Abstract
This paper reviews the extant literature on the development of online education within the discipline of emergency management and identifies areas exposed by the COVID-19 pivot needing further examination. We suggest utilizing a Scholarship of Teaching and Learning framework to identify best practices for responding to issues of access and inclusion.
Funding source: FEMA Emergency Management Higher Education Program
Award Identifier / Grant number: Individual Scholarship of Teaching and Learning Gr
References
Bennett, D. 2017. 2017 FEMA Higher Education State of the Community: Annual Survey and Report. Emmitsburg, MD: FEMA.Search in Google Scholar
Bennett, D. 2018. 2018 FEMA Higher Education State of the Community: Annual Survey and Report. Emmitsburg, MD: FEMA.Search in Google Scholar
Bennett, D. 2019a. 2019 FEMA Higher Education State of the Community: Annual Survey and Report. Emmitsburg, MD: FEMA.Search in Google Scholar
Bennett, D. 2019b. “Diversity in Emergency Management Scholarship.” Journal of Emergency Management 17 (2): 148–54. https://doi.org/10.5055/jem.2019.0407.Search in Google Scholar
Bennett, D. 2020. 2020 FEMA Higher Education State of the Community: Annual Survey and Report. Emmitsburg, MD: FEMA.Search in Google Scholar
Biggs, J. 1999. “What the Student Does: Teaching for Enhanced Learning.” Higher Education Research & Development 18 (1): 57–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/0729436990180105.Search in Google Scholar
Blankenberger, B., and A. M. Williams. 2020. “COVID and the Impact on Higher Education: The Essential Role of Integrity and Accountability.” Administrative Theory & Praxis 42 (3): 404–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2020.1771907.Search in Google Scholar
Blayone, T. J. B., R. vanOostveen, W. Barber, M. DiGiuseppe, and E. Childs. 2017. “Democratizing Digital Learning: Theorizing the Fully Online Learning Community Model.” International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education 14: 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-017-0051-4.Search in Google Scholar
Burgstahler, S. 2005. “Web-Based Distance Learning and the Second Digital Divide.” In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Information Technology, edited by M. Khosrow-Pour, 3079–84. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Inc.10.4018/978-1-59140-553-5.ch548Search in Google Scholar
Burgstahler, S. 2015. “Opening Doors or Slamming them Shut? Online Learning Practices and Students with Disabilities.” Social Inclusion 3 (6): 69–79. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v3i6.420.Search in Google Scholar
Clement, K. E. 2011. “The Essentials of Emergency Management and Homeland Security Graduate Education Programs: Design, Development, and Future.” Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 8 (2): Article 12. https://doi.org/10.2202/1547-7355.1902.Search in Google Scholar
Cwiak, C. L. 2016. 2016 FEMA Higher Education State of the Community: Annual Survey and Report. Emmitsburg, MD: FEMA.Search in Google Scholar
Dalton, E. M., M. Lyner-Cleophas, B. T. Ferguson, and J. McKenzie. 2019. “Inclusion, Universal Design and Universal Design for Learning in Higher Education: South Africa and the United States.” African Journal of Disability (Online) 8: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.4102/ajod.v8i0.519.Search in Google Scholar
DePietro, A. 2020. Here’s a Look at the Impact of Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Colleges and Universities in the U.S. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewdepietro/2020/04/30/impact-coronavirus-covid-19-colleges-universities/?sh=4e51f05b61a6.Search in Google Scholar
Donahue, D. A.Jr., S. O. Cunnion, C. D. Balaban, and K. Sochats. 2010. “Meeting Educational Challenges in Homeland Security and Emergency Management.” Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 7 (1): Article 19. https://doi.org/10.2202/1547-7355.1718.Search in Google Scholar
Donnelly, P., and J. J. Coakley. 2002. The Role of Recreation in Promoting Social Inclusion. Toronto: Laidlaw Foundation.Search in Google Scholar
Feldmann-Jensen, S., C. S. Hackerott, C. C. Knox, J. D. Ramsay, D. A. McEntire, and A. Jerolleman. 2019. “The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Emergency Management and Homeland Security: Trends, Gaps, Barriers, and Opportunities.” Journal of Emergency Management 17 (1): 27–34. https://doi.org/10.5055/jem.2019.0394.Search in Google Scholar
Felten, P. 2013. “Principles of Good Practice in SoTL.” Teaching & Learning Inquiry 1 (1): 121–5. https://doi.org/10.20343/teachlearninqu.1.1.121.Search in Google Scholar
Friga, P. N. 2020. Under Covid-19, University Budgets Like we’ve Never Seen Before. The Chronicle of Higher Education. https://www.chronicle.com/article/under-covid-19-university-budgets-like-weve-never-seen-before/.Search in Google Scholar
Gardner, L. 2020. Covid-19 has Forced Higher Ed to Pivot to Online Learning. Here are 7 Takeaways so Far. The Chronicle of Higher Education. https://www.chronicle.com/article/covid-19-has-forced-higher-ed-to-pivot-to-online-learning-here-are-7-takeaways-so-far/.Search in Google Scholar
