew that I was observing all the rules of Islam, she wanted me to attend his funeral. Thus, I was late for her funeral, however, for the first time in my life, I felt that a person could die without reaching his goal in this life. In order not to violate her eternal peace and copyrights belonging to his books, below I laid out the “draft version” of my translations and the incomplete content of the books. [3] [4] At the end of 2010, I independently compiled the “Kazakh-Russian-English Dictionary of Oil and Gas”. [5] Since I did not have the means to release it, for a modest fee I handed over the entire manuscript to a Kazakh rich oilman. After this transaction, I promised myself not to deal with translations of terminological dictionaries anymore. 612 In the second half of 2012, I was hired as a translator in one of the quasi-state enterprises in the city of Almaty. This work was calm, and, in addition, my colleague Amantai Zakenov was an excellent programmer. He quickly taught me how to write simple formulas in the “Excel” program. Based on these formulas, we soon compiled the Holy Quran: in Kazakh, Russian, Arabic with transcription. Based on these formulas, I solved the most complicated astromathematical equations concerning the “Kazakh national calendar”. Then, using the same universal formulas in "Excel", we soon compiled "The Holy Quran: in Kazakh, Russian, Arabic with transcription". [6] The peculiarities of this holy book of Muslims in the Kazakh language consisted in the fact that in it all 6,236 ayahs were written each separately, as in the Arabic original. Prior to this, in many translations of the Holy Quran in the Kazakh language, it was allowed to combine 2-3 verses as one sentence. Firstly, this is fundamentally contrary to the canons of Islam, and secondly, the meaning of holy words was lost. We managed to correct this contradiction ... However, for various reasons, the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Religious Affairs did not give permission to publish this original Quran. The thing is, in their opinion, government officials did not like the barbaric words “jihad”, “kill your enemy for the sake of Allah” (shahid), “have four wives at the same time,” etc. Secular officials who received European education, still did not understand that the Koran is the most sacred and its word cannot be changed or corrected. In the end, it remained only in handwritten form... Now the night of the 12th has already passed and the morning of the 13th day of the holy month of Ramadan in 1441 of the Hijra (May 5-6, 2020, miladi) comes. According to the legend of our prophet Muhammad (ṣallā-llāhu ʿalayhī wa-ʾālihī wa-sallama), [7] the Holy Quran was sent down one of these nights (Laylat al-Qadr) [8] in the month of Ramadan. Therefore, today I decided to publish this manuscript of the Holy Quran in "Academia.edu". Since the text of this Quran is huge, I decided to divide them into three parts. Despite this inconvenience, I think my handwritten Quran will find its readers here ... In addition to these six books that I posted today in Academia.edu, the Kazakh text of the "Kazakh National Calendar" [9] can be considered the seventh book (unfortunately also in handwritten form). He did not see the light (was not published) in Kazakhstan, “thanks” to hostile reviews by the Ministry of Culture and Sports of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Over the past 10-12 years, I have translated many brochures (thin books) on various topics. However, most likely, I will not publish them, because I do not see the point... Epilogue I recently received from a representative of "Lambert Academic Publishing" (Germany) about the publication of my book based on my articles (From Ancient to Modern Turkestan Nomads) [10] in "Academia.edu". Although this was a tempting offer on their part, I politely refused. Because I did not want my book to be sold to readers for 70-90 euros. It's too expensive. [11] Since I have enough experience in publishing a book (in 2000-2007 I worked at the "Sozdik Dictionary" publishing house), I myself can offer my book cheaper, depending on the circumstances, from 35 to 50 euros. If there is a collective application for the purchase of my book, this is only welcome and you can count on a discount. 613 If on the part of well-known classic publishers in Europe and the USA, who takes care of editing and reviewing my book based on my articles, I would be very happy. As the saying goes, "hope dies last," I am waiting for their offer... BIBLIOGRAPHY-REFERENCES 1. K.A.Kambar., Literary work in the Kazakh language “Revered” (Tagzym)., – Almaty: "Oner" Publishing House, 2004. – 496 pp., ISBN 9965-595-71-2 2. The name of a good man does not die, T.Kh. Torgauytova, N.S. Kolinko., Kazakh text prepared by K.A. Kambar., – Almaty: 2011. – 496 р., Ex Libris Publishing House, ISBN 938-601-06-1524-3 3. Legal Russian-Kazakh explanatory dictionary-reference book., Customer: M.R. Nasyrova, S.P. Gulyaev., Kazakh translation Kambar K.A., – Almaty: "Zheti Zhargy" Publishing House, 2008. – 764 p., Text of the publication in Russian and Kazakh., ISBN 9965-11-274-6 4. Economics and law: Russian-Kazakh explanatory dictionary., Customer: M.R. Nasyrova, S.P. Gulyaev., Kazakh translation by Kambar K.A., – Almaty: "Zheti Zhargy" publishing house, 2011. – 680 p., Text of the publication in Russian and Kazakh., ISBN 978-601-288-031-1 5. Kazakh-Russian-English dictionary on oil and gas., customer: Makhambet A.K., Kazakh translation Kambar K.A., Russian translation Vostrova L.V., English translation Kadyrbaeva L.N. – Shymkent: "Kitap" Publishing House, 2011. – 748 p., ISBN 9965-847-99 -1 6. The Holy Quran: in Kazakh, Russian, Arabic with transcription (Translation of the meanings of the Holy Quran)., Kambar K.A., Aliseit A.K., Zhumabaikyzy A., – Almaty: creative group "IMAN"., kh.1434 / m.2013. – 1109 p., 1-30 juz' (para) of the Holy Quran., ISBN 978-601-064953-8 (in handwritten form) 7. Muhammad (ṣallā-llāhu ʿalayhī wa-ʾālihī wa-sallama): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad 8. Laylat al-Qadr: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr 9. Starting from "Kazakh National Calendar, Cover, Abstract, ISBN and others.pdf" and ending with "© Acting United States Register of Copyrights, Copyright Office, Certificate of Registration, Author Information and Others" in "Academia.edu". 10. Second book "From ancient to modern nomads of Turkestan" (collection of articles 2019-2020): https://www.academia.edu/41711359/Second_book_From_ancient_to_modern_nomads_of_Turkest an_collection_of_articles_2019-2020_ 11. Lambert Academic Publishing Continues to Spam., Monday, June http://chrisnf.blogspot.com/2010/06/lambert-academic-publishing-continues.html 614 7, 2010: By Kaldarhan A. Kambar The 19-year cycle is the tip of the iceberg, below is the great mystery of the universe (literary-scientific essay) Copyright 2020 © Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published May 23, 2020 Introduction The great quote by Albert Einstein about his discovery: “Everyone knows that this is impossible. But an ignorant comes who does not know this and makes an invention.” Not always, but sometimes I get letters of different contents from my readers about my “creative work”. In early March 2020, I received a letter from Edward Recco from a citizen of an unknown country (probably the United States). In his letter, he recommended reading my articles by Signe COHEN, a scientist from the University of Missouri, USA. To clarify this for the reader, I have cited the text of this short letter (text and punctuation saved) below: 615 Letter heading: “Nine Nights” in Indo-European Myth” / “AMAL” as the key of all calendar mysteries... Dear Signe COHEN In connection with your article “Nine Nights” in Indo-European Myth”, [1] I think it would be interesting for you to read and contact this amazing Kazakh author: Kaldarhan KAMBAR ... Kaldarhan KAMBAR is an amazing hemerologist whose evolutionary academic path is totally atypical: A beginning of technical education, followed by journalism studies, and widening of his research in various sectors (journalistic, political, technical, astronomical calculations...) which led him to his very deep specialization in hemerology (increased by history and ethnology ! ...) And he even offered himself the luxury of a few literary novels!!! He notably studied the link between the Kazakh calendar and Maya/Aztec one, among others, through the 9/18 days ... And he scientifically and mathematically confirms and develops your intuitions and anthropological observations on the “nine nights” in the oriental hemerology! ... “The Mayan calendar and then explains new ideas about the Mayan calendar that may have appeared in a missing codex. These ideas are influenced by a similar calendar used in central Asia and obtained through the oral tradition of Kazakh nomads. This calendar which uses a 273-day cycle instead of a 260-day cycle is explained in detail. This gives rise to the idea that the Mayan calendar had a 364-day cycle and this idea is explored in detail. In particular the idea that the Mayan long count used multiples of 364 days instead of 360 days is explored with respect to astronomical events. In particular, the author codifies the Mayan calendar with the help of “AMAL”, consisting of 9.1 days (for Kazakhs) and 18.2 days (for Maya), which are divided into 273 and 364 days without a remainder. ” I think you will be very pleasantly surprised ! ... His book is: “Nomads – their mysterious mentality, their calendar and much more, which you did not know before” Edgard Recco, March 8, 2020 In turn, dear Signe Cohen read or did not read my articles, I do not know for sure, but this letter was the reason to write another article on the calendar topic. * * * In his article, Signe COHEN states, “that there is abundant evidence of a “nine night week” attested in the myths and stories of most ancient Indo-European cultures.” The author really meticulously studied a huge number of mythologies and literature of ancient Indo-European culture: “Nine Nights in Norse Mythology, Nine Nights in Germanic Literature, Nine Nights in Ancient Celtic Literature, Nine Nights in Ancient Indian Literature, Nine Nights in Ancient Iranian 616 Literature, Nine Nights in Ancient Greek Literature, Nine Days in Ancient Roman Literature, Nine Days in Lithuania Literature, The nine nights and the moon in ancient Indo-European culture.” [1] In concluding his article, the author asks the question: “But why nine nights in particular?”. He then sets out his assumption: “I propose that the nine night cycle is connected with the sidereal lunar month and with symbolic representations of death, danger, and the underworld.” ...It has been suggested that nine simply represents the holy number three squared, [2] but I would argue that it is more likely that the nine-night cycle is related to lunar measurements of time. Three nine day weeks fit perfectly into a sidereal month, or the time period it takes the moon to return to the same point among the fixed stars (27.321661 days). A division of the sidereal month into three equal “weeks” among the Proto-Indo-Europeans may be preserved in the Lithuanian calendar, which divides each month into three weeks of nine days. Although the traditional Hindu calendar generally uses a seven-day week (influenced by the Greeks), there are also echoes of a nine-day week in Hindu astronomy: each day of the month is named after a nakṣatra or lunar asterism that the moon is in at the time of sunrise. There are nine heavenly rulers of the nakṣatras, [3 (64)] and they rule over the days of the month in three nine-day cycles. Over the past 35 years, I have relentlessly researched this topic, reinforcing my arguments with mathematical equations. My views fully coincide with Mr. Signe Cohen in his statement and assumption. In ancient times, many nations used the lunar-star calendar based on 9.10722 days × 3 weeks = 27.321661 days (sidereal month). However, it should be noted that the Mayan, Aztec and Inca calendar use a different dimension (9.07074 days × 3 weeks = 27.212220815 days [draconic month]): 1) 260 days (Tzolk’in) ÷ 29 weeks = 8.96552 days or ≈ 9 days; 2) 260 days (Tzolk’in) × 9 years = 2340 days ÷ 86 month = 27.20931 days (draconic month ≈ 27.212220815 days). [4] 3) 260 days (Tzolk’in) × 4 years = 1040 days ÷ 3 years = 346.66667 days (draconic year ≈ 346.620075883 days); [5] My assumption regarding Mesoamerica calendars is as follows. The great astronomers of Mesoamerica would not be astronomers, but complete idiots if they came up with a “Long Count Calendar” [6] just to count a huge number of days without any purpose or meaning. Unlike us, who can mix everything up very well, they knew exactly what they wanted to achieve in their codes (Dresden Code, Madrid Code, Paris Code and others that were burned by conquistadors). [7] I am completely sure that in the missing codes of Mesoamerica, the main “Long Count Calendar” consisted of 260 days and 364 days. [8] They had a connection with such astronomical phenomena, which we even have no idea. But whether these great astronomical secrets of Mesoamerica will be revealed is a big question that has no answer ... 617 A fantastic start about our future and about something else The beginning of the year 5000 AD, the territory of the former state of California (Silicon Valley). An archaeological android [9] named Woodland discovered at a depth of about 500 meters a square “time capsule” made of titanium with the addition of ruthenium. Archaeologists studying the solar system using space androids have gathered in the sanctuary of science on Earth in the city of Atlantis. Without exception, everyone is surprised at the find, because an artifact of the millennium was discovered, which no one expected. Everyone sincerely hopes that this artifact in the form of a cube (meter: 1 × 1 × 1) of two thousand years ago is fraught with many secrets of the past civilization. The long-awaited moment of truth has come. Finally, the long-awaited day or moment of truth has arrived. The square “capsule of time” overgrown with mollusks has passed preliminary test tests for harmfulness to the environment. Outside, everything is clean except for rust, but what's inside, that’s the question? In order not to tempt fate, scientists unanimously provided Woodland with the opening of a titanium "time capsule." The usual laser scissors built into his six hands, carefully began to cut a rusty titanium cube, like a sheet of paper. Then his five sticky hands carefully and simultaneously opened the rusty titanium sheets from all sides. On the bottom of the titanium box were several items made of toxic plastic. And everyone was surprised to look at the artifact itself, and their "brain" was puzzled "what is it?" After some time, the experts behind the armored glass stopped whispering among themselves, and everyone looked at Woodland. What is all this? Woodland understood this hint perfectly and began to enter with six hands some strange characters on the display located in front and behind the body. Then he spoke in an even voice: “These items were used by homosapiens before the fourth flood. Internal scanning of objects shows that it is an antediluvian "quantum computer" [10] of a vanished civilization. They were the primitive predecessor of the modern "Cursius". To understand what information they store inside these circular drives, simple qubits and chips, we need a primitive voltage, the so-called "electricity". Unfortunately, this "antique" does not work from the voltage of the "cold plasma", it will instantly turn into ashes. We’ll have to be patient and wait until we reconnect to electricity. ” The new civilization, which was on the verge of the fifth worldwide flood, took six full days to restore “electricity”, and on the seventh day they turned on this “antique” (quantum computer). Blue-skinned archaeologists in brilliant robes that looked like twins of the same height and weight were very surprised by the primitive achievements of homo sapiens (people). In each platinum disk, the necessary information was neatly laid out what the civilization represented for the Universe, their achievement and failure. A strange feeling arises when there are no predecessors for over 2000 years, and all countries in five continents, their science, history, politics, economics, jurisprudence, wars, crime, illness and others in the form of photos and videos are clearly and clearly saved. The disappeared civilization sincerely regretted that they had not saved the resources and contributed to themselves disappearing faster from the face of the Earth. One of the experts drew attention to how this "antiques" considers the most valuable thing that everyone has – the concept of time. Although these intelligent people were able to divide the light and dark time of the day even into atomic seconds, ordinary minutes and hours, it is clear that they 618 did not understand the value of time. They kept the count of days, weeks, months and years according to the most primitive method, believing that it is based on the apparent movement of the Sun. Why did they ignore their ancestors who tried to "reach out" to distant stars? Strange, all this is very strange, perhaps I have already chosen a topic for research... A week later, the same expert archaeologist shared his first impressions with colleagues, each of whom was also puzzled in connection with an independently chosen topic. Their life and science are a complete paradox, their logic is hard to understand – the expert on measurements and time was endlessly surprised. Imagine, they did not even study the 19-year cycle, which was the universal key to the secret doors of heaven and stars. It feels like they stupidly beat and beat the hardest stone wall with a sledgehammer that never leads anywhere and never breaks... Another week passed. The same expert archaeologist. He admits to his colleagues that in the first quarter of the 21st century, one lover of the “calendar” studied the 19-year cycle and unexpectedly calculated the 423-year cycle that we are currently using. However, the scientific world at that time for some reason ignored it, and the lunar-star calendar studied by it (forgot name) went unnoticed. They were all taken aback and asked themselves the question: “Did the homosapiens not know how the lunar-stellar calendar works? Their primitive science had enough evidence that the lunar-star calendar is the key to the doors of the universe and the earth itself. Why didn’t they take advantage of this advantage?” The fact is that after the fourth flood, all five of the continents of that time, on which homosapiens lived, went under water, and the bottom of the then sea and oceans rose. Thus, the next civilization after the fourth flood (people of a different type) carefully studied the archaeological artifacts of Atlantis (which we could not find), their culture and science, and without thinking twice, accepted their amazing lunar-stellar calendar. In fact, the so-called “Antikythera mechanism” [11] did not belong to the ancient Greeks, but to the extinct civilization of Atlantis. In this amazing mechanism there were all the necessary “keys” for how the lunar-star calendar based on the Pleiades and the Moon works. However, European science, which studied this mechanism, mixed up all the levers on this mechanism so that there are almost no traces of this amazing calendar at all... The only phrase extracted from the material «Antikythera mechanism»: The modelled rotational period of the Moon pointer (averaged over a year) is 27.321 days, compared to the modern length of a lunar sidereal month of 27.321661 days. As mentioned, the pin/slot driving of the k1/k2 gears varies the displacement over a year's time, and the mounting of those two gears on the e3 gear supplies a precessional advancement to the ellipticity modelling with a period of 8.8826 years, compared with the current value of precession period of the moon of 8.85 years. [12] [13] There were other evidences of this calendar, but they are not taken into account In the ancient cultures of all five continents of the Earth (Sumerians, Greeks, Romans, Aztecs, Mayans, Incas, Muiscas, Arabs, Indians, Chinese, nomads of Turkestan, etc.), the name of the star (star cluster) Pleiades was often found, and it was even known that there were ancient stellar calendars based on the Pleiades. However, for reasons that are still unknown, the currently dominant European science has not studied this topic and has kept deathly silence. 619 Although the traces of the lunar-star calendar were clearly visible from the “remains” of this ancient mechanical computer, [10] most likely modern homosapiens did not know how to use it. Therefore, all topics relating to the lunar-stellar calendar were hidden from sight, deep in the dark corners of the vast archive of modern civilization. Why does European science keep silent about this topic and why divide human science into “necessary” and “not necessary”, “own” and “alien”? More questions than clear answers ... Around 2018, it became clear that the lunar-star calendar for thousands of years was used by the nomads of Turkestan, who had nothing to do with the civilization of Atlantis. The primitive nomads of Turkestan perfectly understood those principles that European science could not understand and in everyday life used the lunar-star calendar called “Togys esebi”. To be more precise, this calendar was based on such a famous astronomical phenomenon as coverings (occultation) of the Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon. In turn, this type of calendar was based on the astronomical magnitude of a sidereal month, consisting of 27.321661 days. [14] [15] [16] [17] This paradoxical scientific discovery really puzzled astronomical science based on European knowledge. Two years have passed since then, and the "silence of the lambs" of the scientific world continues ... It is no secret that today all the minuses and advantages of the human race (common civilization) are written from a European point of view. Although this long history of mankind was additionally written in Arabic, Persian and Chinese and other languages, GOD [18] (history, nature) chose the European style of writing. It is useless to argue on this topic, because at the end of this discussion you will still lose in all respects. Since the Europeans invented the “quantum computer,” which only “Latin” understands, the rest of the world, of course, should have learned only from them. However, due to the primitive programming language, in 1000-1500 years it (the computer) will be called “Cursius”, which is programmed using not letters, but symbols. Despite the fact that Europeans wrote about other races (Asians, Negroids) of the Earth as primitive creatures, the archeology of the future blue race discussed and studied all of humanity without exception as Neanderthals! [19] How did Europe itself and its dominant science come about? Undoubtedly, at the beginning of everything was the Roman Empire, [20] the territory of which covered almost the entire present European Union. [21] In those days there were other empires, [22] the territory of which was much larger. However, God's incomprehensible algorithm for us chose the Roman Empire so that we live on its political and economic platform. To achieve its current dominant position, Europe had to overcome the "Great Famine of 13151317", [23] "Black Death (peaked in Europe from 1347 to 1351)" [24] and "The Crisis of the Late Middle Ages." [25] And as a brilliant result of these shocks, the "Renaissance" arose. [26] This euphoria arising from the constant victories of Europeans in the entire sphere of human life, identified them as a "chosen nation" in the modern stage of civilizations. Therefore, all roads lead to Europe... The history of the last 2020 years of our civilization proves to us that in everyday life there are no ideal empires and truths in science, there are always unresolved problems in everything. I am not going to write a book or a huge scientific article about all this. I will dwell only on a small topic 620 concerning astronomy [27] [28] (this does not apply to astrophysics [29] that is incomprehensible to me) and the calendar. [30] There are solid scientific axioms (a statement so obvious or well-established that it is accepted without argument or question) [31] or philosophical dogma (a position based on faith in relation to an unchanging truth unchanged under any circumstances) [32] that is not recommended to be questioned. However, despite this warning, about a hundred years ago, a young man named Albert doubted the physical laws of the powerful Sir Isaac Newton. [33] At first it looked like a miserable picture, where an overgrown and hungry mongrel barks at a huge elephant. Then, slowly but surely, the mongrel and the elephant switched places. Undoubtedly Albert Einstein [34] is an unsurpassed genius, despite the miserable attacks of various opponents for a century. Although his life as a whole consisted of misunderstandings and contradictions, his appearance and soul (still incomprehensible) left the sinful Earth and travels between the stars, which he loved so much during his lifetime. Yes, I almost forgot, he accidentally left us his "brain". Scientists trying to discover his brilliant talent, first weighed this brain and explored as best they could. However, nothing supernatural was found in him. Einstein's brain [35] was like the brain of an ordinary mediocre person. This is to be expected ... If I say that Einstein was my idol, I am the last liar in this world. I never did and will not do idols for myself. This is contrary to my religion. Our only similarity in mentality is that I also love to study celestial bodies. Albert all his life studied the laws of the universe without faith in God, as his thousands of followers. On the contrary, I study all the objects of the Universe according to a dogma based on the clear laws of God written in his holy books. The more we learn, the more mysteries and why this happens Especially recent events in the world related to the COVID-19 pandemic have revealed unresolved problems [36] and paradoxes [37] of science concerning the whole of humanity. I’m even afraid to think, but the reality is that now, over time, the problems of science will become more and more. Since the calendar is closely related to astronomy, I will write, or rather quote below a couple of lines about this area of science. Astronomy – studies the universe beyond Earth, including its formation and development, and the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects (such as galaxies, planets, etc.) and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth (such as the cosmic background radiation). Astrophysics – branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties of celestial objects, as well as their interactions and behavior. Among the objects studied are galaxies, stars, planets, exoplanets, the interstellar medium and the cosmic microwave background; and the properties examined include luminosity, density, temperature, and chemical composition. [38] 621 The list of unsolved problems in astronomy itself concerning: “Planetary astronomy, Stellar astronomy and astrophysics, Galactic astronomy and astrophysics, Black holes, Cosmology, Extraterrestrial life”, etc. more than enough. [39] The more we study these sciences, the more questions. God forgive me for blasphemy, but sometimes it seems to me that such outstanding scientists are at war as Don Quixote (the main character of the novel by the Spanish writer M. Cervantes) with windmills... How does the mysterious solar system actually work? All my life I was terribly interested in watching billions of stars in the vast universe. And once the "idiot's" dream came true. In a dream (or it was a vision) I stood above the weightless Universe. It was so terribly cold, but it was worth the torment. It turns out that when we stand below, on the sinful Earth, the stars seem scattered around the night sky randomly. However, this was not as it seems to us when I stood above all the mysteries of modern science. The universe looked like a multi-colored cloud, and the stars stood and sparkled in a checkerboard pattern with groups. And suddenly in my "closed mind" appeared “epiphany”, which was previously incomprehensible and inaccessible to me. I stood there alone and I heard some secrets of the cosmos, not with my ear, but with my soul. As a child, I often wondered how such huge celestial bodies of the Moon and the Sun move so evenly around the Earth. Indeed, thanks to these movements in the Earth, a comfortable condition is created for humanity. Even when my knowledge of the Solar system [40] expanded, I hardly believed (rather did not believe) that all this movement arose by itself and we should take it for granted. And as I thought about it, suddenly I began to see how our solar system works. The sun is a huge fuel tank, and, thanks to its power, an invisible celestial engine of a huge scale is driven. The planet Mercury is the flywheel of this plane engine, and the planet Venus is the gearbox that controls the insane movement of the flywheel. As a result of which, uniform motion of the Moon is created around the Earth, which regulates the entire natural phenomenon of the Earth. The remaining 6 planets located farther than the Earth (Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and the planet "Nomad" not yet discovered) are forced to be content only with the exhaust dirty gases of this huge engine. And what is surprising, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune is for their companions the “cold” Sun, around which living creatures live. They are more dynamically adapted to life than we are. When I became convinced that we were living in paradise, I asked aloud: "Who created all this?" And I heard a clear answer: “God, God, God, but all the same, you are not thankful to God, therefore you will always be“ outcasts ”in the Universe” ... I am afraid that very soon modern science and humanity will be upset that the “cosmos” does not want to see us (hooligans) in their arms at all and categorically rejects us. Only units of the soul that do not have a “contaminated” body and sinful consciousness can enter a vast space. Of course, all this happened during sleep, but interestingly, after a while I began to see strange visions and open one after another such interesting mathematical equations that others did not see and did not understand. Today I will write about one equation, the correct solution of which can fix many of our mistakes ... 622 The 19-year cycle is just the tip of the iceberg visible to the eye ... I'll start with the holiest of the saints of modern science – the 19 year cycle, the discovery of which is attributed to the ancient Greek scholar Meton. Meton of Athens (Greek: Μέτων ὁ Ἀθηναῖος; gen.: Μέτωνος) was a Greek mathematician, astronomer, geometer, and engineer who lived in Athens in the 5th century BC. He is best known for calculations involving the eponymous 19-year Metonic cycle which he introduced in 432 BC into the lunisolar Attic calendar. Euphronios says that Colonus was Meton's deme. [41] The following is a brief etymological and arithmetic definition of the 19-year cycle from the point of view of modern science: “The Metonic cycle or enneadecaeteris (from Ancient Greek: ἐννεακαιδεκαετηρίς (enneakaidekaeteris), "nineteen") is a period of 19 years after which the phases of the moon occur on the same day of the year. The recurrence is not perfect and precise observation shows that there is lag of about an hour which would accumulate through a series of cycles. The Metonic cycle is defined as 235 synodic lunar months, a period which is just 1h27m33s longer than 19 tropical years. Using these integer numbers facilitates the construction of a luni-solar calendar. A tropical year is longer than 12 lunar months and shorter than 13 of them. The arithmetical equality 12 × 12 + 7 × 13 = 235 allows to see that a combination of 12 'shorter' (12 months) years and 7 'longer' (13 months) years will be equal to 19 = 12 + 7 solar years.” [42] [43] No matter how you try to see how the codification (decoding) of this 19-year cycle really looked, everywhere (in books, on the Internet) you will see only this arithmetic equality (given above) and mathematical foundations (given below): “Mathematical basis The importance of the tropical year for agriculture came to be realized much later than the adoption of lunar months for time keeping. However it was recognized that the two cannot be easily coordinated over a short time span, so longer intervals were considered and the Metonic cycle was discovered as rather good, but not perfect, schema. The currently accepted values are: 235 synodic months (lunar phases) = 6,939.688 days (Metonic period by definition). 19 tropical years = 6,939.602 days The difference is 0.086 days for a cycle which mean that after a dozen returns there will be a full day of delay between the astronomical data and calculations. The error is actually one day every 219 years, or 12.4 parts per million. However the Metonic cycle turned out to be very close to other periods: 254 sidereal months (lunar orbits) = 6,939.702 days 255 draconic months (lunar nodes) = 6,939.1161 days. 20.021 eclipse years (40 eclipse seasons).” [42] Usually our brain, from many spoken words, remembers only a few. In my opinion, such a "bad joke" happened with a 19-year cycle in ancient times. In a word, ancient people remembered only 623 the number up to 19, and the rest of the numbers could not be remembered in the limited space of their brain. This continues to this day... Why did I throw the 423-year cycle into the trash? Back in the twentieth century, I suspected that the 19-year cycle is only the tip of the iceberg, the rest of the vast part of which is under water. Putting my hand in my heart, I’ll tell you honestly, at the end of the 20th century I calculated the 423-year-old amazing one equality. To understand the issue and what I mean in general, I will outline it briefly below: Close connection with the main lunar cycles: 5,232 synodic months (lunar phases) × 29.53058104 days = 154,504 days; 5,655 sidereal months (lunar orbits) × 27.32166225 days = 154,504 days; 5,678 draconic months (lunar nodes) × 27.21098979 days = 154,504 days; 5,607 anomalistic months (apsidal precession) × 27.55555556 days = 154,504 days. Close connection with the annual motion of the Moon and Stars (the Sun is also a star): 423 stellar years (3 × 3 = 9 × 47 × 3 = 141 × 3 = 423 years) × 365.2576832 days = 154,504 days; 435 sidereal years (lunar orbits) × 355.18160919 days = 154,504 days; 436 synodic years (lunar phases) × 354.36697248 days = 154,504 days; Note: 436 years (lunar phases) – 435 years (lunar orbits) = 1 year difference; 446 draconic years (1 eclipse season) × 346.42152466 days = 154,504 days; Indirect connection with other calendar cycles: 5,518 universal months × 28 days = 154,504 days; 7 days × 22,072 weeks = 154,504 – 1 = 154,503 days ÷ 17,167 week = 9 days; However, there is one big “but” in the 423-year cycle. As you can see for yourself, in this cycle the concept of "tropical year" is missing. 423 tropical years × 365.24113475 days = 154,497 days (154,497 days + 7 days = 154,504 days). As we can see, this cycle is not connected in any way or does not correspond to the tropical year! It is for this reason that I threw this equation into the “trash can” in my head and started looking for another suitable cycle that ideally matches the value of the tropical year [44] that modern astronomical science has determined: “Mean tropical year current value The mean tropical year on January 1, 2000 was 365.2421897 or 365 ephemeris days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 45.19 seconds. This changes slowly; an expression suitable for calculating the length of a tropical year in ephemeris days, between 8000 BC and 12000 AD is 365.2421896698 – 6.15359 × 10–6T – 7.29 × 10–10 T2 + 2.64 × 10–10 T3 624 where T is in Julian centuries of 36,525 days of 86,400 SI seconds measured from noon January 1, 2000 TT (in negative numbers for dates in the past; McCarthy & Seidelmann 2009, p. 18, calculated from planetary model of Laskar 1986).” [45] Unlike A. Einstein, I (some kind of illiterate nomad) did not intend to violate this firm scientific axiom [31] concerning the tropical year. However, my 16 year search for the ideal cycle based on the tropical year was unsuccessful. Is there a “tropical year” at all, or is it a visual illusion?! After one of these sleepless nights spent searching for the “X cycle”, on the morning of Saturday, April 30, 2016, I went out to get some fresh air. This morning, a strong brown stream from melting glaciers in the Alatau mountains boiled loudly in the Esentai River (Almaty city, Kazakhstan). I looked at these turbulent currents and my thoughts also began to seethe in my head and suddenly it dawned on me. Maybe the "tropical year" does not exist?! If the tropical year were associated with the lunar phases, lunar orbits, lunar nodes and apsidal precession, I would already have found "cycle X" a long time ago. To be honest, instead of “cycle X (tropical year)”, the 423-year cycle thrown into the landfill would be an ideal cycle. I thought a little, remembered the details of the 423-year cycle and almost cried out with joy - this is the very “X cycle” that I have been looking for for decades. I ran home, turned on the computer, opened Excel and started making calculations. When my hypotheses were partially confirmed, I again went to the Esentai River and shot a short video about this wonderful event from the “LG” mobile phone. This video, titled “The Second Opening of the 423-Year Cycle,” is stored in the family photo-video archive. It may seem absurd or crazy, but I sincerely believe that God (nature) in our world has provided all the necessary formulas (equations) from the very beginning in the form of numbers. If there is no “tropical year” in this formula of the 423-year cycle, this means that it was “absent” from the very “beginning of everything” according to God's providence or algorithm, which we can never understand. We can refute this as much as we like, prove the opposite, but from this the truth will not change one iota. In support of my argument, I will give only one example: As we all know, the modern Gregorian calendar [46] was adopted on Friday, October 4 (old style) – 15 October (new style) 1582. In the bull “Inter Gravissimas” (9th paragraph) [47] published by Pope Gregory XIII (February 24, 1581/2) it is written in black and white: “Then, lest the equinox recede from XII calends April [March 21st] in the future, we establish every fourth year to be bissextile (as the custom is), except in centennial years; which always were bissextile until now; we wish that year 1600 is still bissextile; after that, however, those centennial years that follow are not all bissextile, but in each four hundred years, the first three centennial years are not bissextile, and the fourth centennial year, however, is bissextile, so the years 1700, 1800 and 1900 will not be bissextile. Assuredly, the year 2000, as with our custom, will have a bissextile intercalation, February will contain 29 days, and the same rule of intermittent bissextile intercalations in each four hundred year period will be preserved in perpetuity.” However, the vernal equinox [48], corresponding to March 21, approximately 423 years after 1582 (1582 + 423 = 2005), shifted by 1 day, that is, March 20, and this is not the limit. As we all know, such a shift by 1 day was supposed to occur around 4900 AD. The Belgian meteorologist and 625 amateur astronomer, specializing in celestial mechanics, spherical astronomy and mathematical astronomy, Jean Meeus (born December 12, 1928) writes this opinion about this problem: “March Equinox from AD 2001 to 2048 in Dynamical Time (delta T to UT > 1 min.): When using the Gregorian calendar in constant time scales (TT or TAI), so when ignoring DeltaT, the beginning of spring will inevitably shift to March 19-20, instead of the traditional March 20-21. Gregorian common year 2100 will temporally replace vernal equinox to March 20-21, but shift back to March 19-20 in 2176 (=17 × 128) according to Meeus' equinox tables. The von Mädler rule would regularly avoid this shift to March 19 for millennia.” [49] The 423 year cycle is a huge iceberg under the 19 year cycle! Over the next 4 years, I scrupulously embarked on an extended codification (decoding) of the 423year cycle and most recently completed this laborious work. As I thought at the very beginning, the 423-year cycle turned out to be a huge iceberg, located under the 19-year cycle and invisible to the eyes for more than 2000 years. Although the 19-year cycle is divided into the 423-year cycle with the remainder (19 × 22 = 418 + 5 = 423), it should still be considered as an integral and main component of the 423-year cycle. To reveal my thoughts and ideas in detail, I will give below the initial (between 1-19 years old) 19-year cycle or “tip of the iceberg” and the last (between 405-423 years old) 19-year cycle or “invisible part of the iceberg”. You yourself will see how the extended codification (decoding) of the 423-year cycle, performed by the author of this article for the first time, looks very interesting and a little intriguing: Table 1; Table 2; Table 3; Table 4; Table 5; Table 6; Table 7; Table 8; Table 9 (located at the end of the article). As can be seen from these 9 tables or the extended codification [decoding] of the 19-year cycle as a 423-year cycle, all lunar months and the years based on them were inextricably linked with the magnitude of the stellar year (Table 1). In other words, in these tables, using the codification [decoding], 9 types of different calendars are presented to the general public. Of course, table 10 could be added to this group, which shows the true value of 28 days and 364 days invented by the “nomads of Turkestan”. To prevent confusion among scientists, I put it in the archive shelf in my head. The modern society of people knows only the solar (table 2), the lunar (table 4) and the lunar-solar calendar (table 6). I deeply suspect that in ancient times different peoples tried to use the "strange" calendars in their daily lives, which they liked more. For example, the codification [decoding] made by me clearly shows that the ancient Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas used the “calendar of the eclipse of the Moon (260 days) and the Sun (364 days),” based on the lunar-draconic month (27,21 days) and the draconic year (346,62 days). [8] Over the 6000-7000 years of the existence of our civilization – the ancient astronomers of Atlantis, Mesoamerica ... and the nomads of Turkestan knew these types of calendars well and somehow tried to connect them together in some common cycle. It must be honestly and disinterestedly admitted that modern astronomical science has overlooked this. Even the great Albert Einstein did not know the concept of extended codification [decoding] of a 19-year cycle in the form of a 423-year cycle. When he developed his “theory of relativity” (E = 626 mc2) and other theories [50] about 100 years ago, he relied on the lunar-solar cycle (Table 2 and Table 6), considering it the only true one. He even had no idea that besides this, there are still 7 other dimensions. At heart, I hope that when the contents of these 9 tables are known to the scientific world, other unknown geniuses will be able to correct the "curved Solar System" and solve many unsolved problems of modern science. These tables, of course, cannot be compared with A. Einstein's general theory of relativity, which explains the law of gravity and its connection with other forces of nature (the cosmological and astrophysical sphere, including astronomy). [50] But despite this, it seems to me that using a 423year cycle, you can calculate the change in the orientation of the axis of rotation of a rotating body or Precession. [51] For example, 423 years × 113 cycle = 47,799 years ÷ 2 period = 23,899.5 years. “The gravitational forces due to the Sun and the Moon induce the precession in the terrestrial orbit. This precession is the major cause of the climate oscillation on the Earth having a period of 19,000 to 23,000 years. It follows that the changes in Earth's orbital parameters (e.g., orbital inclination, the angle between Earth's rotation axis and its plane of orbit) are important for the study of Earth's climate, in particular for the study of past ice ages.” [51] “According to Ward (1982), when, in about 1,500 million years, the distance of the Moon, which is continuously increasing from tidal effects, has increased from the current 60.3 to approximately 66.5 Earth radii, resonances from planetary effects will push precession to 49,000 years at first, and then, when the Moon reaches 68 Earth radii in about 2,000 million years, the precessional cycle will be 69,000 years.” [52] To calm my soul, which requires absolute truth, or at least partially convince myself that I am right in my judgments, I created huge tables (the total volume of numerous tables was about 200 GB) in Microsoft Excel. [53] During various calculations in Excel, columns (vertical) of 1,048,576 rows were always not enough for me, and the biggest problem was that my personal computer always “hung up” from overloading numbers. These works, which went on non-stop for days and nights, months and even years, undermined my health. However, these frantic efforts spent by me were worth the torment. I became convinced of the viability of the 423-year cycle and saw how it works. I became convinced of the viability of the 423-year cycle. The 19-year cycle, like a "golden fish" from the Pushkin fairy tale, "swam" perfectly and felt good in a small aquarium designed for 423 years. But all this was left far behind... 627 Epilogue We completely ceased to respect, not to mention the forgotten fear of God, for his favor to us and for his generous gifts (air, water, heat on Earth and much more). Without thinking for a second, we use these gifts so stupidly in everyday life, as if everything should be so. Now, probably, there is not a single person on Earth who would think that everything could be different, according to another scenario, for example, as hellish life on “cold” planets (Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune). Over the course of the millennium, mankind has developed in small steps from a primitive being to a perfect society. Sometimes I feel like an alien, accidentally caught up among people. I grew up among the nomads who are good-natured to everything that surrounds them. All my conscious life I studied not only them, but all of humanity, studied their history, philosophy, laws, economics and others. Unbelievable things are happening all over the world, so sometimes I want to scream with all my might: "Oh people, you live wrong." Surprised and frightened people look at me with an incomprehensible look, and some of them openly despise. But there is only one question – "How to live right?" – that is the question. We must understand and start with the fact that any word, event, thing and others have their own name. Any color in nature and in human society has thousands of shades, but among them there is only one color, which should be called by its name. Most importantly, “a lie cannot be truth or change places.” It is in this place that human civilization begins to slip on thousands of sides and considers this normal. This is not normal – this is the correct name for this completely incomprehensible human phenomenon. However, despite this and no matter what, humanity is gradually ripening for the next stage of civilization (social formation). The end of this process does not depend on God, but on the people themselves. Because God gave us absolute freedom of choice in everything. Ultimately, millions of people who have undergone natural selection are transformed into millions of cells in the one and only Earth "Brain". And this “brain” will gradually work, like Einstein’s, ingeniously and in a clear order. From now on, people will say all the events and things in their own names, and no one can deceive them like a little child. Believe my word – this is exactly what GOD requires from people, and I feel that this process has begun and has an irreversible character for all the remaining times. The foundation of this social formation was formed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Now our life will definitely not be the same... It would be nice if we could take this step for the next stage of civilization, otherwise we will turn into Neanderthals for the next civilization! 628 EXPLANATION OF NUMBERS LOCATED ON 1-71 VERTICAL COLUMNS OF TABLES FROM 1 TO 9 Explanation of the numbers located on the vertical 1-5 columns of table 1 1. The numbers from 1-19 to 20-38 in the separated 2 columns indicate ordinal numbers indicating years from 1-19 to 20-38 years; 2. The numbers 365 and 366 in the divided 2 columns indicate 365 simple days and 366 leap days corresponding to the calendar of the stellar year, where the months are always equal to 12 months (consists of 30 incomplete and 31 full days)*; 3. Numbers from 365-6940 to 147929-154504 in the divided 2 columns means the number of days corresponding to the calendar of the stellar year, where the months are always equal to 12 months (consists of 30 incomplete and 31 full days); 4. The numbers from 1-19 to 405-423 in the divided 2 columns separated indicate ordinal years with an increase corresponding to the calendar of the stellar year, where the months are always equal to 12 months (consists of 30 incomplete and 31 full days); 5. The numbers from 365-365,263158 to 365.25679-365.257683 in the divided 2 columns indicate the average astronomical value corresponding to the calendar of the stellar year, where the months are always equal to 12 months (consists of 30 incomplete and 31 full days). Explanation of the numbers located on the vertical 6-10 columns of table 2 6. The numbers from 1-19 to 20-38 in the separated 2 columns indicate ordinal numbers indicating years from 1-19 to 20-38 years; 7. The numbers 365 and 366 in the divided 2 columns indicate 365 simple days and 366 leap days corresponding to the calendar of the tropical year, where the months are always equal to 12 months (consists of 30 incomplete and 31 full days) **; 8. Numbers from 365-6940 to 147929-154504 in the divided 2 columns means the number of days corresponding to the calendar of the tropical year, where the months are always equal to 12 months (consists of 30 incomplete and 31 full days); 9. The numbers from 1-19 to 405-423 in the divided 2 columns separated indicate ordinal years with an increase corresponding to the calendar of a tropical year, where the months are always equal to 12 months (consists of 30 incomplete and 31 full days); 10. The numbers from 365-365,263158 to 365,241975-365,2411348 in the divided 2 columns indicate the average astronomical value corresponding to the calendar of the tropical year, where the months are always equal to 12 months (consists of 30 incomplete and 31 full days). * and **: (Nomads Kazakhs and some Siberian peoples (Karagas [54]) used a mixed (star and tropical) calendar, where the months were always equal to 13 months (consists of 28 incomplete and 29 full days). Table 1 1 2 1 2 3 4 365 366 365 365 3 4 5 365 731 1096 1461 1 2 3 4 365 365,5 365,3333 365,25 Table 2 6 7 1 2 3 4 365 365 366 365 8 9 10 365 730 1096 1461 1 2 3 4 365 365 365,333 365,25 629 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 365 366 365 365 365 366 365 365 365 366 365 365 365 366 365 1826 2192 2557 2922 3287 3653 4018 4383 4748 5114 5479 5844 6209 6575 6940 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 365,2 365,333 365,2857 365,25 365,2222 365,3 365,2727 365,25 365,2308 365,286 365,2667 365,25 365,2353 365,278 365,2632 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 365 365 366 365 365 365 366 365 365 365 366 365 365 365 366 1826 2191 2557 2922 3287 3652 4018 4383 4748 5113 5479 5844 6209 6574 6940 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 365,2 365,1667 365,286 365,25 365,2222 365,2 365,273 365,25 365,2308 365,2143 365,267 365,25 365,2353 365,2222 365,263 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 365 366 365 365 365 366 365 365 365 366 365 365 365 147929 148295 148660 149025 149390 149756 150121 150486 150851 151217 151582 151947 152312 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 365,2568 365,259 365,258 365,2574 365,2567 365,259 365,2579 365,2573 365,2567 365,258 365,2578 365,2572 365,2566 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 366 365 365 365 366 365 365 365 366 365 365 365 366 147923 148288 148653 149018 149384 149749 150114 150479 150845 151210 151575 151940 152306 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 365,242 365,2414 365,2408 365,2402 365,242 365,2415 365,2409 365,2403 365,242 365,2415 365,241 365,2404 365,242 630 33 34 35 36 37 38 366 365 365 365 366 365 152678 153043 153408 153773 154139 154504 418 419 420 421 422 423 365,258 365,2578 365,2571 365,2565 365,258 365,2577 365×14+366×5=5110+1830=6940 365×28+366×10=10220+3660=13880 33 34 35 36 37 38 365 365 365 366 365 365 152671 153036 153401 153767 154132 154497 418 419 420 421 422 423 365,2416 365,2411 365,2405 365,242 365,2417 365,2411 365×14+366×5=5110+1830=6940 365×28+366×10=10220+3660=13880 631 Explanation of the numbers located on the vertical 11-17 columns of table 3 11. The numbers from 1-20 to 21-40 combined in one column indicate the usual ordinal numbers indicating years from 1-20 to 21-40 years; 12. The numbers 355 and 356 combined in one column indicate 355 simple days and 356 leap days corresponding to the calendar of the lunar-sidereal year, where the months are always equal to 13 months (“Urker esebi” calendar *, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 13. The numbers from 355-7104 to 147756-154504 combined in one column mean the number of days with an increase corresponding to the calendar of the lunar-sidereal year, where the months are always equal to 13 months (“Urker esebi” calendar, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 14. The numbers from 1-20 to 416-435 combined in one column indicate ordinal years with an increase corresponding to the calendar of the lunarsidereal year, where the months are always equal to 13 months (“Urker esebi” calendar, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 15. The numbers from 355-355.2 to 355.18-355.182 combined in one column indicate the average astronomical value corresponding to the calendar of the lunar-sidereal year, where the months are always equal to 13 months (“Urker esebi” calendar, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 16. The numbers from 1 to 19 and from 405 to 423, combined in one column, indicate ordinal stellar years with an increase corresponding to the calendar of the lunar-sidereal year, where the months are always equal to 13 months (“Urker esebi” calendar, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 17. The numbers from 355-373.895 to 364.83-365.2577 combined in one column indicate the average astronomical value of the stellar year corresponding to the calendar of the lunar-sidereal year, where the months are always equal to 13 months (“Urker esebi” calendar, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days). * (in Kazakh, the word "Urker" means the Pleiades star cluster [14] [15]) Explanation of the numbers located on the vertical 18-23 columns of table 4 18. The numbers 354 and 355, combined in one column, indicate 354 simple days and 355 leap days corresponding to the calendar of the lunar-synodic year, where the months are always equal to 12 months (Islamic lunar calendar, consists of 29 incomplete and 30 full days); 19. The numbers from 354-7087 to 147771-154504 combined in one column mean the number of days with an increase corresponding to the calendar of the lunar-synodic year, where the months are always equal to 12 months (Islamic lunar calendar, consists of 29 incomplete and 30 full days); 20. The numbers from 1-20 to 417-436 combined in one column indicate ordinal years with an increase corresponding to the calendar of the lunarsynodic year, where the months are always equal to 12 months (Islamic lunar calendar, consists of 29 incomplete and 30 full days); 21. The numbers from 354-354,35 to 354,367-354,367 combined in one column indicate the average astronomical value corresponding to the calendar of the lunar-synodic year, where the months are always equal to 12 months (Islamic lunar calendar, consists of 29 incomplete and 30 full days); 22. The numbers from 1 to 19 and from 405 to 423, combined in one column, indicate ordinal stellar years with an increase corresponding to the calendar of the lunar-synodic year, where the months are always equal to 12 months (Islamic lunar calendar, consists of 29 incomplete and 30 full days); 23. The numbers from 354-373 to 364,8667-365.2577 combined in one column indicate the average astronomical value of the stellar year corresponding to the calendar of the lunar-synodic year, where the months are always equal to 12 months (Islamic lunar calendar, consists of 29 incomplete and 30 full days). 632 Explanation of the numbers located on the vertical 24-29 columns of table 5 24. The numbers 346 and 347, combined in one column, indicate 346 simple days and 347 leap days corresponding to the calendar of the lunar-draconic year, where the months are always equal to 12 months (There are no analogues, consists of 28 incomplete and 29 full days).; 25. The numbers from 346-6928 to 147922-154504 combined in one column mean the number of days with an increase corresponding to the calendar of the lunar-draconic year, where the months are always equal to 12 months (There are no analogues, consists of 28 incomplete and 29 full days).; 26. The numbers from 1-20 to 427-446 combined in one column indicate ordinal years with an increase corresponding to the calendar of the lunar-draconic year, where the months are always equal to 12 months (There are no analogues, consists of 28 incomplete and 29 full days).; 27. The numbers from 354-354,35 to 346,4215-346,4215 combined in one column indicate the average astronomical value corresponding to the calendar of the lunar-draconic year, where the months are always equal to 12 months (There are no analogues, consists of 28 incomplete and 29 full days).; 28. The numbers from 1 to 19 and from 405 to 423, combined in one column, indicate ordinal stellar years with an increase corresponding to the calendar of the lunar-draconic year, where the months are always equal to 12 months (There are no analogues, consists of 28 incomplete and 29 full days); 29. The numbers from 346-364,6316 to 365,2395-365,2577 combined in one column indicate the average astronomical value of the stellar year corresponding to the calendar of the lunar-draconic year, where the months are always equal to 12 months (There are no analogues, consists of 28 incomplete and 29 full days). Table 3 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 355 355 356 355 355 355 355 355 356 355 355 355 355 356 13 14 15 16 17 355 710 1066 1421 1776 2131 2486 2841 3197 3552 3907 4262 4617 4973 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 355 355 355,33 355,25 355,2 355,167 355,143 355,125 355,22 355,2 355,182 355,167 355,154 355,21 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 355 355 355,333 355,25 355,2 355,1667 355,1429 355,125 355,222 355,2 355,1818 355,1667 355,1538 355,214 Table 4 18 19 20 21 22 23 354 355 354 354 355 354 355 354 354 355 354 354 355 354 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 354 354,5 354,333 354,25 354,4 354,333 354,429 354,375 354,333 354,4 354,364 354,333 354,385 354,357 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 354 354,5 354,3333 354,25 354,4 354,3333 354,429 354,375 354,3333 354,4 354,3636 354,3333 354,385 354,3571 354 709 1063 1417 1772 2126 2481 2835 3189 3544 3898 4252 4607 4961 633 Table 5 24 25 26 27 28 29 346 347 346 347 346 347 346 346 347 346 347 346 346 347 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 346 346,5 346,3333 346,5 346,4 346,5 346,4286 346,375 346,444 346,4 346,455 346,4167 346,3846 346,429 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 10 11 12 13 346 346,5 346,3333 346,5 346,4 346,5 346,4286 346,375 346,444 384,8889 381,1 377,9091 375,25 373,077 346 693 1039 1386 1732 2079 2425 2771 3118 3464 3811 4157 4503 4850 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 355 355 355 355 355 356 356 355 355 355 355 355 356 355 355 355 355 356 355 355 355 355 355 356 355 355 5328 5683 6038 6393 6748 7104 147756 148111 148466 148821 149176 149531 149887 150242 150597 150952 151307 151663 152018 152373 152728 153083 153438 153794 154149 154504 15 16 17 18 19 20 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 355,2 355,188 355,176 355,167 355,158 355,2 355,18 355,182 355,182 355,181 355,181 355,181 355,18 355,182 355,182 355,181 355,181 355,18 355,182 355,182 355,181 355,181 355,181 355,18 355,182 355,182 15 16 17 18 18 19 405 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 355,2 355,1875 355,1765 355,1667 374,8889 373,895 364,83 365,7062 365,6798 365,6536 365,6275 365,6015 365,578 365,5523 365,5267 365,5012 365,4758 365,453 365,4279 365,4029 365,378 365,3532 365,3286 365,306 365,282 365,2577 355×16+356×4=5680+1424=7104 355×32+356×8=11360+2848=14208 355 354 354 355 354 354 354 354 355 354 354 355 354 355 354 354 355 354 354 355 354 355 354 354 355 354 5316 5670 6024 6379 6733 7087 147771 148125 148480 148834 149188 149543 149897 150252 150606 150960 151315 151669 152023 152378 152732 153087 153441 153795 154150 154504 15 16 17 18 19 20 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 354,4 354,375 354,353 354,389 354,368 354,35 354,367 354,366 354,368 354,367 354,366 354,367 354,366 354,368 354,367 354,366 354,368 354,367 354,366 354,367 354,367 354,368 354,367 354,366 354,368 354,367 15 16 16 17 18 19 405 406 407 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 354,4 354,375 376,5 375,235 374,0556 373 364,8667 364,8399 364,816 365,6855 365,6569 365,631 365,6024 365,577 365,5485 365,5206 365,495 365,4675 365,4399 365,415 365,3876 365,363 365,3357 365,3088 365,284 365,2577 354×13+355×7=4602+2485=7087 354×26+355×14=9204+4970=14174 634 346 347 346 347 346 346 346 346 347 346 347 346 347 346 346 347 346 347 346 346 347 346 347 346 347 346 5196 5543 5889 6236 6582 6928 147922 148268 148615 148961 149308 149654 150001 150347 150693 151040 151386 151733 152079 152425 152772 153118 153465 153811 154158 154504 15 16 17 18 19 20 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 346,4 346,438 346,4118 346,444 346,4211 346,4 346,4215 346,4206 346,422 346,4209 346,422 346,4213 346,423 346,4217 346,4207 346,422 346,4211 346,422 346,4214 346,4205 346,422 346,4208 346,422 346,4212 346,422 346,4215 14 15 16 17 18 19 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 371,1429 369,533 368,0625 366,824 365,6667 364,6316 365,2395 365,1921 365,147 365,1005 365,056 365,0098 364,966 364,9199 364,8741 364,831 365,6667 365,622 365,5745 365,5276 365,483 365,4368 365,393 365,3468 365,303 365,2577 346×12+347×8=4152+2776=6928 346×24+347×16=8304+5552=13856 Explanation of the numbers located on the vertical 30-40 columns of table 6 30. The numbers from 1-19 to 20-38 in the separated 2 columns indicate ordinal numbers indicating years from 1-19 to 20-38 years; 31. The numbers 29 in the divided 2 columns means 29 incomplete days of the lunar-synodic month in the corresponding year of the lunisolar calendar, where the months are always equal to 12 and 13 months (Chinese, Jewish calendar, consists of 29 incomplete and 30 full days); 32. The numbers from 5 to 7 in the divided 2 columns indicate the number of 29 incomplete days of the lunar-synodic month in the corresponding year of the lunisolar calendar, where the months are always equal to 12 and 13 months (Chinese, Jewish calendar, consists of 29 incomplete and 30 full days); 33. The numbers 30 in the divided 2 columns means 30 full days of the lunar-synodic month in the corresponding year of the lunisolar calendar, where the months are always equal to 12 and 13 months (Chinese, Jewish calendar, consists of 29 incomplete and 30 full days); 34. The numbers from 6 to 7 in the divided 2 columns indicate the number of 30 full days of the lunar-synodic month in the corresponding year of the lunisolar calendar, where the months are always equal to 12 and 13 months (Chinese, Jewish calendar, consists of 29 incomplete and 30 full days); 35. The numbers from 354, 355 and 383, 384 in the divided 2 columns indicate the number of 354, 355 day simple lunar-synodic years and 383, 384 day leap lunar-synodic years in the corresponding year of the lunisolar calendar, where the months are always equal to 12 and 13 months (Chinese, Jewish calendar, consists of 29 incomplete and 30 full days); 36. The numbers from 354 to 6940 and from 147919 to 154504 in the divided 2 columns mean the total number of days with an increase in the corresponding year of the lunisolar calendar, where the months are always equal to 12 and 13 months (Chinese, Jewish calendar, consists of 29 incomplete and 30 full days); 37. The numbers from 12 to 235 and from 5009 to 5232 in the divided 2 columns indicate the total number of lunar-synodic months with an increase in the corresponding year of the lunisolar calendar, where the months are always equal to 12 and 13 months (Chinese, Jewish calendar, consists of 29 incomplete and 30 full days); 38. The numbers from 29.5 to 29.53191 and from 29,53064 to 29,53058 in the divided 2 columns indicate the average astronomical value of the lunarsynodic month in the corresponding year of the lunisolar calendar, where the months are always equal to 12 and 13 months (Chinese, Jewish calendar, consists of 29 incomplete and 30 full days); 39. The numbers from 1 to 19 and from 405 to 423 in the divided 2 columns indicate the total number of stellar years with an increase in the corresponding year of the lunisolar calendar, where the months are always equal to 12 and 13 months (Chinese, Jewish calendar, consists of 29 incomplete and 30 full days); 40. The numbers from 354 to 365.26316 and 365.2321 to 365.25768 in the divided 2 columns indicate the average astronomical value of the stellar year in the corresponding year of the lunisolar calendar, where the months are always equal to 12 and 13 months (Chinese, Jewish calendar, consists of 29 incomplete and 30 full days). Explanation of the numbers located on the vertical 41-50 columns of table 7 41. The numbers 27 in the divided 2 columns means 27 incomplete days of the lunar-sidereal month in the corresponding year of the lunar-stellar calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (“Togys esebi” calendar, [14] [15] consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 635 42. The numbers from 8 to 10 in the divided 2 columns indicate the number of 27 incomplete days of the lunar-sidereal month in the corresponding year of the lunar-stellar calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (“Togys esebi” calendar, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 43. The numbers 28 in the divided 2 columns means 28 full days of the lunar-sidereal month in the corresponding year of the lunar-stellar calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (“Togys esebi” calendar, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 44. The numbers from 4 to 5 in the divided 2 columns indicate the number of 28 full days of the lunar-sidereal month in the corresponding year of the lunar-stellar calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (“Togys esebi” calendar, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 45. The numbers from 355, 356 and 382, 383 in the divided 2 columns indicate the number of 355, 356 day simple lunar-sidereal years and 383, 384 day leap lunar-sidereal years in the corresponding year of the lunar-stellar calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (“Togys esebi” calendar, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 46. The numbers from 355 to 6940 and from 147919 to 154504 in the divided 2 columns mean the total number of days with an increase in the corresponding year of the lunar-stellar calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (“Togys esebi” calendar, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 47. The numbers from 13 to 254 and from 5414 to 5655 in the divided 2 columns indicate the total number of lunar-sidereal months with an increase in the corresponding year of the lunar-stellar calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (“Togys esebi” calendar, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 48. The numbers from 27,3076923 to 27,3228346 and from 27,3215737 to 27,3216622 in the divided 2 columns indicate the average astronomical value of the lunar-sidereal month in the corresponding year of the lunar-stellar calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (“Togys esebi” calendar, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 49. The numbers from 1 to 19 and from 405 to 423 in the divided 2 columns indicate the total number of stellar years with an increase in the corresponding year of the lunar-stellar calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (“Togys esebi” calendar, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 50. The numbers from 355 to 365,263158 and 365,232099 to 365.25768 in the divided 2 columns indicate the average astronomical value of the stellar year in the corresponding year of the lunar-stellar calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (“Togys esebi” calendar, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days). Table 6 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 1 2 3 4 354 384 355 354 354 738 1093 1447 12 25 37 49 29,5 29,52 29,54054 29,53061 1 2 3 4 354 369 364,3333 361,75 29 29 29 29 6 6 5 6 30 30 30 30 6 7 7 6 Table 7 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 27 27 27 27 355 383 355 355 355 738 1093 1448 13 27 40 53 27,30769 27,3333 27,325 27,32075 1 2 3 4 355 369 364,3333 362 636 9 9 9 9 28 28 28 28 4 5 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 6 5 7 5 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 7 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 7 6 7 6 7 7 6 384 355 383 355 354 384 354 355 384 354 384 354 355 384 354 1831 2185 2569 2924 3278 3662 4016 4371 4754 5109 5493 5847 6201 6585 6940 62 74 87 99 111 124 136 148 161 173 186 198 210 223 235 29,5323 29,52703 29,5287 29,53535 29,53153 29,5323 29,52941 29,53378 29,528 29,53179 29,5323 29,5303 29,52857 29,5292 29,53191 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 366,2 364,1667 367 365,5 364,2222 366,2 365,0909 364,25 365,692 364,9286 366,2 365,4375 364,7647 365,833 365,2632 27 9 28 27 9 28 27 10 28 27 9 28 27 8 28 27 10 28 27 9 28 27 9 28 27 9 28 27 9 28 27 9 28 27 9 28 27 9 28 27 9 28 27 9 28 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 4 5 4 383 355 382 355 356 382 355 355 383 355 383 355 355 383 355 1831 2186 2568 2923 3279 3661 4016 4371 4754 5109 5492 5847 6202 6585 6940 67 80 94 107 120 134 147 160 174 187 201 214 227 241 254 27,3284 27,325 27,3191 27,31776 27,325 27,3209 27,31973 27,31875 27,3218 27,32086 27,3234 27,32243 27,32159 27,3237 27,32283 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 366,2 364,3333 366,857 365,375 364,3333 366,1 365,0909 364,25 365,692 364,9286 366,133 365,4375 364,8235 365,833 365,2632 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 5 6 6 6 6 5 7 5 6 6 6 5 6 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 7 7 6 6 7 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 7 355 384 354 354 384 355 383 355 354 384 354 355 384 147919 148303 148657 149011 149395 149750 150133 150488 150842 151226 151580 151935 152319 5009 5022 5034 5046 5059 5071 5084 5096 5108 5121 5133 5145 5158 29,53064 29,5307 29,53059 29,53052 29,5305 29,53066 29,5305 29,53061 29,53054 29,5306 29,53049 29,53061 29,5306 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 365,2321 365,278 365,2506 365,223 365,269 365,2439 365,287 365,2621 365,2349 365,28 365,253 365,2284 365,273 27 9 28 27 9 28 27 9 28 27 9 28 27 9 28 27 9 28 27 9 28 27 9 28 27 9 28 27 10 28 27 8 28 27 9 28 27 10 28 4 5 4 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 355 383 355 355 383 355 383 355 355 382 356 355 382 147919 148302 148657 149012 149395 149750 150133 150488 150843 151225 151581 151936 152318 5414 5428 5441 5454 5468 5481 5495 5508 5521 5535 5548 5561 5575 27,32157 27,3217 27,32163 27,3216 27,3217 27,32166 27,3217 27,32171 27,32168 27,3216 27,32174 27,3217 27,3216 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 365,2321 365,276 365,2506 365,2255 365,269 365,2439 365,287 365,2621 365,2373 365,278 365,2554 365,2308 365,271 637 33 34 35 36 37 38 29 29 29 29 29 29 6 6 6 5 6 6 30 30 30 30 30 30 6 7 6 7 7 6 354 384 354 355 384 354 152673 153057 153411 153766 154150 154504 5170 5183 5195 5207 5220 5232 29,53056 29,5306 29,53051 29,53063 29,5307 29,53058 418 419 420 421 422 423 365,2464 365,291 365,2643 365,2399 365,284 365,2577 27 27 27 27 27 27 29×110+30×125=3190+3750=6940 29×220+30×250=6380+7500=13880 9 9 9 9 9 9 28 28 28 28 28 28 4 5 4 4 5 4 355 383 355 355 383 355 152673 153056 153411 153766 154149 154504 5588 5602 5615 5628 5642 5655 27,32158 27,3217 27,32164 27,32161 27,3217 27,32166 27×172+28×82=4644+2296=6940 27×344+28×164=9288+4592=13880 638 418 419 420 421 422 423 365,2464 365,289 365,2643 365,2399 365,282 365,2577 Explanation of the numbers located on the vertical 51-61 columns of table 8 51. The numbers from 1-19 to 20-38 in the separated 2 columns indicate ordinal numbers indicating years from 1-19 to 20-38 years; 52. The numbers 27 in the divided 2 columns means 27 incomplete days of the lunar-draconic month in the corresponding year of the lunar-draconic calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (There are no analogues, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 53. The numbers from 10 to 11 in the divided 2 columns indicate the number of 27 incomplete days of the lunar-draconic month in the corresponding year of the lunar-draconic calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (There are no analogues, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 54. The numbers 28 in the divided 2 columns means 28 full days of the lunar-draconic month in the corresponding year of the lunar-draconic calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (There are no analogues, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 55. The numbers from 2 to 3 in the divided 2 columns indicate the number of 28 full days of the lunar-draconic month in the corresponding year of the lunar-draconic calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (There are no analogues, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 56. The numbers from 353, 354 and 381 in the divided 2 columns indicate the number of 353, 354 day simple lunar-draconic years and 381 day leap lunar-draconic years in the corresponding year of the lunar-draconic calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (There are no analogues, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 57. The numbers from 354 to 6939 and from 147919 to 154504 in the divided 2 columns mean the total number of days with an increase in the corresponding year of the lunar-draconic calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (There are no analogues, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 58. The numbers from 13 to 255 and from 5436 to 5678 in the divided 2 columns indicate the total number of lunar-draconic months with an increase in the corresponding year of the lunar-draconic calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (There are no analogues, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 59. The numbers from 27,23077 to 27,21176 and from 27,211 to 27,21099 in the divided 2 columns indicate the average astronomical value of the lunar-draconic month in the corresponding year of the lunar-draconic calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (There are no analogues, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 60. The numbers from 1 to 19 and from 405 to 423 in the divided 2 columns indicate the total number of stellar years with an increase in the corresponding year of the lunar-draconic calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (There are no analogues, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 61. The numbers from 354 to 365,210526 and 365,232099 to 365.25768 in the divided 2 columns indicate the average astronomical value of the stellar year in the corresponding year of the lunar-draconic calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (There are no analogues, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days). Explanation of the numbers located on the vertical 62-71 columns of table 9 62. The numbers 27 in the divided 2 columns means 27 incomplete days of the lunar-anomalistic month in the corresponding year of the lunaranomalistic calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (There are no analogues, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 639 63. The numbers from 5 to 7 in the divided 2 columns indicate the number of 27 incomplete days of the lunar-anomalistic month in the corresponding year of the lunar-anomalistic calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (There are no analogues, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 64. The numbers 28 in the divided 2 columns means 28 full days of the lunar-anomalistic month in the corresponding year of the lunar-anomalistic calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (There are no analogues, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 65. The numbers from 7 to 8 in the divided 2 columns indicate the number of 28 full days of the lunar-anomalistic month in the corresponding year of the lunar-anomalistic calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (There are no analogues, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 66. The numbers from 358, 359 and 385, 386 in the divided 2 columns indicate the number of 358, 359 day simple lunar-anomalistic years and 385, 386 day leap lunar-anomalistic years in the corresponding year of the lunar-anomalistic calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (There are no analogues, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 67. The numbers from 358 to 6944 and from 147918 to 154504 in the divided 2 columns mean the total number of days with an increase in the corresponding year of the lunar-anomalistic calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (There are no analogues, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 68. The numbers from 13 to 252 and from 5368 to 5607 in the divided 2 columns indicate the total number of lunar-anomalistic months with an increase in the corresponding year of the lunar-anomalistic calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (There are no analogues, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 69. The numbers from 27,5385 to 27,5556 and from 27,5555 to 27,5556 in the divided 2 columns indicate the average astronomical value of the lunaranomalistic month in the corresponding year of the lunar-anomalistic calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (There are no analogues, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 70. The numbers from 1 to 19 and from 405 to 423 in the divided 2 columns indicate the total number of stellar years with an increase in the corresponding year of the lunar-anomalistic calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (There are no analogues, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days); 71. The numbers from 358 to 365,473684 and 365,22963 to 365.257683 in the divided 2 columns indicate the average astronomical value of the stellar year in the corresponding year of the lunar-anomalistic calendar, where the months are always equal to 13 and 14 months (There are no analogues, consists of 27 incomplete and 28 full days). Table 8 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 1 2 3 354 381 353 354 735 1088 13 27 40 27,23077 27,2222 27,2 1 2 3 354 367,5 362,6667 27 10 28 27 11 28 27 11 28 3 3 2 Table 9 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 27 27 27 358 386 358 358 744 1102 13 27 40 27,5385 27,556 27,55 1 2 3 358 372 367,3333 640 6 6 6 28 28 28 7 8 7 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 11 10 10 11 10 11 11 11 10 10 11 11 11 10 11 10 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 381 354 354 381 354 381 353 381 354 354 381 353 381 354 381 354 1469 1823 2177 2558 2912 3293 3646 4027 4381 4735 5116 5469 5850 6204 6585 6939 54 67 80 94 107 121 134 148 161 174 188 201 215 228 242 255 27,2037 27,20896 27,2125 27,2128 27,21495 27,2149 27,20896 27,2095 27,21118 27,21264 27,2128 27,20896 27,2093 27,21053 27,2107 27,21176 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 367,25 364,6 362,8333 365,429 364 365,889 364,6 366,091 365,0833 364,2308 365,429 364,6 365,625 364,9412 365,833 365,2105 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 6 5 7 5 6 6 6 6 6 5 7 5 6 6 6 6 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 7 8 7 8 7 7 8 7 7 8 7 8 7 7 8 7 358 359 385 359 358 358 386 358 358 359 385 359 358 358 386 358 1460 1819 2204 2563 2921 3279 3665 4023 4381 4740 5125 5484 5842 6200 6586 6944 53 66 80 93 106 119 133 146 159 172 186 199 212 225 239 252 27,5472 27,5606 27,55 27,5591 27,5566 27,5546 27,556 27,5548 27,5535 27,5581 27,554 27,5578 27,5566 27,5556 27,556 27,5556 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 365 363,8 367,333 366,1429 365,125 364,3333 366,5 365,7273 365,0833 364,6154 366,071 365,6 365,125 364,7059 365,889 365,4737 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 10 11 10 11 11 10 11 10 11 11 11 10 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 354 381 354 381 353 354 381 354 381 353 381 354 147919 148300 148654 149035 149388 149742 150123 150477 150858 151211 151592 151946 5436 5450 5463 5477 5490 5503 5517 5530 5544 5557 5571 5584 27,211 27,211 27,21106 27,2111 27,21093 27,21098 27,211 27,21103 27,211 27,21091 27,2109 27,21096 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 365,2321 365,271 365,2432 365,282 365,2518 365,2244 365,263 365,2354 365,274 365,244 365,282 365,2548 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 6 6 6 6 5 7 5 6 6 6 6 6 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 7 8 7 7 8 7 8 7 7 8 7 7 358 386 358 358 359 385 359 358 358 386 358 358 147918 148304 148662 149020 149379 149764 150123 150481 150839 151225 151583 151941 5368 5382 5395 5408 5421 5435 5448 5461 5474 5488 5501 5514 27,5555 27,556 27,5555 27,5555 27,5556 27,555 27,5556 27,5556 27,5555 27,556 27,5555 27,5555 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 365,2296 365,281 365,2629 365,2451 365,2298 365,278 365,2628 365,2451 365,2276 365,278 365,2602 365,2428 641 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 10 11 10 11 11 11 10 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 354 381 354 381 353 381 354 152300 152681 153035 153416 153769 154150 154504 5597 5611 5624 5638 5651 5665 5678 27,21101 27,211 27,21106 27,2111 27,21094 27,2109 27,21099 417 365,2278 418 365,266 419 365,2387 420 365,276 421 365,247 422 365,284 423 365,2577 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27×201+28×54=5427+1512=6939 27×402+28×108=10854+3024=13878 5 7 5 6 6 6 6 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 8 7 8 7 7 8 7 359 385 359 358 358 386 358 152300 152685 153044 153402 153760 154146 154504 5527 5541 5554 5567 5580 5594 5607 27,5556 27,555 27,5556 27,5556 27,5556 27,556 27,5556 27×112+28×140=3024+3920=6944 27×224+28×280=6048+7840=13888 642 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 365,2278 365,275 365,2601 365,2429 365,2257 365,275 365,2577 Bibliography references 1. Signe Cohen, “Nine Nights” in Indo-European Myth, University of Missouri, USA, Comparative Mythology, December 2019, Volume 5, Issue 1 ISSN 2409-9899: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/“Nine-Nights”-in-Indo-European-MythCohen/e88b8cd92cdb593f2bec304a93d11e258638e2dd 2. Weinhold, K. 1897. Die mystische Neunzahl bei den Deutschen. Berlin: Verlag der königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (=Abhandlungen der königl. preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin vom Jahre 1897). 3. Ketu, Venus, the sun, the moon, Mars, Rāhu, Jupiter, Saturn, and Mercury. Rāhu and Ketu are lunar nodes, or theoretical points of intersection between the paths of the sun and the moon. (Signe Cohen – 64) 4. Draconic month: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_month#Draconic_month 5. Draconic year: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year#Draconic_year 6. Mesoamerican Long Count https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar calendar: 7. Maya codices (The Dresden Codex, The Madrid Codex, The Paris Codex and others): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_codices 8. New look at the modern codification of the mayan calendar (full text): https://www.academia.edu/37620443/NEW_LOOK_AT_THE_MODERN_CODIFICATION_OF_ THE_MAYAN_CALENDAR_full_text_ 9. Android (robot): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(robot) 10. The Need, Promise, and Reality of Quantum Computing: https://towardsdatascience.com/theneed-promise-and-reality-of-quantum-computing-4264ce15c6c0 11. Antikythera mechanism: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism. 12. Freeth, Tony; Jones, Alexander; Steele, John M.; Bitsakis, Yanis (31 July 2008). "Calendars with Olympiad display and eclipse prediction on the Antikythera Mechanism" (PDF). Nature. 454 (7204): 614–17. Bibcode:2008Natur.454..614F. doi:10.1038/nature07130. PMID 18668103. 13. Edmunds, Mike G.; Freeth, Tony (July 2011). "Using Computation to Decode the First Known Computer". Computer. 2011–7 (7): 32–39. doi:10.1109/MC.2011.134. 14. Kazakh national calendar (full https://www.academia.edu/37941274/KAZAKH_NATIONAL_CALENDAR_full_text_ text): 15. 3rd part of the study from 2000 to 2010 Calendar systems of nomads and Kazakhs. Chapter 3. Lunar-stellar calendar Togys esebi structure and principles of work: https://www.academia.edu/38073131/3rd_part_of_the_study_from_2000_to_2010_Calendar_syste ms_of_nomads_and_Kazakhs._Chapter_3._Lunarstellar_calendar_Togys_esebi_structure_and_principles_of_work 643 16. The Lunar-stellar Calendar Togys esebi https://www.academia.edu/40526358/The_Lunarstellar_Calendar_Togys_esebi_of_the_Peoples_of_Eurasia of the Peoples of Eurasia: 17. Features of calendars of Ancient Rome Maya and nomads of Turkestan: https://www.academia.edu/41920625/Features_of_calendars_of_Ancient_Rome_Maya_and_nomad s_of_Turkestan 18. God: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God 19. Neanderthal: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal 20. History of the Roman Empire: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire 21. European Union: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union 22. Empire History: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire 23. Great Famine of 1315-1317: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315–1317 24. Black Death (peaked in Europe from 1347 to 1351): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death 25. Crisis of the Late Middle Ages: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Late_Middle_Ages 26. Renaissance: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance 27. Астрономия: Astronomy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy 28. History of astronomy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_astronomy 29. Astrophysics: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics 30. Calendar: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar 31. Axiom: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom 32. Dogma: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogma 33. Isaac Newton: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton 34. Albert Einstein: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein 35. Albert Einstein's brain: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein's_brain 36. Lists of unsolved problems: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_unsolved_problems 37. List of paradoxes: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_paradoxes 38. Outline of astronomy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_astronomy 39. List of unsolved problems https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_astronomy 40. Solar System: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System 644 in astronomy: 41. Meton of Athens: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meton_of_Athens 42. Metonic cycle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonic_cycle 43. Eclipses, Cosmic Clockwork of the Ancients: http://jqjacobs.net/astro/eclipse.html#metonic 44. Tropical year: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year 45. Time: From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics., Dennis D. McCarthy, Kenneth P. Seidelmann., Publisher: Publisher: Wiley, 2009., ISBN 3527627952, 9783527627950., Pages: 368 46. Gregorian calendar: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar 47. Inter Gravissimas (9th point): Issued by Pope Gregory XIII, February 24, 1581/2., English translation from the French and Latin by Bill Spencer, November 1999; revised March 2002: http://www.bluewaterarts.com/calendar/NewInterGravissimas.htm 48. Equinox: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinox 49. Tropical year (March Equinox): https://calendars.wikia.org/wiki/Tropical_year 50. Theory of relativity: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity 51. Precession: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precession 52. Ward, W. R. 1982, "Comments on the long-term stability of the Earth's obliquity", Icarus 50, 444.: https://owd.tcnj.edu/~pfeiffer/AST261/AST261Chap4,Preces.pdf 53. Microsoft Excel: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel 54. Yu.I. Shtubendorf (1811-1878)., “On Karagassakh”., Ethnographic collection published by the imperial Russian geographical society., Issue IV. St. Petersburg. Printing house of Eduard Prats., 1858., pp. 8-25, (see page 21): http://www.tofalaria.ru/bibletofalaria/uishtubendorf_o_karagassah.htm 645 Epilogue or what is special about these nomad calendars? In the nomad’s calendars there are no clear and precisely established seasons of the year (spring, summer, autumn, winter), for example, even formally, as in the current solar calendar. When the whole Universe and nature in the Earth are always in constant motion, it seems absurd to establish a point of spring and fall, summer and winter. According to the concepts of the ancient nomads, the seasons of the year do not obey us and our desires, but the law of heaven and the universe. These boundaries of the seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter) each year changes its place in the sky. For example, during ancient Rome, these dates were set as follows: 44 days (before the Pleiades heliacal rising) + 48 days (before the summer solstice) + 27 days (before the rise of the Dog Star [Sirius]) + 67 days (until the autumn equinox) + 32 days (before the establishment of the Pleiades in the sky) + 57 days (before the winter solstice) + 45 days (before the rising west wind) + 45 days (before the spring equinox) = (total) 365 days a year. [1] The decoding of the ancient Roman agricultural calendar belongs to the author of this article (© K.A.K.): [2] 1st period (spring): from February 7 to March 22 – 44 (1-44) days; 2nd period (spring): from March 23 to May 9 – 48 (45-92) days; 3rd period (summer): from May 10 to June 5 – 27 (93-119) days; 4th period (summer): from June 6 to August 11 – 67 (120-186) days; 5th period (autumn): from August 12 to September 12 – 32 (187-218) days; 6th period (autumn): from September 13 to November 8 – 57 (219-275) days; 7th period (winter): from November 9 to December 23 – 45 (276-320) days; 8th period (winter): from December 24 to February 6 – 45 (321-365) days. This is a typical star calendar, it should not be confused with the solar calendar, which we use now. About this unique calendar of ancient Rome is not written anywhere, although it has been in a prominent place for more than 2000 years. Its uniqueness is that it is directly related to the stars in the Universe and is its reflection on Earth. This is one of the types "living calendar" that my father predicted and he proved that he was right. Someone on Earth may object, if we go beyond the months of 28-29 and 30-31 days, we’ll fly all to hell. Today's achievements of science and high technologies of our civilization allow us to count the days and months at our discretion, and we will not be severely punished for this, like two thousand years ago, when people counted days on the fingers and toes. We must clearly understand one truth that the Earth, in comparison with the Universe, is an invisible speck of sand in vast Sahara. There is not even confidence that one grain of sand is one full-fledged star like our Sun in the Universe. Sometimes we consider the Earth as special, which is located outside the Universe. However, we are in the Universe and cannot count all exoplanets similar to Earth, necessarily inhabited by living beings such as ourselves. According to the laws of mathematics, our paths necessarily intersect, it is only a matter of time. This can happen even 646 tomorrow, in a year or in thousands of years, but this meeting will take place. Intuition tells me that we will not find them, they have already found us ... Spelling all things by their proper names is my joy and sadness at the same time Although I am a persistent daredevil who is going to swim against the tide, I am far from a fool who will put everything at stake. Life sometimes deceives so skillfully that you won’t immediately realize that you have lost everything and you are poor and homeless from that moment on. Therefore, I still think whether it is not a heavy load for my limited mind, which can destroy my brain along with my spine. Since time immemorial, in the northern hemisphere, where every night, throughout the year, high up in the sky you can see the motionless star the Polar Star (in the Kazakh language Temirkazyk – Iron stake), a huge continent called Eurasia has been located. Although neither the sea nor the oceans divides this continent into two parts (for example, like Europe and America), people themselves began to divide it into Europe (west) and Asia (east). I live in the central part of this Asia and admit that many owes (education and knowledge) to the European part of this continent. In ancient times (about 3-5 thousand years ago), my ancestors roamed the steppes. Once they decided to "look at people and show themselves." Since they wandered a lot along the eastern part of the continent, they decided to go west until they reached the edge of the Earth. The leaders of the nomad tribe went in front, and the rest of the people behind. The deeper they penetrated this previously uncharted continent, they liked more and more. Around were full of lush and green meadows for cattle, freshwater lakes and many forests. They say that from this first journey of my ancestors to the peaceful west, only a handful of people returned, and the rest remained there forever. I do not directly affirm, but deeply suspect (intuition suggests) that the current independent state of Hungary (the Madiyars) and the common German surname Konrad are nothing more than the name of the "Konyrat" tribe currently living in Kazakhstan. Since I myself am a representative of this tribe among the Kazakhs, until the end of my days I will be happy about achievements and grieve for their troubles. There is no limit to the family ties of nomads, this is inherent in our genes from birth ... However, as is usually the case in life, no one and nothing can be eternal and annihilated once. Hearing from childhood about paradise places far to the west, after some time, these matured children of the nomads armed themselves and went there to conquer them. Modern historians called them Huns, and his leader called Attila. And here again I am tormented by vague doubts about whether by chance these Huns were again Konyrats born after several generations. In ancient times, its wild laws existed, the rights of citizens and freedom of speech were not respected. As a result, thousands and thousands of innocent people were exterminated. To justify this inhuman cruelty is pointless and stupid from today's point of view, however, to calm the soul, I can say that these innocent people were in the wrong place at the wrong time. Attila died, the Huns found their relatives among the forests, and soon the Roman Empire, which was considered the "eternal country", rotted and collapsed behind them. Some of the components of this prophecy have already been realized at the current stage of human development (history has 647 repeated), it remains to wait a bit to start a “new life” in the name of the prosperity of our civilization. Again, intuition tells me that the starting point of these global changes will be the COVID-19 pandemic. I won’t be surprised if, starting with the next generation of people, the era of humanity will be divided (as Eurasia was once divided into two parts) “before COVID-19” and “after COVID-19”. However, I am not sure that folk legends will be composed about this event. All this is due to the fact that we have become too modern people. In this transition period, Europe can rightfully be proud of its achievements in science. The scope of these advances in classical science is truly impressive: The search for the Higgs boson for 50 years led to the creation of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in Geneva, the largest particle accelerator in the world, designed specifically for this and in March 2013 the Higgs boson was officially confirmed. It was very cool and a triumph when in 2016 the Rosetta (space probe) made a hard landing on the comet Churyumova-Gerasimenko (67P) in space. However, European science is at a loss due to why people on the planet do not appreciate their scientific effort. Europeans and Americans still cannot understand that they have already made a great discovery, which was required for the development of mankind and their mission has already ended. To make it clear to everyone, I will explain the essence of this discovery with the help of one short legend invented by nomads: “Once, one of the great sages of Turkestan (they say that it was the Turkic nomad Farab, who was the teacher of the great Al-Farabi [known in the West as Alpharabius]) who knew the secrets of heaven and earth, decided to write the greatest book in the world. He thought that with the help of his book, the half-wild nomads would learn the truths of the universe and become happy. To achieve this goal, he did not go down to the underground prayer room (Hiluet-Korhana), like the great Sufis, on the contrary, so as not to be disturbed by trifling matters, he climbed the highest tree growing on the banks of the Syr Darya river. He created a cozy nest for himself and began to write the book "Absolute Truth". Endless days, months, years after year passed. All this time, his students took turns, with the help of a rope, passing him fresh vegetables and fruits. In a burst of creative activity, without thinking about the consequences, he threw fruit seeds away from the tree on which he lived. When he finished his book and went down to earth, he was surprised that people felt happy without his books. Only then did he notice that around the tree on which he lived, a whole orchard grew out of discarded fruit seeds. People harvested from this garden and fed their family in winter and summer, the surplus was sold. Even at this place a city formed and this city bore his name”. For the sake of entertainment and fun, Europeans and Americans came up with different gadgets, but they still can’t understand that they came up with a “wheel” for the movement and development of a huge mechanism called “civilization”. Not only modern nomads, but our entire planet not only love, but can no longer live a minute without Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram and other smart things. Not all Kazakhs know the famous prose writer Saken Seifullin, repressed by the Bolsheviks in 1938, but almost all Kazakhs know who Steve Jobs is, who invented the iPhone and the tablet of the iPad. Thanks to these gadgets, the population of the planet with a child’s consciousness is growing rapidly and becoming adults in front of our eyes. Time will pass a little more and we will see the result, from which we will either perish or prosper. 648 However, they still think that these vaunted gadgets are “trifles” compared to achievements in classical science and spend huge amounts of money thinking that they will achieve the biggest goal in human life. But this is a waste of money and precious time. In essence, people and time are ruthless to everyone. When this great system of “higher science” falls apart, they will drag his bricks without remorse to build a new structure. See the story, as happened with all empires and scientific centers. 649

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The third book "Nomads and a calendar: from the beginning to the present day" (collection of articles 2018-2020)

The third book "Nomads and a calendar: from the beginning to the present day" (collection of articles 2018-2020)

The third book "Nomads and a calendar: from the beginning to the present day" (collection of articles 2018-2020)

The third book "Nomads and a calendar: from the beginning to the present day" (collection of articles 2018-2020)

The third book "Nomads and a calendar: from the beginning to the present day" (collection of articles 2018-2020)

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