Glassick, C. E., M. T. Huber, and G. I. Maeroff. 1997. Scholarship Assessed: Evaluation of the Professoriate. Hoboken, NJ: Jossey-Bass.Search in Google Scholar
Gonzales, A. 2016. “The Contemporary US Digital Divide: From Initial Access to Technology Maintenance.” Information, Communication & Society 19 (2): 234–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2015.1050438.Search in Google Scholar
Gonzales, A. L., J. McCrory Calarco, and T. Lynch. 2020. “Technology Problems and Student Achievement Gaps: A Validation and Extension of the Technology Maintenance Construct.” Communication Research 47 (5): 750–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650218796366.Search in Google Scholar
Hart, C. 2012. “Factors Associated with Student Persistence in an Online Program of Study: A Review of the Literature.” Journal of Interactive Online Learning 11 (1): 19–42.Search in Google Scholar
Haupt, B., and C. C. Knox. 2018. “Measuring Cultural Competence in Emergency Management and Homeland Security Higher Education Programs.” Journal of Public Affairs Education 24 (4): 538–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/15236803.2018.1455124.Search in Google Scholar
Hixon, E., J. Buckenmeyer, C. Barczyk, L. Feldman, and H. Zamojski. 2012. “Beyond the Early Adopters of Online Instruction: Motivating the Reluctant Majority.” The Internet and Higher Education 15 (2): 102–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2011.11.005.Search in Google Scholar
Huber, M. T., and P. Hutchings. 2005. The Advancement of Learning: Building the Teaching Commons. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Search in Google Scholar
Huber, M. T., and S. P. Morreale, eds. 2002. Disciplinary Styles in the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning: Exploring Common Ground. Washington, DC: American Association for Higher Education and the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.Search in Google Scholar
Jaggars, S. S. 2014. “Democratization of Education for Whom? Online Learning and Educational Equity.” Association of American Colleges & Universities 17 (1), https://www.aacu.org/diversitydemocracy/2014/winter/jaggars (accessed April 28, 2020).Search in Google Scholar
Kapucu, N., and C. C. Knox. 2013. “Utilization of Service Learning in Emergency Management Programs in the United States.” Journal of Public Affairs Education 19 (1): 31–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/15236803.2013.12001719.Search in Google Scholar
Kaupp, R. 2012. “Online Penalty: The Impact of Online Instruction on the Latino-White Achievement Gap.” Journal of Applied Research in the Community College 12 (2): 1–9.Search in Google Scholar
Kebritchi, M., A. Lipschuetz, and L. Santiague. 2017. “Issues and Challenges for Teaching Successful Online Courses in Higher Education: A Literature Review.” Journal of Educational Technology Systems 46 (1): 4–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047239516661713.Search in Google Scholar
Knox, C. C., and B. Haupt. 2015. “Incorporating Cultural Competency Skills in Emergency Management Education.” Disaster Prevention and Management 24 (5): 619–34. https://doi.org/10.1108/dpm-04-2015-0089.Search in Google Scholar
Knox, C. C., C. T. Emrich, and B. Haupt. 2019. “Advancing Emergency Management Higher Education: Importance of Cultural Competence Scholarship.” Journal of Emergency Management 17 (2): 111–6. https://doi.org/10.5055/jem.2019.0403.Search in Google Scholar
Ko, S., and S. Rossen. 2017. Teaching Online: A Practical Guide. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.10.4324/9780203427354Search in Google Scholar
Lee, Y., and J. Choi. 2011. “A Review of Online Dropout Research: Implications for Practice and Future Research.” Educational Technology Research and Development 59 (5): 593–618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-010-9177-y.Search in Google Scholar
Levin, J., and V. Montero Hernández. 2014. “Divided Identities: Part-Time Faculty in Public Colleges and Universities.” The Review of Higher Education 37 (4): 531–58. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2014.0033.Search in Google Scholar
Love, J. M., T. S. Gaynor, and B. Blessett. 2016. “Facilitating Difficult Dialogues in a Classroom: A Pedagogical Imperative.” Administrative Theory & Praxis 38 (4): 285–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2016.1237839.Search in Google Scholar
Martin, M. J. R. 2019. Rural and Lower-Income Counties Lag Nation in Internet Subscription. U.S. Census Bureau. Also available at https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2018/12/rural-and-lower-income-counties-lag-nation-internet-subscription.html.Search in Google Scholar
McMurtrie, B. 2020. The Coronavirus has Pushed Courses Online. Professors are Trying Hard to Keep Up. The Chronicle of Higher Education.Search in Google Scholar
McMurtry, S. L., and R. W. McClelland. 1997. “Class Sizes, Faculty Workloads and Program Structures: How MSW Programs have Responded to Changes in Their Environments.” Journal of Social Work Education 33 (2): 307–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10437797.1997.10778872.Search in Google Scholar
McNamee, T., J. Willis, K. M. Ganss, S. Ardoin, and V. A. Sansone. 2020. “Don’t Forget About Rural Higher Education Students: Addressing Digital Inequities During COVID-19.” Diverse Issues in Higher Education 37 (7): 12–3.Search in Google Scholar
Morin, K. H. 2020. “Nursing Education Ater COVID-19: Same or Different?” Journal of Clinical Nursing 29: 3117–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15322.Search in Google Scholar
Moulding, N. T. 2010. “Intelligent Design: Student Perceptions of Teaching and Learning in Large Social Work Classes.” Higher Education Research & Development 29 (2): 151–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360903470977.Search in Google Scholar
Murphy, M. P. A. 2020. “COVID-19 and Emergency eLearning: Consequences of the Securitization of Higher Education for Post-Pandemic Pedagogy.” Contemporary Security Policy 43 (3): 492–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2020.1761749.Search in Google Scholar
Myers, B. 2018. Who Lives in Education Deserts? More People Than You Might Think. Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/article/who-lives-in-education-deserts-more-people-than-you-might-think/?cid=gen_sign_in.Search in Google Scholar
Olonilua, O. O. 2019. “The Development of Emergency Management and Homeland Security Degree Program at Historically Black Colleges and Universities: The Case of Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas.” Journal of Emergency Management 17 (2): 139–47. https://doi.org/10.5055/jem.2019.0406.Search in Google Scholar
Perry, E. H., and M. L. Pilati. 2011. “Online Learning.” New Directions for Teaching and Learning 128: 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1002/tl.472.Search in Google Scholar
Phillips, B. D. 2005. “Disaster as a Discipline: The Status of Emergency Management Education in the US.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 23 (1): 111–40.10.1177/028072700502300107Search in Google Scholar
Radford, A. W. 2011. Learning at a Distance: Undergraduate Enrollment in Distance Education Courses and Degree Programs. Stats in Brief. NCES 2012-154. National Center for Education Statistics. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2012/2012154.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Ramsden, P. 2003. Learning to Teach in Higher Education. Abingdon: Routledge-Falmer.10.4324/9780203507711Search in Google Scholar
Regmi, K., and L. Jones. 2020. “A Systematic Review of the Factors-Enablers and Barriers-Affecting e-Learning in Health Sciences Education.” BMC Medical Education 20: 91. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02007-6.Search in Google Scholar
Renda-Tanali, I., and H. Abdul-Hamid. 2011. “An Assessment of the Benefits of Online Simulation Tools in Homeland Security and Emergency Management Education.” Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 8 (2): Article 16. https://doi.org/10.2202/1547-7355.1917.Search in Google Scholar
Sullivan, A. L., F. G. Miller, N. M. McKevett, A. Muldrew, A. Hansen-Burke, and M. Weeks. 2020. “Leveraging MTSS to Advance, Not Suppress, COVID-Related Equity Issues.” Communique 49 (1): 1–29.Search in Google Scholar
Sylves, R. T. 2020. “Federal Emergency Management: 1979–2001.” In Emergency Management: The American Experience. 3rd ed., edited by C. B. Rubin, 113–66. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780429425059-5Search in Google Scholar
The Annie E. Casey Foundation. 2020. Equity versus Equality and Other Racial Justice Definitions. Retrieved from https://www.aecf.org/blog/racial-justice-definitions/.Search in Google Scholar
Tinto, V. 2017. “Reflections on Student Persistence.” Student Success 8 (2): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5204/ssj.v8i2.376.Search in Google Scholar
UNESCO. 2020. Education: From Disruption to Recovery. Retrieved from https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse.Search in Google Scholar
U.S. Census Bureau. 2019. 2015–2019 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/search-results.html?searchType=web&cssp=SERP&q=broadband%20internet%20subscription.Search in Google Scholar
Williams, S. A. S., and A. Conyers. 2016. “Race Pedagogy: Faculty Preparation Matters.” Administrative Theory & Praxis 38 (4): 234–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2016.1239396.Search in Google Scholar
Zavaleta, K. W., U. Asirvatham, B. Callies, W. B. Franz, L. Scanlan-Hanson, and R. G. Molella. 2018. “Improving Community Resilience Through Disaster Simulation: How Simulation-Based Education Augments Emergency Management Exercises.” Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 15: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1515/jhsem-2018-0002.Search in Google Scholar
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston